Ascites - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

SCITES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ascites: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00098-9 1. Ascites-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ascites. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ASCITES ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Ascites ........................................................................................... 8 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 37 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 41 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ASCITES ........................................................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ascites.......................................................................................... 85 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 91 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 91 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ASCITES ..................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 93 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 110 General References ..................................................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ASCITES ..................................................................................... 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Dissertations on Ascites............................................................................................................. 113 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 114 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ASCITES................................................................................................ 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Patents on Ascites...................................................................................................................... 115 Patent Applications on Ascites .................................................................................................. 135 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 138 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ASCITES ................................................................................................... 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 139 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 140 Chapters on Ascites.................................................................................................................... 141 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ASCITES ........................................................................................ 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 145 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ASCITES ..................................................................... 147 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 147 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 148 Academic Periodicals covering Ascites ...................................................................................... 149 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 153 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 153 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 155 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 157 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 159 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 159 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 159 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 163 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 165 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 165 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 165

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Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 165 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 165 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 171 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 173 ASCITES DICTIONARY.............................................................................................................. 175 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 253

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ascites is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ascites, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ascites, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ascites. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ascites, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ascites. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ASCITES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ascites.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and ascites, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Minimizing Ascites: Complication of Cirrhosis Signals Clinical Deterioration Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 109(2): 91-96, 101-103. February 2001. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (612) 832-7869. Summary: Ascites, the pathologic accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, is a common and serious complication of cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver. The development of ascites is associated with a grave prognosis: 50 percent of patients die within 2 years of diagnosis. This article describes strategies to minimize ascites and its sequelae. Proper management with a combination of dietary, medical, and surgical approaches is essential to prolong life and improve its quality. Patients with ascites are at risk for ascitic fluid infections and neurohormonal dysregulation that can lead to hepatorenal

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syndrome. Early recognition of these complications allows therapeutic interventions that minimize further clinical deterioration in already chronically ill patients. Treatment goals include symptoms relief, correction of underlying pathophysiologic abnormalities (i.e., renal sodium retention, sinusoidal portal hypertension), prevention and treatment of complications of ascites, and improvement of outcome. Treatment options range from bed rest to orthotopic liver transplantation, and can include dietary sodium restriction, diuretic therapy, large volume paracentesis (removal of 5 liters or more of ascitic fluid during a single session), peritoneovenous shunt (to return ascitic fluid directly from the peritoneal cavity to the systemic circulation), transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt (TIPS), and liver transplantation. Potential complications of ascites include refractory ascites, hepatorenal syndrome, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. 3 tables. 17 references. •

Management of Ascites in Patients with Cirrhosis: What to Do When Diuretics Fail Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 92(8): 155-158, 161-166. December 1992. Summary: Dietary restrictions and diuretics are usually effective therapy for ascites in patients with cirrhosis. However less than 30 percent of patients with ascites refractory to treatment with diuretics live as long as 1 year. In this article, the authors describe the proper implementation of diuretic therapy and discuss the treatment options that remain when it fails. Specific topics include general management principles; the mechanisms of ascites development and disturbed body-fluid regulation; renal handling of sodium and water; diet and diuretics; therapeutic paracentesis; and the surgical management of refractory ascites. 2 figures. 2 tables. 35 references. (AA-M).

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Pancreaticoportal Fistula in Association with Antiphospholipid Syndrome Presenting as Ascites and Portal System Thrombosis Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 16(9): 601-605. September 2002. Contact: Available from Pulsus Group, Inc. 2902 South Sheridan Way, Oakville, Ontario, Canada L6J 7L6. Fax (905) 829-4799. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: Fistulous communication (an abnormal opening) between the pancreas and the portal venous system is extremely rare and is usually a complication of chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic pseudocysts. In this article, the authors describe a patient who presented with abdominal pain and ascites (fluid accumulation) secondary to a pancreaticoportal fistula and portal system thrombosis. The diagnosis was made by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and confirmed by immediate postprocedure computed tomographic scanning (CT scan). Laboratory studies identified concomitant antiphospholipid syndrome. The patient responded favorably to supportive medical therapy. 5 figures. 32 references.

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Does This Patient Have Ascites?: How to Divine Fluid in the Abdomen Source: Journal of the American Medical Association. 267(19): 2645-2648. May 20, 1992. Summary: In this article, the authors present three case studies and challenge the reader to determine whether the patient described has ascites. In Case 1, a 44-year-old cirrhotic man is admitted with fever but has no obvious source of infection. In Case 2, a 57-yearold woman presents with an adnexal mass and recent weight gain but otherwise feels well. The last case consists of a 65-year-old man with a history of prior myocardial infarction who is admitted for decreased exercise tolerance, increased abdominal girth, and ankle edema. Other topics covered by the authors include why determination of

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ascites is so important; pathophysiology; how to elicit symptoms and signs; and the accuracy of history and symptoms. 4 figures. 5 tables. 13 references. •

Management of Refractory Ascites and Hepatorenal Syndrome Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 17(4): 456-461. April 2002. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science. 54 University Street, Carlton South 3053, Victoria, Australia. +61393470300. Fax +61393475001. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: Refractory ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity) and hepatorenal syndrome (HRS, a type of kidney failure associated with hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver) are the late complications of the terminal stages of cirrhosis (liver scarring). This article discusses the management of refractory (resistant to treatment) ascites and HRS. The definitions of refractory ascites and HRS proposed by the International Ascites Club in 1996 are now widely accepted, and are useful in diagnosis, treatment and research in this field. In both conditions, the only treatment of proven value for improved survival is liver transplantation. However, because of better understanding about the pathophysiology of HRS, including the roles of portal hypertension, ascites formation, and hemodynamic derangements, treatments such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) and new pharmacological agents may be considered to alleviate the problem prior to transplantation. Symptomatic treatment of refractory ascites includes TIPS and repeated large volume paracentesis (fluid removal). TIPS can improve survival while waiting for liver transplantation. Practical management guidelines for TIPS and large volume paracentesis, including the prevention and management of further complications, are considered in this review. 30 references.

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Intractable Ascites: What Should Be Done? Source: Endoscopy Review. 8(5): 38-43. June 1991. Summary: The author of this article draws a distinction between a patient with intractable ascites and an intractable patient with ascites. The patient with intractable ascites is one with cirrhosis whose ascites cannot be diuresed by standard diuretic therapy and limited sodium intake, and who does not have chylous, malignant, or infected ascites. The intractable patient with ascites cannot be managed outside the hospital, but can be diuresed in the hospital with some form of diuretic therapy, bed rest, and limited sodium intake. This article reviews the differential diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment for both intractable ascites and intractable patients with ascites, as well as the pathophysiology of both conditions. Specific therapies addressed include sodium restriction, fluid restriction, intravenous therapy, large-volume paracentesis, surgery, supportive care, and transplantation. The author notes that while alleviating ascites is an important part of treatment strategy, outcome depends mainly on the course of the underlying liver disease. 30 references. (AA-M).

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Ascites and Encephalopathy Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 8: 398-402. June 1992. Summary: The precise pathogenic mechanisms of ascites formation, the hepato-renal syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy are still unclear. In this review article, the authors discuss current developments in pathogenesis with relevant applications to the evaluation and treatment of these conditions. Specific topics include the pathogenic

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mechanism, treatment, and differential diagnosis of ascites; the hepatorenal syndrome; and the pathogenic mechanism of hepatic encephalopathy, with a brief discussion of the clinical assessment of this condition. 27 annotated references. (AA-M). •

Ascites in Nephrotic Syndrome: Incidence, Patients' Characteristics, and Complications Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 22(1): 31-34. January 1996. Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. P.O. Box 1550, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2300. Summary: The role of hypoalbuminuria in ascites formation is controversial. Evaluating ascites in hypoalbuminemic patients with nephrotic syndrome could add to the understanding of the role of hypoalbuminuria in ascites development. This article reports on a retrospective analysis of 52 adults and 21 children with nephrotic syndrome who were hospitalized during 1981 to 1994. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of ascites between pediatric (52 percent) and adult patients (23 percent). Pediatric patients had lower serum albumin levels than adults. Adult patients with ascites had lower serum albumin levels than adult patients without ascites. This difference was not found in pediatric patients. Temporary fluctuations in liver enzymes (up to four times the upper limit of normal for transaminases) were evident in five patients from the pediatric group with ascites, whereas all pediatric patients without ascites had completely normal liver enzymes. Among the 12 adult patients with ascites, 7 had liver disease (3 with cirrhosis and 4 with amyloidosis) and 2 had right-sided congestive heart failure. Among the 40 adult patients without ascites, only 4 had liver disease (amyloidosis). Two patients with nephrotic syndrome and ascites (one without liver disease) had episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Ascites in nephrotic syndrome is more common in children than adults. The authors conclude that in most pediatric patients ascites formation is probably a common manifestation of the general fluid retention, but in most adult patients with nephrotic syndrome, ascites can be attributed to both hypoalbuminemia and the presence of liver disease or congestive heart failure, with increased hepatic sinusoidal pressure. 3 tables. 10 references. (AA-M).

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Diagnosis and Management of Fluid Retention and Refractory Ascites Source: Practical Gastroenterology. 26(4): 22,24, 25, 29-30, 32. April 2002. Contact: Available from Shugar Publishing. 12 Moniebogue Lane, Westhampton Beach, NY 11978. (516) 288-4404. Fax (516) 288-4435. Summary: This article discusses the diagnosis and management of fluid retentation and refractory (resistant to treatment) ascites. Ascites is a pathologic accumulation of intraperitoneal fluid that most commonly occurs as a result of underlying cirrhosis (liver scarring). The development of ascites marks an important worsening in the patient with cirrhosis, and has an impact on both morbidity (illness) and mortality (death). The definitive treatment in the majority of cases is orthotopic liver transplantation and appropriate patients should be referred in the early stages. In efforts to bridge the gap to transplantation, medical therapy should be initiated to improve quality of life and to decrease the risk of complications of ascites. The majority of patients with ascites can be successfully managed with sodium (salt) restriction and diuretic therapy. A small percentage of patients are refractory to conventional therapies. These patients are often at the advanced stage of their disease and must be managed cautiously with more invasive measures. 12 references.

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Complications of Cirrhosis: Ascites and Hepatic Encephalopathy Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 6(3): 365-369. June 1990. Summary: This article discusses two of the complications of cirrhosis: ascites and hepatic encephalopathy. Ascites is the most common complication of cirrhosis. It is associated with about 50 percent of deaths in these patients. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is the metabolic effect of liver failure on the central nervous system. Permanent structural changes in the central nervous system do not occur and the syndrome is completely reversible. The clinical course and treatment for both of these conditions is considered in detail, with numerous citations to current research. 23 annotated references.

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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: A Serious Problem in Patients with Ascites Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 4(3): 165-171. March 1992. Summary: This article points out the importance of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis that is now diagnosed in 18-27 percent of patients hospitalized with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites. The mortality of this infection is very high and may approach 100 percent if it remains undiagnosed or if treatment is delayed. The authors discuss the diagnosis, management, and treatment of this condition. They note that cefotaxime or a combination of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid appear equally effective for the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with over 80 percent success rate. 1 table. 69 references. (AA-M).

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Ascites in Chronic Dialysis: A Review Source: Seminars in Dialysis. 3(4): 240-244. October-December, 1990. Summary: This article reviews ascites in chronic hemodialysis. Based on literature reviews, the incidence of ascites in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients ranges from 0.7 percent to 20 percent, with the lower percentage more reflective of the present incidence. Topics covered include the normal anatomy and physiology of the peritoneum, the pathophysiology of ascites formation, diagnostic evaluation, treatment for the ascites of chronic hemodialysis, and the prognosis and outcome in these patients. 4 tables. 79 references.

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Ascites and Hepatorenal Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Management Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 71(9): 874-881. September 1996. Summary: This article reviews the pathophysiology of ascites and its management in specific situations, including hepatorenal syndrome. Topics include the role of inadequate renal prostaglandin production in the development of the hepatorenal syndrome and the possible role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of the renal complications of cirrhosis. The aim of medical therapy is to achieve a negative sodium balance and, consequently, fluid loss. Large-volume paracentesis is safe and effective in the management of tense ascites, but use of diuretic agents should be continued to prevent reaccumulation of ascites. Liver transplantation, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts, or LeVeen shunts should be considered in selected patients with persistent ascites. In patients with diuretic-resistant or diuretic-refractory ascites, a thorough assessment must be performed to exclude potentially reversible causes. The hepatorenal syndrome has a grave prognosis, especially in patients who are not candidates for liver transplantation. 2 figures. 1 table. 37 references. (AA-M).

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Hepatic Encephalopathy and Ascites Source: Lancet. 350(9087): 1309-1315. November 1, 1997. Summary: This professional education article discusses hepatic encephalopathy and ascites. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that occurs only with significant liver dysfunction and has a potential for full reversibility. Two distinct forms (overt and subclinical) can be identified in patients with cirrhosis. Various methods have been described for estimating the severity of HE, but the authors encourage the use of the West-Haven criteria for grading mental state in hepatitic encephalopathy. The authors report on recent developments in the pathogenesis of HE, including alterations in the blood-brain barrier, changes in energy metabolism, the role of gut-derived factors, and changes in cerebral neurotransmission. The authors then review the principles of management of HE, including reduction of ammonia toxicity, cerebral neurotransmission, and other approaches. The second half of the article addresses the problem of ascites in patients with cirrhosis, a major cause of morbidity and a serious prognostic development in these patients. The authors consider the pathogenesis of ascites, including the retention of sodium, retention of water, and the hepatorenal syndrome. The article concludes with a discussion of the management of ascites. 3 figures. 1 table. 62 references.

Federally Funded Research on Ascites The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ascites. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ascites. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore ascites. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ascites: •

Project Title: ANIMAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT MICROSPORIDIOSIS:OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Didier, Elizabeth Schmidt.; Research Scientist; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Microsporidia cause opportunistic infections in persons with AIDS, organ transplant recipients, children, and travelers. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most prevalent microsporidian but attempts to establish a tissue culture system for generating 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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organisms has been unsuccessful. The only nonhuman hosts known for E. bieneusi include pigs and nonhuman primates (eg. Macaca mulatta). Ten SIV-infected rhesus macaques were inoculated orally with E. bieneusi harvested from the stool and duodenal lavage aspirates of human AIDS patients. Spores were detected in stools one week later and continued sporadically for approximately two years or until death of the monkeys, but the inconsistency of spore shedding presently renders this model inadequate for testing antimicrosporidial compounds. However, the monkeys did become infected with E. bieneusi and parasite-associated lesions were identified in the gall bladder, liver, and small intestine. Attempts to infect small animals (eg. gerbils, at hymic mice, immunesuppressed mice) with E. bieneusi also have failed to date. Due to the difficulties in establishing a useful animal model for E. bieneusi, a surrogate microsporidian, Vittaforma corneae is presently being used to develop an animal model for testing lead compounds in vivo. Athymic mice developed wasting (cachexia) and ascites and died 15 - 60 days after intraperitoneal inoculation with 5 x 107 - 1 x 104 V. corneae organisms. Athymic mice infected with 1 x 107 V. corneae and treated with fumagillin survived only a few days longer than non-treated mice but there were statistically significantly fewer parasite-associated lesions in the small intestines, gall bladder, and liver of treated mice. Since fumagillin is toxic in mammals, attempts are underway to obtain fumagillin analogues and related compounds for testing against V. corneae in the murine model. If the simian model can be improved, the effective compounds will then be tested in monkeys, as well. FUNDING NIH; UO1AI0402 (J.A. Shadduck, P.I.); 05/01/96-04/31/00;$277,178 (year 3 total direct; subcontract = approx. 50% of total directs went to RPRC) NIH; NO1-AI-75327 (E.S. Didier, P.I.); 08/15/9708/14/02; $360,781 (year 2 directs; 100% to RPRC) Venture research funding at TRPRC PUBLICATIONS Abstracts Snowden, K, E.S. Didier, and D. Phalen. 1998. What is the source of Encephalitozoon infections in immunocompromised humans? 49th Ann. Southwest Conference on Disease in Nature Transmissible to Man. College Station, TX (abstract). Snowden, K.F., J.A. Shadduck, and E.S. Didier. 1998. Evaluation of antimicrosporidial therapies using an immunedeficient mouse model. National Cooperative Drug Discovery Groups for the Treatment of Opportunistic Infections (abstract). Snowden, K., D. Phalen, and E.S. Didier. 1998 Where are the reservoirs of human microsporidial infections? Second European Congr. Trop. Med., Liverpool, U.K. (abstract 438) and Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59:302 (abstract 554). Green, L.C., L.B. Rogers, P.J. Didier, and E.S. Didier. 1998. Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection immunocompromised rhesus monkeys. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59:332 (abstract 644). Reviews and book chapters Didier, P.J., E.S. Didier, K. Snowden, and J.A. Shadduck. 1998. Encephalitozoonosis. In Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. C.E. Greene (ed.). W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 465-469. Didier, E.S., K.A. Snowden, J.A. Shadduck. 1998. The biology of Microsporidian species infecting mammals. Adv. Parasitol. 40:279-316. Didier, E.S. 1998. State-of-the-Art Clinical Article Microsporidiosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27:1-7. Didier, P.J., E.S. Didier, and K.F. Snowden. 1998. Microsporidiosis Not just a disease of rabbits. Newsletter Amer. Comm. Lab. Anim. Dis. 19:3-7. Soave, R. and E.S. Didier. 1999. Cryptosporidium and Microsporidium. In Textbook of AIDS Medicine (2nd ed.). T.C. Merigan, J.G. Bartlett, and D. Bolognesi (eds.). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. pp. 327-356. Didier, E.S. and G.T. Bessinger. 1999. Host-parasite relationships in microsporidiosis animal models and immunology. In:The Microsporidia and Microsporidiosis. M. Wittner (ed.). American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. pp. 225-257. Didier, E.S. 1999. Immunology of Microsporidiosis. In Contributions to Microbiology. F. Petry (ed). S. Karger AG, Basel, Switzerland (in press). K.F. Snowden, E.S. Didier, J.M. Orenstein, and J.A. Shadduck. 1999. Animal models of human microsporidial infections. In Animal Models. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. (in press).

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANTIANGIOGENESIS THERAPY OF HUMAN OVARIAN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Fidler, Isaiah J.; Head, Biology of Metastasis; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Background: The progressive growth and spread of ovarian carcinoma is dependent in part on the formation and maintenance of adequate blood supply, i.e., angiogenesis. We found that the expression of genes that regulate distinct steps in the process of angiogenesis correlates with the pattern and progressive growth of human ovarian carcinoma cells implanted into the peritoneal cavity of athymic nude mice: tumorigenicity correlated with expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and the production of ascites was directly correlated with expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF), whereas progressive growth (and death of mice) was directly correlated with expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8). Overall Guiding Hypotheses and Specific Aims: The current results suggest two interdependent hypotheses: (I) the expression of angiogenesis-regulating genes in primary human ovarian cancer predicts the pattern of the disease and its clinical outcome; and (II) targeting the IL-8 gene which may enhance ovarian cancer growth and angiogenesis could offer new approaches to the treatment of ovarian cancer. The specific aims include the following: (1) to determine whether the expression of angiogenesis-related genes in primary ovarian cancers predicts disease pattern and clinical outcome; (2) to determine whether the expression of IL-8 is essential for the progressive growth of human ovarian cancer cells; (3) to determine whether the organ microenvironment (hypoxia, acidosis) can regulate the expression of IL-8 in human ovarian cancer cells; and (4) to determine whether inhibition of IL-8 expression by interferon-beta (IFN-beta) can inhibit angiogenesis and progressive (intraperitoneal) growth of human ovarian cancer. Significance: The proposed research will shed new light on the process of angiogenesis (with emphasis on the role of IL-8) which is crucial for the progressive growth of human ovarian cancer. A better understanding of the role of IL-8 in the progression of human ovarian cancer and how IL-8 expression is regulated will allow the design of new therapeutic approaches to downregulate the expression of IL-8 and, hence, inhibit tumor cell growth and angiogenesis initially in orthotopic models and later in the clinic. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANTI-METALLOPROTEASE THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Dickson, Robert B.; Professor and Vice Chairman; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Recent studies by many investigators have identified representatives of all four major classes of proteases in breast cancer. However, the exact roles of these proteases in tumor angiogenesis growth, and metastasis are not yet clarified. We hypothesize that the matrix metalloproteases (including MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9) play a pivotal role in tumor invasion and metastasis. We also propose that the serine/thyronine protein kinase family termed PKC is also important in this process due, at least in part, to its regulation of MMP synthesis and secretion. To test these ideas we will continue our study of a high affinity hydroxylamate inhibitor of MMP catalytic activity (termed BB-94, Batimastat) and a high affinity macrocyclic lactone inhibitor of

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PKC-induced MMP syntheses (bryostatin-1). We will carry out integrated studies of these two drugs in early phase clinical trials and in several experimental animal model systems of breast tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, lymph node and lung metastasis, and ascites invasion-late stage survival. In these studies, MMP levels and degree of catalytic activation will be monitored in plasma, pleural/ascites fluids, and in tumor biopsies for biochemical evidence of drug effectiveness. We will also further develop studies demonstrating a favorable interaction of BB-94 with bryostatin-l and of both agents with certain chemotherapeutic agents in our animal models. Interactions of BB-94 and bryostatin-l with retinoids and certain antiangiogenic drugs will also be examined as collaborations with two other projects in this application; retinoids are also known to suppress MMP synthesis. Evidence of favorable interactions in vivo with any of these strategies will lead to design of additional early phase clinical trials in the latter years of this proposal. Finally, we will explore proteolysis-associated mechanisms of treatment failure in animal models and patient trials. Plasma, ascites, and tumor biopsies in breast cancers undergoing treatment-associated failure will be evaluated for upregulated or activated MMPs, upregulation of urokinase (UPA) and increases in a novel 80kDa MMP-like enzyme which we have recently described. Regulation of protease inhibitors will also be evaluated. In summary, this project focusses on MMPs as therapeutic targets in breast cancer, establishes the potential for favorable interactions of antiMMP therapies with conventional chemotherapy and with other new biological therapies, and evaluates the role of further disregulated production of proteases in treatment failure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: APOPTOSIS INDUCING TO ENHANCE TUMOR TARGETING Principal Investigator & Institution: Lu, Ze; Optimum Therapeutics, Llc 2287 Palmleaf Ct Columbus, Oh 432354215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 16-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Management of patients with metastatic pancreatic and ovarian cancer faces unmet needs. These patients usually present with multiple solid tumors and malignant ascites in the peritoneal cavity that are not adequately managed by systemic intravenous (iv) therapy. Intraperitoneal (ip) therapy can deliver high drug concentrations to tumors located in the peritoneal cavity, but is generally not effective against distant extra-abdominal metastases. These deficiencies can be overcome by combining ip and iv treatments. In fact, such combinations have demonstrated a survival advantage in advanced ovarian cancer patients. IP treatment has not been tested in pancreatic cancer. The utility and efficacy of ip therapy are limited by two problems. First, drug penetration into a tumor is usually restricted to the tumor periphery. Second, ip therapy is associated with infection due to prolonged use of indwelling catheters and abdominal pain due to the high local drug concentrations. The objective of this application is to develop drug delivery formulations that can overcome these two problems. We have demonstrated that tissue structure and composition are the major determinants of drug penetration in solid tumors, and that high tumor cell density is a major penetration barrier. We further showed that disruption of tumor structure and reduction of tumor cell density, by using drugs that induce apoptosis, resulted in greater and more even penetration of drug (administered after apoptosis has occurred) in solid tumors. This occurs for drug administered iv, or regionally in the peritumoral space. Hence, we hypothesize that drug delivery to tumors located in the peritoneal cavity can be enhanced by using a combination of two formulations, one that rapidly releases a sufficient fraction of the dose to induce apoptosis and one that slowly

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releases the remaining dose to provide sustained drug delivery over several months and thereby eliminates the use of indwelling ip catheters and reduces the local toxicity. These formulations can be given ip, will manage the peritoneal tumors, and, at the same time, will enhance the tumor delivery of the iv administered drug. In our preliminary studies, we found that paclitaxel was active against ovarian and pancreatic tumor cells, and have developed paclitaxel-loaded (poly(lactide-co-glycolide)) microspheres that showed greater tumor penetration and retention, and superior antitumor activity in mice bearing peritoneal human xenograft tumors, as compared to the commercial paclitaxel/Cremophor formulation. The two aims of this phase I application are to (a) develop paclitaxel-loaded, biodegradable controlled-release polymeric microspheres, and (b) determine the tumor targeting advantage and antitumor activity of ip paclitaxel microspheres. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOBEHAVIORAL IMMUNE INTERACTIONS IN OVARIAN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Lutgendorf, Susan K.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 21-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecologic cancer. Because of low rates of survival for the majority of women with ovarian cancer, identification of potential factors contributing to compromised or enhanced host resistance at the earliest possible stage (pre-treatment) can increase understanding of factors that may influence disease progression and survival. The proposed project is designed to examine the relationship of stress, depression, social support, and coping in 112 women at the time of surgical diagnosis for ovarian cancer. This project is innovative in several ways. 1) We will investigate whether the behavioralimmune relationships reported in other cancers are present among women with ovarian cancers. 2) We will be using a surgery model that will allow us to examine activity of lymphocytes from peripheral blood against autologous tumor cells, as well as cytolytic activity of cells from within the tumor itself and from the ascites (fluid around the tumor). This will allow us not only to examine relationships of psychosocial variables with peripheral blood cells which likely are important in surveillance against tumor cells, but will also allow us to examine whether these relationships are present in the local environment of the tumor where inter-cell communication and cytotoxic activity is of primary importance. 3) We will be using a very sensitive and quantitative flow cytometric method to identify tumor antigen-specific CD4+ and CDS+ cells. We will look at non-specific and specific aspects of the immune response, as both are relevant to ovarian cancer. 4) We will also examine whether these behavioral-immune relationships are mediated by dysregulation in the neuroendocrine hormone cortisol. The significance of the project is that a clearer understanding of behavioral-immune mechanisms in ovarian cancer may enable the identification of biobehavioral risk factors for cancer progression that will be useful in cancer control and as targets of future intervention strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHAPERONE RICH CELL LYSATES (CRCL)NATURAL ADJUVANTS AND* Principal Investigator & Institution: Katsanis, Emmanuel; Associate Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite dose escalation of cancer chemotherapy and increasingly radical surgery, the overall mortality from ovarian cancer remains unaltered and unacceptable. Therefore there is a definite need for new biologic approaches against this devastating tumor. We have developed a novel method that efficiently enriches for multiple chaperone complexes from tumor lysates using free solution isoelectric focusing. We have documented that chaperone rich cell lysate (CRCL) vaccination is more effective than immunization with purified individual chaperones (heat shock proteins, HSPs). The antigenicity of CRCL can be augmented further by loading them onto dendritic cells (DCs) resulting in protection against murine tumors even in the setting of pre-existing disease. DCs, in the presence of murine tumorderived CRCL, mature and develop superior immunostimulatory capacity when compared to DCs exposed to unfractionated tumor lysate or purified HSPs. We hypothesize that the nature of this enhanced immunogenicity may lie in a broadened range of antigenic peptides that are escorted via the CRCL to DCs, and to the direct activation of DCs by the CRCL. The full range of phenotypic and functional changes that human DCs undergo in response to CRCL remains to be seen and will be studied. We further hypothesize that CRCL pulsed DCs are potent immunostimulants effective in generating tumor specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against ovarian cancer. CRCL pulsed DCs is a promising anti-cancer vaccine that may prove to be useful adjuvant therapy for women suffering from ovarian cancer. To better understand the role of CRCL-DCs as a potential natural immunoaugmentative approach for ovarian cancer, we propose the following specific aims: 1) Generate and biochemically characterize ovarian cancer-derived CRCL. 2) Evaluate the effects of ovarian cancer-derived CRCL on DCs to determine if CRCL induces maturation and/or alters DC function 3) Examine the potential of ovarian cancer-derived CRCL-pulsed DCs to generate tumor specific CTLs. We will isolate CRCL and purified HSPs from ovarian cancers, analyze them by SDSPAGE and Western blotting for specific chaperone protein content, and assess the yield, stability and endotoxin content of these vaccines. The effects of ovarian cancer CRCL and purified HSPs on blood and ascites derived DCs will then be evaluated. Changes in DC immunophenotype, cytokine production, endocytic/phagocytic activity and immunostimulatory function will be studied. The role of immunosuppressive cytokines found in ascites will be addressed. We will study the potency of ovarian cancer derived CRCL and pure HSPs as antigen sources, the importance of autologous (versus allogeneic) CRCL, the function of blood-derived versus ascites-derived DC in stimulating CTL and the inhibitory effects of cytokines found in i ascites on CTL generation following stimulation by CRCL pulsed DCs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHROLACTOMYCIN ANTITUMOR AGENTS

AND

OKILACTOMYCIN:

NOVEL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bosanac, Todd M.; Chemistry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-AUG-2003; Project End 17-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chrolactomycin and okilactomycin are structurally related novel antitumor antibiotic polyketides produced by Streptomyces species. Both metabolites have demonstrated significant cytotoxicity in vitro towards several cell lines and okilactomycin was shown to exhibit antitumor activity in vivo against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Novel architectural features of these molecules include a 13membered macrocycle with an intraether bridge forming a 2,6 cis-substituted

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tetrahydropyranone and a gamma-lactone and cyclohexene fused by a spirocarbon. The purpose of this study is to provide a synthetic approach for the rapid construction of these potent antitumor natural products and establish their absolute configuration, since only their relative stereochemistry is known. The designed synthesis is flexible to access the correct structure of the natural product, and includes a novel extension of tandem anionic oxy-Cope enolate oxygenation processes to form the heavily functionalized cyclohexane unit. An extension of the Petasis-Ferrier rearrangement will be employed to construct the tetrahydropyranone core. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CIRRHOSIS AND ITS COMPLICATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Garcia-Tsao, Guadalupe; Professor; Internal Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The candidate, Dr. Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao, is Associate Professor in the Department of Internal Medicine at the Yale University School of Medicine. She has devoted her career to patient-oriented research (POR) in the area of cirrhosis and in complications. She has been involved in a wide range of POR, from descriptive studies to multicenter randomized clinical trials. Her studies in the area of varices, variceal hemorrhage, ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis have made significant contributions to the management of patients with cirrhosis, the sixth leading cause of death in the United States in individuals between the ages of 25 and 65, the productive years of life. She is recognized as a clinical research in the area of portal hypertension as attested by invitations to chair abstract selection committees and to serve as session moderator at important scientific meetings, as well as invitations to write editorials, review articles and to become panel member at international consensus panels. Ascites is one of the main complications of cirrhosis and portal hypertension and Dr. GarciaTsao's short tem goals are to focus on this complication. One of these goals is to implement a randomized trial comparing the transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt with serial large-volume paracenteses in the treatment of patients with refractory ascites. This multicenter trial, partially funded by a VA Merit Review, will analyze not only differences in efficacy but also differences in quality of life and cost, and the results can potentially change current standards of care for patients with cirrhosis. R. GarciaTsao's long-term career goals are to continue to perform POR focused on prophylactic therapy and identification of prognostic factors in chronic liver disease as well as furthering her training in health services research. Dr. Garcia-Tsao has devoted a great deal of effort toward mentoring beginning clinical investigators in POR, especially in her capacity as co-Director of the Liver Center's Clinical Core. Yale University is one of the major teaching and research institutions of the United States and as such has wellestablished research and educational resources that will continue to be utilized by the candidate. The proposed award will allow her to carry out her research and mentoring objectives successful so that she can continue to make significant contributions in the field of cirrhosis and its complications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COOPERATIVE HUMAN TISSUE NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Ramirez, Nilsa; Pathology; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006

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Summary: The objective of this proposal is to continue to operate a highly productive, efficient tissue procurement service at The Ohio State University Medical Center as a part of the Cooperative Human Tissue Network (CHTN) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). This division will manage procurement consortiums both in Central (OSU Hospitals, James Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, and Riverside Methodist Hospital) and Northern Ohio (Cleveland Clinic) for research investigators in the United States and Canada. As the Midwestern Division of the CHTN we will continue to provide human normal, diseased, benign, and malignant surgical and autopsy tissues. This includes solid tissue, blood/sera, ascites fluids and pheresis specimens. Remnant tissues obtained for the CHTN will be examined and selected grossly then further quality controlled microscopically with histological review by a surgical pathologist. Tissues will be procured by investigator-specified guidelines and shipped within 24 hours or in batches according to the investigator's needs. Typical methods of procurement include liquid nitrogen (LN2) snap frozen tissues, OCT medium frozen tissue in LN2 cooled isopentane, gauze-wrapped fresh tissues in cooled saline, fresh tissue in transport tissue culture mediums and supplements, and formalin or gluteraldehyde fixed tissues. Paraffin- embedded fixed tissues are also available. In this grant new alternative methods for processed tissue will include RNase-inhibited prepared tissue, extracted tumor DNA and RNA, and slides of tumor sets in paraffinembedded tissue matrix arrays. Investigator applications will be prioritized according to the CHTN charter. This division will continue to work closely with the other CHTN divisions to network investigator requests nationally, to educate the research community on the availability of CHTN specimens, to actively participate in the CHTN agendas to improve services and develop CHTN-wide policy and protocols. OSU Medical Center is instituting a system-wide informed consent for patients that will allow the use of specimens for research with outcome data or specimens will be delinked for complete anonymity. Specimens will continue to be coded to ensure patient confidentiality. OSU CHTN employees consist of anatomic technologists fully trained and supervised by pathologists in techniques of gross tissue examination, office personnel who perform database entry, update investigator's requests, distribute pathology reports, report statistical data, and gather donor-related medical information. In addition, the OSU CHTN personnel include a pathologist in charge of the daily operations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--ANIMAL RESOURCE AND EXPERIMENTAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Fox, James G.; Director and Professor; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Room E19-750 Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY PRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Christy, Barbara A.; Assistant Professor; Ctrc Research Foundation San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary purpose of the Antigen and Antibody Production Shared Resource is to provide a timely and economical means by which

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GST-fusion protein, mouse polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, and ascites can be produced for members of the San Antonio Cancer Institute. Availability of high quality antibodies represents a critical element for the understanding of gene function and in subsequent translational applications. SACI members identify or work on new genes that are important for cancer predisposition, progression and prognosis. GST fusion proteins are superior for the production and selection of high quality antibodies since the fusion protein can be purified through simple manipulation. Most purified GSTfusion proteins stimulate excellent immunoresponses in mice. Although GST-fusion proteins are most commonly used as antigens by the core, other approaches can be used if necessary or preferred by the investigator. The core is directed by Barbara A. Christy, Ph.D., who has experience in the production of a variety of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Her laboratory has created, purified and used a number of GST-fusion proteins and His-tagged proteins in bacteria and expressed several proteins in baculovirus. These proteins have been used for polyclonal antibody production, monoclonal antibody production, antibody affinity purification, DNA binding studies, protein-protein interaction studies, expression library screening and as substrates in protein kinase assays. In addition, Dr. Christy's lab is experienced in the use of these antibodies for the analysis of protein expression and function in mammalian cells, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation and subcellular fractionation. Specific services provided by this Shared Resource include GST-fusion protein production, mouse polyclonal antisera production, mouse monoclonal antibody production, ascites production, the use of these reagents in characterizing specific gene products, and cryopreservation of hybridoma lines and antibody stocks. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--FLUORESCENT SORTING/IMMUNOPROBE

ACTIVATED

CELL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Butcher, Eugene C.; Associate Professor of Pathology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: (Taken directly from the application) The purpose of the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)/Immunoprobe Core Facility is to: 1) provide Flow Cytometry, Cell Sorting, and related services to investigators in the Digestive Disease Center and 2) to assist center investigators in the production of monoclonal antibodies. This core is an amalgamation of the FACS and Monoclonal Antibody individual cores that were part of our previous submission. The services provided by the FACS Core are a) assistance and training in appropriate experimental design for flow cytometry and FACS experiments; b) training and special immunofluorescence staining procedures for flow cytometry; c) fully assisted sorting-FACStar; d) fully assisted analysis-FACScan, FACScalber; e) facility maintenance and trouble shooting; f) training for the applications in Flow Cytometry and individual use of the FACScan; and g) independent, unassisted use of the FACScan by trained researchers during regular hours and on evening and weekends. The Immunoprobe Core will provide the following services and materials. a) intravenous boost and spleen fusion of immunized Balb/c mice, b) maintenance and feeding fusion yield, c) assistance in screening fusion yield, d) cloning and subcloning by terminal dilution of selected monoclonals using thymocyte feeder layers or commercially available hybridoma growth supplements, e) facilities and assistance to freeze and store hybridomas of interest, f) assistance with production of immune ascites, and g) training. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--HYBRIDOMA AND TISSUE CULTURE Principal Investigator & Institution: Buhl, Susan; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Hybridoma and Tissue Culture Shared Resource makes monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), assists in the characterization and production of mAbs in vitro and in vivo, makes standard tissue culture media, and instructs members in the use of phage peptide display libraries. The facility maintains and distributes phage libraries and special cell lines used in the hybridoma technology, maintains ELISA readers and plate washers for use by AECCC investigators and backup cell freezers for investigators who have made hybridomas or obtained them elsewhere. The facility maintains tissue culture media and serum screened to give high cloning efficiencies for hybridomas and prescreens and standardizes serological reagents used to characterize mAbs. In 1997 the facility established a SCID mouse colony for in vivo production of mAbs not contaminated by other antibodies and has assisted AECCC members in this process. The facility makes available to AECCC members the repertoire of technologies and reagents that have been developed in individual AECCC member research laboratories. These include, for example; (I) the use of phage display libraries to identify epitopes and the use of peptides from phage libraries as substitutes for antibodies; (ii) the use and distribution of the NSObcl-2 fusion partner developed by Dr. Diamond for antigens that elicit large numbers of autoantibodies that will nevertheless be useful reagents; (iii) isotype switching in tissue culture, developed by Dr. Scharff, to convert a mAb from one isotype to another. Recently, the facility has tested both gaspermeable bags (Baxter) and CELLine (Integra Biosciences) flasks for producing high concentrations of mAb in vitro and is now using CELLine flasks as an alternative to the Cell Max hollow fiber production apparatus. As a result of a National Research Council report and anticipated NIH guidelines, the Einstein Animal Institute Committee has begun to require investigators to justify the production of mAb in vivo as ascites based in part on the amount of mAb that can be efficiently produced in vitro. The facility now determines micro g/106 cells/24hrs of mAb produced from each hybridoma so that investigators can submit that information to the Animal Institute Committee. This allows a rational decision regarding the method of mAb production and justifies the use of ascites if that is necessary. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--HYBRIDOMA FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Baker, James R.; Ruth Dow, Dean Professor; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The Hybridoma Core is a 12 year old facility that has produced over 350 monoclonal antibodies. During the past Diabetes Center funding cycle, the Core produced antibodies for 16 Center investigators, performed 54 immunizations and provided storage and ascites production services over 150 times. Specialized services added during the present funding cycle included in vitro immunizations and production of human monoclonal antibodies to satisfy the unique requirements of Center investigators. Goals for the Hybridoma Core in the next funding cycle involve providing more complete and technically advanced services for the Center. This includes integrating almost all of the steps in making monoclonal antibodies into the

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laboratory facility. It includes development of immunogens, support for screening immunoassays for hybridoma supernatants, subcloning, cryopreservation and ascites production. In addition, technical advancements should allow more efficient development of human monoclonal antibodies. Educational and technical support will be increased to provide greater access to the Core by investigators not skilled in immunologic techniques. Developmental projects are also being undertaken to advance the laboratory's expertise. Studies involving molecular techniques to alter the isotype of monoclonal antibodies have already been initiated. Further work in recombinant antibodies will be done, although this type of service will not be offered until the technology makes its performance more feasible. Alternative techniques, such as the production of monoclonal antibodies in chickens, will be supported as demonstration projects until they justify inclusion into the Core's services. An expert Advisory Committee will aid in decisions concerning the utility of these techniques. Through these initiatives the Hybridoma Core will remain on the cutting edge of antibody technology and provide excellent service, and training and consultation for Diabetes Center investigators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--HYBRIDOMA FACILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Fox, David A.; Professor; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The Hybridoma Core Facility will be used by approximately 30 UM- RDCC investigators who are pursuing a variety of research projects that require monoclonal antibodies. The primary purpose of the Hybridoma Core is to generate somatic-cell hybrids (hybridomas) that produce monoclonal antibodies of desired specificity. It is currently supported by the Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center (MDRTC), and by the University of Michigan Multipurpose Arthritis Center (UM-MAC), for use by investigators within these centers, t a 20% recharge. It is also used by other investigators on a full recharge basis. Services provided include immunization of mice, fusion of B lymphocytes with myeloma cells to create hybridomas, subcloning and cryopreservation of hybridomas, antibody isotyping production of ascites in mice, and production of antibodies in vitro. Consultation is provided from the Hybridoma Core directors in design of immunization strategies and screening assays to ensure efficient generation and detection of the desired monoclonal strategies and screening to ensure efficient generation and detection of the desired monoclonal antibodies. The majority of hybridomas produced in the core are of murine origin, but rat, hamster and human hybridomas have also been produced. Since its establishment in 1980 the Hybridoma Facility has produced monoclonal antibodies against a wide variety of lymphocyte surface antigens, tumor cell antigens, tumor cell antigens, purified proteins, cytokines, hormones, hormone receptors and recombinant proteins. Over the past thirteen years of UM-CAS support (1988-2000) more than 200 fusions were performed for UM-MAC investigators. Subcloning was performed in more than 1000 hybridomas, and more than 1000 monoclonal antibody batches were produced in murine ascites. A variety of specialized procedures have been added during the current funding cycle to address various needs of UM-MAC investigators, and future UM-RDCC investigators. The current proposal will allow this faculty to continue to provide up-to- date hybridoma technology for UM-RDCC laboratories. The core will also provide collaborative and consultative services for the UM-RDCC investigators who may wish to select recombinant antibody-like reagents from phage display libraries. Through these

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initiatives, the Hybridoma Core will remain on the cutting edge of monoclonal antibody technology, and continued to provide optimal service to a broad range of users. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--LABORATORY ANIMAL CARE RESOURCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Thomas E.; Professor; Roswell Park Cancer Institute Buffalo, Ny 14263 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 08-SEP-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: The Laboratory Animal Resource (LAR) is responsible for laboratory animal care and use primarily by investigators at RPCI with peer-reviewed funding. In June 2002, the Resource was granted full accreditation by the Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC International). The Resource provides specialized animal husbandry; veterinary medical care; animal health surveillance; diagnostic laboratory facilities; research technical services and resources including genetically defined mice; a surgical program and technician; and faculty training in support of more than 150 Institute Animal Care and Use Committeeapproved animal use protocols. Additional services include polyclonal antibody production in rabbits, hybridoma ascites production and collection in mice, and inbred and immune-deficient rodent production. Daily animal inventories of 21,000, include a variety of rodent species, rabbits, dogs and occasionally farm animals. The Resource Director is a New York State licensed veterinarian who has been trained in pathology (PhD) and is Board-Certified in Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM). Fifteen members of the technical staff are certified through the Certification and Registry Board of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS). The Laboratory Animal Resource is located in the four-story 39,000 nsf vivarium within the Medical Research Complex (MRC), which opened in 1998. Additional newly renovated space is available in the Cancer Cell Center, for a total of approximately 47,000 nsf. Laboratories for work with gene knockout and transgenic technologies in mice are immediately adjacent to animal holding rooms. Continued support through the CCSG will permit the Resource to provide a standard of care and use that meets or exceeds applicable state and federal standards, maintain full AAALAC International accreditation, and furnish investigators with a comprehensive program for safe, appropriate and cost-effective research animal use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CORE--PATHOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Broaddus, Russell R.; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: The individual research projects comprising this Gynecological Cancer SPORE application require the procurement, processing, and analysis of histopathological material from patients with endometrial cancer, endometrial hyperplasia, and uterine smooth muscle tumors (leiomyoma). The research projects have needs for frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples of tumor and normal tissue. The proposed Pathology Core augments the already established M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Gynecological Tumor Bank and the P30 sponsored M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Centralized Tissue Repository with supporting database and intranet access. The Core provides for tissue acquisition by experienced gynecological pathologists to assure high-quality tissues for the investigators participating in this

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SPORE as well has investigators of other SPORES. The goal of the Pathology Core is to provide frozen tissue, paraffin-embedded tissue, and histopathological expertise related to the specific needs for the research projects comprising this SPORE proposal. To achieve this goal, the Pathology Core proposes the following Specific Aims. Aim 1 is to maintain a frozen and paraffin-embedded repository of endometrial cancers, hyperplasias, and normal endometrial samples. These samples will be collected at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. These specimens, along with the corresponding clinical data, will be incorporated into the overall SPORE Database with the endometrial samples. Aim 2 is to provide pathological review for all clinical specimens utilized in the SPORE projects and to provide histopathological technical services as necessary. Such technical services include immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and microdissection of tissue sections. Aim 3 is to establish a blood/urine/ascites fluid repository from patients undergoing hysterectomy for endometrial cancer and endometrial hyperplasia. These fluids will provide the resources for the systemic testing of putative prognostic and diagnostic markers isolated from endometrial tissues. Furthermore, using the novel technique of phage display, novel tumor markers can be discovered from the serum or ascites fluid of endometrial cancer patients. Aim 4 is to construct various endornetrial tissue arrays using the Beecher Instruments microarray device. Such tissue arrays will provide for more rapid immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression. Aim 5 is to create a SPORE Database for all samples collected at both M.D. Anderson Cancer Center and UTMB. This SPORE Database will provide for a virtual tissue repository that can be electronically shared with all SPORE investigators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--PATHOLOGY AND TISSUE BANK Principal Investigator & Institution: Saigo, Patricia E.; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 100216007 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (APPLICANT's The specific aims of the core include the collection and storage of clinical specimens from ovarian cancer patients. These specimens include tumor tissue samples, serum, ascites, and blood lymphocytes. The collection of tissues and fluids requires the coordination of a member of Core D, the operating surgeon, and the pathologist. All tissues are delivered to the Frozen Section area of the Department of Pathology by a member of Core D. The tissue is examined and samples are provided with the provisional diagnosis. The tissues are either flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, embedded in OCT compound, or processed in the routine manner for paraffin blocks. Some tumor specimens are placed into culture in MEM-FBS medium for the development of permanent cell lines or are explanted into SCID-nu/mice. Fresh-frozen specimens are also stored at -80 degrees Celsius for extraction of DNA and RNA. Cells in ascites fluid are either snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen or smeared onto slides. Some are also cultured in vitro or explanted into nu/nu mice. Ascites fluid and cyst fluids are stored frozen and provide sources for the isolation of mucins, growth factors and cytokines. Blood lymphocytes are separated by Hypaque and stored frozen in DMSO, Sera separated from patients? blood are also stored frozen. The core will also be responsible for staining frozen and paraffin sections of tumors from current patients to determine their eligibility to enter the radiolabeled MX35 antibody trial or with other antibodies for the vaccine trails (Project III). The core will also receive paraffin blocks from patients originally treated at extramural institutions to determine their eligibility to enter trials at MSKCC. Dr. Saigo re-reviews the pathology on all the ovarian cancer

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patients involved in trials in Projects 1 and 2 and on all specimens to be stored in the Tumor Bank. All tumors are classified according to histologic type and grade. Dr. Saigo also reviews any case for which the Project Leader has a question or requires additional information. Our collection of well-characterized tissue specimens, blood, and fluids is a resource used by Projects 1, 3, and 4. It is a much more efficient use of resources to have a central facility for the storage and record keeping of these samples than to have every prject collect their specimens. Moreover, Dr. Saigo is a Pathologist specializing in gynecologic cancer and her services and advice are available to investigators in all the projects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--TISSUE CULTURE AND HYBRIDOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Sporn, Lee A.; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: SUBPROJECT ABSTRACT NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DISTAL SPLENORENAL INTRAHEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEMIC SHUNT

VERSUS

TRANSJUGULAR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Boyer, Thomas D.; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This is a multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial to compare DSRS and TIPS for the management of variceal bleeding in patients with Child's Class A & B cirrhosis. The primary goal of both therapies is to achieve control of variceal bleeding by reducing pressure in the varice, and limit the risk of accelerating the development of liver failure, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. The study will randomize patients who have failed or are not candidates for endoscopic therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECT OF CIRRHOSIS AND SHUNTS ON DRUG DISPOSITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Gorski, J. Christopher.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): It is well established that hepatic cirrhosis results in reduced clearance of drugs that are highly metabolized and an enhanced sensitivity to the pharmacological and adverse actions of drugs. Chronic alcohol consumption and hepatitis C are the two most common causes of cirrhosis in the United States with an incidence of 3.1 per 1000 people. The development of portal hypertension is the primary mechanism behind several major complications of cirrhosis such as bleeding from gastroesophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy, and ascites. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) and other surgical shunts are performed to manage these complications of portal hypertension. We have demonstrated that in addition to a reduction in hepatic clearance, cirrhotic patients with TIPS experience an increase in intestinal availability of midazolam, a selective cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) substrate. This increased bioavailability primarily reflects a functional lack of intestinal

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wall first-pass metabolism relative to cirrhotics without TIPS and healthy volunteers. The mechanism for this lack of intestinal wall metabolism is unknown. We propose to characterize the mechanism and consequences of this loss of intestinal wall CYP3A activity in cirrhotics with TIPS by directly examining the CYP3A protein and mRNA levels, intestinal permeability, and in vivo hepatic and intestinal CYP3A activity before, immediately after, and I month after TIPS placement. Cirrhotic patients with TIPS, and potentially other types of portosystemic shunts, are expected to be at risk for excessive pharmacological effects or suffer from an increased incidence of adverse reactions following CYP3A substrate administration. We will examine the susceptibility of these individuals to adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interaction by examining the ability of erythromycin to prolong the QT interval and clarithromycin to inhibit metabolism of buspirone, a CYP3A substrate. Finally, the expression of other enzymes such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), sulfotransferases (SULTs) and pglycoprotein may also be altered in cirrhosis. We will characterize the changes in these enzymes using the partial clearance of acetaminophen to glucuronide (UGT) and sulfate (SULT) conjugates and the disposition of fexofenadine in cirrhotics with and without TIPS and healthy volunteers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENERGY METABOLISM, BODY COMPOSITION IN CIRRHOTIC ASCITES Principal Investigator & Institution: Burk, Raymond F.; Professor of Medicine and Pathology; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ESOPHAGEAL VARICES BY B-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Groszmann, Roberto J.; Internal Medicine; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-APR-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Cirrhosis is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States in individuals under the age of 65, the productive years of life. It affects men and women equally, and impacts on all races and socio- economical levels. Portal hypertension is the main complication of cirrhosis, regardless of etiology. Gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage are a direct consequence of portal hypertension and account in large part for the high mortality of cirrhosis. Non-selective beta- adrenergic blockers decrease portal pressure and have been shown to prevent the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis and varices. Early portal hypotensive therapy, before the patients develop varices, would be beneficial not only because it may prevent or delay the formation of varices (and variceal hemorrhage) but because it may prevent or delay the development of other complications of portal hypertension, such a ascites. This ongoing multi-center, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was designed with the primary aim of investigating if early therapy with timolol, a nonselective beta-adrenergic blocker, can prevent or delay the development of varices in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Secondary aims will examine whether timolol prevents or delays other complications of portal hypertension such as ascites and porto-systemic encephalopathy, as well as liver transplantation or death. Patients with cirrhosis, without varices on endoscopy and with portal hypertension (portal

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pressure greater than 6 mmHg) are included in the study. This grant application was funded in April of 1993 and patient randomization began in August of 1993. Patient accrual took longer than originally estimated, however it is now certain that the number of 190 patients required for the study will have been randomized by the end of the current funding period (March 1998), since at the writing of this proposal 158 patients had already been randomized. In calculating sample size, we assumed a rate of development of varices of 50 percent at 4 years in the control arm, to be reduced to 30 percent in the timolol arm. So far our observed rates for development of varices are consistent with our planned estimates. However, we have now estimated that a minimum follow-up of 4 years (after last patient is recruited) is necessary to ensure high statistical power (80 percent at the 2-sided 0.05 level). The trial is highly significant for the promise it holds for the treatment of cirrhosis of all etiologies and for an understanding of the natural history of the disease. The four centers involved are widely renown for their studies in this area and have collaborated productively in the past, including the only published double-blind trial of propranolol in the prevention of first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis and varices. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FLOW CYTOMETRY TO DETECT HUMAN TUMOR CELLS IN BODY FLUID Principal Investigator & Institution: Ganju-Krishan, Awtar; Professor; Radiation Oncology; University of Miami-Medical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant):Flow cytometry has become an important technique for rapid determination of cellular DNA content and for phenotype analysis of human tumors. Light scatter and fluorescence detection are used as two common parameters for flow cytometric analysis of human cells. For a variety of technical reasons, light scatter is of limited value in determining cellular volume as opposed to Electronic Coulter Volume measurement, which is a more reliable measure of volume. None of the commercially available flow cytometers can measure cellular volume. We have recently described the development and use of NASA/American Cancer Society flow cytometer capable of simultaneously measuring electronic nuclear volume (ENV) and DNA content of nuclei isolated from tumors. We have shown that by simultaneously measuring ENV vs. DNA content, we can discriminate between normal and tumor cells in a heterogeneous population and identify near-diploid (aneuploid) tumor cells. We believe this instrument can be used for monitoring the presence of tumor cells in body fluids such as ascites, pleural fluid, urine and in bladder washings. Specific aims of the present grant application are to: 1. Develop sample preparatory and staining methods for the analysis of cells from effusions, urine and bladder washings of patients with known or suspected malignancies. 2. Determine if simultaneous measurement of Electronic Nuclear Volume, DNA content and immunocytochemical marker expression can be used for rapid identification and detection of tumor cells in these liquid samples. 3. Compare data collected from flow cytometric analysis with that obtained from cytopathology and immunocytochemistry routinely performed on these specimens for diagnostic purpose. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION OF VIABLE OVARIAN CANCER CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Wen-Tien; Professor; Vitatex, Inc. 25 E Loop Rd Stony Brook, Ny 11790

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Molecular profiling of gene expression is a powerful tool that can be used to stage human tumors and categorize them with respect to projected prognosis and therapeutic responsiveness. This technology has been applied most effectively to leukemias and lymphomas for which it is relatively easy to obtain highly enriched pools of tumor cells. Similar approaches to study solid tumors have been less successful because solid tumor tissue samples contain many non-tumorigenic types of cells, because many of the tumor cells found in them are dead or dying at any given moment, and because of the low abundance emigrating metastatic cells. Current technology to enrich for metastatic ovarian cancer cells from ascites at the time of surgery involves using a combination of centrifugation and positive- and negativeselecting immuno-affinity steps. This cumbersome protocol yields pools of metastatic cells less than 50% pure and viable that are contaminated by non-tumor leukocyte and epithelial cells and dead and dying tumor cells. In this STTR Phase I application, we propose to optimize and validate a novel and rapid cell separation technology for enrichment of viable metastatic tumor cells from the ascites of patients with ovarian cancer. The approach is anticipated to yield a collection of viable tumor cells greater than 99% pure. In parallel, we will also purify tumor-associated leukocytes to enable expression profiling comparisons. This will provide a measure of the efficiency of the enrichment procedure and a proof-of-principle demonstration of the proposed profiling methods. In Phase II, the integrated technologies optimized in this first phase will be translated into broad gene expression studies on ovarian and uterine cancer: We will perform microarray analysis to identify genes up-regulated in metastatic ovarian and uterine tumor cells from blood and ascites in comparison to non-tumorigenic ovarian and uterine epithelial cells and primary (in situ) ovarian and uterine tumor cells. Ultimately, the combination of specific metastatic tumor cell enrichment and correctly targeted molecular profiling will create a technology capable of staging and predicting prognosis and therapeutic responsiveness for multiple types of epithelial tumors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTRAPERITONEAL NANOPARTICULATE PACLITAXEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Roby, Katherine F.; Research Associate Professor; Crititech 1617 St. Andrews Dr, Ste 210 Lawrence, Ks 66047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 22-MAR-2004; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Paclitaxel has shown promise in the treatment of several types of cancers, including ovarian cancer. The long-term goals of this research are to design a formulation of paclitaxel that is effective in the treatment of cancer and exhibits no formulation related toxicity. The present set of studies utilizes the techniques of precipitation with compressed antisolvent to produce nanoparticulate paclitaxel. The effects of nanoparticulate paclitaxel on the progression of ovarian cancer in a surgically debulked and non-debulked mouse model will be assessed. The first Aim will focus on production of the nanoparticulate paclitaxel. The second part of Aim 1 will assess the effects of nanoparticulate paclitaxel on the progression of ovarian cancer in a syngeneic mouse model. The effects of nanoparticulate paclitaxel delivered intravenoussly or intraperitoneally will be compared to the effects of Taxol(R), the current commercial formulation delivered intravenously or intrapedtoneally. We hypothesize nanoparticulate paclitaxel functions, at least in part, by acting as a reservoir providing a slow release of paclitaxel. This hypothesis will be examined in the studies described in the second Aim. The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of nanoparticulate paclitaxel and Taxol(R) will be measured in a time dependent manner following

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intravenous or intraperitoneal delivery in normal non-tumor bearing, tumor debulked, and non-debulked mice. Paclitaxel will be measured by mass spectrometry in the ascites fluid, plasma, organs, tumors, peritoneal immune cells and peritoneal tumor cells. Nanoparticulate paclitaxel within cells will further be visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The information gained by completion of the proposed studies will not be limited to paclitaxel but can be extended to other drugs. This information will have the potential to improve the efficacy of several drugs, as many have limited water solubility and exhibit toxicity related to formulation, and ultimately provide safer treatments to cancer patients. In addition novel insights will be gained by completion of the comparitive studies in debulked and nondebulked animals related to the effects of adhesions on treatment outcomes and drug pharmacokinetics and disposition. These studies will assess the potential of nanoparticulate paclitaxel delivered intraperitoneally as a means to improve on the current treatment of women with ovarian cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LPA IN INITIATION AND PROGRESSION IN OVARIAN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Mills, Gordon B.; Professor and Chairman; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 941222747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), the simplest of all phospholipids, exhibits pleiomorphic functions in multiple cell lineages. The effects of LPA appear to be mediated by binding of LPA to specific members of the endothelial differentiation gene (Edg, Edg1, 2, 4, and 7) are activated by LPA) family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and potentially to PSP24. The specific biochemical events initiated by the different Edg receptors, as well as the biological outcomes of activation of the individual receptors, are only beginning to be determined. The importance of LPA in ovarian cancer is suggested by the fact that LPA levels are elevated in the plasma and ascites of ovarian cancer patients, but not in most other tumor types. Indeed, LPA levels are elevated in more than 90% of ovarian cancer patients suggesting that LPA may be a novel diagnostic or prognostic marker. Furthermore, ovarian cancer cells demonstrate markedly different responses to LPA than does normal ovarian surface epithelium. Different LPA receptors of the Edg family are expressed by normal and malignant ovarian epithelial cells. Thus, increased levels of LPA, altered receptor expression and altered responses to LPA all may contributed to the initiation, progression of outcome of ovarian cancer. We have developed a series a series of LPA analogs, which act as agonists and antagonists for specific LPA receptors on ovarian cancer cells. These analogs will not only be used to probe the function of the LPA receptors in ovarian cancer but also as lead compounds for therapeutic development. Indeed, over 60% of all drugs currently in use target the GPCR family, with many of these drugs being ligand analogs. Understanding the mechanisms regulating LPA production and function of the LPA receptors in ovarian cancer but also as lead compounds for therapeutic development. Indeed, over 60% of all drugs currently in use target the GPCR family, with many of these drugs being ligand analogs. Understanding the mechanisms regulating LPA production and function could lead to improved methods for early detection and to new targets for therapy. To accomplish this, we will: 1. Identify the receptors mediating specific LPA responses in ovarian cancer cells 2. Determine whether LPA is an appropriate target for therapy in ovarian cancer 3. Determine the source and mechanisms for elevated LPA levels in ovarian cancer patients 4. Determine whether measuring LPA levels can be used in early diagnosis, evaluation of intraperitoneal masses of management of ovarian cancer patients.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LYSOPHOSPHOLIPID MEDIATORS IN OVARIAN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Morris, Andrew J.; Associate Professor; Cell and Developmental Biology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cancer cell proliferation is driven by overexpression or mutational activation of normal cellular pathways that control cell growth and differentiation. Recent work suggests that autocrine actions of the receptor-directed lipid growth factor lysophosphatidic adid (LPA) play a central role in the etiology of ovarian cancer. Growth, invasiveness and resistance to chemotherapeutics of ovarian cancer cells are all dependent on LPA. Ovarian cancer cells synthesize LPA and release this mediator into ascites fluid which accumulates in the peritoneum and bathes abdominal tumors. Current therapies for late stage ovarian cancer that include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy have not improved cure rates for the disease. Targeting the synthesis and actions of LPA may therefore provide a novel treatment strategy for pharmacological intervention in ovarian cancer. Although the receptors and signaling pathways involved in responses to LPA are well understood surprisingly little is known about the enzymes and cellular processes involved in LPA synthesis, release and inactivation. We have identified phospholipases and lipid phosphatases that play critical roles in the synthesis and metabolism of LPA and related bioactive lipid mediators. The goal of the research described in this proposal is to define the enzymes and pathways involved in the synthesis and inactivation of LPA by ovarian cancer cells. Molecular genetic and pharmacological manipulation of these pathways will allow us to evaluate the potential for therapies that target LPA metabolism in treatment of ovarian cancer. Successful completion of the research will provide the framework and impetus to develop novel effective therapeutics for ovarian cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MODULATION OF MUC1 MUCIN TRAFFICKING Principal Investigator & Institution: Hughey, Rebecca P.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (applicant's description): MUC1 is a well characterized marker for many cancers of epithelial origin that also directly contributes to the aggressive metastatic phenotype of tumors. Cumulative data from studies of these cancer patients indicates that high levels of particularly intracellularMUC1 in the tumor and in serum correlates with a strong potential for metastasis and a poor prognosis for the patient. The antiadhesive property of this normally apical, transmembrane mucin (with 40-90 heavily 0glycosylated tandem repeats of 20 aa) disrupts both cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in non-polarized tumor cells, thus enhancing metastasis. The soluble MUC1 in patient serum and ascites also contributes to the aggressive phenotype of the cancer by acting as a tumor decoy by forming immunocomplexes with antibodies, by binding T-cells and blocking their proliferation, and by rebinding to the tumor and initiating signal transduction pathways. Since MUC1 has fewer and smaller 0-glycans in many tumors, preliminary studies were designed to understand how this contributes to the intracellular accumulation and shedding of MUC1 since the mechanisms for either event is unknown. Using normal and glycosylation-defective CHO cells, metabolic labeling

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and biotinylation, we find that cell surface expression of recombinant human MUC1 is dependent on 0-glycosylation. Surprisingly, we find that this enormous molecule is internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis indicating that the 40-90 tandem-repeat immunodominanat epitopes of MUCI are an ideal target for immunotoxin therapy. Thus, it is essential to understand what regulates MUC1 endocytosis and shedding to better target treatments to MUC1-positive tumors and avoid soluble MUCI in serum/ascites. We find that MUC1 endocytosis is blocked by mutation of a potential site for dual palmitoylation and enhanced by smaller 0-glycans, indicating that its trafficking may be modulated by homotypic clustering and association with lipid microdomains involved in signal transduction. Since we also find that MUCI shedding is endocytosisdependent, our specific aims are designed to understand how MUCI trafficking and shedding is modulated by its 0-glycan structure, palmitoylation, and phosphorylation. Initial experiments will utilize non-polarized CHO cells while later experiments in new glycosylation-defective MDCK cells will define apical-specific modulation of MUCI trafficking. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MULLERIAN INHIBITING SUBSTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Donahoe, Patricia K.; Marshall K. Bartlett Professor of Surger; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1978; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) causes regression of female reproductive tract structures in the male fetus. To investigate whether MIS can be a therapeutic for ovarian cancer, which originates from the Mullerian duct derived coelomic epithelium, binding of MIS to both ovarian cancer cell lines and primary ascites cells from patients with stage III or IV cystadenocarcinoma was demonstrated. These cells express the MIS type II receptor mRNA and respond to MIS in growth inhibition assays. These experiments paralleled efforts to produce MIS that would be suitable for clinical trial in humans because of concern over mouse immunogens in the immunoaffinity purification of MIS and the preponderance of high molecular weight aggregates and multiple products of the primary and secondary cleavage sites of holo MIS. In order to address those concerns, preliminary studies were done that indicate conditioned serum free media from MIS transfected mammalian cells could be used to advantage to produce a homogeneous preparation of MIS by size exclusion chromatography with an FPLC system. Peptides with high affinity can also be used in purification, and tobacco sources for rhMIS will be compared to mammalian sources. Thus, the first Specific Aim is to purify homogenous MIS using these approaches and to scale up production for use in clinical trials. The second Specific Aim is to crystallize MIS or its derivative in order to begin the process of characterizing the secondary structure of MIS and understand the molecular interactions both between the amino and carboxy terminal MIS domains and between the C terminal domain and its receptor. The third Specific Aim is to determine if the MIS type II receptor is mutated in patients with ovarian cancer by sequence analysis and correlate absence of functional receptor with the occurance of ovarian cancer. The fourth Specific Aim is to study the tissue specific and developmental expression of the MIS type II receptor using antibodies developed during the past grant and others to be developed during the course of the proposed grant. A homogeneous MIS product whose structure is defined by crystallography, which can be scaled up for human use in clinical trials against human ovarian cancer, can then be used in parallel with MIS type II receptor molecular probes and antibodies to select tumors appropriate for such therapies.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MULTICENTER RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF DSRS VERSUS TIPS Principal Investigator & Institution: Henderson, John M,.; Chairman; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Provided by the applicant) This multicenter prospective randomized clinical trial compares the surgical distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) with the radiologic transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt (TIPS) for variceal bleeding in good risk patients. The hypothesis to be tested is that TIPS will have a significantly higher rebleeding rate and encephalopathy incidence than DSRS. This study is entering its fifth year, and this renewal application will provide for a further 3 years of follow-up. The specific aims are to enter 140 patients- 114 have been entered by 10/2000- with a minimum 2 years and median 5 years follow-up. The study population are patients with Child's Class A or B cirrhosis who have failed endoscopic and pharmacologic therapy for their variceal bleeding. Uncontrolled studies show a variceal rebleeding rate of 20% after TIPS compared to 5% after DSRS, and encephalopathy incidence of 30% after TIPS compared to 14% after DSRS. This trial is planned with sufficient power to detect a 15% difference in defined endpoints. The health related importance of this study is in defining the role of these two decompression therapies in terms of variceal bleeding control, change in liver function (encephalopathy, ascites, liver failure, need for transplant), mortality, quality of life and costs. Data collection and analysis of these endpoints constitute the goal of this application. This renewal application plans to extend this trial to allow the five Clinical Centers to complete patient recruitment and provide longer term follow-up and data collection on all randomized patients. The Data Coordinating Center is responsible for data verification, management and analysis. The extension of this trial, will provide the most comprehensive and longest follow-up for these two shunt procedures for control of variceal bleeding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROTRANSMITTER DOPAMINE AND ANGIOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mukhopadhyay, Debabrata; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 05-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth beyond minimal size and is important in many other pathophysiological situations. It is widely anticipated that modulation of angiogenesis (inhibition in tumors, stimulation in vascular insufficiency) will provide important therapeutic benefit. Many different cytokines and growth factors express angiogenic activity, of these VPF/VEGF stands out because of its potency, selectivity for vascular endothelium, and its consistent overexpression in malignant tumors and in other clinical conditions in which angiogenesis plays an important role. Very recently, we have described for the first time that the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA), which has long been used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (as well as the treatment of cardiac failure), and DA D2 receptor agonists, potently and selectively blocks VPF/VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vivo, whether induced by tumors or by an adenoviral construct engineered to express VPF/VEGF. The experiments proposed here are designed to investigate the mechanistic details by which DA or its related compounds inhibit VPF/VEGF-induced angiogenesis. In Aim 1, we will examine how DA D2 receptor, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR),

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can influence VEGFR-2 signaling pathways. By utilizing genetic and pharmacological approaches, Aim 2 will focus to reveal how peripheral DA might affect normal and pathological angiogenesis mediated by VPF/NEGF. In Aim 3, investigation will be carried out to define the role of DA and its related molecules as anti-angiogenic agents in both tumor ascites as well as solid tumor models. Moreover, we will examine whether DA or related compounds can be employed with other conventional drugs (such as Taxol) in preclinical settings. Furthermore, the role of DA in angiogenesis mediated by other angiogenic molecules will also be investigated in animal models. Developmental angiogenesis in the retinas of newborn rats will be utilized to test the effect of DA in normal physiological angiogenesis. Taken together, the proposed studies will draw an important conceptual link between angiogenesis and the nervous system and suggest that DA, already in clinical use for other purposes, may have value in antiangiogenesis therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OCULAR SURFACE PROTECTION BY SIALOMUCIN COMPLEX Principal Investigator & Institution: Carraway, Kermit L.; Professor; Cell Biology and Anatomy; University of Miami-Medical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: The overall goal of this research is to understand the roles of a novel membrane/soluble glycoprotein complex (sialomucin complex, SMC) at the ocular surface and in the ocular tear film. SMC was originally identified and isolated from membranes of ascites sublines of the highly metastatic 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma and is composed of a mucin subunit ASGP-1 (ascites sialoglycoprotein1) linked to the plasma membrane via an N glycosylated transmembrane subunit ASGP2. The complex is encoded by a single gene, expressed as a 9.2 kb transcript and synthesized as a precursor of 300 kDa (pSMC-1). Molecular cloning and sequencing have revealed the complete sequence of the transcript and proteins. The transmembrane subunit has two EGF-like domains and can act selectively as a ligand for the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2. These results, plus the anti- adhesive activity of the mucin subunit ASGP-1, suggest that the complex is not only heterodimeric, but also bifunctional. In the rat SMC 2is found at epithelial apical cell surfaces in the airway, uterus, brain and oral cavity, in secretory granules in goblet cells in the colon, and in lactating mammary gland. Furthermore, SMC is found in some of these tissues in both soluble and membrane forms, suggesting dual protective roles as a mucin. SMC is a constituent of both milk and saliva. Western blotting, immunofluorescence and Northern analyses have demonstrated the presence of SMC at the ocular surface of both rats and humans. It is particularly abundant in the corneal epithelium compared to the conjunctival epithelium and other rat epithelia in which it is expressed. SMC also appears to be an important component of human tear fluid. Interestingly, immunolocalization using a carbohydrate-dependent antibody suggests that its synthesis is differentiation dependent in the stratified epithelia. We have proposed that SMC serves a protective function at the ocular surface. These studies are intended to test that hypothesis by investigating the protection mechanisms in which SMC may be involved. For these investigations we propose first to complete the characterization of SMC expression, forms and localization at the ocular surface in the rat and human to determine the localization of SMC in the tear film and whether SMC functions as a membrane barrier molecule and/or as an ErbB2 ligand in addition to its role as a soluble mucin. Second, we will analyze the properties of SMC in human tears in comparison to other tear film mucins to evaluate its role as a tear film mucin. Third, we will use corneal

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explants and epithelial cell cultures to examine the mechanisms involved in the synthesis and secretion of SMC and to determine factors which regulate SMC expression at the ocular surface. Finally, we will examine the ability of topical antisense oligonucleotide and antibody treatments to alter the role(s) of SMC at the rat ocular surface as tests of its function(s). We expect that the results of these investigations will bring unique insights into the role of this novel molecule in ocular surface protection and may lead to new opportunities for understanding and treating diseases of the ocular surface. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATION OF SMC/RMUC4 TRANSCRIPTION BY CELL SIGNALING Principal Investigator & Institution: Perez, Aymee; Cell Biology and Anatomy; University of Miami-Medical Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: The long-term research objectives of this laboratory involve elucidating the roles of the glycoprotein complex ASGP-1/ASGP-2 (SMC) in mammary cancer, in other cancers and in normal tissues. Our short-term plan focuses on the transcriptional regulation of SMC expression in the mammary gland, uterus and mammary tumors. Abnormal expression of SMC/MUC4 has been reported in rat mammary adenocarcinoma and in human breast, pancreatic, lung and colon carcinomas; particularly in cells of highly invasive tumors obtained from patient body fluids. Our recent studies described novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms for the expression of SMC in mammary gland, which has important implications for breast cancer and mammary development. Thus, the overall goal of our proposed studies is to understand the functions of SMC in normal epithelial development and tumor progression, focusing particularly on the mammary gland and uterus, and the mechanisms by which regulation of its expression contribute to those functions. The hypotheses being tested in this work are: 1) SMC contributes to tumor progression, 2) SMC is regulated by a combination of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms and 3) SMC contributes to epithelial development, specifically to mammary development. Specific Aims are to: I)investigate the mechanism required for lactogenic hormone induction of SMC/rMUC4 using an in vitro model system, the Rama 37 rat mammary epithelial stem cell line, 2) study the role of PEA3 transcription factor in SMC expression in 13762 ascites cell line and rat primary mammary epithelial cells, and 3) investigate the mechanism implicated in uterine rMUC4 expression through TGFbetasignaling using rat primary uterine epithelial cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SPONTANEOUS REGRESSION OF LATE-STAGE TUMORS IN MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cui, Zheng; Biochemistry; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The growth and survival of neoplastic cells is regulated both by internal genetic control within tumor cells and by host factors. In a very small population of cancer patients, progression of malignant tumors can be partially or completely reversed by an unknown host mechanism termed "spontaneous regression". Lack of animal models for spontaneous regression has hampered the efforts to identify the factors involved in this mechanism of tumor resistance. Dr. Cui and his

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colleagues have identified a unique, genetically-determined mouse trait conferring the spontaneous regression of late-stage ascites induced by the transplantation of aggressive mouse sarcoma 180 cells. The spontaneous regression of late-stage ascites is complete and permanent in the mice carrying the mutation. This trait also protects the mice against tumor development following transplantation of mouse leukemia cells. Immunological studies revealed that tumor cells elicited a migration of immune cells to the tumor site. The infiltrating immune cells form cell-cell aggregates and induced necrotic rupture of tumor cells, eliminating tumor cells in a few hours after tumor transplantation. Genetic studies suggest that this unique response of activated immune cells to tumor cells may be caused by a dominant mutation in these mice. Initial genotype analysis established a linkage of this mutation to two adjacent microsatellite markers on mouse chromosome 4. In this proposal Dr. Cui has assembled a group of experts from genomics, pathology, immunology, carcinogenesis and biochemistry to determine the genetic basis, cellular mechanism and anti-tumor spectrum of this powerful tumor resistance trait. The long-term objective of this proposal is to determine if a similar mechanism can be also effective in human cancer treatment and prevention. This proposal has 3 specific aims: 1) to identify the immunological components for tumor rejection; 2) to determine the anti-tumor spectrum of tumor rejection, 3) to identify the gene(s) affected by the mutation. Completion of these aims will provide a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanism of this unique, powerful resistance to tumors. Necessary tools will be developed to extend these studies to search for similar genes in humans and to design better, more efficient strategies of cancer treatment and prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNTHESIS OF CLAVULACTONE--A POTENTIAL ANTITUMOR AGENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Hawryluk, Natalie A.; Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002 Summary: The specify aim of this research proposal is to develop an efficient and enantioselective approach for the synthesis of clavulactone. Clavulactone was isolated from an unidentified species of Clavularia and belong to the dolabellane class of marine diterpenoids. These diterpenoids contain characteristic trans-bicyclo [9.3.0] tetradecane skeletons. The proposed synthesis involves formation of the skeleton using a stereospecific three component coupling process for the formation of tetrasubstituted silyl enol ethers followed by Lewis acid catalysed carbocyclic ring closure. Clavulactone exhibits cytotoxicity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells, IC50 8 mug/mL, which makes it a potential lead for an anti- tumor agent. An efficient synthesis would allow for the preparation and biological evaluation of analogues as well as structurally related natural products. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CARCINOMA

TARGETING

APOPTOSIS

IN

BREAST

AND

OVARIAN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Wicha, Max S.; Director; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002

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Summary: The altered expression of genes which regulate apoptotic pathways may play an important role in the etiology of both breast and ovarian carcinoma. Furthermore, genes such as bcl-2 and bcl-X/L which are frequently overexpressed in breast and ovarian carcinoma may render these tumors resistant to treatment with radiation or chemotherapy. Based on the hypothesis that expression of these genes contributes to tumor progression and resistance, we have developed a strategy to block this pathway through transient expression of bcl-x/s, a competitive inhibitor of both bcl-2 and bclX/L via an adenovirus vector. This vector selectively induces apoptosis in breast and ovarian cancer cells in vitro while havining significantly less effect on normal breast cells. We propose to expand upon these findings in order to target apoptosis pathways as a clinical strategy for therapy of breast and ovarian carcinoma. In order to accomplish these objectives, we will first elucidate the molecular mechanisms accounting for the specificity of bcl-X/S induced apoptosis in tumor cells as compared to normal cells. We will then determine the ability of this vector to sensitize these cells to chemotherapy and radiation therapy induced apoptosis. We will compare the efficacy of bcl-X/S to other competitive inhibitors of this pathway including harakiri and mbm-2 described in Projects 1 and 3. In order to increase the efficacy of bcl-X/S adenoviral gene therapy we will test an approach utilizing the adenoviral E1A and E1B genes to facilitate transient viral replication. Based on these in vitro studies, we will test the efficacy of utilizing bclX/S adenoviral gene therapy in syngeneic and nude mouse models of breast and ovarian carcinoma. Finally, based on both the in vitro and animal models, we propose to develop a Phase I clinical trial to test the feasibility of utilizing bcl-X/S adenovirus in vitro to purge contaminating breast cancer cells in stem cell preparations from patients undergoing transplantation for metastatic breast cancer. We also propose to utilize bclX/S adenovirus as a local therapy for the control of ascites in ovarian carcinoma. These studies will determine the feasibility of targeting apoptosis pathways as a novel therapeutic strategy for breast and ovarian carcinoma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TARGETING PCD FOR CANCER THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Clarke, Michael F.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Despite recent advances in the detection and treatment of most cancers, cancer related mortality has not decreased in the United States. In the near future, cancer is predicted to overtake heart disease as the number one cause of death. It is clear that new approaches are needed to treat these diseases. Cancer is the result of disruption of the pathways that regulate cell proliferation. These pathways include mitogenic signals, growth inhibitory signals, and cell survival signals. Preliminary evidence suggests that these latter signals differ between normal cells and cancer cells, as well as between cancers derived from solid tissue cells and hematopoietic cells. We postulate that better understanding these differences will allow the development of novel cancer therapies. The overall goals of this proposal are to understand the perturbations in the programmed cell death (PCD) pathway in cancer cells, and to determine whether the differences between cancer cells and normal cells can be exploited to develop new therapeutic agents. To accomplish these goals, adenovirus vectors will be used to specifically inactivate inhibitory components of the PCD pathway. Viruses that target three different points in the PCD pathway will be analyzed. These vectors, the bcl-x, adenovirus, the mbm-2 adenovirus, and the hrk adenovirus have several qualities that

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make them ideal agents that can be used to study both the biology and biochemistry of the PCD pathway and used as gene therapy agents. Cancers of Breast, Ovarian, Bladder and Hematopoietic origin will be analyzed. These cancers were chosen to explore differences in PCD pathways in these tumors, and because adenovirus vectors have therapeutic potential in these diseases. The projects in this proposal are integrated to achieve these goals. Project #1, Biochemistry and function of hrk, will examine the role of a new gene, hrk, in PCD in normal and cancer cells. An adenovirus vector that expresses hrk will be made and used by each project to determine the role of this gene in PCD in each respective type of cancer cell. Project #2, Targeting PCD in Breast and Ovarian cancer cells will utilize each of the adenovirus vectors for effects on normal and malignant breast cancer cells. Animal models to test the utility of these vectors are described. Clinical trials using the bcl-x/s adenovirus in high dose chemotherapy and autologous BMT in breast cancer and for treatment of ascites in patients with ovarian cancer are planned. Project #3, targeting PCD in Leukemia, will explore the regulation of PCD in normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells. Strategies to use adenovirus to specifically kill leukemia cells contaminating the bone marrow of cells used for autologous BMT will be tested. Project #4, Targeting PCD in bladder cancer, will determine the role of the bcl-2 family in bladder cancer. Clinical trials using the bcl-x/s adenovirus are envisioned. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TIPS VS. PARACENTESIS FOR REFRACTORY ASCITES(NASTRA) Principal Investigator & Institution: Kowdley, Kris V.; Professor of Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This is a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial designed to determine if treatment with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) is superior to high volume paracentesis (total paracentesis) for the treatment of refractory ascites due to cirrhosis. Subjects will be randomized to either receive total paracentesis (TP) alone or TP followed by TIPS within 48 hours. Both groups will be maintained on a sodium restricted diet. Subjects receiving TP alone will be started on diuretics within 36 hours, whereas those receiving TIPS after TP will be started on diuretics if they gain more than 20 pounds. Subjects will be followed for a minimum of one year. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TISSUE PROCUREMENT AND PROCESSING FOR MOLECULAR ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Moskaluk, Christopher A.; Associate Professor of Pathology; Pathology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 11-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Provided by Applicant) The objectives of this research application are to provide users of the Cooperative Human Tissue Network with high quality human tissue samples and state of the art tissue processing services. Procured tissue specimens will be available in fresh frozen, chemically-fixed, paraffin-embedded and viable form. Options for viable tissue include frozen cell suspensions from mechanically and enzymatically disaggregated solid tissue, frozen cell suspensions of small tissue fragments, frozen cell suspensions of lymphocytes disaggregated from lymph nodes and frozen cell suspensions of viable cells obtained from ascites fluid. In addition to

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paraffin embedding, histologic sections of paraffin embedded or frozen tissue will be offered. Laser-assisted microdissection will be available to investigators who require small but highly purified cell populations. Nucleic acid extraction (RNA and DNA) will be offered for both bulk and microdissected tissue samples. Tissue microarrays will be constructed of normal and neoplastic human tissue and histologic sections will be offered to investigators who wish to perform efficient screening studies using in situ experimental methodologies. Although all samples will be identified only by a code number ("de-identified") to maintain high ethical research standards, for most studies extensive clinical follow-up data is available for subjects with malignant neoplasms through an established tumor registry. This application will expand the services that the CHTN currently offers by the inclusion of microdissection, tissue microarray and DNA and RNA extraction. These techniques represent the cutting edge technologies in human tissue analysis, and are being used to perform investigations into the genetic and molecular basis of human cancer and of other diseases. This expansion of CHTN services will greatly increase its value to the research community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRANSJUGULAR PORTASYSTEMIC SHUNTS/PARACENTESIS FOR TREATMENT OF ASCITES Principal Investigator & Institution: Sanyal, Arun; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRIPTYCENE ANALOGS--NOVEL BIFUNCTIONAL ANTICANCER DRUGS Principal Investigator & Institution: Perchellet, Jean-Pierre H.; Division of Biology; Kansas State University 2 Fairchild Hall Manhattan, Ks 665061103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Triptycene (TT) is inactive but we synthesized new TT analogs (code names TT1 to TT16) that have antileukemic activity in the nM range in vitro. The lead compound, a TT bisquinone (TT2), not only inhibits macromolecule synthesis, induces DNA fragmentation, and decreases the growth and viability (IC50: 100 nM) of L1210 cells in vitro like the quinone antitumor drug daunomycin (DAU) but can also block the cellular transport of nucleosides, an effect which DAU cannot do. Since they have unique and highly useful dual effects on nucleoside transport and DNA cleavage, these TT analogs might be valuable to develop a novel synthetic class of bifunctional anticancer drugs effective in polychemotherapy. The major objectives are 1) to demonstrate the anticancer potential of TT2 in vivo, 2) to characterize its molecular mechanism of action, and 3) to identify more potent TT2 analogs. The specific aims are: A) To establish that water-soluble TT2 derivatives can inhibit tumor development in vivo and prolong the survival of mice challenged with ascites (L1210) or solid tumors with metastatic potential (Lewis lung carcinoma and B16F10 melanoma). B) To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which TT2 interacts with nucleoside transport (effects on equilibrative and Na+-dependent transporters, bidirectional fluxes of purines and pyrimidines, competition with nucleoside transport probes), DNA (binding, intercalation, strand breakage and crosslinks, topoisomerase activities), and tumor cells (drug uptake/retention/catabolism, cell cycle analysis, caspase-8 and -3 activation,

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apoptosis, potentiation of antimetabolite action, and effectiveness in P-glycoproteinpositive and -negative multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells). C) To synthesize new TT2 analogs and screen them in vitro to clarify structure-activity relationships for drug uptake, nucleoside transport/DNA synthesis, DNA fragmentation, and cell growth/viability. Because inhibition of nucleoside transport is unusual among DNAdamaging quinone antitumor drugs, the use of bifunctional TT2 analogs with antileukemic activity in the nM range in vitro might provide a considerable advantage in polychemotherapy to potentiate the action of antimetabolites and sensitize MDR tumor cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TUMOR PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELLS AND TUMOR IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Zou, Weiping; Medicine; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Although most cancers possess tumor-associated antigens (TAA) that can serve as targets of the immune system, immunity is not effectively induced in most tumor-bearing hosts. Dysregulation of dendritic cell (DC) differentiation, function and trafficking may contribute to tumor immunopathogenesis. Malignant ascites contains viable tumor and immune cells, which we used as a model for the tumor environment. We identified a significant population of PDC, not MDC, in malignant ascites of patients with ovarian carcinoma. Our work demonstrate that tumor PDC induce TAA-specific IL-10+CCR7+CD8+ T cells. These T cells migrate with lymphoid homing molecule CCR7, and suppress MDC mediated TAA-specific protective tumor immunity. Further, MDC cannot recover the suppressive effects. More importantly, we show that tumor-mediated upregulation of PDC B7-H1 contributes to detrimental immunity induced by tumor PDC. We now extend these observations, and further demonstrate in detail the nature of TAA-specific T cell immunity induced by tumor PDC, and the underlying mechanisms. There exists a significant amount of PDC in tumor ascites. Tumor ascites harbors predominantly memory T cells. By examining the interaction between tumor ascites TAA-expressing PDC and tumor memory T cells, Aim 1 is to test our hypothesis that tumor PDC induce TAA-specific suppressive memory CD8+ T cell immunity. Lymph nodes (LNs) are the central priming sites for DC to initiate T cell immunity. LNs harbor predominantly naive T cells. Draining tumor LNPDC co-localized with naive T cells. By examining the interaction between TAA expressing LN-PDC and LN naive T cells, Aim 2 is to test our hypothesis that draining tumor LNPDC induce TAA-specific suppressive naive CD8+ T cell immunity. B7-H1 is a member of the B7 T cell costimulatory family that induces T cell IL-10 and mediates tolerance/anergy. Tumor PDC highly express B7-H1 whose regulation and functional significance is unknown. Aim 3 is to test our hypothesis that tumor PDC B7-HI contributes to induce TAA-specific suppressive CD8+ T cell immunity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TUMOR DEVELOPMENT

SUPPRESSOR

GENES

IN

BREAST

CANCER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Wen-Hwa K.; Donald Bren Professor; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002

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Ascites

Summary: Loss of function of several known 'tumor suppressor' genes plays an important role in transformation to malignancy. We have shown that the retinoblastoma (RB) gene is one of these, and its dysfunction is found in many cancers besides retinoblastoma, including some breast cancers. Furthermore, normal Rb protein inhibits progression through the cell cycle, and in tumors with dysfunctional Rb, we have shown that restoration of functional Rb can reverse malignancy. We have now identified several new proteins which interact with Rb and which regulate the cell cycle at distinct points; clearly these could also function as tumor suppressors. In addition, the genes BRCA-1 and brush-1 (which may be BRCA-2) which are associated with familial breast cancer appear to be tumor suppressor genes, though their prevalence in non-familial breast cancer has not been established. We therefore propose to investigate the roles of all of these genes in human breast cancer, demonstrating prevalence, biological activity, relationship with progression and clinical outcome, and potential for therapeutic reversal of their dysfunction. Our specific aims are: 1) To carry out genetic analyses of our newly characterized Rb-associated genes H-nuc, mitosin, and E2F-1 in breast cancer and paired normal tissues. For genes found to be mutated in breast cancer, we will define their biological actions in a tumor cell culture system. 2) To determine the biological significance of BRCA-1 and brush-1 mutations in the same system. 3) To prepare effective monoclonal antibodies against the H-nuc, mitosin, E2F-1, and BRCA-1 proteins for use in immunohistochemistry. 4) To detect these proteins and their mutations by immunostaining in a large series of human breast cancers and premalignant breast lesions of defined stages, in order to evaluate their association with known biomarkers, with probability of recurrence of primary breast cancer, and with evolutionary stage and cancer risk of premalignant lesions. 5) To explore the therapeutic power of an adenovirus vector carrying the normal RB gene and potentially some of the other tumor suppressor genes studied here to inhibit growth of tumors in which these genes are dysfunctional, using tumor xenograft models of both local (mammary fat pad) and locally advanced (malignant ascites) human breast cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID IN PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Combes, Burton; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Aims are to 1) compare effects of UDCA versus placebo on alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, albumin, immunoglobulin M, and prothrobin time; 2) evaluate effects on symptoms such as fatigue and pruritus; 3) determine effects on development or clinical progression of esophageal varices, ascites or edema, and encephalopathy; 4) determine effects on histologic changes at 2 years; 5) determine whether UDCA favorably affects survival or need for transplantation; 6) assess toxicity & determine safety. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VPA 985 IN LIVER CIRRHOSIS & ASCITES Principal Investigator & Institution: Pockros, Paul J.; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VPA-985 ADMINISTERED TO PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS AND ASCITES Principal Investigator & Institution: Lucy, Michael; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for ascites in the PubMed Central database: •

A low-molecular-weight RNA from mouse ascites cells that hybridizes to both 18S rRNA and mRNA sequences. by Maxwell ES, Martin TE.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=386695

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Albumin Synthesis in Cirrhotic Subjects with Ascites Studied with Carbonate-14C. by Rothschild MA, Oratz M, Zimmon D, Schreiber SS, Weiner I, Van Caneghem A.; 1969 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=322225

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Biosynthesis of glycoproteins of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell membranes. by Cook GM, Laico MT, Eylar EH.; 1965 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=285829

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Characterization of the Polypeptides Formed in Response to Encephalomyocarditis Virus Ribonucleic Acid in a Cell-Free System from Mouse Ascites Tumor Cells. by Kerr IM, Brown RE, Tovell DR.; 1972 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=356427

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Detection of a pancreatic cancer-associated antigen (DU-PAN-2 antigen) in serum and ascites of patients with adenocarcinoma. by Metzgar RS, Rodriguez N, Finn OJ, Lan MS, Daasch VN, Fernsten PD, Meyers WC, Sindelar WF, Sandler RS, Seigler HF.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=391674

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DNA methylase: purification from ascites cells and the effect of various DNA substrates on its activity. by Turnbull JF, Adams RL.; 1976 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=342933

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Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Preservation for Fifteen Years ---a Simple Method. by Cassel WA, McCaskill KM.; 1974 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186808

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Enzyme-controlled scavenging of ascorbyl and 2,6-dimethoxy-semiquinone free radicals in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. by Pethig R, Gascoyne PR, McLaughlin JA, Szent-Gyorgyi A.; 1985 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=397277

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Giant Syncytia and Virus-Like Particles in Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Isolated from Ascites Fluid. by Rakowicz-Szulczynska EM, McIntosh DG, Smith ML.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95670

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Identification of cytokeratin antigens in Novikoff ascites hepatoma. by Schmidt WN, Pardue RL, Tutt MC, Briggs RC, Brinkley BR, Hnilica LS.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=346369

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Impairment of reovirus mRNA methylation in extracts of interferon-treated Ehrilich ascites tumor cells: further characteristics of the phenomenon. by Sen GC, Shaila S, Lebleu B, Brown GE, Desrosiers RC, Lengyel.; 1977 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=353792

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In vitro conversion of MVM parvovirus single-stranded DNA to the replicative form by DNA polymerase alpha from Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. by Faust EA, Rankin CD.; 1982 Jul 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=320792

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Infective Substructures of Sendai Virus from Infected Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells. by Bukrinskaya AG, Klimenko SM, Smirnov YA, Guschin BV.; 1968 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=375684

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Inhibition by 2,5-anhydromannitol of glycolysis in isolated rat hepatocytes and in Ehrlich ascites cells. by Riquelme PT, Kneer NM, Wernette-Hammond ME, Lardy HA.; 1985 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=396974

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•

Inhibition of DNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites cells by actinomycin D. I. Delayed inhibition by low doses. by Baserga R, Estensen RD, Petersen RO, Layde JP.; 1965 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=219738

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Inhibition of Na-K-C1 cotransport in Ehrlich ascites cells by antiserum against purified proteins of the cotransporter. by Dunham PB, Jessen F, Hoffmann EK.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=54631

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Inhibition of preprotein processing in ascites tumor lysates by incorporation of a leucine analog. by Hortin G, Boime I.; 1980 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=348493

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Interaction of the 2,6-dimethoxysemiquinone and ascorbyl free radicals with Ehrlich ascites cells: a probe of cell-surface charge. by Pethig R, Gascoyne PR, McLaughlin JA, Szent-Gyorgyi A.; 1984 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=345442

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Isolation of actin-containing transmembrane complexes from ascites adenocarcinoma sublines having mobile and immobile receptors. by Carraway CA, Jung G, Carraway KL.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=393391

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K+/H+-antiporter nigericin arrests DNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. by Margolis LB, Novikova I YU, Rozovskaya IA, Skulachev VP.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=297897

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Messenger RNA species partially in a repressed state in mouse sarcoma ascites cells. by Yenofsky R, Bergmann I, Brawerman G.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347013

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New protein kinase from plasma membrane of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells activated by natural polypeptides. by Racker E, Abdel-Ghany M, Sherrill K, Riegler C, Blair EA.; 1984 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=345565

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Noninvasive 31P NMR probes of free Mg2+, MgATP, and MgADP in intact Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. by Gupta RK, Yushok WD.; 1980 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=349425

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Probing the structure of mouse Ehrlich ascites cell 5.8S, 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA in situ. by Holmberg L, Melander Y, Nygard O.; 1994 Apr 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=307993

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Regulation of the Nucleolar DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase by Amino Acids in Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells. by Franze-Fernandez MT, Pogo AO.; 1971 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=389586

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Selective and synchronous activation of early-S-phase replicons of Ehrlich ascites cells. by Gekeler V, Epple J, Kleymann G, Probst H.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=360151

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Simple and effective purification of a Na+-dependent amino acid transport system from Ehrlich ascites cell plasma membrane. by McCormick JI, Johnstone RM.; 1988 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=282300

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Sodium-coupled glycine uptake by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells results in an increase in cell volume and plasma membrane channel activities. by Hudson RL, Schultz SG.; 1988 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=279528

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Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of two classes of 5,6-dihydrothymidine derivatives. Action on the Ehrlich's ascites cells thymidine kinase. by Teoule R, Fouque B, Cadet J.; 1975 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=342857

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The Acyl Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Pathway for Glycerolipid Biosynthesis in Mouse Liver and Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells. by Agranoff BW, Hajra AK.; 1971 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=388950

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The influence of subcellular fractions on the enzymic methylation of DNA in ascites cell nuclei. by Burdon RH, Douglas JT.; 1974 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=343327

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Unique requirements for template primers of DNA polymerase beta from rat ascites hepatoma AH130 cells. by Ono K, Ohashi A, Tanabe K, Matsukage A, Nishizawa M, Takahashi T.; 1979 Oct 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=328050

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Verapamil Restoration of Daunorubicin Responsiveness in Daunorubicin-resistant Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma. by Slater LM, Murray SL, Wetzel MW, Wisdom RM, Duvall EM.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=370327

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Viruses as an Aid to Cancer Therapy: Regression of Solid and Ascites Tumors in Rodents After Treatment with Bovine Enterovirus. by Taylor MW, Cordell B, Souhrada M, Prather S.; 1971 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=389055

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with ascites, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for ascites (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A bcl-x(S) adenovirus demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in an ascites model of human breast cancer. Author(s): Sumantran VN, Lee DS, Baker VV, Murray S, Strawderman M, Wicha MS. Source: Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 2000 May-June; 7(3): 184-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10865187

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A case of primary chylous ascites resolved within 4 months by exclusive breastfeeding. Author(s): Kurugol Z, Cogulu O, Kavakli K. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2000 April-June; 42(2): 165-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10936987

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A comparison of paracentesis and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting in patients with ascites. Author(s): Rossle M, Ochs A, Gulberg V, Siegerstetter V, Holl J, Deibert P, Olschewski M, Reiser M, Gerbes AL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 June 8; 342(23): 1701-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10841872

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A fraction isolated from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma as an antitumor and differentiating agent against human leukemic cell ML-2. Author(s): Sur P, Nandi N, Ghosh P, Ghosh NC. Source: Neoplasma. 2000; 47(2): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10985477

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A phase II trial of triamcinolone hexacetanide for symptomatic recurrent malignant ascites. Author(s): Mackey JR, Wood L, Nabholtz J, Jensen J, Venner P. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2000 March; 19(3): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10760624

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A sequential study of serum bacterial DNA in patients with advanced cirrhosis and ascites. Author(s): Frances R, Benlloch S, Zapater P, Gonzalez JM, Lozano B, Munoz C, Pascual S, Casellas JA, Uceda F, Palazon JM, Carnicer F, Perez-Mateo M, Such J. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2004 February; 39(2): 484-91. Erratum In: Hepatology. 2004 May; 39(5): 1464. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768002

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Accidental intraperitoneal insertion of femoral haemodialysis catheter in tense ascites and anasarca. Author(s): Kannan S, Hutchinson JD. Source: Anaesthesia. 2000 April; 55(4): 399-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10781145

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Acquired C1-esterase inhibitor deficiency: a rare cause of episodic acute abdominal pain and ascites. Author(s): Vantroyen B, Knockaert DC. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 2003 September; 10(3): 246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12972907

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Acute monocytic leukemia in the adult presenting with associated extramedullary gastric infiltration and ascites. Author(s): Domingo-Domenech E, Boque C, Narvaez JA, Romagosa V, Domingo-Claros A, Granena A. Source: Haematologica. 2000 August; 85(8): 875-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10942941

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Albumin for refractory ascites. Author(s): Nolte W, Ramadori G. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 125(4): 1283-4; Author Reply 1284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14552319

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An AIDS patient with PCP and new-onset ascites. Author(s): Shahidzadeh R. Source: Medgenmed [electronic Resource] : Medscape General Medicine. 2003 April 25; 5(2): 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14603111

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An evidence-based approach to studies in cirrhosis and portal hypertension: medical management of mild to moderate ascites. Author(s): Talwalkar JA. Source: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 November; 1(6): 474-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15017647

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An unusual case of ascites: pitfalls in diagnosis of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. Author(s): Clark JR, Ross WB. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 2000 May; 70(5): 384-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10830608

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Angiopoietin-1 inhibits tumour growth and ascites formation in a murine model of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Author(s): Stoeltzing O, Ahmad SA, Liu W, McCarty MF, Parikh AA, Fan F, Reinmuth N, Bucana CD, Ellis LM. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 November 4; 87(10): 1182-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12402160

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Ascites after liver transplantation and inferior vena cava reconstruction in the piggyback technique. Author(s): Leonardi LS, Boin IF, Leonardi MI, Tercioti V Jr. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 December; 34(8): 3336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493466

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Ascites as a predictor of ovarian malignancy. Author(s): Shen-Gunther J, Mannel RS. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2002 October; 87(1): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12468346

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Ascites due to anastomotic stenosis after liver transplantation using the piggyback technique: treatment with endovascular prosthesis. Author(s): Bilbao JI, Herrero JI, Martinez-Cuesta A, Quiroga J, Pueyo JC, Vivas I, Delgado C, Pardo F. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2000 March-April; 23(2): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10795843

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Ascites from patients with encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis augments NIH/3T3 fibroblast proliferation. Author(s): Masunaga Y, Muto S, Asakura S, Akimoto T, Homma S, Kusano E, Asano Y. Source: Therap Apher Dial. 2003 October; 7(5): 486-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14708905

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Ascites in a premature baby due to parenteral nutrition from an umbilical venous catheter. Author(s): Panetta J, Morley C, Betheras R. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2000 April; 36(2): 197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10809532

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Ascites in ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Author(s): Kumar R, Sahay S, Gaur B, Singh V. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2003 November; 70(11): 859-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14703222

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Bed-rest-induced hypernatriuresis in cirrhotic patients without ascites: does it contribute to maintain 'compensation'? Author(s): Trevisani F, Bernardi M, Gasbarrini A, Tame MR, Giancane S, Andreone P, Baraldini M, Cursaro C, Ligabue A, Gasbarrini G. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1992 September; 16(1-2): 190-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1484152

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Behcet's disease with pulmonary involvement, superior vena cava syndrome, chyloptysis and chylous ascites. Author(s): Abadoglu O, Osma E, Ucan ES, Cavdar C, Akkoc N, Kupelioglu A, Akbaylar H. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1996 August; 90(7): 429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8796237

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Benign cystic mesothelioma: a rare cause of ascites in a case with familial Mediterranean fever. Author(s): Curgunlu A, Karter Y, Tufekci IB, Tunckale A, Karahasanoglu T. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 July-August; 21(4 Suppl 30): S41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14727459

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Bilateral photon deficient area along lateral abdominal wall in a Tc-99m DTPA renogram. A sign of massive ascites. Author(s): Shih WJ, Marsano LS. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1993 July; 18(7): 608-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8344036

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Bilateral renal agenesis and fetal ascites in association with partial trisomy 13 and partial trisomy 16 due to a 3:1 segregation of maternal reciprocal translocation t(13;16)(q12.3; p13.2). Author(s): Chen CP, Chern SR, Lee CC, Town DD, Chen WL, Wang W. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 August; 19(8): 783-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10451531

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Bile ascites following percentaneous trucut needle liver biopsy. Author(s): Sahni A, Thapa BR, Mehta S. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1990 January; 9(1): 98-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2307511

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Bile ascites. Author(s): Chaturvedi A, Lodha A, Gupta S, Sharma V, Sahni N, Bothra GC. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1995 February; 32(2): 251-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8635797

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Biliary ascites caused by perforation of choledochal cyst. Author(s): Sarin YK, Singh VP. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1995 July; 32(7): 815-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8617564

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Biochemical characterization of the soluble form of tumor antigen MUC1 isolated from sera and ascites fluid of breast and pancreatic cancer patients. Author(s): Beatty P, Hanisch FG, Stolz DB, Finn OJ, Ciborowski P. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2001 March; 7(3 Suppl): 781S-787S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11300473

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Bioelectrical impedance analysis is a useful bedside technique to assess malnutrition in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Author(s): Pirlich M, Schutz T, Spachos T, Ertl S, Weiss ML, Lochs H, Plauth M. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2000 December; 32(6): 1208-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11093726

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Bioelectrical impedance, cancer nutritional assessment, and ascites. Author(s): Sarhill N, Walsh D, Nelson K, Homsi J, Komurcu S. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2000 July; 8(4): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10923777

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Blind peritoneal biopsy with other diagnostic parameters in diagnosis of ascites. Author(s): Sallam MA, Hemida K, Bahgat M, Hadad S, el Hawary A, Eiz el Dein H, Maher M, Sallam T. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1993 December; 23(3): 707-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8308346

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Blocking factors (soluble membrane receptors) for tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin detected in ascites and released in short-term cultures obtained from ascites and solid tumors in women with gynecologic malignancy. Author(s): Grosen EA, Yamamoto RS, Ioli G, Ininns EK, Gatanaga M, Gatanaga T, DiSaia PJ, Berman M, Manetta A, Granger GA. Source: Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 1992 December; 11(6): 347-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335764

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Bloody ascites in a patient after transfer from peritoneal dialysis to hemodialysis. Author(s): Pollock CA. Source: Seminars in Dialysis. 2003 September-October; 16(5): 406-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12969397

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Blunted natriuretic response to low-dose brain natriuretic peptide infusion in nonazotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites and avid sodium retention. Author(s): La Villa G, Riccardi D, Lazzeri C, Casini Raggi V, Dello Sbarba A, Tosti Guerra C, Fronzaroli C, Foschi M, Laffi G, Gentilini P. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1995 December; 22(6): 1745-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7489983

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Bowel sounds analysis: a novel noninvasive method for diagnosis of small-volume ascites. Author(s): Liatsos C, Hadjileontiadis LJ, Mavrogiannis C, Patch D, Panas SM, Burroughs AK. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 August; 48(8): 1630-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12924660

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Breakthroughs in ascites: effects on bottom lines. Author(s): Conn HO. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1991 January; 229(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1995756

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Bright pleural effusion and ascites on gradient-echo MR images: a potential source of confusion in vascular MR studies. Author(s): Wallner B, Edelman RR, Finn JP, Mattle HP. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1990 December; 155(6): 1237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2122672

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Brucella peritonitis in a cirrhotic patient with ascites. Author(s): Doganay M, Aygen B, Inan M, Ozbakir O. Source: Eur J Med. 1993 August-September; 2(7): 441-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8258037

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Budd-Chiari syndrome: intractable ascites managed by a trans-hepatic portacaval shunt. Author(s): Nicoll A, Fitt G, Angus P, Sewell R, Hennessy O. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1997 May; 41(2): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9153816

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Carcinoid and chylous ascites: an unusual association. Author(s): Kypson AP, Onaitis MW, Feldman JM, Tyler DS. Source: Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. 2002 September-October; 6(5): 781-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399070

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Chilaiditi syndrome with ascites. Author(s): Bhattacharya PC, Bhattacharya AK, Dutta S, Mahanta N, Talukdar R. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 June; 50: 860-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12240875

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Chronic lupus peritonitis with massive ascites at elderly onset: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Ito H, Nanamiya W, Kuroda N, Inoue M, Sasaoka A, Chijiwa T, Nishiya K, Hashimoto K, Nakagawa O. Source: Intern Med. 2002 November; 41(11): 1056-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12487191

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Chylous ascites caused by an occult pancreatic malignancy. Author(s): Tang H, Jayathissa S, Sime S. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1999 August; 29(4): 573-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10868546

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Chylous ascites due to bile duct tumour in a patient receiving automated peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Jain S, Cropper L, Rutherford P. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 January; 18(1): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12481000

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Chylous ascites due to constrictive pericarditis. Author(s): Guneri S, Nazli C, Kinay O, Kirimli O, Mermut C, Hazan E. Source: International Journal of Cardiac Imaging. 2000 February; 16(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832625

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Chylous ascites following radical nephrectomy: efficiency of octreotide as treatment of a ruptured thoracic duct. Author(s): Ferrandiere M, Hazouard E, Guicheteau V, Gouchet A, Bensenouci M, Lamotte C, Mercier C. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 April; 26(4): 484-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10872148

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Chylous ascites following surgical treatment for wilms tumor. Author(s): Weiser AC, Lindgren BW, Ritchey ML, Franco I. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 October; 170(4 Pt 2): 1667-9; Discussion 1669. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14501687

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Chylous ascites following treatment for gynecologic malignancies. Author(s): Manolitsas TP, Abdessalam S, Fowler JM. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2002 September; 86(3): 370-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12217764

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Chylous ascites, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS: a case report. Author(s): Ekwcani CN. Source: West Afr J Med. 2002 April-June; 21(2): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403048

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Chylous ascites. Author(s): Losanoff JE, Richman BW, Jones JW. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 January; 98(1): 219-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12526970

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Chylous ascites: a rare complication of radical gastrectomy. Author(s): Rajasekar A, Ravi NR, Diggory RT. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2000 April; 54(3): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10829366

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Cirrhotic ascites: a review of management. Author(s): Sivayokan T, Dillon JF. Source: Hosp Med. 2004 January; 65(1): 22-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14964792

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Complement and immunoglobulin levels in serum and ascitic fluid of patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, malignant ascites, and tuberculous peritonitis. Author(s): Yildirim B, Sezgin N, Sari R, Sevinc A, Hilmioglu F. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 October; 95(10): 1158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12425501

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Computed tomography demonstration of a fat-fluid level in tuberculous chylous ascites. Author(s): Prasad S, Patankar T. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1999 November; 43(4): 542-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10901978

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Concurrent occurrence of chylothorax and chylous ascites in a patient with HenochSchonlein purpura. Author(s): Lee TH, Lee EY, Cho YS, Yoo B, Moon HB, Lee CK. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2003; 32(6): 378-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15080272

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Continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (CHPP) for malignant ascites and irresectable intra-abdominal cancer. Author(s): Ben-Ari G, Scott D, Zippel D, Sareli M, Koller M, Papa M. Source: Gan to Kagaku Ryoho. 2000 May; 27 Suppl 2: 436-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10895192

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Co-occurrence of Epstein-Barr virus infection and ascites in sarcoidosis. Author(s): Bassoe CF, Hausken T, Bostad L, Kristoffersen EK. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2004; 36(3): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15119374

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Correlation between serum-ascites albumin concentration gradient with gastrointestinal bleeding in patients of portal hypertension. Author(s): Mene A, Sharma D, Raina VK. Source: Trop Doct. 2003 January; 33(1): 39-41. Erratum In: Trop Doct. 2003 October; 33(4): 254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12568521

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Curable conspicuous ascites: the forgotten four. Author(s): Fred HL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1999 October 15; 34(11): 98-100. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10887433

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D-bifunctional protein deficiency with fetal ascites, polyhydramnios, and contractures of hands and toes. Author(s): Nakano K, Zhang Z, Shimozawa N, Kondo N, Ishii N, Funatsuka M, Shirakawa S, Itoh M, Takashima S, Une M, Kana-aki RR, Mukai K, Osawa M, Suzuki Y. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 December; 139(6): 865-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11743515

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Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis with transient perinatal ascites. Author(s): Basu AP, Carey P, Cynober T, Chetty M, Delaunay J, Stewart GW, Richmond S. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2003 September; 88(5): F438-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12937055

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Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis: a cause of prenatal ascites. Author(s): Grootenboer S, Barro C, Cynober T, Olivier Schischmanoff P, Ayoubi JM, Tchernia G, Delaunay J, Pons JC. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 2001 December; 21(13): 1114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11787034

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Delayed hemoperitoneum following large-volume paracentesis in a patient with cirrhosis and ascites. Author(s): Martinet O, Reis ED, Mosimann F. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2000 February; 45(2): 357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10711451

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Detection and identification of bacterial DNA in patients with cirrhosis and culturenegative, nonneutrocytic ascites. Author(s): Such J, Frances R, Munoz C, Zapater P, Casellas JA, Cifuentes A, RodriguezValera F, Pascual S, Sola-Vera J, Carnicer F, Uceda F, Palazon JM, Perez-Mateo M. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2002 July; 36(1): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12085357

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Detection of EWS-WT1 fusion mRNA in ascites of a patient with desmoplastic small round cell tumor by RT-PCR. Author(s): Perez RP, Zhang PJ. Source: Human Pathology. 1999 February; 30(2): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10029456

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Detection of malignant cells in pleural fluid or ascites by CD44v8-10/CD44v10 competitive RT-PCR. Author(s): Ahn MJ, Noh YH, Yoon HJ, Yang SC, Sohn JW, Choi JH, Lee YY, Choi IY, Kim IS, Lee YS, Park CK. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 2001 March; 16(1): 30-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11417302

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Detection of type IV collagenase activity in malignant ascites. Author(s): Sun XM, Dong WG, Yu BP, Luo HS, Yu JP. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 November; 9(11): 2592-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606104

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Development of renal function after neonatal urinary ascites due to obstructive uropathy. Author(s): De Vries SH, Klijn AJ, Lilien MR, De Jong TP. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 August; 168(2): 675-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131347

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Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. International Ascites Club. Author(s): Rimola A, Garcia-Tsao G, Navasa M, Piddock LJ, Planas R, Bernard B, Inadomi JM. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2000 January; 32(1): 142-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10673079

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Differential diagnosis of mesothelial and ovarian cancer cells in ascites by immunocytochemistry using Ber-EP4 and calretinin. Author(s): Sato S, Okamoto S, Ito K, Konno R, Yajima A. Source: Acta Cytol. 2000 May-June; 44(3): 485-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10834020

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Differential gene expression profiles of gastric cancer cells established from primary tumour and malignant ascites. Author(s): Sakakura C, Hagiwara A, Nakanishi M, Shimomura K, Takagi T, Yasuoka R, Fujita Y, Abe T, Ichikawa Y, Takahashi S, Ishikawa T, Nishizuka I, Morita T, Shimada H, Okazaki Y, Hayashizaki Y, Yamagishi H. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 November 4; 87(10): 1153-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12402156

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Differentiation of exudate from transudate ascites by Doppler sonography. Author(s): Komatsuda T, Ishida H, Konno K, Hamashima Y, Naganuma H, Sato M, Suzuki T, Shindoh K, Watanabe S. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2003 September-October; 28(5): 609-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14628860

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Dilutional hyponatremia in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Author(s): Porcel A, Diaz F, Rendon P, Macias M, Martin-Herrera L, Giron-Gonzalez JA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 February 11; 162(3): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11822925

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Direct infusion of ascites into the blood circuit during hemodiafiltration in uremic patients with cirrhosis. Author(s): Asakimori Y, Yorioka N, Kumagai J, Kawanishi H, Tsuchiya S. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 2000 April; 23(4): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832656

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Discrimination between malignant and nonmalignant ascites using serum and ascitic fluid proteins in a multivariate analysis model. Author(s): Alexandrakis MG, Moschandrea JA, Koulocheri SA, Kouroumalis E, Eliopoulos GD. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2000 March; 45(3): 500-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10749324

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Discussion on the North American study for the treatment of refractory ascites. Author(s): Rossle M. Source: Gastroenterology. 2004 April; 126(4): 1214-5; Author Reply 1215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15057765

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Does angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade offer a clinical advantage to cirrhotics with ascites? Author(s): Fukui H. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002; 37(3): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11931541

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Does high albumin gradient ascites accompany tuberculous peritonitis? Author(s): Gurbuz AK, Yazgan Y, Ozel MA, Cavuslu S, Altunay H, Yildirim S. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 January; 36(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12488720

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Does paracentesis of ascites influence measurements of bone mineral or body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry? Author(s): Haderslev KV, Svendsen OL, Staun M. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1999 March; 48(3): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10094116

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Effect of ascites on tacrolimus disposition in a liver transplant recipient. Author(s): Itagaki F, Hori T, Tomita T, Kakiuchi Y, Yamamoto Y, Homma M, Kaneko M, Kohda Y. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2001 December; 23(6): 644-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11802097

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Effect of purified glutaminase from human ascites fluid on experimental tumor bearing mice. Author(s): Bhattacharya P, Sett S, Maity P. Source: J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2001 December; 20(4): 599-607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11876557

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Effects of 4-alkylmorpholine N-oxides on ATP-producing processes in Ehrlich ascites and L1210 leukaemia cells. Author(s): Miko M, Devinsky F. Source: Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 1994; 11(1): 59-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12369594

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Effects of ascites resolution after successful TIPS on nutrition in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. Author(s): Allard JP, Chau J, Sandokji K, Blendis LM, Wong F. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 August; 96(8): 2442-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11513188

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Effects of single dose of 50mg captopril in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Author(s): Lee JK, Hsieh JF, Tsai SC, Ho YJ, Kao CH. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2000 May-June; 47(33): 767-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10919029

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Elevated serum CA-125 levels in patients with nephrotic syndrome-induced ascites. Author(s): Sevinc A, Buyukberber S, Sari R, Turk HM, Ates M. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 March-April; 20(2B): 1201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10810422

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Elevation of serum and ascites cancer antigen 125 levels in patients with liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Xiao WB, Liu YL. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003 November; 18(11): 1315-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535990

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Endometriosis presenting as bloody pleural effusion and ascites-report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Bhojawala J, Heller DS, Cracchiolo B, Sama J. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2000 July; 264(1): 39-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10985620

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Eosinophilic ascites. Author(s): Kobayashi TK, Ueda M, Nishino T, Muramatsu M, Moritani S, Shigematsu T, Kohno Y, Kaneko C, Kushima R. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 2003 April; 14(2): 84-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12713481

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Eosinophilic gastroenteritis presenting as ascites. Case report. Author(s): Geraghty JG, McCabe MC, Murphy JJ, O'Higgins NJ. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1992 January; 158(1): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1348645

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Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with ascites: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Fenoglio LM, Benedetti V, Rossi C, Anania A, Wulhfard K, Trapani M, Scalabrino E, Alberto G, Novero D, Cavalloperin P. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 May; 48(5): 1013-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12772805

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Epitopes on CA 125 from cervical mucus and ascites fluid and characterization of six new antibodies. Third report from the ISOBM TD-1 workshop. Author(s): Nustad K, Lebedin Y, Lloyd KO, Shigemasa K, de Bruijn HW, Jansson B, Nilsson O, Olsen KH, O'Brien TJ; ISOBM TD-1 Workshop. Source: Tumour Biology : the Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine. 2002 September-October; 23(5): 303-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12595747

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Ethacrynic acid can be effective for refractory congestive heart failure and ascites. Author(s): Alisky JM, Tuttle TF. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 November; 96(11): 1148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14632366

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Etiology and prognosis of fetal ascites. Author(s): Schmider A, Henrich W, Reles A, Kjos S, Dudenhausen JW. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2003 July-August; 18(4): 230-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12835581

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EUS in the detection of ascites and EUS-guided paracentesis. Author(s): Nguyen PT, Chang KJ. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001 September; 54(3): 336-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11522974

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Evaluation of low-dose intraperitoneal interferon-alpha for palliation of ascites in patients with non-ovarian gynecologic malignancies. Author(s): Khabele D, Runowicz CD, Fields AL, Anderson PS, Goldberg GL. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2003 June; 89(3): 420-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12798705

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Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and E-cadherin in human ovarian cancer: association with ascites fluid accumulation and peritoneal dissemination in mouse ascites model. Author(s): Akutagawa N, Nishikawa A, Iwasaki M, Fujimoto T, Teramoto M, Kitajima Y, Endo T, Shibuya M, Kudo R. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 2002 June; 93(6): 644-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12079512

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Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by human renal cancer cells enhances angiogenesis of primary tumors and production of ascites but not metastasis to the lungs in nude mice. Author(s): Kanayama H, Yano S, Kim SJ, Ozawa S, Ellis LM, Fidler IJ. Source: Clinical & Experimental Metastasis. 1999; 17(10): 831-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11089881

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External validation of a prognostic model for predicting survival of cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. Author(s): Guardiola J, Baliellas C, Xiol X, Fernandez Esparrach G, Gines P, Ventura P, Vazquez S. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 September; 97(9): 2374-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358259

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False ascites: fallopian tube pseudocyst imitating ascites. Author(s): Danenberg HD, Gimmon Z, Bar-Ziv J, Rahamimov R, Tur-Kaspa R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1994 September; 89(9): 1581-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8079946

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Familial amyloid with a transthyretin leucine 33 mutation presenting with ascites. Author(s): Myers TJ, Kyle RA, Jacobson DR. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1998 November; 59(3): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798666

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Favorable effects of total paracentesis on splanchnic hemodynamics in cirrhotic patients with tense ascites. Author(s): Luca A, Feu F, Garcia-Pagan JC, Jimenez W, Arroyo V, Bosch J, Rodes J. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1994 July; 20(1 Pt 1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8020901

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Features of the Renin-angiotensin system in ascites and pleural effusion during severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Author(s): Delbaere A, Bergmann PJ, Englert Y. Source: Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. 1997 May; 14(5): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9147235

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Fetal abuse: a cause of fetal ascites. Author(s): Akduman EI, Luisiri A, Launius GD. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1997 October; 169(4): 1035-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9308459

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Fetal ascites and oligohydramnios: prenatal diagnosis of a sialic acid storage disease (index case). Author(s): Poulain P, Odent S, Maire I, Milon J, Proudhon JF, Jouan H, Le Marec B. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1995 September; 15(9): 864-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8559759

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Fetal ascites associated with ABO incompatibility: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Stiller RJ, Herzlinger R, Siegel S, Whetham JC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 November; 175(5): 1371-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8942517

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Fetal ascites associated with an imperforate hymen: sonographic observation. Author(s): Jacquemyn Y, De Catte L, Vaerenberg M. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 July; 12(1): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9697287

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Fetal echocardiography guidelines to predict survival of fetuses with ascites. Author(s): Respondek M, Kaczmarek P, Pertynski T. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 April; 7(4): 256-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8726877

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Fetal functional pulmonary atresia with ascites resolving spontaneously before birth. A case report. Author(s): Wloch A, Respondek M, Wloch S, Sodowski K, Kaczmarek P, Wlodarska D, Rokicki W, Tomala J. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 1997 January-February; 12(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9101222

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Fetal tachycardia and chylous ascites. Author(s): Bagolan P, Bilancioni E, Spina V, Nahom A, Trucchi A, Gambuzza G, Drago F, Giorlandino C. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1999 April; 106(4): 376-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10426248

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Fibrinolytic activity of ascites caused by alcoholic cirrhosis and peritoneal malignancy. Author(s): Scott-Coombes DM, Whawell SA, Vipond MN, Crnojevic L, Thompson JN. Source: Gut. 1993 August; 34(8): 1120-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8174965

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Filarial ascites clinically mimicking malignancy. Author(s): Mehrotra R, Gupta OP, Gupta RK. Source: Acta Cytol. 1996 November-December; 40(6): 1329-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8960053

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First report of a pigtail catheter to drain ascites associated with OHSS. Author(s): Al-Ramahi M, Leader A, Claman P, Spence J. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 October; 18(10): 2235; Author Reply 2235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507850

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Five days of ceftriaxone to treat culture negative neutrocytic ascites in cirrhotic patients. Author(s): Baskol M, Gursoy S, Baskol G, Ozbakir O, Guven K, Yucesoy M. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2003 November-December; 37(5): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564189

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Fluid and electrolyte management of ascites in patients with cirrhosis. Author(s): Bass M. Source: Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 1998 December; 10(4): 459-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10326425

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Folic acid targeting of protein conjugates into ascites tumour cells from ovarian cancer patients. Author(s): Ward CM, Acheson N, Seymour LW. Source: Journal of Drug Targeting. 2000; 8(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10852343

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Fractured rib, pleural effusion and ascites. Author(s): Thomas S, Booth JC, Levine T, Regan L, Summerfield JA. Source: Lancet. 1998 August 1; 352(9125): 366. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9717925

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Free cholesterol induces activation but not translocation of protein kinase C in cultured ascites tumour cells. Author(s): Haeffner EW, Wittmann U. Source: Cellular Signalling. 1994 February; 6(2): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8086283

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Furosemide-induced natriuresis as a test to identify cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. Author(s): Spahr L, Villeneuve JP, Tran HK, Pomier-Layrargues G. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2001 January; 33(1): 28-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11124817

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Gallbladder contractility in patients with cirrhotic versus malignant ascites. Author(s): Sari R, Yildirim B, Sevinc A, Bahceci F, Hilmioglu F. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2002 October; 30(8): 477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12242736

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Gastropexy breakdown and peritonitis after percutaneous gastrojejunostomy in a patient with ascites. Author(s): McFarland EG, Lee MJ, Boland GW, Mueller PR. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1995 January; 164(1): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7998537

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Gastroschisis, malrotation, and chylous ascites. Author(s): Lloyd DA. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1991 January; 26(1): 106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1826028

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Gelatinous ascites: a cytohistologic study of pseudomyxoma peritonei in 67 patients. Author(s): Jackson SL, Fleming RA, Loggie BW, Geisinger KR. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2001 July; 14(7): 664-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11454998

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Genital tuberculosis can present as disseminated ovarian carcinoma with ascites and raised Ca-125: a case report. Author(s): Manidakis LG, Angelakis E, Sifakis S, Stefanaki P, Kalogeraki A, Manidaki A, Koumantakis E. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2001; 51(4): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11408742

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Giant hydatid cyst of gastro-splenic ligament simulating massive ascites. Author(s): Singh S, Samantaray JC, Bhargava DK. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1990 August; 12(4): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2398258

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Giant hydronephrosis masquerading as massive ascites. Author(s): Singh NK, Jha B, Khanna R, Khanna NN. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1993 October; 69(816): 800-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8290412

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Giant malignant cystic leiomyoblastoma of the stomach imitating hemorrhagic ascites. Author(s): Archimandritis A, Pantzos A, Kalos A, Deladetsima J, Sakellariou D, Fertakis A. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1993 October; 17(3): 266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8228092

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Giant omental cyst simulating ascites in a Nigerian child: case report and critique of clinical parameters and investigative modalities. Author(s): Rahman GA, Johnson AW. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2001 March; 21(1): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11284253

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Giant ovarian cyst mimicking ascites. Author(s): Menahem S, Shvartzman P. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1994 November; 39(5): 479-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7964546

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Giant ovarian leiomyoma associated with ascites and polymyositis. Author(s): Van Winter JT, Stanhope CR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 September; 80(3 Pt 2): 560-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1495738

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Giant syncytia and virus-like particles in ovarian carcinoma cells isolated from ascites fluid. Author(s): Rakowicz-Szulczynska EM, McIntosh DG, Smith ML. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1999 January; 6(1): 115-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9874674

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Globulin correction of the albumin gradient: correlation with measured serum to ascites colloid osmotic pressure gradients. Author(s): Hoefs JC. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1992 August; 16(2): 396-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1639349

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Glutathione S-transferase pi immunostaining of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells in ascites. Author(s): Kase H, Kodama S, Nagai E, Tanaka K. Source: Acta Cytol. 1998 November-December; 42(6): 1397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9850649

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Gross ascites as a first manifestation of primary hypothyroidism due to posttreatment of radioiodine therapy for Graves' disease. Author(s): Sasaki H, Matsumoto S, Shijyo H, Shimizu M, Tohara K, Tsutsu N, Okumura M. Source: Intern Med. 1992 February; 31(2): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1600276

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Gross chylous ascites in cirrhosis with massive portal vein thrombosis: diagnostic value of lymphoscintigraphy. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Archimandritis AJ, Zonios DI, Karadima D, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Kiriaki D, Hatzis GS. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2003 January; 15(1): 81-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544699

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Hemorrhagic ascites associated with endometriosis. A case report. Author(s): Dias CC, Andrade JM, Ferriani RA, Villanova MG, Meirelles RS. Source: J Reprod Med. 2000 August; 45(8): 688-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10986691

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Hemorrhagic ascites in a child with Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Author(s): Venuta A, Bertolani P, Garetti E, Venturelli C, Predieri B, Muttini ED, Compagni E. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1999 September; 29(3): 3589. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10468007

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Hemorrhagic ascites: an unusual manifestation of prostate carcinoma. Author(s): Tsai JY, Ling M, Chang VT, Hwang SS, Kasimis BS. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2001 August 15; 111(3): 245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11545100

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Hepatic hydrothorax demonstration by Tc-99m sulfur colloid ascites scan. Author(s): Holt KA, Oliviera E, Rohatgi PK. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1999 August; 24(8): 609. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10439187

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Hepatic hydrothorax in the absence of ascites. Author(s): Kakizaki S, Katakai K, Yoshinaga T, Higuchi T, Takayama H, Takagi H, Nagamine T, Mori M. Source: Liver. 1998 June; 18(3): 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9716235

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Hepatic perfusion as a predictor of mortality after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation in patients with refractory ascites. Author(s): Walser E, Ozkan OS, Raza S, Soloway R, Gajula L. Source: Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology : Jvir. 2003 October; 14(10): 1251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14551271

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Hepatic tissue endothelin-1 levels in chronic liver disease correlate with disease severity and ascites. Author(s): Alam I, Bass NM, Bacchetti P, Gee L, Rockey DC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 January; 95(1): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10638583

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Hepatobiliary and pancreatic: a boy with ascites. Author(s): Okuda K. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2000 August; 15(8): 957; Discussion 960-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11022840

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Hepatobiliary and pancreatic: a man with ascites. Author(s): Iwamoto S, Okuda K. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2000 June; 15(6): 675, 678-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10921423

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Hepatorenal syndrome and ascites--an introduction. Author(s): Gentilini P. Source: Liver. 1999; 19(1 Suppl): 5-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10226999

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Hepatorenal syndrome and ascites--questions and answers. Author(s): Bernardi M, Blendis L, Burroughs AK, Laffi G, Rodes J, Gentilini P. Source: Liver. 1999; 19(1 Suppl): 15-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10227000

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High ascitic fluid leptin levels in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and sterile ascites: relationship with TNF-alpha levels. Author(s): Giannini E, Romagnoli P, Tenconi GL, Botta F, Malfatti F, Chiarbonello B, Mamone M, Barreca T, Testa R. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2004 February; 49(2): 275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15104370

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High-affinity folate receptor in human ovary, serous ovarian adenocarcinoma, and ascites: radioligand binding mechanism, molecular size, ionic properties, hydrophobic domain, and immunoreactivity. Author(s): Holm J, Hansen SI, Hoier-Madsen M, Birn H, Helkjaer PE. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1999 June 15; 366(2): 183-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10356282

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HLA-G is a potential tumor marker in malignant ascites. Author(s): Singer G, Rebmann V, Chen YC, Liu HT, Ali SZ, Reinsberg J, McMaster MT, Pfeiffer K, Chan DW, Wardelmann E, Grosse-Wilde H, Cheng CC, Kurman RJ, Shih IeM. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2003 October 1; 9(12): 4460-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14555519

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Huge omental cyst mimicking ascites. Author(s): Rattan KN, Budhiraja S, Pandit SK, Yadav RK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1996 September-October; 63(5): 707-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10830047

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Human acute myeloblastic leukemia-ascites model using the human GM-CSF- and IL-3-releasing transgenic SCID mice. Author(s): Fukuchi Y, Miyakawa Y, Kizaki M, Umezawa A, Shimamura K, Kobayashi K, Kuramochi T, Hata J, Ikeda Y, Tamaoki N, Nomura T, Ueyama Y, Ito M. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1999 May; 78(5): 223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10391103

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Human ovarian cancer, cell lines, and primary ascites cells express the human Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) type II receptor, bind, and are responsive to MIS. Author(s): Masiakos PT, MacLaughlin DT, Maheswaran S, Teixeira J, Fuller AF Jr, Shah PC, Kehas DJ, Kenneally MK, Dombkowski DM, Ha TU, Preffer FI, Donahoe PK. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1999 November; 5(11): 3488-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10589763

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Hydatid cyst: a rare cause of ascites. Author(s): Okan V, Araz M, Demirci F, Micozkadioglu H, Ozkur A. Source: Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics : the Official Journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society. 2002 September-October; 26(5): 357-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12204243

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Hydrocephalus, ventriculo-peritoneal shunt and cerebrospinal fluid ascites. Author(s): Binitie OP, Abdul-Azeim SA, Annobil SH. Source: West Afr J Med. 2002 July-September; 21(3): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744586

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Hydrothorax without ascites in liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Pop CM, Gherasim RM, Dumitrascu DL. Source: Rom J Gastroenterol. 2003 December; 12(4): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14726978

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Identification and characterization of a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor in ascites fluid from patients with ovarian carcinoma. Author(s): Kobayashi H, Hirashima Y, Sun GW, Ohi H, Fujie M, Terao T. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2000 July 1; 87(1): 44-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10861451

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Idiopathic myelofibrosis with refractory massive ascites. Author(s): Yotsumoto M, Ishida F, Ito T, Ueno M, Kitano K, Kiyosawa K. Source: Intern Med. 2003 June; 42(6): 525-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12857054

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Immunological analysis and clinical effects of intraabdominal and intrapleural injection of lentinan for malignant ascites and pleural effusion. Author(s): Oka M, Yoshino S, Hazama S, Shimoda K, Suzuki T. Source: Biotherapy (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 1992; 5(2): 107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1524950

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Improved quality of life in patients with refractory or recidivant ascites after insertion of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Author(s): Gulberg V, Liss I, Bilzer M, Waggershauser T, Reiser M, Gerbes AL. Source: Digestion. 2002; 66(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12428073

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In utero diagnosis of bladder perforation with urinary ascites. A case report. Author(s): Lowenstein L, Solt I, Talmon R, Pery M, Suhov P, Drugan A. Source: Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 2003 May-June; 18(3): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12711873

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Increased expression of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in human mesothelial cells by malignant ascites from ovarian carcinoma patients. Author(s): Kajiyama H, Kikkawa F, Maeda O, Suzuki T, Ino K, Mizutani S. Source: Oncology. 2002; 63(2): 158-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12239451

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Increased tumour necrosis factor alpha production in mesenteric lymph nodes of cirrhotic patients with ascites. Author(s): Genesca J, Marti R, Rojo F, Campos F, Peribanez V, Gonzalez A, Castells L, Ruiz-Marcellan C, Margarit C, Esteban R, Guardia J, Segura R. Source: Gut. 2003 July; 52(7): 1054-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12801966

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Indwelling catheters for the management of malignant ascites. Author(s): Lee A, Lau TN, Yeong KY. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2000 November; 8(6): 493-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11094995

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Influence of posture on haemodynamics, sodium and hormonal homeostasis in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Author(s): Colle I, Schoors D, Van Vlierberghe H, Van Maele G, De Vos M, Reynaert H. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2003 July-September; 66(3): 206-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14618950

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Interest of the association clonidine-spironolactone in cirrhotic patients with ascites and activation of sympathetic nervous system. Author(s): Lenaerts A, Codden T, Van Cauter J, Meunier JC, Henry JP, Ligny G. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2002 January-March; 65(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12014310

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Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in ascites indicates acute graft rejection after pediatric liver transplantation. Author(s): Ganschow R, Baade B, Hellwege HH, Broering DC, Rogiers X, Burdelski M. Source: Pediatric Transplantation. 2000 November; 4(4): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11079269

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Intestinal malrotation and omental cyst presenting as fetal ascites. Author(s): DeRusso PA, Benson J, Lau H. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 February; 36(2): 283-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12548068

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Intractable massive ascites following radical gastrectomy, treatment with local intraperitoneal administration of OK-432 using a unified CT and fluoroscopy system. Author(s): Inaba Y, Arai Y, Matsueda K, Aramaki T, Kodera Y. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2003 December; 47(4): 465-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641206

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Intraperitoneal bispecific antibody (HEA125xOKT3) therapy inhibits malignant ascites production in advanced ovarian carcinoma. Author(s): Marme A, Strauss G, Bastert G, Grischke EM, Moldenhauer G. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2002 September 10; 101(2): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12209996

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Intraperitoneal chemotherapy with mitoxantrone in malignant ascites. Author(s): Link KH, Roitman M, Holtappels M, Runnebaum I, Urbanzyk H, Leder G, Staib L. Source: Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2003 July; 12(3): 865-72, Xvi-Xvii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14567037

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Intraperitoneal rituximab: an effective measure to control recurrent abdominal ascites due to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Ng T, Pagliuca A, Mufti GJ. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2002 July; 81(7): 405-6. Epub 2002 June 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185515

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Investigation and treatment of ascites. Author(s): Saravanan R, Cramp ME. Source: Clinical Medicine (London, England). 2002 July-August; 2(4): 310-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195856

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Is the use of albumin of value in the treatment of ascites in cirrhosis? The case in favour. Author(s): Laffi G, Gentilini P, Romanelli RG, La Villa G. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2003 September; 35(9): 660-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14563190

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Islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas presenting as chylous ascites. Author(s): Kouraklis G, Stamoulis J, Tassiopoulos S, Glinavou A, Hatzinikolaou P. Source: Pancreas. 2002 August; 25(2): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12142749

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Isolated fetal ascites caused by Wolman disease. Author(s): Ben-Haroush A, Yogev Y, Levit O, Hod M, Kaplan B. Source: Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 March; 21(3): 297-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12666227

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Juvenile granulosa cell tumor in a 2-year-old infant: report of a case complicated with ascites and acute respiratory distress. Author(s): Imai A, Furui T, Shimokawa K, Tamaya T. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1992 September; 46(3): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1526522

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Laparoscopic diagnosis and management of malignant ascites. Author(s): Roskos M, Popp MB. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 1999 October; 9(5): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10803401

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Laparoscopic management of chylous ascites after donor nephrectomy. Author(s): Molina WR, Desai MM, Gill IS. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 November; 170(5): 1938. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532813

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Laparoscopic repair of chylous ascites. Author(s): Geary B, Wade B, Wollmann W, El-Galley R. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2004 March; 171(3): 1231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14767309

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Large volume paracentesis and intravenous dextran to treat tense ascites. Author(s): Acharya SK, Balwinder S, Padhee AK, Nijhawan S, Tandon BN. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1992 January; 14(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1372924

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Large-volume paracentesis in the management of ascites in children. Author(s): Kramer RE, Sokol RJ, Yerushalmi B, Liu E, MacKenzie T, Hoffenberg EJ, Narkewicz MR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 September; 33(3): 2459. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11593116

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Laryngeal atresia presenting as fetal ascites, olygohydramnios and lung appearance mimicking cystic adenomatoid malformation in a 25-week-old fetus with Fraser syndrome. Author(s): Balci S, Altinok G, Ozaltin F, Aktas D, Niron EA, Onol B. Source: Prenatal Diagnosis. 1999 September; 19(9): 856-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10521845

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Left-sided hepatic hydrothorax with ascites. Author(s): Alagiakrishnan K, Patel PJ. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1999 April-May; 53(3): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10665138

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Lessons to be learned: a case study approach: ascites and elevated serum CA 125 due to a pancreatic carcinoma. A diagnostic dilemma. Author(s): Ahmed AS, Long M, Donaldson D. Source: J R Soc Health. 2000 March; 120(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10918784

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Leukemic ascites. Author(s): Pavithran K, Isaac MV, Krishnakumar VV, Thomas M, Raji NL. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 October; 49: 1045-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11848323

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Linitis plastica presenting as malignant ascites. Author(s): Chan GC, Ha SY, Lau YL, Chan KL, Tam PK, Cheung A. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2001 March; 36(3): 408-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11241451

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Liver cirrhosis, ascites, and hyperfibrinolysis. Author(s): Piscaglia F, Donati G, Giannini R, Bolondi L. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 November; 96(11): 3222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721792

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Localised cardiac tamponade caused by intrapericardial haematoma: a rare cause of ascites presenting 10 years after open heart surgery. Author(s): Palmer ND, Curtis J, Rodrigues EA. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2002 January; 87(1): 60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11751667

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Localization of phosphate dependent glutaminase in ascites fluid of ovarian cancer patient. Author(s): Bhattacharya P, Maity P. Source: Pathology Oncology Research : Por. 2000; 6(3): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11033463

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Locoregional immunotherapy of malignant ascites from gastric cancer using DTHoriented doses of the streptococcal preparation OK-432: Treatment of Th1 dysfunction in the ascites microenvironment. Author(s): Yamaguchi Y, Ohshita A, Kawabuchi Y, Hihara J, Miyahara E, Noma K, Toge T. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2004 April; 24(4): 959-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15010836

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Long-standing and intractable ascites involved in renal vein thrombosis of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Yamasaki S, Kawabe Y, Nakamura H, Ishikawa H, Kawakami A, Migita K, Kurata A, Eguchi K. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2000 April; 39(4): 445-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817783

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Long-term efficacy of torsemide compared with frusemide in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Author(s): Abecasis R, Guevara M, Miguez C, Cobas S, Terg R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 March; 36(3): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11305520

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Low-dose dopamine infusion in cirrhosis with refractory ascites. Author(s): Lin SM, Lee CS, Kao PF. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1998 November-December; 52(8): 533-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10622049

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Luteoma of pregnancy presenting with massive ascites and markedly elevated CA 125. Author(s): Rodriguez M, Harrison TA, Nowacki MR, Saltzman AK. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 November; 94(5 Pt 2): 854. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10546765

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Lymphatic ascites following lymphadenectomy for gynecological malignancy. Author(s): Krishnan CS, Grant PT, Robertson G, Hacker NF. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Cancer : Official Journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society. 2001 September-October; 11(5): 392-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11737471

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Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in malignant ascites stimulates motility of human pancreatic cancer cells through LPA1. Author(s): Yamada T, Sato K, Komachi M, Malchinkhuu E, Tobo M, Kimura T, Kuwabara A, Yanagita Y, Ikeya T, Tanahashi Y, Ogawa T, Ohwada S, Morishita Y, Ohta H, Im DS, Tamoto K, Tomura H, Okajima F. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004 February 20; 279(8): 6595-605. Epub 2003 December 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14660630

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Malignant ascites fluid (MAF), including ovarian-cancer-associated MAF, contains angiostatin and other factor(s) which inhibit angiogenesis. Author(s): Richardson M, Gunawan J, Hatton MW, Seidlitz E, Hirte HW, Singh G. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2002 September; 86(3): 279-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12217749

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Malignant ascites. Author(s): Enck RE. Source: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2002 January-February; 19(1): 7-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12171427

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Malignant ascites: demographics, therapeutic efficacy and predictors of survival. Author(s): Mackey JR, Venner PM. Source: Can J Oncol. 1996 November; 6(2): 474-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12056099

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Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis. Author(s): Runyon BA; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2004 March; 39(3): 841-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14999706

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Management of cirrhosis and ascites. Author(s): Gines P, Cardenas A, Arroyo V, Rodes J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 April 15; 350(16): 1646-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15084697

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Management of intractable, cirrhotic ascites with an indwelling drainage catheter. Author(s): Reisfield GM, Wilson GR. Source: Journal of Palliative Medicine. 2003 October; 6(5): 787-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14622465

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Management of massive and persistent ascites and/or hydrothorax after liver transplantation. Author(s): Urbani L, Catalano G, Cioni R, Petruzzi P, Bindi L, Biancofiore G, Vignali C, Mosca F, Filipponi F. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 June; 35(4): 1473-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826196

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Management of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome. Author(s): Chutaputti A. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2002 April; 17(4): 456-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11982727

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Management of symptomatic ascites in recurrent ovarian cancer patients using an intra-abdominal semi-permanent catheter. Author(s): Iyengar TD, Herzog TJ. Source: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2002 January-February; 19(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12171424

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Massive ascites in severe pre-eclampsia: a rare complication. Author(s): Vaijyanath AM, Nayar B, Malhotra N, Deka D. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2002 August; 28(4): 199202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12452261

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Massive ascites--an uncommon presentation of endometriosis. Author(s): Cheong EC, Lim DT. Source: Singapore Med J. 2003 February; 44(2): 98-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14503785

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Massive right pleural effusion and ascites caused by a primary constrictive pericardial band. Author(s): Kitamura H, Nakayama K, Kitano T, Matsuoka T. Source: Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002 August; 50(8): 350-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12229221

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Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP9 and MMP2) induce the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by ovarian carcinoma cells: implications for ascites formation. Author(s): Belotti D, Paganoni P, Manenti L, Garofalo A, Marchini S, Taraboletti G, Giavazzi R. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 September 1; 63(17): 5224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14500349

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Mechanism of acute ascites formation after trauma resuscitation. Author(s): Mayberry JC, Welker KJ, Goldman RK, Mullins RJ. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 2003 July; 138(7): 773-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12860760

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Metastatic lobular breast cancer presenting with malignant ascites: case report and review of literature. Author(s): Chow CE, Cendan JC, Herrmann G, Richardson L, Benda RK. Source: The Breast Journal. 2003 September-October; 9(5): 414-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12968964

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Minimally invasive repair of recurrent strangulated umbilical hernia in cirrhotic patient with refractory ascites. Author(s): Sarit C, Eliezer A, Mizrahi S. Source: Liver Transplantation : Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 2003 June; 9(6): 621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12783405

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Monitoring of transtubular potassium gradient in the diuretic management of patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Author(s): Lim YS, Han JS, Kim KA, Yoon JH, Kim CY, Lee HS. Source: Liver. 2002 October; 22(5): 426-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12390478

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Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII presenting with isolated neonatal ascites. Author(s): Saxonhouse MA, Behnke M, Williams JL, Richards D, Weiss MD. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2003 January; 23(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12556933

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Multimeric vitronectin in ascites is involved in fibroblast spreading of EPS in patients on CAPD therapy. Author(s): Masunaga Y, Asakura S, Muto S, Ando Y, Homma S, Kusano E, Matsuda M, Asano Y. Source: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 2003 June; 7(2): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14586734

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Myxedema ascites in the posttransplant setting: case report. Author(s): McDonough CH, Lee L, de Beur SJ, Arai S, Vogelsang GB. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2002 November; 71(3): 216-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410579

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Nadolol is superior to isosorbide mononitrate for the prevention of the first variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Author(s): Borroni G, Salerno F, Cazzaniga M, Bissoli F, Lorenzano E, Maggi A, Visentin S, Panzeri A, de Franchis R. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 2002 September; 37(3): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12175626

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Natriuretic effect of an adenosine-1 receptor antagonist in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Author(s): Stanley AJ, Forrest EH, Dabos K, Bouchier IA, Hayes PC. Source: Gastroenterology. 1998 August; 115(2): 406-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9679046

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Neonatal ascites and hyponatraemia following umbilical venous catheterization. Author(s): Mohan MS, Patole SK. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2002 December; 38(6): 612-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12410879

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Neonatal total parenteral nutrition ascites from liver erosion by umbilical vein catheters. Author(s): Coley BD, Seguin J, Cordero L, Hogan MJ, Rosenberg E, Reber K. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1998 December; 28(12): 923-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9880632

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Neonatal urinary ascites caused by urinary tract obstruction: two case reports. Author(s): Sakai K, Konda R, Ota S, Takeda A, Orikasa S. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 1998 July; 5(4): 379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9712450

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Neostigmine and polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution for the therapy of acute hepatic encephalopathy with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Author(s): Kiba T, Numata K, Saito S. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 May-June; 50(51): 823-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12828094

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Nephrogenic ascites. Analysis of 16 cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Han SH, Reynolds TB, Fong TL. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 1998 July; 77(4): 233-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9715728

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Nitric oxide inhibition in cirrhosis and ascites. Author(s): Cardenas A. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 July; 98(7): 1666-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873610

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Nitric oxide synthase inhibition does not improve renal function in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Author(s): Thiesson HC, Skott O, Jespersen B, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 January; 98(1): 180-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12526955

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Nonfunctioning islet cell tumor presenting with ascites and portal hypertension. Author(s): Dalvi AN, Rege SA, Bapat MR, Abraham P, Joshi AS, Bapat RD. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 November-December; 21(6): 227-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546175

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Nonimmune fetal ascites: a series of 79 cases. Author(s): Favre R, Dreux S, Dommergues M, Dumez Y, Luton D, Oury JF, Fiblec BL, Nisand I, Muller F. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004 February; 190(2): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14981382

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Norfloxacin primary prophylaxis of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with ascites: a double-blind randomized trial. Author(s): Grange JD, Roulot D, Pelletier G, Pariente EA, Denis J, Ink O, Blanc P, Richardet JP, Vinel JP, Delisle F, Fischer D, Flahault A, Amiot X. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1998 September; 29(3): 430-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9764990

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Nutritional problems in end-stage liver disease: contribution of impaired gastric emptying and ascites. Author(s): Scolapio JS, Ukleja A, McGreevy K, Burnett OL, O'Brien PC. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 January; 34(1): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11743254

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Octreotide as an agent for the relief of malignant ascites in palliative care patients. Author(s): Cairns W, Malone R. Source: Palliative Medicine. 1999 September; 13(5): 429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10659116

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Octreotide for therapy of chylous ascites in yellow nail syndrome. Author(s): Widjaja A, Gratz KF, Ockenga J, Wagner S, Manns MP. Source: Gastroenterology. 1999 April; 116(4): 1017-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10092335

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Oedema and ascites associated with acute diarrhoea caused by giardia. Author(s): Selimoglu MA, Karacan M, Gundogdu C, Essrefoglu M. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2003 June; 23(2): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12803747

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One-week losartan administration increases sodium excretion in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Author(s): Yang YY, Lin HC, Lee WC, Hou MC, Lee FY, Chang FY, Lee SD. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002; 37(3): 194-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11931532

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Optic chiasm glioma associated with inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, cerebral ischemia, nonobstructive hydrocephalus and chronic ascites following ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Author(s): Tang TT, Whelan HT, Meyer GA, Strother DR, Blank EL, Camitta BM, Franciosi RA. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1991 December; 7(8): 458-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1790531

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Orthotopic heart transplantation in a child with severe heart failure and chylous ascites. Author(s): Lin CH, Hsu RB, Wu MH, Wang JK, Wang SS, Chu SH. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2003 July; 22(7): 826-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873553

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Ovarian capillary hemangioma presenting as an adnexal mass with massive ascites and elevated CA-125. Author(s): Gehrig PA, Fowler WC Jr, Lininger RA. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2000 January; 76(1): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10620457

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Ovarian carcinoma ascites spheroids adhere to extracellular matrix components and mesothelial cell monolayers. Author(s): Burleson KM, Casey RC, Skubitz KM, Pambuccian SE, Oegema TR Jr, Skubitz AP. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2004 April; 93(1): 170-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15047232

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Ovarian thecoma associated with a large quantity of ascites and elevated serum CA 125 and CA 15-3. Author(s): Renaud MC, Plante M, Roy M. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2002 December; 24(12): 963-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12464996

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Ovarian thecoma with ascites and high serum levels of CA125. Author(s): Takemori M, Nishimura R, Hasegawa K. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2000 July; 264(1): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10985621

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Passive immunotherapy of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor expressing human, membrane-bound placental alkaline phosphatase. Author(s): Barka T, Henderson S, van der Noen HM. Source: Tumour Biology : the Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine. 2000 May-June; 21(3): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10754465

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Patients with ascites have higher variceal pressure and wall tension than patients without ascites. Author(s): Kravetz D, Bildozola M, Argonz J, Romero G, Korula J, Munoz A, Suarez A, Terg R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 July; 95(7): 1770-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10925983

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Phosphofructokinase C isozyme from ascites tumor cells: cloning, expression, and properties. Author(s): Sanchez-Martinez C, Estevez AM, Aragon JJ. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2000 May 19; 271(3): 635-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10814514

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Pigtail catheter for the treatment of ascites associated with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Author(s): Abuzeid MI, Nassar Z, Massaad Z, Weiss M, Ashraf M, Fakih M. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 2003 February; 18(2): 370-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12571176

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Portal hypertension and refractory ascites associated with multicentric Castleman's disease. Author(s): Abarca M, Andrade RJ, Garcia-Arjona A, Escolar JL, Blanes A, GarciaHirschfeld JM, Gonzalez-Santos P. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2000 April; 45(4): 697-702. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10759237

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Post traumatic bile ascites. Author(s): Pandit SK, Budhiraja S, Rattan KN. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2000 January; 67(1): 72-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10832227

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Postoperative chylous ascites--the urologist's view. Author(s): Leibovitch I. Source: Drugs Today (Barc). 2002 October; 38(10): 687-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12582454

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Primary malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system presenting with ascites and pleural effusion. Author(s): Uchiyama K, Kobayashi Y, Tanaka R, Takahashi Y, Chikayama S, Ikeda M, Uoshima N, Kimura S, Tanaka K, Wada K, Ozawa M, Kondo M. Source: Haematologia. 2000; 30(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10839567

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Procollagen-derived biomarkers in malignant ascites of ovarian cancer. Independent prognosticators for progression-free interval and survival. Author(s): Cracchiolo BM, Hanauske-Abel HM, Schwartz PE, Chambers JT, Holland B, Chambers SK. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 2002 October; 87(1): 24-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12468338

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Pseudo-meigs syndrome: uterine leiomyoma with bladder attachment associated with ascites and hydrothorax - a rare case of a rare syndrome. Author(s): Weise M, Westphalen S, Fayyazi A, Emons G, Krauss T. Source: Onkologie. 2002 October; 25(5): 443-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12415199

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Quantification of Ile-Ser-Bradykinin degradation in human serum and ascites. Author(s): Rehbock J, Steinhauser C, Hermann A. Source: Agents Actions Suppl. 1992; 38 ( Pt 1): 449-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1466292

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Radial to femoral arterial pressure gradient from massive ascites. Author(s): Kreisler NS, Stone DJ, Spiekermann BF. Source: Anesthesiology. 2000 May; 92(5): 1508. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10781314

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Re: Gomez-Cerezo et al.--Pancreatic ascites: study of therapeutic options by analysis of case reports and case series between the years 1975 and 2000. Author(s): Saps M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 98(10): 2332-3; Author Reply 2333. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572596

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Reduction of abdominal pressure in patients with ascites reduces gastroesophageal reflux. Author(s): Navarro-Rodriguez T, Hashimoto CL, Carrilho FJ, Strauss E, Laudanna AA, Moraes-Filho JP. Source: Diseases of the Esophagus : Official Journal of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus / I.S.D.E. 2003; 16(2): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12823202

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Relationship of the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scale to hepatic encephalopathy, as defined by electroencephalography and neuropsychometric testing, and ascites. Author(s): Yoo HY, Edwin D, Thuluvath PJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 June; 98(6): 1395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12818287

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Renal functional reserve is well maintained in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis and ascites. Author(s): Woitas RP, Flommersfeld S, Stoffel-Wagner B, Schiedermaier P, Brensing KA, Spengler U, Sauerbruch T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 November; 37(11): 1321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12465732

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Repetitive phosphorus-32 peritoneal instillations in a patient with malignant ascites. Author(s): Balink H, Sijmons EA, Zonnenberg BA, De Klerk JM. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 July; 28(7): 545-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12819405

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Reversible tricuspid stenosis secondary to massive ascites in hepatic cirrhosis. Author(s): Garcia-Pinilla JM, Gomez-Doblas JJ, Rodriguez-Bailon I, Alcantara R, Jimenez-Navarro MF, De Teresa E. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2004 February 3; 140(3): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14757628

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Role of fibronectin in diagnosis of malignant ascites. Author(s): Sood A, Moudgil A, Sood N, Kharay AS, Kaushal S, Narang AP. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1997 April; 45(4): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12521085

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Role of VEGF and CD44v6 in differentiating benign from malignant ascites. Author(s): Dong WG, Sun XM, Yu BP, Luo HS, Yu JP. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 November; 9(11): 2596-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606105

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Ruptured umbilical hernia in a case of alcoholic cirrhosis with massive ascites. Author(s): Granese J, Valaulikar G, Khan M, Hardy H 3rd. Source: The American Surgeon. 2002 August; 68(8): 733-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12206611

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Scintigraphic findings in a case of bilateral urinomas and ascites secondary to posterior urethral valves. Author(s): Boughattas S, Hassine H, Chatti K, Salem N, Essabbah H. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2003 November; 28(11): 923-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14578711

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Serum and ascites levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in patients with chronic virus hepatitis B and hepatitis cirrhosis. Author(s): Zhang W, Yue B, Wang GQ, Lu SL. Source: Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2002 November; 1(4): 577-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14607690

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Serum and ascites neutralizing antibodies in ovarian cancer patients treated with intraperitoneal adenoviral gene therapy. Author(s): Hemminki A, Wang M, Desmond RA, Strong TV, Alvarez RD, Curiel DT. Source: Human Gene Therapy. 2002 August 10; 13(12): 1505-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12215271

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Serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein prediction of severe bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Author(s): Albillos A, de-la-Hera A, Alvarez-Mon M. Source: Lancet. 2004 May 15; 363(9421): 1608-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15145636

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Sleep apnea obstructive syndrome: a new complication previously undescribed in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Author(s): Crespo J, Cifrian J, Pinto JA, Jimenez-Gomez A, Pons-Romero F. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 December; 98(12): 2815-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14687850

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Sonographically guided peritoneal catheter placement in the palliation of malignant ascites in end-stage malignancies. Author(s): Sartori S, Nielsen I, Trevisani L, Tassinari D, Ceccotti P, Barillani M, Abbasciano V. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 December; 179(6): 1618-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12438065

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Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in a patient with myxedema ascites. Author(s): Alberti LE, Lopez-Gomez A, Alberti-Flor JJ. Source: Digestion. 2003; 68(2-3): 91-3. Epub 2003 October 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14581766

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Suppression of ascites formation and re-accumulation associated with human ovarian cancer by an anti-VPF monoclonal antibody in vivo. Author(s): Yukita A, Asano M, Okamoto T, Mizutani S, Suzuki H. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 January-February; 20(1A): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10769648

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Survival after CCAM associated with ascites: a report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Diamond IR, Wales PW, Smith SD, Fecteau A. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 September; 38(9): E1-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14523871

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Systemic, portal and renal effects of terlipressin in patients with cirrhotic ascites: pilot study. Author(s): Therapondos G, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2004 January; 19(1): 73-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14675246

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Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor blockade: ascites and pleural effusion formation. Author(s): Verheul HM, Hoekman K, Jorna AS, Smit EF, Pinedo HM. Source: The Oncologist. 2000; 5 Suppl 1: 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10804091

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The effect of mannitol infusion on the response to diuretic therapy in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Author(s): Pamuk ON, Sonsuz A. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 November-December; 35(5): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12394229

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The role of transjugular shunting in patients with ascites. Author(s): Lake JR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 June 8; 342(23): 1745-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10841880

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Transient chylous ascites following a distal splenorenal shunt. Author(s): Edoute Y, Nagachandran P, Assalia A, Ben-Ami H. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2000 March-April; 47(32): 531-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10791230

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Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for cirrhosis and ascites: Effects in patients with organic or functional renal failure. Author(s): Michl P, Gulberg V, Bilzer M, Waggershauser T, Reiser M, Gerbes AL. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 June; 35(6): 654-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10912668

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Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for intractable posthepatectomy ascites. Author(s): Hwang S, Park KM, Lee SG, Sung KB, Lee YJ, Choi DN, Ahn CS, Min PC. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 November-December; 49(48): 1669-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12397761

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Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for the treatment of intractable ascites in a patient with polycystic liver disease. Author(s): Bahramipour PF, Festa S, Biswal R, Wachsberg RH. Source: Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2000 May-June; 23(3): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10821902

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Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting versus paracentesis plus albumin for refractory ascites in cirrhosis. Author(s): Gines P, Uriz J, Calahorra B, Garcia-Tsao G, Kamath PS, Del Arbol LR, Planas R, Bosch J, Arroyo V, Rodes J. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 December; 123(6): 1839-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454841

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Treatment of cirrhotic tense ascites with Dextran-40 versus albumin associated with large volume paracentesis: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Garcia-Compean D, Blanc P, Larrey D, Daures JP, Hirtz J, Mendoza E, Maldonado H, Michel H. Source: Ann Hepatol. 2002 January-March; 1(1): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15114293

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Two cases of refractory ascites associated with dill pickle ingestion. Author(s): Riley TR 3rd. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2000 June; 45(6): 1119-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10877226

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Ultrafiltration in diuretic-resistant volume overload in nephrotic syndrome and patients with ascites due to chronic liver disease. Author(s): Davenport A. Source: Cardiology. 2001; 96(3-4): 190-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11805386

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Ultrasonography in the diagnosis and monitoring of ascites in acute abdominal attacks of hereditary angioneurotic oedema. Author(s): Farkas H, Harmat G, Kaposi PN, Karadi I, Fekete B, Fust G, Fay K, Vass A, Varga L. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 October; 13(10): 122530. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11711780

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Update on ascites and hepatorenal syndrome. Author(s): Gentilini P, Vizzutti F, Gentilini A, Zipoli M, Foschi M, Romanelli RG. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 August; 34(8): 592-605. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12502217

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Urinary ascites and anuria caused by bilateral fungal balls in a premature infant. Author(s): Ku JH, Kim ME, Jeon YS, Lee NK, Park YH. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2004 January; 89(1): F92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711869

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Urinary ascites in infancy: varied etiologies. Author(s): Checkley AM, Sabharwal AJ, MacKinlay GA, Munro FD, Orr JD. Source: Pediatric Surgery International. 2003 August; 19(6): 443-5. Epub 2003 May 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740705

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Urinary ascites secondary to forniceal rupture in a child with the Prune Belly Syndrome. Author(s): Caruso DJ, Ankem MK, Riordan J, Barone JG. Source: Can J Urol. 2003 June; 10(3): 1910-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12892579

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Use of a variety of biological parameters in distinguishing cirrhotic from malignant ascites. Author(s): Alexandrakis MG, Moschandrea J, Kyriakou DS, Alexandraki R, Kouroumalis E. Source: Int J Biol Markers. 2001 January-March; 16(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11288954

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Use of subcutaneous venous access ports to treat refractory ascites. Author(s): Rosenblum DI, Geisinger MA, Newman JS, Boden TM, Markowitz D, Powell D, Mullen KD. Source: Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology : Jvir. 2001 November; 12(11): 1343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698635

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Using a tropism-modified adenoviral vector to circumvent inhibitory factors in ascites fluid. Author(s): Blackwell JL, Li H, Gomez-Navarro J, Dmitriev I, Krasnykh V, Richter CA, Shaw DR, Alvarez RD, Curiel DT, Strong TV. Source: Human Gene Therapy. 2000 August 10; 11(12): 1657-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10954900

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Uterine leiomyoma causing massive ascites and left pleural effusion with elevated CA 125: a case report. Author(s): Migishima F, Jobo T, Hata H, Sato R, Ikeda Y, Arai M, Kuramoto H. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2000 August; 26(4): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11049239

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Value of adenosine deaminase estimation in the diagnosis of tuberculous ascites. Author(s): Dwivedi M, Misra SP, Misra V, Kumar R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 September; 85(9): 1123-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2389724

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Value of ascitic fibronectin and cholesterol concentration in the differentiation between malignancy-related and non-malignant ascites. Author(s): Archimandritis A, Kapsalas D, Douvara M, Tjivras M, Tsirantonaki M, Fertakis A. Source: Annales De Medecine Interne. 1996; 147(3): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8796090

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Value of ascitic fluid ferritin in the differential diagnosis of malignant ascites. Author(s): Kountouras J, Boura P, Tsapas G, Charisis K, Magoula I, Tsakiri I. Source: Anticancer Res. 1993 November-December; 13(6B): 2441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8135481

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Vascular endothelial growth factor is increased in ascites from metastatic pancreatic cancer. Author(s): Liu CD, Tilch L, Kwan D, McFadden DW. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 2002 January; 102(1): 31-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792148

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Vasodilatory state of decompensated cirrhosis: relation to hepatic dysfunction, ascites, and vasoactive substances. Author(s): Friedman HS, Cirillo N, Schiano F, Nathan P, Khan S, Rosero H, Vaseghi M, Sacchi T, Vasavada B, Bjornson L. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1995 February; 19(1): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7771637

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VEGF/Flk-1 interaction, a requirement for malignant ascites recurrence. Author(s): Stoelcker B, Echtenacher B, Weich HA, Sztajer H, Hicklin DJ, Mannel DN. Source: Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research. 2000 May; 20(5): 511-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10841080

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Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia transformed into immunoblastic lymphoma presenting with malignant ascites. Author(s): Marinella MA, Kim MH, Anderson MM. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1996 March; 51(3): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8619414

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Whole-body and segmental bioelectrical-impedance analysis in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: changes after treatment of ascites. Author(s): Zillikens MC, van den Berg JW, Wilson JH, Swart GR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 March; 55(3): 621-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1550033

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Wilson's disease in late adulthood presenting with ascites. Author(s): Thomas S, Deepak S, Madhusoodhanan S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 May; 51: 529-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12974446

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Xerocytosis with concomitant intrauterine ascites: first description and therapeutic approach. Author(s): Entezami M, Becker R, Menssen HD, Marcinkowski M, Versmold HT. Source: Blood. 1996 June 15; 87(12): 5392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8652859

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ASCITES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and ascites.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Ascites The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “ascites” (or a synonym): •

A study on the anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activities of a crude fucoidan from the edible brown seaweed Laminaria religiosa, with special reference to its inhibitory effect on the growth of sarcoma-180 ascites cells subcutaneously implanted into mice. Source: Maruyama, H Nakajima, J Yamamoto, I Kitasato-Arch-Exp-Med. 1987 September; 60(3): 105-21 0023-1924

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Biological activity of diospyrin towards Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss A mice. Source: Hazra, B. Sur, P. Roy, D.K. Sur, B. Banerjee, A. Plant-Med-J-Med-Plant-Res. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Thieme-Stratton. August 1984. volume 50 (4) page 295-297. ill. 00320943

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Caffeine inhibits the development of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in female mice. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, India. Source: Mukhopadhyay, S Poddarr, M K Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2001 August; 39(8): 735-41 0019-5189

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Causes and management of ascites [review, tutorial] Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Source: Morali, G A Blendis, L M Trop-Gastroenterol. 1990 Oct-December; 11(4): 186-201 0250-636X

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Cell shrinkage is essential in lysophosphatidic acid signaling in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): August Krogh Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Universitetsparken 13, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. Source: Pedersen, S Hoffmann, E K Hougaard, C Lambert, I H J-Membr-Biol. 2000 January 1; 173(1): 19-29 0022-2631

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Cell surface heparan sulphate and adhesive property of sublines of rat ascites hepatoma AH7974. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical College, Japan. Source: Kimura, A Kawaguchi, T Ono, T Sakuma, A Yokoya, Y Kochi, H Nakamura, K JCell-Sci. 1988 August; 90 ( Pt 4)683-9 0021-9533

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Chylous ascites and lymphocyst management by peritoneovenous shunt. Author(s): Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, N.Y. Source: Silk, Y N Goumas, W M Douglass, H O Huben, R P Surgery. 1991 September; 110(3): 561-5 0039-6060

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Cirrhosis of liver with ascites treatment based on principles of ayurved. Author(s): Bhatia Hospital. Source: Patel, J C Indian-J-Med-Sci. 2001 September; 55(9): 481-2 0019-5359

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Clinical management of ascites and its complications. Author(s): VA Connecticut Healthcare System and Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Source: Wongcharatrawee, S Garcia Tsao, G Clin-Liver-Dis. 2001 August; 5(3): 833-50 1089-3261

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Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cirrhotic patients with ascites. Committee on Ascites of the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, A. Migliavacca Centre, IRCCS Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy. [email protected]

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Source: Salerno, F Angeli, P Bernardi, M Laffi, G Riggio, O Salvagnini, M Ital-JGastroenterol-Hepatol. 1999 October; 31(7): 626-34 1125-8055 •

Comparative aspects of thiamine transport systems and their properties [Escherichia coli cells, Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, brush border membrane vesicles of the guinea pig ileum]. Source: Kawasaki, T. Vitamins-J-Vitamin-Soc-Jap. Kyoto, Japan : Nippon Bitamin Gakkai. August 1983. volume 57 (8) page 423-432. ill. 0006-386X

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Concanavalin A-induced cap formation in rat ascites hepatoma cells (AH 7974) and the interaction of cytoplasmic proteins with plasma membranes. Author(s): Department of Anatomy, Okayama University Medical School, Japan. Source: Moromizato, Y Watanabe, S Sasaki, J Acta-Med-Okayama. 1987 August; 41(4): 145-54 0386-300X

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Cytokinetic studies on the switch from glucose to uridine metabolism, and vice versa, of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells in vitro. Source: Loffler, M Wenzel, A Schneider, F Cell-Tissue-Kinet. 1987 March; 20(2): 181-90 0008-8730

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Differential response of human melanoma and Ehrlich ascites cells in vitro to the ribosome-inactivating protein luffin. Author(s): Department of Basic and Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, L'Aquila, Italy. [email protected] Source: Poma, A Miranda, M Spano, L Melanoma-Res. 1998 October; 8(5): 465-7 09608931

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Diuretic-resistant ascites in cirrhosis. Mechanism and treatment. Author(s): Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, University of Barcelona. Source: Arroyo, V Acta-Gastroenterol-Belg. 1990 Mar-April; 53(2): 249-55 0001-5644

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Dynamics of Ca2+i and pHi in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells after Ca2+-mobilizing agonists or exposure to hypertonic solution. Author(s): Biochemistry Department, August Krogh Institute, 13, Universitetsparken, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. Source: Pedersen, S F Jorgensen, N K Hoffmann, E K Pflugers-Arch. 1998 July; 436(2): 199-210 0031-6768

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Effect of arachidonic acid, fatty acids, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes on volume regulation in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Institute of Biological Chemistry A, August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Lambert, I H J-Membr-Biol. 1987; 98(3): 207-21 0022-2631

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Effect of glucose and deoxyglucose on the redistribution of calcium in ehrlich ascites tumour and Zajdela hepatoma cells and its consequences for mitochondrial energetics. Further arguments for the role of Ca(2+) in the mechanism of the crabtree effect. Author(s): Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation. [email protected] Source: Wojtczak, L Teplova, V V Bogucka, K Czyz, A Makowska, A Wieckowski, M R Duszynski, J Evtodienko, Y V Eur-J-Biochem. 1999 July; 263(2): 495-501 0014-2956

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Effect of grifolan on the ascites form of Sarcoma 180. Source: Ohno, N Suzuki, Y Sato, K Oikawa, S Yadomae, T Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 1987 June; 35(6): 2576-80 0009-2363

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Effect of plumbagin on the radiation induced cytogenetic and cell cycle changes in mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo. Author(s): Department of Radiobiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India. Source: Devi, P U Rao, B S Solomon, F E Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1998 September; 36(9): 891-5 0019-5189

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Effects of “body compression” on parameters related to ascites formation: therapeutic trial in cirrhotic patients. Author(s): Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan. Source: Uemura, M Matsumoto, M Tsujii, T Fukui, H Miyamoto, Y Kojima, H Kikuchi, E Fukui, K Fujimoto, M Mitoro, A Matsumura, M Takaya, A J-Gastroenterol. 1999 February; 34(1): 75-82 0944-1174

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Effects of fatty acid modification of ascites tumor cells on pulmonary metastasis in rat. Source: Sobajima, T Tamiya Koizumi, K Ishihara, H Kojima, K Jpn-J-Cancer-Res. 1986 July; 77(7): 657-63 0910-5050

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Factors influencing the antitumorigenic properties of selenium in mice [Ehrlich ascites tumors]. Source: Poirier, K.A. Milner, J.A. J-Indian-Chem-Soc. Calcutta : The Society. July 1983. volume 60 (7) page 2147-2154. 0019-4522

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Identification of a critical lysine residue at the active site in glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell. Comparison with the rabbit muscle enzyme. Author(s): Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, India. Source: Ghosh, S Mukherjee, K Ray, M Ray, S Eur-J-Biochem. 2001 December; 268(23): 6037-44 0014-2956

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Influence of chemosensitizers on resistance mechanisms in daunorubicin-resistant Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Author(s): Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Nielsen, Dorte Eriksen, Jens Maare, Christian Friche, Ellen Skovsgaard, Torben Cancer-Chemother-Pharmacol. 2002 June; 49(6): 453-60 0344-5704

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Inhibition of malignant ascites and growth of human ovarian carcinoma by oral administration of a potent inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Author(s): Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Source: Xu, L Yoneda, J Herrera, C Wood, J Killion, J J Fidler, I J Int-J-Oncol. 2000 March; 16(3): 445-54 1019-6439

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Involvement of non-mast cell histamine on Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma cell proliferation. Author(s): Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Japan. [email protected] Source: Sogawa, N Sogawa, C A Oda, N Onodera, K Furuta, H Inflamm-Res. 2002 April; 51 Suppl 1: S69-70 1023-3830

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Involvement of small GTPases Rho and Rac in the invasion of rat ascites hepatoma cells. Author(s): Department of Pulmonary Oncology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan. [email protected] Source: Imamura, F Mukai, M Ayaki, M Takemura, K Horai, T Shinkai, K Nakamura, H Akedo, H Clin-Exp-Metastasis. 1999 March; 17(2): 141-8 0262-0898

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Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) activates charybdotoxin-sensitive and -insensitive K+ channels in ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): August Krogh Institute, Biochemical Department, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. [email protected] Source: Hoffmann, E K Pflugers-Arch. 1999 August; 438(3): 263-8 0031-6768

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Management of ascites in patients with cirrhosis. What to do when diuretics fail. Author(s): Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905. Source: Porayko, M K Wiesner, R H Postgrad-Med. 1992 December; 92(8): 155-8, 161-6 0032-5481

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Massive myelomatous ascites responsive to VAD chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain. Source: Alegre, A Martinez Chamorro, C Fernandez Ranada, J M Bone-MarrowTransplant. 1999 August; 24(3): 343-4 0268-3369

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Mekhanizm aktivatsii kletok astsitnoi kartsinomy Erlikha obshchei fraktsiei saponinov iz koreiskogo zhen'sheniia. [Mechanism of activation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells using the total fraction of saponins from Korean ginseng] Author(s): Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Ginseng and Tobacco, Taejon, Korea. Source: Nurieva, R I Dedkova, E N Leont'eva, G A Abdrasilov, B S Pak, Kh D Kim, Iu A Zinchenko, V P Antibiot-Khimioter. 1995 Nov-December; 40(11-12): 25-8 0235-2990

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Methotrexate loaded chitosan and chitin microspheres--in vitro characterization and pharmacokinetics in mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Author(s): College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasturba Medical College, Karnataka, India. Source: Singh, U V Udupa, N J-Microencapsul. 1998 Sep-October; 15(5): 581-94 02652048

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Modulatory effects of melatonin and vitamin E on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing mice. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, AlAzhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. Source: Wahab, M H Akoul, E S Abdel Aziz, A A Tumori. 2000 Mar-April; 86(2): 157-62 0300-8916

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Oxidative stress, disturbance of energy balance, and death of ascites tumour cells under menadione (vitamin K3) action. Author(s): Institute of Medical Radiology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Obninsk, Kaluga Region. Source: Gabai, V L SeilaNovember, A S Makarova YuM Mosin, A F Biomed-Sci. 1990 April; 1(4): 407-13 0955-9701

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Paraquat-induced lipid peroxidation and injury in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia.

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Source: Karakashev, P Petrov, L Alexandrova, A Neoplasma. 2000; 47(2): 122-4 00282685 •

Pathogenesis of ascites and renal salt retention in cirrhosis. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas 75235, USA. Source: Palmer, B F J-Investig-Med. 1999 May; 47(5): 183-202 1081-5589

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Regulating effect of Chinese herbal medicine on the peritoneal lymphatic stomata in enhancing ascites absorption of experimental hepatofibrotic mice. Author(s): Department of Lymphology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, Zhejiang Province, China. [email protected] Source: Li, J C Ding, S P Xu, J World-J-Gastroenterol. 2002 April; 8(2): 333-7 1007-9327

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Role of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in volume regulation by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Institute of Biological Chemistry, August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Lambert, I H Hoffmann, E K Christensen, P J-Membr-Biol. 1987; 98(3): 247-56 0022-2631

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Separate swelling- and Ca2+-activated anion currents in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Pedersen, S F Prenen, J Droogmans, G Hoffmann, E K Nilius, B J-Membr-Biol. 1998 May 15; 163(2): 97-110 0022-2631

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Sialic acid, galactose and fucose on the surface of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells grown in glucose-free medium in the presence of uridine. Author(s): Institut fur Theoretische Medizin der Universitat Marburg. Source: Wenzel, A Schneider, F Biol-Chem-Hoppe-Seyler. 1989 March; 370(3): 205-9 0177-3593

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The effect of pyroxicam, vitamin E, and vitamin C on heart lipoperoxydation in chickens predisposed to ascites syndrome and its relationship with production efficiency. Source: Diaz Cruz, A. Villar, P.G. Avila, G.E. Pina, G.E. Guinzberg, P.R. Pablos, H.J. Proc-West-Poult-Dis-Conf. Davis, Calif. : University of California. 1996. (45th) page 420422.

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The in vivo effect of a Brassica oleracea var. capitata extract on Ehrlich ascites tumors of MUS musculus BALB/C mice. Author(s): Marmara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey. Source: Yurtsever, E Yardimci, K T Drug-Metabol-Drug-Interact. 1999; 15(2-3): 215-22 0792-5077

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The prevention of fatalities in cycloheximide challenged mice pretreated with a submicrogram dose of lipopolysaccharide or with a small volume of cell-free Ehrlich ascites tumour fluid. Author(s): The University of Liverpool, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, New Medical School, UK. Source: Parry, E W Inflamm-Res. 1998 January; 47(1): 8-11 1023-3830

Nutrition

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Transport of the multidrug resistance modulators verapamil and azidopine in wild type and daunorubicin resistant Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Author(s): Dept of Pathology, Herlev University Hospital, Denmark. Source: Sehested, M Skovsgaard, T Jensen, P B Demant, E J Friche, E Bindslev, N Br-JCancer. 1990 July; 62(1): 37-41 0007-0920

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Wild-type and cultured Ehrlich ascites tumour cells differ in tumorigenicity, lectin binding patterns and binding to basement membranes. Author(s): Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0606. Source: Knibbs, R N MacCallum, D K Lillie, J H Goldstein, I J Glycobiology. 1994 August; 4(4): 419-28 0959-6658

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ASCITES Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to ascites. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to ascites and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “ascites” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to ascites: •

A phase II clinical trial to evaluate the effect of paclitaxel in patients with ascites caused by advanced or recurrent gastric carcinoma: a new concept of clinical benefit response for non-measurable type of gastric cancer. Author(s): Sakamoto J, Morita S, Yumiba T, Narahara H, Kinoshita K, Nakane Y, Imamoto H, Shiozaki H; Ascitic Gastric Cancer Study Group of the Japan South West Oncology Group. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2003 May; 33(5): 238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865468

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Adaptation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells to energy deprivation in vivo can be associated with heat shock protein accumulation. Author(s): Kabakov AE, Molotkov AO, Budagova KR, Makarova YuM, Mosin AF, Gabai VL.

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Source: Journal of Cellular Physiology. 1995 October; 165(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7559791 •

Antitumor activity of Hygrophila spinosa on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and sarcoma180 induced mice. Author(s): Mazumdar UK, Gupta M, Maiti S, Mukherjee D. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1997 May; 35(5): 473-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9378516

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Antitumor activity of methanolic extract of Cassia fistula L. seed against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Author(s): Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Rath N, Mukhopadhyay DK. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000 September; 72(1-2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10967466

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Antitumor and radiosensitizing effects of withaferin A on mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo. Author(s): Sharada AC, Solomon FE, Devi PU, Udupa N, Srinivasan KK. Source: Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 1996; 35(1): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8619948

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Antitumorigenic potential of diallyl sulfide in Ehrlich ascites tumor bearing mice. Author(s): Shukla Y, Arora A, Singh A. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 2002 March; 15(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12046547

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Antitumour potential of a polysaccharide-rich substance from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) on sarcoma 180 ascites tumour in mice. Author(s): Furusawa E, Hirazumi A, Story S, Jensen J. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 December; 17(10): 1158-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14669249

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Association of blebbing with assembly of cytoskeletal proteins in ATP-depleted EL-4 ascites tumour cells. Author(s): Gabai VL, Kabakov AE, Mosin AF. Source: Tissue & Cell. 1992; 24(2): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1589868

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Association of DNA with the nuclear lamina in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Krachmarov C, Iovcheva C, Hancock R, Dessev G.

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Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 1986; 31(1): 59-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3722277 •

Bikunin plus paclitaxel markedly reduces tumor burden and ascites in mouse model of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Kobayashi H, Yagyu T, Inagaki K, Kondo T, Suzuki M, Kanayama N, Terao T. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 May 20; 110(1): 134-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15054878

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Biosynthesis of polylactosaminoglycans. Novikoff ascites tumor cells contain two UDP-GlcNAc:beta-galactoside beta 1----6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activities. Author(s): Koenderman AH, Koppen PL, Van den Eijnden DH. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1987 July 1; 166(1): 199-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2954821

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Caspase-independent apoptosis induced by evening primrose extract in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Arimura T, Kojima-Yuasa A, Suzuki M, Kennedy DO, Matsui-Yuasa I. Source: Cancer Letters. 2003 November 10; 201(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14580681

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Cellular thiols status and cell death in the effect of green tea polyphenols in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Kennedy DO, Matsumoto M, Kojima A, Matsui-Yuasa I. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1999 August 30; 122(1): 59-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10475615

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Changes in membrane potential induced by local anesthetic bupivacaine on mitochondria within Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Pulselli R, Arcuri E, Paggi MG, Floridi A. Source: Oncology Research. 1996; 8(7-8): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8938789

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Characterisation of multidrug-resistant Ehrlich ascites tumour cells selected in vivo for resistance to etoposide. Author(s): Nielsen D, Maare C, Eriksen J, Litman T, Friche E, Skovsgaard T. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2000 August 1; 60(3): 353-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10856430

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Characterization of magnesium efflux from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Wolf FI, Di Francesco A, Cittadini A.

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Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1994 February 1; 308(2): 335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7509147 •

Cirrhosis of liver with ascites treatment based on principles of ayurved. Author(s): Patel JC. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2001 September; 55(9): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11887296

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Colchicine, colcemide and cytochalasin B do not affect translocation of the glucocorticoid hormone-receptor in rat thymocytes or Ehrlich ascites cells. Author(s): Vorgias CE, Perides GA, Traub P, Sekeris CE. Source: Bioscience Reports. 1988 April; 8(2): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3408814

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Combined oral administration of etoposide and arabinofuranosylcytosine-5'stearylphosphate enhances the antitumor effect against P388 ascites tumors. Author(s): Higashigawa M, Cao DC, Matsui K, Yamada S, Kakitou H, Kagawa Y, Inamochi H, Ido M, Sakurai M. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1994; 33(4): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8281619

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Comparison of cyclosporin A and SDZ PSC833 as multidrug-resistance modulators in a daunorubicin-resistant Ehrlich ascites tumor. Author(s): Friche E, Jensen PB, Nissen NI. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1992; 30(3): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1628375

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Curcumin's effects on sialic acid level and sialidase activity in Ehrlich ascites tumor bearing mice. Author(s): Ozen N, Uslu E, Ozen M, Aydin S, Altug T, Belce A, Kokoglu E. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2002 August; 197(4): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12434997

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Cytocidal and toxic effect of various cytostatic drugs on three ascites tumors of the mouse. Author(s): Schafer E, Maurer-Schultze B. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1987; 113(3): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3584212

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Cytosolic free Ca2+ in daunorubicin and vincristine resistant Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Drug accumulation is independent of intracellular Ca2+ changes. Author(s): Bouchelouche P, Friche E, Sehested M, Jensen PB, Skovsgaard T.

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Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1991 January 15; 41(2): 243-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1899193 •

Cytotoxicity of artemisinin-related endoperoxides to Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Woerdenbag HJ, Moskal TA, Pras N, Malingre TM, el-Feraly FS, Kampinga HH, Konings AW. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1993 June; 56(6): 849-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8350087

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Daunorubicin and vincristine binding to plasma membrane vesicles from daunorubicin-resistant and wild type Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Sehested M, Bindslev N, Demant EJ, Skovsgaard T, Jensen PB. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1989 September 15; 38(18): 3017-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2571333

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Degradation pathway of kinins in tumor ascites and inhibition by kininase inhibitors: analysis by HPLC. Author(s): Matsumura Y, Maeda H, Kato H. Source: Agents Actions. 1990 March; 29(3-4): 172-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2160186

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Dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids are equipotent in stimulating volume regulation in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Lauritzen L, Hoffmann EK, Hansen HS, Jensen B. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1993 January; 264(1 Pt 1): C109-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8430761

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Differential response of human melanoma and Ehrlich ascites cells in vitro to the ribosome-inactivating protein luffin. Author(s): Poma A, Miranda M, Spano L. Source: Melanoma Research. 1998 October; 8(5): 465-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9835461

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Direct antitumor effect of cepharanthin and combined effect with adriamycin against Ehrlich ascites tumor in mice. Author(s): Asaumi J, Nishikawa K, Matsuoka H, Iwata M, Kawasaki S, Hiraki Y, Nishijima K. Source: Anticancer Res. 1995 January-February; 15(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7733643

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Drug resistance dependent on different molecular size P-glycoproteins in Yoshida rat ascites hepatoma cells. Author(s): Miyamoto K, Wakusawa S, Nakamura S.

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Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1992 March 3; 43(5): 1143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1348175 •

Effect of a urease inhibitor and ceiling fans on ascites in broilers. 1. Environmental variability and incidence of ascites. Author(s): Anthony NB, Balog JM, Staudinger FB, Wall CW, Walker RD, Huff WE. Source: Poultry Science. 1994 June; 73(6): 801-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8072922

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Effect of a urease inhibitor and ceiling fans on ascites in broilers. 2. Blood variables, ascites scores, and body and organ weights. Author(s): Balog JM, Anthony NB, Wall CW, Walker RD, Rath NC, Huff WE. Source: Poultry Science. 1994 June; 73(6): 810-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8072923

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Effect of dietary essential fatty acids on pulmonary metastasis of ascites tumor cells in rats. Author(s): Hori T, Moriuchi A, Okuyama H, Sobajima T, Tamiya-Koizumi K, Kojima K. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1987 September; 35(9): 3925-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3435987

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Effect of long-term trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis on ascites formation, bacterial translocation, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and survival in cirrhotic rats. Author(s): Guarner C, Runyon BA, Heck M, Young S, Sheikh MY. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1999 October; 44(10): 1957-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10548343

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Effect of lonidamine on the mitochondrial potential in situ in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Pulselli R, Amadio L, Fanciulli M, Floridi A. Source: Anticancer Res. 1996 January-February; 16(1): 419-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8615647

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Effect of plumbagin on the radiation induced cytogenetic and cell cycle changes in mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo. Author(s): Devi PU, Rao BS, Solomon FE. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1998 September; 36(9): 891-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9854429

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Effects of “body compression” on parameters related to ascites formation: therapeutic trial in cirrhotic patients.

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Author(s): Uemura M, Matsumoto M, Tsujii T, Fukui H, Miyamoto Y, Kojima H, Kikuchi E, Fukui K, Fujimoto M, Mitoro A, Matsumura M, Takaya A. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 February; 34(1): 75-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10204614 •

Effects of diaoxinxuekang on ascites in broilers. Author(s): Wang JY, Hacker RR. Source: Poultry Science. 1993 August; 72(8): 1467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8378219

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Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin C or vitamin E on cardiac lipid peroxidation and growth performance in broilers at risk of developing ascites syndrome. Author(s): Villar-Patino G, Diaz-Cruz A, Avila-Gonzalez E, Guinzberg R, Pablos JL, Pina E. Source: Am J Vet Res. 2002 May; 63(5): 673-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12013467

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Effects of genistein and 2-methoxyestradiol on matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors secreted by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Fajardo I, Diez E, Rodriguez-Nieto S, Rodriguez-Caso C, Quesada AR, Sanchez-Jimenez F, Medina MA. Source: Anticancer Res. 2000 May-June; 20(3A): 1691-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10928093

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Effects of Taxol on ascites cytology from a patient with fallopian tube carcinoma: report of a case with ultrastructural studies. Author(s): Kobayashi TK, Moritani S, Bamba M, Fujimoto Y, Urabe M, Kaneko C. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2002 August; 27(2): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12203886

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Effects of vinblastine, leucine, and histidine, and 3-methyladenine on autophagy in Ehrlich ascites cells. Author(s): Punnonen EL, Reunanen H. Source: Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 1990 February; 52(1): 87-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2307216

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Enhancement of the in vitro cytotoxicity of bouvardin by verapamil alone and combined with hyperthermia in Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Author(s): Chitnis MP, Adwankar MK. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1986; 112(2): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3771622

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Evaluation of Caesalpinia ferrea extract on bone marrow hematopoiesis in the murine models of listeriosis and Ehrlich ascites tumor. Author(s): Queiroz ML, Justo GZ, Valadares MC, Pereira-da-silva FR. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2001 August; 23(3): 367-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11694028

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Evaluation of the genotoxic, cytotoxic, and antitumor properties of Commiphora molmol using normal and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell-bearing Swiss albino mice. Author(s): Qureshi S, al-Harbi MM, Ahmed MM, Raza M, Giangreco AB, Shah AH. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1993; 33(2): 130-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8261571

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Excessive formation of basement membrane substance in clear-cell carcinoma of the ovary: diagnostic value of the “raspberry body” in ascites cytology. Author(s): Ito H, Hirasawa T, Yasuda M, Osamura RY, Tsutsumi Y. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1997 June; 16(6): 500-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9181315

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Expression of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance associated protein in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells after fractionated irradiation. Author(s): Nielsen D, Maare C, Eriksen J, Litman T, Skovsgaard T. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2001 November 15; 51(4): 1050-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11704330

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Filipin labelling and intramembrane particles on the membranes of early and later autophagic vacuoles in Ehrlich ascites cells. Author(s): Punnonen EL, Reunanen H, Hirsimaki P, Lounatmaa K. Source: Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol. 1988; 54(5): 317-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2451345

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Growth inhibitory effect of green tea extract and (-)-epigallocatechin in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells involves a cellular thiol-dependent activation of mitogenic-activated protein kinases. Author(s): Opare Kennedy D, Kojima A, Hasuma T, Yano Y, Otani S, Matsui-Yuasa I. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2001 April 16; 134(2): 113-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11311209

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Growth inhibitory effect of green tea extract in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells involves cytochrome c release and caspase activation. Author(s): Kennedy DO, Kojima A, Yano Y, Hasuma T, Otani S, Matsui-Yuasa I.

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Source: Cancer Letters. 2001 May 10; 166(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11295281 •

Heat-induced morphological and biochemical changes in the nuclear lamina from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo. Author(s): Krachmarov CP, Traub P. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 1993 July; 52(3): 308-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8366142

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Immunocytochemical detection of a resistance-associated glycoprotein in tissue culture cells, ascites tumors and human tumor xenografts by Mab 265/F4. Author(s): Volm M, Bak M Jr, Efferth T, Lathan B, Mattern J. Source: Anticancer Res. 1988 July-August; 8(4): 531-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2902821

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In vivo growth inhibitory and radiosensitizing effects of withaferin A on mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Author(s): Devi PU, Sharada AC, Solomon FE. Source: Cancer Letters. 1995 August 16; 95(1-2): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7656229

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Increase in nonspecific adsorptive endocytosis in anthracycline- and vinca alkaloidresistant Ehrlich ascites tumor cell lines. Author(s): Sehested M, Skovsgaard T, van Deurs B, Winther-Nielsen H. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1987 January; 78(1): 171-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3467125

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Increase of vinblastine accumulation by inhibitors of calmodulin-dependent cell functions in rat ascites hepatoma AH66 cells. Author(s): Wakusawa S, Takeda K, Miyamoto K, Hidaka H. Source: Anticancer Res. 1992 November-December; 12(6B): 2021-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1363514

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Induction of heat-shock protein synthesis and thermotolerance in EL-4 ascites tumor cells by transient ATP depletion after ischemic stress. Author(s): Gabai VL, Kabakov AE. Source: Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 1994 April; 60(2): 88-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8070544

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Influence of chemosensitizers on resistance mechanisms in daunorubicin-resistant Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Author(s): Nielsen D, Eriksen J, Maare C, Friche E, Skovsgaard T.

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Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2002 June; 49(6): 453-60. Epub 2002 March 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12107549 •

Influence of N-(o-methoxyphenyl)-maleimide on 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity in Ehrlich (ascites) carcinoma. Author(s): Ambaye RY, Indap MA. Source: Cancer Letters. 1991 April; 57(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1902758

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Inhibition of P-glycoprotein-dependent multidrug resistance by an isoquinolinesulfonamide compound H-87 in rat ascites hepatoma AH66 cells. Author(s): Nakamura S, Minamino T, Nomura M, Wakusawa S, Miyamoto K, Hidaka H. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1996 June; 19(6): 886-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8799494

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Inhibition of phosphorylation of histone H1 and H3 induced by 10hydroxycamptothecin, DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, in murine ascites hepatoma cells. Author(s): Ling YH, Xu B. Source: Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao. 1993 November; 14(6): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8010056

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Inhibition of vincristine binding to plasma membrane vesicles from daunorubicinresistant Ehrlich ascites cells by multidrug resistance modulators. Author(s): Sehested M, Jensen PB, Skovsgaard T, Bindslev N, Demant EJ, Friche E, Vindelov L. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1989 December; 60(6): 809-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2605092

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Involvement of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the effect of green tea polyphenols on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. Author(s): Kennedy DO, Nishimura S, Hasuma T, Yano Y, Otani S, Matsui-Yuasa I. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 1998 April 3; 110(3): 159-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9609384

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Involvement of small GTPases Rho and Rac in the invasion of rat ascites hepatoma cells. Author(s): Imamura F, Mukai M, Ayaki M, Takemura K, Horai T, Shinkai K, Nakamura H, Akedo H. Source: Clinical & Experimental Metastasis. 1999 March; 17(2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10411106

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Isolation and characterization of a 58-kDa membrane- and microfilament-associated protein from ascites tumor cell microvilli. Author(s): Liu Y, Carraway KL, Carraway CA. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1989 January 15; 264(2): 1208-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2536018

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Isolation and characterization of a nucleolar 2'-O-methyltransferase from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Eichler DC, Raber NK, Shumard CM, Eales SJ. Source: Biochemistry. 1987 March 24; 26(6): 1639-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3593683

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Isolation and characterization of nuclear lamina from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Krachmarov C, Tasheva B, Markov D, Hancock R, Dessev G. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 1986; 30(4): 351-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3086329

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Large scale co-isolation of vimentin and nuclear lamins from ehrlich ascites tumor cells cultured in vitro. Author(s): Traub P, Scherbarth A, Willingale-Theune J, Traub U. Source: Prep Biochem. 1988; 18(4): 381-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3231598

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Lectin staining patterns of plasma membranes of daunorubicin and vincristine resistant Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Author(s): Sehested M, Skovsgaard T. Source: Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol. 1988; 54(6): 366-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2453973

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Lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by ferric nitrilotriacetate. Author(s): Nakamoto S, Yamanoi Y, Kawabata T, Sadahira Y, Mori M, Awai M. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1986 October 31; 889(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2876731

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Massive myelomatous ascites responsive to VAD chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Alegre A, Martinez-Chamorro C, Fernandez-Ranada JM. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1999 August; 24(3): 343-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10455378

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Mechanism of inhibition by cyclic AMP of protein kinase C-triggered respiratory burst in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Author(s): Salimath BP, Savitha G. Source: Cellular Signalling. 1992 November; 4(6): 651-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1336969

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Mechanisms of curcumin-induced apoptosis of Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma cells. Author(s): Pal S, Choudhuri T, Chattopadhyay S, Bhattacharya A, Datta GK, Das T, Sa G. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 November 2; 288(3): 658-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11676493

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Mitochondrial ATP hydrolysis and ATP depletion in thymocytes and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Author(s): Chernyak BV, Dedov VN, Gabai VL. Source: Febs Letters. 1994 January 3; 337(1): 56-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8276114

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Modulation of in vitro response to adriamycin by verapamil in murine P388 leukaemia, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and sarcoma 180. Author(s): Pradhan SG, Chitnis MP, Basrur VS, Tantri SK. Source: Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1987 April; 23(4): 437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3609108

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Multidrug resistance in Yoshida rat ascites hepatoma cell lines. Author(s): Miyamoto K, Wakusawa S, Nakamura S, Tajima K, Hidaka H. Source: Anticancer Res. 1992 May-June; 12(3): 649-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1622121

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Multiform combination effects of smooth muscle relaxants with antitumor agents in rat ascites hepatoma AH66 cells. Author(s): Takagi K, Satake T, Hasegawa T, Miyamoto K, Wakusawa S, Matsunaga T, Koshiura R. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1987 September; 45(1): 69-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2824896

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Neutrophil-mediated tumor cell destruction in cancer ascites. II. A OK-432 attracts killer neutrophils through activation of complement C5. Author(s): Fujimura T, Torisu M. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1987 May; 43(2): 174-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3105938

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No significant overreplication occurs in Ehrlich ascites cells during and after reversal of hypoxia. Author(s): Probst H, Riedinger HJ, Gekeler V. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 1989 February; 180(2): 563-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2914586

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Oxidative stress, disturbance of energy balance, and death of ascites tumour cells under menadione (vitamin K3) action. Author(s): Gabai VL, Seilanov AS, Makarova YuM, Mosin AF. Source: Biomed Sci. 1990 April; 1(4): 407-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2133060

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Oxygen-dependent regulation of energy metabolism in ascites tumor cells by nitric oxide. Author(s): Nishikawa M, Sato EF, Utsumi K, Inoue M. Source: Cancer Research. 1996 October 1; 56(19): 4535-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8813153

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Paraquat-induced lipid peroxidation and injury in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Karakashev P, Petrov L, Alexandrova A. Source: Neoplasma. 2000; 47(2): 122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10985479

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Preliminary characterization of the procoagulant material in human ascites. Author(s): Addonizio VP Jr, Fisher CA, Strauss JF 3rd, Ewan VA, Rickles FR, Rosato EF, Harken AH, Inouye WY. Source: Surgery. 1987 June; 101(6): 753-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3589968

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Presence of a receptor for the active component of Iscador in ascites fluid of tumour bearing mice. Author(s): Kuttan G, Vasudevan DM, Kuttan R. Source: Cancer Letters. 1989 December; 48(3): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2605571

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Protein leak from normal vasculature due to human malignant ascites. Author(s): Heuser LS, Miller FN, Gilley-Pietsch C. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1988 June; 155(6): 765-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3132052

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Purification and characterization of a 39kDa apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease from mouse ascites sarcoma cells. Author(s): Wakabayashi H, Tsuji T, Seki S.

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Reactive oxygen species-independent G1 arrest induced by evening primrose extract in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Arimura T, Kojima-Yuasa A, Kennedy DO, Matsui-Yuasa I. Source: Cancer Letters. 2004 April 15; 207(1): 19-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15050730

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Reduced toxicity and enhanced antitumor efficacy of betacyclodextrin plumbagin inclusion complex in mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Author(s): Singh UV, Udupa N. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997 April; 41(2): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9142565

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Refractory ascites. Author(s): Runyon BA. Source: Seminars in Liver Disease. 1993 November; 13(4): 343-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8303315

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Regulating effect of Chinese herbal medicine on the peritoneal lymphatic stomata in enhancing ascites absorption of experimental hepatofibrotic mice. Author(s): Li JC, Ding SP, Xu J. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2002 April; 8(2): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11925619

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Regulation of protein turnover versus growth state. Studies on the mechanism(s) of initiation of acidic vacuolar proteolysis in cells of stationary ascites hepatoma. Author(s): Tessitore L, Bonelli G, Cecchini G, Autelli R, Amenta JS, Baccino FM. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1988 April 15; 251(2): 483-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2840897

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Role of dietary magnesium and/or manganese variables on Ehrlich ascites tumorbearing mice. Author(s): Fahim FA, Morcos NY, Muhammad FZ, Esmat AY. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1989; 12(3): 279-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2771804

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Role of intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction in evening primrose extract-induced apoptosis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Arimura T, Kojima-Yuasa A, Watanabe S, Suzuki M, Kennedy DO, MatsuiYuasa I.

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Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2003 June 15; 145(3): 337-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12732460 •

Schedule-dependent interaction between vinblastine and cisplatin in Ehrlich ascites tumors in mice. Author(s): Cemazar M, Auersperg M, Scancar J, Kirbis IS, Pogacnik A, Sersa G. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2002 July; 302(1): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12065735

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Screening of plant constituents for effect on glucose transport activity in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Author(s): Murakami C, Myoga K, Kasai R, Ohtani K, Kurokawa T, Ishibashi S, Dayrit F, Padolina WG, Yamasaki K. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1993 December; 41(12): 2129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8118906

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Selective acylation of alkyllysophospholipids by docosahexaenoic acid in Ehrlich ascites cells. Author(s): Masuzawa Y, Okano S, Nakagawa Y, Ojima A, Waku K. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1986 March 21; 876(1): 80-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2936397

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Sensitivity to antitumor drugs and vinblastine binding to membrane in rat ascites hepatoma AH66 cells. Author(s): Wakusawa S, Nakamura S, Inoko K, Miyamoto K. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1992 August; 40(8): 2182-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1423778

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Sensitization of multidrug-resistant mouse ascites HD33 and Chinese hamster ovary CHRC5S3 cells by a photoreactive vinblastine derivative, NAPAVIN. Author(s): Nasioulas G, Granzow C, Stohr M, Ponstingl H. Source: Cancer Research. 1990 January 15; 50(2): 403-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2257016

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Sequence-dependent antitumor effect of VP-16 and 1-beta-Darabinofuranosylcytosine in L1210 ascites tumor. Author(s): Ohkubo T, Higashigawa M, Kawasaki H, Kamiya H, Sakurai M, Kagawa Y, Kakito E, Sumida K, Ooi K. Source: Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1988 December; 24(12): 1823-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3220079

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Serine protease-induced enhancement of blood-borne metastasis of rat ascites tumour cells and its prevention with deoxyribonuclease. Author(s): Sugihara S, Yamamoto T, Tsuruta J, Tanaka J, Kambara T, Hiraoka T, Miyauchi Y. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1990 October; 62(4): 607-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2121220

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Serum protein reduction of the enhancement of methotrexate accumulation by vincristine and 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell in vitro. Author(s): Gewirtz DA. Source: Cancer Research. 1985 December; 45(12 Pt 1): 6290-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4063980

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Stability of artemisinin in aqueous environments: impact on its cytotoxic action to Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Author(s): Beekman AC, Woerdenbag HJ, Van Uden W, Pras N, Konings AW, Wikstrom HV. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1997 December; 49(12): 1254-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9466353

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Stress-induced insolubilization of certain proteins in ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Kabakov AE, Gabai VL. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1994 March; 309(2): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8135534

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Substrate-dependent utilization of the glycerol 3-phosphate or malate/aspartate redox shuttles by Ehrlich ascites cells. Author(s): Grivell AR, Korpelainen EI, Williams CJ, Berry MN. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1995 September 1; 310 ( Pt 2): 665-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7654209

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Synthesis of plumbagin derivatives and their inhibitory activities against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo and Leishmania donovani Promastigotes in vitro. Author(s): Hazra B, Sarkar R, Bhattacharyya S, Ghosh PK, Chel G, Dinda B. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 March; 16(2): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11933114

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The combination of the tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor SU6668 with paclitaxel affects ascites formation and tumor spread in ovarian carcinoma xenografts growing orthotopically. Author(s): Garofalo A, Naumova E, Manenti L, Ghilardi C, Ghisleni G, Caniatti M, Colombo T, Cherrington JM, Scanziani E, Nicoletti MI, Giavazzi R.

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The effect of total saponins from Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer on the intracellular signalling system in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author(s): Abdrasilov BS, Kim YuA, Nurieva RI, Dedkova EN, Leonteva GA, Park HJ, Zinchenko VP. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1996 March; 38(3): 519-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8829611

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The in vivo effect of a Brassica oleracea var. capitata extract on Ehrlich ascites tumors of MUS musculus BALB/C mice. Author(s): Yurtsever E, Yardimci KT. Source: Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 1999; 15(2-3): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10707127

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Transport of the multidrug resistance modulators verapamil and azidopine in wild type and daunorubicin resistant Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Author(s): Sehested M, Skovsgaard T, Jensen PB, Demant EJ, Friche E, Bindslev N. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1990 July; 62(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1975202

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Treatment of ascites and renal failure in cirrhosis. Author(s): Gines P, Arroyo V, Rodes J. Source: Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1989 January; 3(1): 165-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2655748

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Tumour inhibitory activity of chicory root extract against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. Author(s): Hazra B, Sarkar R, Bhattacharyya S, Roy P. Source: Fitoterapia. 2002 December; 73(7-8): 730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12490244

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Uptake and binding of teniposide (VM26) in Krebs II ascites cells. Author(s): Hamza M, Canal P, Bugat R, Soula G, Douste-Blazy L. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1987 May 15; 36(10): 1599-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3109424

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Vascular endothelial growth factor immunoneutralization plus Paclitaxel markedly reduces tumor burden and ascites in athymic mouse model of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Hu L, Hofmann J, Zaloudek C, Ferrara N, Hamilton T, Jaffe RB.

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Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2002 November; 161(5): 1917-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414537

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to ascites; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Chinese Medicine Badou Alternative names: Croton Fruit; Fructus Crotonis Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Badoushuang Alternative names: Defatted Croton Seed Powder; Semen Crotonis Pulveratum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Banbianlian Alternative names: Chinese Lobelia Herb; Herba Lobeliae Chinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Daii Alternative names: Japanese Thistle Herb; Herba Cirsii Japonici Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gansui Alternative names: Gansui Root; Radix Kansui Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hongdaii Alternative names: Knoxia Root; Radix Knoxiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jingdaii Alternative names: Peking Euphorbia Root; Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Tinglizi Alternative names: Pepperweed Seed; Semen Lepidii Source: Chinese Materia Medica •

Herbs and Supplements Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Centella Alternative names: Gotu Kola; Centella asiatica (Linn.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ornithine Alpha-Ketoglutarate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Plantago Major Alternative names: Plantain; Plantago major/lanceolata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ruta Alternative names: Rue; Ruta graveolens L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Symphytum Alternative names: Comfrey; Symphytum officinale L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ASCITES Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to ascites. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “ascites” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ascites, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Ascites ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to ascites. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Atrial natriuretic factor in two canine models of ascites cardiac release and heterogeneity of renal natriuretic response by Maher, Elizabeth Anne; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL52186

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Deoxyribonucleases from Novikoff ascites hepatoma by Ip, Moon-Kee; ADVDEG from McGill University (Canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK02812

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Factors influencing synthesis and labelling of adenine nucleotides in preparations of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by Schiff, Nathan; ADVDEG from McGill University (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06444

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Methotrexate inhibition of one carbon fragment metabolism in ascites tumor cells by Perrone, John R; ADVDEG from McGill University (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK07307

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Monovalent cations, transport and exchange diffusion of neutral amino acids in Ehrlich ascites cells by Potashner, Steven J; ADVDEG from McGill University (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK09799

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Nucleotide metabolism in Ehrlich ascites cells by Fridland, Arnold; ADVDEG from McGill University (Canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK02673

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Purine nucleotide biosynthesis in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro effect of actinomycin D and glucose by Nair, M. S. Parameswaran; ADVDEG from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03725

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Sodium-dependent amino acid transport in reconstituted plasma membrane vesicles from Ehrlich ascites cell membrane by Bardin, Claudette; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK50385

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Studies of the metabolism of glycopeptides and of the activity of glycosyl transferases of the surfaces of Ehrlich ascites cells by Irwin, David Sutherland; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK26269

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Studies on the control of purine nucleotide metabolism in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro by Crabtree, Gerald Winston; ADVDEG from University of Alberta (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06196

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The aerobic metabolism of glucose by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by Glick, Norman B; ADVDEG from McGill University (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06390

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The effects of glucose on the energy metabolism of Novikoff ascites hepatoma cells by Gurd, James W; ADVDEG from McGill University (Canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK04582

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Transport activity and Na+-K+-ATPase of plasma membranes of Ehrlich ascites cells by Colombini, Marco; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK23047

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Transport and exchange diffusion of amino acids in Ehrlich ascites cells by Gillespie, E; ADVDEG from McGill University (Canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00449

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ASCITES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “ascites” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ascites, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Ascites By performing a patent search focusing on ascites, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on ascites: •

Automated peritoneovenous shunt Inventor(s): Buchwald; Henry (Edina, MN), Guzman; Eugenio (Roseville, MN), Wigness; Bruce D. (Minneapolis, MN) Assignee(s): Regents of the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 4,725,207 Date filed: June 23, 1986 Abstract: An implantable, anti-reflux, fluid displacement peritoneovenous shunt system. The system includes a double chambered multi-micro-orifice ascites collection device, a magnetically driven pump, and an anti-reflux, anti-backdiffusion, non-thrombogenic catheter tip, all connected by flexible tubing. The shunt is used to transfer fluid from the peritoneum to the cardivascular system to prevent accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. The magnetically operated pump may be of either the reciprocating diaphragm or piston type or it may be a rotary driven bellows displacement pump. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an implantable anti-reflux fluid displacement peritoneovenous shunt used to transfer an unwanted accumulation of body fluids from a body cavity to a site where they can be processed by the body. The primary use for the shunt is in the treatment of patients with ascites by the displacement of accumulated peritoneal cavity fluid into the systemic venous circulation. This application is related to our copending U.S. application Ser. No. 598,243, filed Apr. 4, 1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,530, issued Apr. 14, 1987, entitled Compression Pump-Catheter and directed to a manually operable ascites shunt. The disclosure of that application is incorporated herein by reference. The device of the aforesaid application is a peritoneovenous shunt in which ascites fluid is transferred from the peritoneum to the vasculature via a manually operated compression pump. That device is not an alternative for certain patients who require peritoneovenous shunting but for a variety of reasons are unable to perform the pumping mechanics. The present invention is directed to a peritoneovenous shunt which features automation of the earlier design, thus expanding the benefit of this therapy to a broader population of patients and providing greater convenience to existing patients. As described in application Ser. No. 598,243, there is evidence that ascites occurs with the obstruction, or increase in pressure, of hepatic lymphatics with a subsequent oozing of lymphatic fluid from the surface of the liver. If the fluid flux is high, especially in an individual with liver disease and portal venous system hypertension, there is inadequate re-absorption of this fluid and it accumulates within the peritoneal cavity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04725207__

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Bioactive substance having antitumor activity, producing strain, and production thereof Inventor(s): Takazawa; Hidenao (Saitama, JP) Assignee(s): Senka Co., Ltd. (Saitama, JP) Patent Number: 5,965,430 Date filed: September 4, 1997

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Abstract: Asn-linked glycoprotein having antitumor activity, with molecular weight of 32-84 kDa, its producing strain, production and use, adsorbs to Con. A. The process for its production comprises culturing a microorganism belonging to genus Aspergillus and isolating from the culture medium Asn-linked glycoprotein having a molecular weight of 32-84 kDa which adsorbs to Con. A, or a mixture thereof. The substance having antitumor activity is effective for treatment of solid tumors, ascites tumors, multiple cytoma and oval tumors and for the suppression of tumors. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to Asn-linked glycoproteins having antitumor activity and molecular weights of 32-84 kDa, a mixture thereof, their producing microorganism, and the production thereof. Fungi Aspergillus have been known for use as food additives to Miso and soysauce (Pathogenic Mycology, p. 78-80, 1987, Nanzando Publ., Tokyo) and are known to have bactericidal activities (White, E. C. et al. J. Bacteriol. 45: p. 433-422, 1942). Studies on application of these activities seemed, however, to be few (Dutcher, J. G. J. Biol. Chem. 171: 321-339, 1947). We have tried to study the activities of Aspergillus and have examined its actions on cancer cells and gingival cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05965430__ •

Carnitine supplemented diet to prevent or alleviate ascites in broiler type poultry Inventor(s): Owen; Kevin Q. (Manhattan, KS), Teeter; Robert G. (Stillwater, OK), Vanhooser; Stanley L. (Glencoe, OK) Assignee(s): Lonza, Inc. (Fair Lawn, NJ), The Board of Regents for Oklahoma State University (Stillwater, OK) Patent Number: 6,489,362 Date filed: March 23, 1999 Abstract: An effective amount of carnitine is administered to broiler type poultry to prevent or alleviate ascites. In the preferred embodiment, a carnitine supplemented diet is fed to broiler type chickens in a feed composition during the phase of rapid tissue accretion where a high oxygen requirement stresses the birds' cardiovascular support system. The feed composition preferably contains between 5 and 1000 ppm of carnitine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to disease prevention in livestock, and, more specifically, to the prevention or alleviation of ascites in broiler type poultry. Ascites, also known as pulmonary hypertension syndrome, is a condition characterized by the accumulation of serous fluid in the spaces between tissues and organs in the abdominal cavity and is most prevalent as an affliction of poultry. The fluid is clear or amber in color, originates from the liver and has the general composition of plasma. Also referred to as waterbelly, high altitude disease and avian edema, ascites is attributable to the inability of the cardiovascular system to meet tissue oxygen demands. The economic consequences associated with ascites are severe and occur due to a combination of increased bird mortality and condemnations along with reduced growth rate and feed efficiency. In the United States alone, annual poultry industry losses due to ascites are estimated to exceed 65 million dollars. Though estimates for dollar losses in other countries are not as readily available, the annual global impact of this disease likely exceeds a billion dollars. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06489362__

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Detection of human cancer cells with anitbodies to human cancer nucleolar antigen p145 Inventor(s): Busch; Harris (Houston, TX), Busch; Rose K. (Houston, TX), Freeman; James W. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Biosciences Corporation of Texas (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 4,794,077 Date filed: December 13, 1985 Abstract: Specific common nucleolar antigens are found in a broad range of human malignant tumor specimens and have been isolated, extracted and purifed. Monoclonal antibodies specific to one of these nucleolar antigens (p145) are harvested from mouse ascites or culture supernatant and used for detection of humanThe Government may have rights in this invention subject to funding grants provided by the Department of Health and Human Services No. 5 PO1-CA-10893-19. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to nucleolar antigen p145 found in a broad range of human cancers and not found in corresponding non-tumor tissues and to antibodies and antisera specific to this nucleolar antigen for diagnostic purposes. Earlier findings in experimental animals have indicated the presence of nuclear and nucleolar antigens in tumors which were not found in non-tumor tissues (R. K. Busch et al, Cancer Res. 34, 2362, 1974; Yeoman et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 73, 3258, 1976; Busch and Busch, Tumori 63, 347, 1977; Davis et al, Cancer Res. 38, 1906, 1978; Marashi et al, Cancer Res. 39, 59, 1979). In these early studies by the inventors, antibodies were prepared to nucleoli of rat normal and neoplastic cells by immunization of rabbits (R. K. Busch et al, supra; Busch and Busch, supra; Davis et al, supra). Bright nucleolar fluorescence was demonstrated in the acetone-fixed tumor cells by the indirect immunofluorescence method. It was also found that the immunoprecipitin bands in Ouchterlony gels formed with antisera to Novikoff hepatoma nucleolar antigens extracted from rat Novikoff hepatoma nucleoli differed from the corresponding immunoprecipitin bands produced with liver nucleolar antigens and antiliver nucleolar antisera (Busch and Busch, supra). Further specificity was shown when antitumor nucleolar antiserum absorbed with liver nuclear extracts produced positive nucleolar fluorescence in Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells but not in liver cells. Conversely, antiliver nucleolar antiserum absorbed with tumor nucleolar extracts did not produce detectable tumor nucleolar fluorescence but did produce positive fluorescence in liver nucleoli (Davis et al, supra). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04794077__

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Detection of human cancer with a monoclonal antibody specific for antigen gp650 Inventor(s): Moosic; Joseph P. (Arlington Heights, IL), Yeoman; Lynn C. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 4,916,055 Date filed: December 13, 1985 Abstract: A specific high molecular weight antigen (gp650) is detected in the sera of cancer patients with gastrointestinal cancer, cancer of the liver, breast cancer, cancer of the lung, cancer of the tongue, fallopian cancer, lymphoma and multiple myeloma. A monoclonal antibody specific for the 650 kD high molecular weight glycoprotein antigen has been harvested from mouse ascites and culture supernatants and used for the

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detection of antigen in cancer patient sera. Disclosed are (1) the method for preparing the antigen, (2) the properties of the antigen, (3) the method for preparation of the monoclonal antibody, (4) the characteristics and specificity of the monoclonal antibody and (5) a diagnostic kit based upon the specific monoclonal antibody. Excerpt(s): This invention enables detection of elevated levels of high molecular weight antigen gp650 in the sera of patients with gastrointestinal cancer, hepatoma, cancer of the breast, cancer of the lung, cancer of the tongue, fallopian cancer, lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Normal human serum and serum from patients with some other cancers had low or undetectable levels of this antigen. Earlier studies utilizing polyclonal antibodies and immunofluorescence (Goldenberg et al., Cancer Res. 36, 3455, 1976; Chakrabarty et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 43, 301, 1081; Taylor et al., Immun. Commun., 12, 315, 1983; Chakrabarty et al., Cancer Biochem. Biophys. 6, 249, 1983) showed that the cytosol fraction from the GW-39 tumor (a human/hamster xenograft) was a source of antigens expressed by a number of primary human colon tumors. Indirect immunofluorescence studies (Hilgers et al., Cancer Res. 32, 98, 1972) on human colon tumor cryosections using these polyclonal antisera and those of others (Arends et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 780, 1, 1985) have demonstrated moderate to bright immunofluorescence in many specimens obtained from human cancers of the bowel (Yeoman et al., Meth. in Cancer Res. 19, 233, 1982). Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analyses (Laurell, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 29, 21, 1972) had shown that these polyclonal antisera were capable of recognizing more than 20 antigens (Chakrabarty et al., 1983). After extensive preabsorptions were performed with normal human and normal hamster tissues, only three antigens were detected. Using a quantitative filterbased radioimmunoassay (Chakrabarty et al., 1983), it was shown that elevated levels of colon antigen 3 (CA-3) expression could be measured in the extracts of primary human colon tumors but that negative or low levels were detected in the extracts of normal colon mucosa and the mucosa removed from nontumorous colon samples (Bara et al., Cancer Res. 44, 4040, 1984). Further biochemical characterization of the antigens recognized by these sera showed that they had molecular weights of 600-800 kilodaltons (Chakrabarty et al., 1983). Inasmuch as quantitative data obtained with polyclonal antisera had indicated that immunoassays based upon reactivity with antigens of very high molecular weight could discriminate between samples of colon cancers, normal adjacent colon and normal colon specimens, the present inventors began experiments in which selected immunizations were done with antigens of high molecular weight (600800 kilodaltons). The present invention has resulted from studies designed to produce monoclonal antibodies to human tumor antigens of high molecular weight and to detect their presence in peripheral blood specimens. The advantages of monoclonal antibodies over the polyclonal antibodies used in the previous studies are: (1) the high specificity of monoclonal antibodies (2) the potentially unlimited supply of antibody and (3) the absence of a need for absorptions to improve their specificity. The advantages of a serum based test over the assay of extracts prepared from tumor specimens are: (1) the ease of sample acquisition, (2) the ability to screen for cancer in patients at high risk for specific types of cancer and (3) the possibility of early detection in asymptomatic individuals and (4) the ability to subsequently follow therapy or reoccurrence of disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04916055__

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Diagnostic applications of mouse ascites golgi (MAG) manipulation Inventor(s): Feinberg; Ronald F. (Cherry Hill, NJ), Kliman; Harvey J. (Philadelphia, PA) Assignee(s): The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,599,680 Date filed: February 22, 1994 Abstract: Therapeutic and diagnostic applications by the detection and manipulation of mouse ascites golgi factor produced by endometrium and present in other exocrine tissues and defined by an antibody found in mouse ascites are provided by this invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of mammalian diagnostics and therapeutics. In particular, the invention relates to therapeutic and diagnostic applications through the identification of the factor, mouse ascites golgi factor (MAG). More particularly, therapeutic and diagnostic applications relating to fertility enhancement, contraception and contragestion are provided. In the field of mammalian reproduction, many diagnostic procedures exist to aid the reproduction practitioner in making a diagnosis and choosing an appropriate course of action. Currently, infertility in humans is defined as one year of unprotected coitus without conception. Approximately 10-15% of couples are affected by infertility. The risk of infertility is doubled for women between the ages of 35 to 44 as compared to women between the ages of 30 and 34. Approximately 600,000 couples sought professional help during the year 1968. However, in the early 1980's this number increased to over 2 million visits per year for infertility. Changes in fertility patterns will have a significant impact on the make-up of populations. It has been calculated that by the middle of the next century, the population in the United States will decline without immigration. Furthermore, the percent of people over the age of 65 will increase to over 23% in the next 100 years, resulting in an older and smaller work force. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05599680__

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Feed composition for broilers and method for breeding broilers Inventor(s): Aoyama; Tomoya (Tokyo, JP), Sugimoto; Yasuaki (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Idemitsu Petrochemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,251,442 Date filed: November 12, 1999 Abstract: Coenzyme Q is added to a feed composition for broilers, preferably in an amount of from 0.0005 to 0.003% by weight of the total amount of the composition, and the composition is controlled to have a metabolizable energy value of not smaller than 3150 kcal/kg. The coenzyme Q-containing composition is pelletized into pellets. This is fed to broilers for 7 days or longer while the broilers being fed therewith are of 10 to 35days age. Feeding broilers with the pelletized, coenzyme Q-containing feed composition provided by the invention makes it possible to well prevent the broilers from having ascites and to increase the growth rate of the broilers, whereby raising rate of the broilers is increased and the rearing period thereof is shortened. According to the feeding method of the invention, the productivity in broiler raising is much increased. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a feed composition and a feeding method for broilers, precisely, to a feed composition for broilers which is effective in raising broilers

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both for improving the growth rate and for lowering the death rate, and also to a feeding method for broilers where is used the composition to attain high productivity. In the broiler industry for raising poultry, precisely chickens, and especially broilers, improvements and developments have been made essentially in the breeding technique for phyletic lines of broilers and in the rearing technique for increasing the growth rate of broilers. Above all, much emphasis is put on the growth rate and the feed conversion rate in the method of rearing broilers, and high-calorie feed and pellet-like feed have become used for rearing broilers. Use of such feed has made it possible to increase the growth rate and the feeding efficiency, but on the other hand, has brought about some problems. Specifically, too much increase in the growth rate of broilers during the rearing period could not be followed by sufficient body metabolic functions such as the cardiac function, etc., and the imbalance therebetween has increased the death rate, thereby lowering the raising rate and the productivity to cause great economic damage to the broiler industry. One essential cause of death of broilers from the imbalance between the growth rate and the development of cardiac functions is ascites. Broilers having been fed with high-calorie feed could grow rapidly, but it is known that, in those, the incidence of ascites is high. In addition, depending on the raising condition, many broilers often have ascites in winter or at highlands, or in raising with high stocking density of chicks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06251442__ •

Heteroaroyl 10-deazaamino-pterine compounds and use for rheumatoid arthritis Inventor(s): Colwell; William T. (Menlo Park, CA), DeGraw; Joseph I. (Sunnyvale, CA), Piper; James R. (Birmingham, AL), Sirotnak; Francis M. (New York, NY), Smith; R. Lane (Palo Alto, CA) Assignee(s): SRI International (Menlo Park, CA) Patent Number: 5,354,751 Date filed: July 12, 1993 Abstract: There is disclosed certain heteroaroyl 10-deazaaminopterin and 5, 10 and 8, 10 di deazaminopterin compounds and their use for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases and preparative process.Also disclosed are 10 alkenyl-(and alkynyl) 10deazaminopterins also disclosed for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and for leukemia and ascites tumors and preparative process. Excerpt(s): The current invention concerns novel antiinflammatory and antineoplastic 10-deazaaminopterin compounds. In particular, the invention concerns heteroaroyl-10deazaaminopterins and 10-alkenyl or 10-alkynyl-10-deazaaminopterins having pronounced antiinflammatory activity, antileukemic and antitumorigenic activity, as well as a method for treatment of inflammatory diseases, leukemia and tumors. Pharmaceutical compositions containing these heteroaroyl-10-deazaaminopterin compounds are also disclosed. The invention further concerns a process for preparation of these compounds. Rheumatoid arthritis, malignant tumors and leukemia are severely debilitating diseases which are often fatal, as in cases of leukemia and malignant growths. Drugs which are currently available and used for treatment of these diseases typically have unpleasant secondary symptoms or are highly toxic. Rheumatoid arthritis is one of a number of forms of proliferative disease, and the development of drugs for amelioration or curing the disease has occupied the attention of research organizations for many years, until most recently without appreciable success.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05354751__ •

Hybridoma producing monoclonal antibody F4 which specifically binds to multidrug resistant P-glycoprotein and assays for detection of P-glycoprotein Inventor(s): Chu; Tsann M. (Williamsville, NY), Kawinski; Elzbieta (Orchard Park, NY), Lin; Tsung-hsing (Chapel Hill, NC) Assignee(s): Health Research, Inc. (Buffalo, NY) Patent Number: 5,503,984 Date filed: April 13, 1993 Abstract: A unique monoclonal antibody against P-glycoprotein. The monoclonal antibody is different than those previously described and has the surprising property of reacting to a soluble form of P-glycoprotein. The invention further includes a novel hybridoma cell line which produces the antibody. A preferred embodiment of the novel antibody has been designated F4 which is believed to react at or near an extracellular transmembrane loop of P-glycoprotein selected from the group consisting of the third and sixth extracellular loops. The invention further comprises a method for detecting the presence of P-glycoprotein comprising reacting a specimen containing P-glycoprotein with the novel monoclonal antibody and detecting the reaction to show that Pglycoprotein is present. The invention, in a preferred embodiment, comprises detecting the presence of drug resistant carcinoma cells, in the absence of biopsy, comprising removing extracellular fluids from a patient for use as a specimen, and determining the presence of P-glycoprotein in the specimen by reacting the specimen with the the novel monoclonal antibody to show that P-glycoprotein is present as an indicator of drug resistance. The extracellular fluid may be any suitable fluid which could contain Pglycoprotein as an indicator of drug resistance. Such fluids may for example be plasma, lymph excretions, and especially ascites taken from the area of a tumor site. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a monoclonal antibody against P-glycoprotein and its use in detecting drug resistant carcinoma. Multidrug resistance in human cancer is a unique phenomenon and is commonly associated with an overexpression of the human multidrug resistant gene mdrl, which encodes an energy-dependent Mr 170,000 transmembrane protein, also known as P-glycoprotein. One biological function of Pglycoprotein is to transport some chemotherapeutic agents out of cancer cells, thereby conferring a drug resistant phenotype to cancer cells expressing P-glycoprotein. The recognition of the importance of a complexed drug resistant phenotype of broad spectrum in human cancer has prompted an extensive investigation of this phenomenon in vitro using drug resistant cell lines (Juranka, P. F. et al., P-Glycoprotein: multidrugresistance and a super family of membrane-associated transport protein. FASEB J. 3: 2583-2592, 1989; Pastan, I. et al., Molecular manipulation of the multidrug transporter: a new role for transgenic mice. FASEB J. 5: 2523-2528, 1991; Gros, P. et al., Multidrug resistance: A novel class of membrane-associated transport protein is identified. Cancer Invest. 9: 563-569, 1991; Roninson, I. B. et al., Isolation of human mdr DNA sequences amplified in multidrug-resistant KB carcinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 45384542, 1986; Ling, V. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,306 and Canadian Patent 1,263,324.) All patents and other documents cited herein are incorporated herein by reference. Immunological and molecular biology techniques have permitted the identification, isolation, and characterization of the mdrl gene, and its encoded P-glycoprotein. Recent study has revealed that P-glycoprotein represents a member of a large family of homologous membrane associated transport proteins, which are implicated in

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multidrug resistance and other diseases. Biochemically, P-glycoprotein is found in the plasma membrane enriched fraction, is glycosylated, exhibits ATPase activity, binds photoactivatable ATP, and drug analogs. The prototype P-glycoprotein is consisted of twelve transmembrane domains capable of forming six transmembrane loops, a cluster of putative N-linked glycosylation sites located between the first and second proposed transmembrane domain, and two predicted cytoplasmic ATP binding sites. Additionally, peptide portion of P-glycoprotein is composed of two highly symmetrical halves. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05503984__ •

Integrated body fluid collection and analysis device with sample transfer component Inventor(s): Mauro; Stephen F. (Tucson, AZ), Reynolds; Robert A. (Escondido, CA) Assignee(s): Aalto Scientific LTD (Carlsbad, CA) Patent Number: 6,372,182 Date filed: December 15, 1999 Abstract: A single, integrated device in which a body fluid (e.g., blood) of a human or animal can be both collected and analyzed easily and without risk of contamination is disclosed. The collection portion and analysis portion of the device are permanently joined to permit movement of small quantities of body fluid under controlled conditions, to minimize any waste of the body fluid, to ensure that no contamination reaches the main body fluid volume, and to create a permanent physical record of the results of the analysis in association with the fluid sample itself: A wide variety of different body fluid components which may be indicative of various diseases, dysfunctions and abnormalities of the human or animal or the body fluid itself can be tested for. The device includes a container for collecting human or animal body fluid, one or more testing chambers containing one or more analysis units activated by body fluid; a transfer pump or vacuum assembly to transfer one or more samples into the analysis units; and one-way valves or the equivalent to prevent any portion of the withdrawn sample from being returned to the collection container. The body fluid acted upon may be blood, blood plasma, urine, bile, pleural fluid, ascites fluid, stomach or intestine fluid, colostrom, milk or lymph. Excerpt(s): The invention herein relates to the collection and analysis of body fluid samples, especially blood samples, from humans or animals. More particularly it is related to devices used for such collection and analysis. After collection, each unit of blood or plasma must be tested for several infectious organisms, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and several types of hepatitis. Other tests may be performed as well. To perform these tests, a sample must be removed from each unit of collected blood or plasma. Each sample is then labeled, to identify the unit from which it was drawn, and sent to a laboratory for analysis. Many techniques and devices are available to make these analyses. The particular ones used may vary with the substances of concern to the blood bank operator, the researcher, or whichever other party intends to use the product. Blood analyzers may range from small "per drop" analysis devices to large laboratory equipment capable of rapidly analyzing a large number of samples. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06372182__

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Intermediate derivatives

compounds

of

1-acyl-2,3-dihydro-4(1H)-quinolinone-4-oxime

Inventor(s): Haga; Akinori (Kawasaki, JP), Kato; Kazuo (Mishima, JP), Mochida; Ei (Toshima, JP), Tokunaga; Hiroki (Tokyo, JP), Uemura; Akio (Mishima, JP) Assignee(s): Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP), Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,077,410 Date filed: January 25, 1989 Abstract: The present invention relates to intermediate compounds to produce novel 1acyl-2,3-dihydro-4(1H)-quinolinone-4-oxime derivatives with potent diuretic activity that can be used for treating and/or preventing hypertension, oedema and/or for removing ascites.The present invention is based on two characters. One is the selection of acyl substituents of 2,3-dihydro-4(1H)-quinolinone at 1-position, namely propionyl, tbutylcarbonyl, benzoyl, 2-bromobenzoyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, 2-methylbenzoyl, 2ethylbenzoyl, 2,3-dimethoxybenzoyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl, 4-chloro-2-methyl benzoyl or 2-chloro-4-nitrobenzoyl. The other is the selection of substituents and positional specificity at 6- or 7-position, namely halogen atom, methoxy, trifluoromethyl or dimethylamino group.1-acyl-2,3-dihydro-4(1H)-quinolinone-4-oxime derivatives which are made from the intermediate compounds of the present invention have potent hypotensive, antioedematous and diuretic effect as well as an activity to remove ascites, and are extremely useful for the treatment of diseases and disorders mentioned above. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel 1-acyl-2,3-dihydro-4(1H)-quinolinone4-oxime derivatives, processes for producing said derivatives, intermediate compounds, novel 1-acyl-2,3-dihydro-4(1H)-quinolinone derivatives, to produce said derivatives, processes to produce said intermediate compounds, and compositions containing said derivatives with potent diuretic activity that can be used for treating and/or preventing hypertension, oedema and/or for removing ascites. For the treatment of hypertension, benzothiazide derivatives or so-called loop diuretics have been widely used to lower blood pressure. These agents act mainly on the distal part of renal tubule or the loop of Henle and increase renal excretion of electrolytes and water. Many of these diuretics, however, are known to show several adverse reactions in common, for example, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, decrease in sugar tolerance and disorder in lipid metabolism. Diuretic agents have also been used for the treatment of oedema resulting from retention of water and electrolytes based on cardiac or renal insufficiency or on metabolic disorders, but such conventionally used diuretics show only marginal efficacy against retention of ascites which is often observed in the patients with abdominal tumor or liver cirrhosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05077410__ •

Intra-vascular administration of particles to induce pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hypertension syndrome, and ascites in poultry Inventor(s): Erf; Gisela F. (Fayetteville, AR), French; Howard L. (Stirling, CA), Wideman, Jr.; Robert F. (Fayetteville, AR) Assignee(s): University of Arkansas (Little Rock, AR) Patent Number: 6,720,473 Date filed: August 13, 2001

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Abstract: A new method for identifying and eliminating chickens that are susceptible to pulmonary hypertension uses micrometer scale particles to occlude blood vessels in the lungs of the chickens. This results in the death of chickens that are pre-disposed to pulmonary hypertension. The invention effectively culls a chicken stock of the weaker animals. Excerpt(s): In order to propel the requisite cardiac output through the lungs, the right ventricle must develop a pulmonary arterial pressure sufficient to overcome the resistance to blood flow offered by the pulmonary vasculature. According to the equation, pulmonary arterial pressure=cardiac output pulmonary vascular resistance, the blood pressure within the pulmonary circulation must increase (pulmonary hypertension must develop) whenever the cardiac output cannot be accommodated by the pulmonary vascular capacity. In this context, the vascular capacity is broadly defined to encompass anatomical constraints related to the compliance and volume of the blood vessels, as well as metabolic limitations related to the tone (state of contracture) maintained by the resistance vessels (Wideman and Bottje, 1993; Wideman et al, 1996a,b, 1998a,b, 1999a,b). In broiler chickens, pulmonary hypertension initiates a distinctive pathophysiological progression that terminates as pulmonary hypertension syndrome, also commonly known as ascites (Julian, 1993, Odom, 1993; Wideman and Bottje, 1993; Wideman, 1999). Broilers exhibit a similar pathophysiological progression under a variety of environmental and management conditions, providing support for the hypothesis that increases in the cardiac output and an inadequate pulmonary vascular capacity constitute common mechanisms through which multiple factors can initiate pulmonary hypertension leading to ascites. For example, fast growth and cool temperatures elevate the cardiac output and serve as the most common triggers for ascites in broilers reared near sea level, whereas hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction contributes to high incidences of ascites in broilers reared at high altitudes (Cueva et al., 1974; Huchzermeyer and DeRuyck, 1986; Julian, 1993; Odom, 1993; Wideman and Bottje, 1993; Roush et al., 1996, 1997; Wideman, 1997; Wideman et al., 1996a,b, 1998a,b,c, 1999a,b). A genetic component of ascites susceptibility has been revealed by surgically occluding one pulmonary artery in male and female broiler breeder parents. Unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion applies extremely rigorous and directly focused selection pressure, causing those individuals incapable of tolerating a direct doubling of the pulmonary vascular resistance to rapidly develop ascites. The survivors of chronic unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion apparently possess a cardio-pulmonary capacity sufficient to accommodate the combined challenges of an elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, a disproportionately high rate of blood flow through the unoccluded lung, and sustained pulmonary hypertension (Wideman and Kirby, 1995, 1996; Wideman et al., 1996a,b, 1997). First generation broiler breeder survivors of unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion, subsequently produced male and female progeny exhibiting about a 50% reduction in ascites susceptibility when grown as rapidly as possible during exposure to cool temperatures (Wideman and French, 1999a). Survivors of a second generation of selection, subsequently produced progeny exhibiting about a 90% reduction in ascites susceptibility when compared with the base population from which the ascites resistant line was developed (Wideman and French, 1999b). This rapid pace of genetic improvement confirms the central contribution of an inadequate pulmonary vascular capacity to the ascites susceptibility of broilers. Furthermore, the gene or genes involved in ascites susceptibility appear to be dominant, indicating ongoing proactive exposure and elimination of susceptible individuals will be required to achieve an overall improvement in ascites resistance (Wideman and French, 1999a,b). The unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion technique is impractical for large-scale genetic selection programs, because considerable time and surgical expertise are required to

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correctly clamp the delicate and poorly accessible pulmonary artery. More efficient methodologies for triggering controlled, sustainable increases in pulmonary vascular resistance are needed before ascites susceptibility can be eliminated routinely from commercial broiler populations. Chemical mediators of pulmonary vasoconstriction are expensive, and tend to produce transient responses unsuitable for maintaining the pulmonary hypertension necessary to expose ascites susceptibility (Wideman et al., 1998a, 1999a; Wideman, 1999). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06720473__ •

Method for the reduction of heterogeneity of monoclonal antibodies Inventor(s): Bartholomew; Richard M. (San Diego, CA), Furman; Thomas C. (Indianapolis, IN), Jue; Rodney A. (San Diego, CA), McDonough; James P. (Bloomington, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN), Hybritech Incorporated (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 5,126,250 Date filed: June 9, 1989 Abstract: Novel methods for reducing the heterogeneity of secreted monoclonal antibodies are disclosed. The first method comprises incubating the heterogeneous antibodies at low pH for a length of time sufficient to convert the heterogeneous forms of antibodies into substantially homogeneous forms. Another method produces the same result using ascites fluid, while yet another method produces the same result using carboxypeptidase. The homogeneous antibodies can then be purified in high yield. Excerpt(s): The large scale production of monoclonal antibodies from hybridoma cells has triggered a revolution in the prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of various disease states. Monoclonal antibodies are also useful in determining the stages of various natural conditions, such as pregnancy. It has been discovered, however, that many hybridoma-derived antibodies display heterogeneous forms which greatly hinder the purification and isolation processes needed to attain high yields from the production strains. Cation exchange chromatography demonstrates that there are at least three discrete heterogeneous forms of antibody secreted from cells grown in vitro. These forms may appear in varying relative amounts. These heterogeneous forms are not found to the same degree in ascites-derived antibodies, yet the production of high levels of antibodies from ascites is far too cumbersome and expensive for commercial purposes. The biochemical basis for this heterogeneity arises from the presence of an extra amino acid or acids attached to the carboxy terminus of the antibody heavy chains. The terminal amino acid is, most likely, usually removed during the internal processing or secretion of the antibody from the cell, as the inferred amino acid sequence derived from the DNA sequence of the antibody gene does contain an extra amino acid. One of the three heterogeneous forms is an antibody which contains no extra terminal amino acid on either of its heavy chains. The second of the three discrete heterogeneous forms contains an extra amino acid on one of its heavy chains, while the third form contains extra amino acids on both heavy chains. The present invention comprises a method for specifically cleaving the extra amino acid from the heavy chains of the heterogeneous antibodies of any isotype, thereby converting all three forms into one, substantially pure, homogeneous mixture. The development and exploitation of monoclonal antibody technology depends upon the availability of large volumes of substantially

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homogeneous antibodies. This development has been somewhat retarded by the inability to easily purify and characterize the various heterogeneous forms of secreted antibodies. The present invention is useful and especially important in that it allows for the conversion of most heterogeneous antibodies into one substantially homogeneous form before purification. This conversion leads to a higher yield of antibody with more defined biochemical characteristics, as well as a decrease in purification contamination with heterogeneous forms of antibody. Furthermore, the possession of highly purified single-form antibodies greatly increases the reproducibility and consistency of subsequent modifications, such as immunoconjugation or immobilization reactions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05126250__ •

Method of obtaining gene product through the generation of transgenic animals Inventor(s): Brinster; Ralph L. (Gladwyne, PA), Evans; Ronald M. (La Jolla, CA), Palmiter; Richard D. (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): The Salk Institute for Biological Studies (San Diego, CA) Patent Number: 4,870,009 Date filed: December 15, 1983 Abstract: Mammalian genes that encode hormones are cloned and linked to strong promoter DNA sequences. The linked sequences are inserted in plasmids for amplification in prokaryotic cells, and multiple copies of the linked sequences are excised therefrom. Linked sequences are subsequently microinjected into fertilized eggs and the fertilized eggs are implanted into pseudo-pregnent females of the same species. As a result, transgenic animals are born having the linked sequences incorporated into their genomes and expressing the gene-encoded hormone. Because multiple copies of the linked sequences are frequently inserted and because production of the hormone is not limited to certain organs, as is the case with most endogenous hormones, the transgenic animals produce substantial amounts of the hormone. Hormone can be harvested from the living animal (and from its hormone-producing progeny) by extracting fluid, such as blood serum or ascites fluid, on a regular basis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to manipulation of genetic material for the purpose of obtaining expression product of genetic material and more particularly to the generation of transgenic animals from which gene expression product may be harvested. Most simply put, the programming function of genetic materials is generally effected through a process whereby DNA nucleotide sequences (genes) are "transcribed" into messenger RNA ("mRNA") polymers which, in turn, serve as templates for formation of structural, regulatory and catalytic proteins from amino acids. Protein synthesis is thus the ultimate form of "expression" of the programmed genetic message provided by the DNA sequence of a gene. Certain DNA sequences which usually "precede" a gene in a DNA polymer provide a site for initiation of the transcription into mRNA. These are referred to as "promoter" sequences. Other DNA sequences, also usually "upstream" of a gene in a given DNA polymer, bind proteins that determine the frequency (or rate) of transcription initiation. These other sequences are referred to as "regulator" sequences. Thus, sequences which precede a selected gene (or series of genes) in a functional DNA polymer and which operate to determine whether the transcription (and eventual expression) of a gene will take place are collectively referred to as "promoter/regulator" DNA sequences. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04870009__

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Method of treating ascites in animals Inventor(s): Laurent; Sebastian M. (Greenwell Springs, LA), Sanders; Robert N. (Baton Rouge, LA) Assignee(s): Ethyl Corporation (Baton Rouge, LA) Patent Number: 4,970,080 Date filed: January 30, 1939 Abstract: Methods of (a) improving the quality of the bones and/or increasing the bone strength and/or the blood quality of and/or (b) treating ascites and/or fatty liver syndrome in animals, including humans, cattle, sheep, goats, swine, cats, dogs and poultry without deleterious effects on the animals or products of the animals by adding small effective amounts of zeolite to the feed of the animals or directly to the animals in the form of a capsule, tablet or the like. Excerpt(s): Same footnotes as starter diet composition. The diet compositions were again changed at day 43 to a finisher diet composition and this composition was fed until the broilers were ready to be processed for meat, (day 52) except that the feed was allowed to run out about eight hours before the birds were slaughtered. Same footnotes as for starter and grower diet compositions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04970080__

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Monoclonal antibodies against hepatitis B virus Inventor(s): Goodall; Alison H. (Buntingford, GB2), Janossy; George (Harrow, GB2), Thomas; Howard C. (London, GB2) Assignee(s): National Research Development Corporation (London, GB2) Patent Number: 5,204,095 Date filed: July 17, 1990 Abstract: The new hybridoma cell lines RF-HBs-1, RF-HBs-2 and RF-HBs-4 each secrete a nonoclonal antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. The production of the antibodies may be carried out in vitro by culturing one of the cell lines or in vivo by establishing one of the cell lines as an ascites tumour in a mouse and isolating antibodies from the ascites fluid or from the serum. The antibodies have therapeutic, preventative and diagnostic uses in respect of hepatitis B virus infections and can be used to purify hepatitis B surface antigen. The relative specificities of the three monoclonal antibodies make them particularly useful in radiometric assay techniques employing specific combinations of the antibodies in solid phase. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) which are secreted by new hybridoma cell lines, and particularly the use of these monoclonal antibodies in assay systems for hepatitis B virus infections. The development of new cell lines that can be continuously subcultured has been an important area of research in recent years. One particular application for such cell lines lies in the production of antibodies and the introduction of somatic cell hybridisation (i.e. cell fusion) has provided a research tool which enables production of pure, monoclonal antibodies. By fusing antibody secreting cells with meloma cells and cloning the resulting antibody-secreting hybrids in tissue culture, it has been found possible to produce and select a stable hybrid monoclonal cell line that is capable of secreting a particular antibody. It is thus possible to ensure the production of pure, monospecific

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antibodies since, in the monoclonal cell line, they arise from one original antibody secreting cell. This ability to produce pure, monospecific antibodies is clearly of great utility for accurate screening, purification of the antigen and in therapeutic/preventative applications and the present invention is directed towards the use of these techniques in connection with hepatitis B virus infections. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05204095__ •

Monoclonal antibody specific for protein C and antibody purification method Inventor(s): Esmon; Charles T. (Oklahoma City, OK), Esmon; Naomi L. (Oklahoma City, OK) Assignee(s): Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (Oklahoma City, OK) Patent Number: 5,202,253 Date filed: July 12, 1991 Abstract: A Ca.sup.2+ dependent monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to a specific twelve peptide sequence (E D Q V D P R L I D G K) in the activation region of the Protein C. The antibody does not bind to Activated Protein C and can be used to inhibit activation of Protein C by thrombin-thrombomodulin. The antibody can be isolated from cell culture or ascites fluid in large quantities by affinity chromatography with mild conditions using the peptide bound to an immobilized substrate. The antibody has a number of specific uses in isolation and characterization of Protein C and as a model for the design of Ca.sup.2+ dependent antibodies for the isolation of other proteins, as a diagnostic, and as a therapeutic to prevent activation of Protein C. The Protein C can be naturally produced or produced by expression of the recombinant gene. Advantages of the antibody in purification of Protein C include the specificity for Protein C and not Activated Protein C, and the unique Ca.sup.2+ -peptide binding specificity which allows the binding site to be protected when it is being immobilized on the chromatographic support. In vivo, the antibody has been demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth. The antibody can also be used to promote clotting in patients having high levels of Factor VIII inhibitors. Excerpt(s): This invention is generally in the area of antibodies to plasma proteins, specifically Protein C, and methods for use thereof. Protein C has been shown to have major importance in vivo. Patients deficient in protein C, or its cofactor, protein S, show pronounced thrombotic tendencies. Babies born totally deficient in protein C exhibit massive disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and a necrotic syndrome which leads to death within the first few weeks of life if untreated. Activated protein C has also been shown to protect animals against the coagulopathic and lethal effects of endotoxin shock, as described by Taylor, et al., in J. Clin. Invest.79, 918-925 (1987). As first reported by Kisiel, in J. Clin. Invest. 64, 761-769 (1979), Protein C was originally isolated in semipure form from plasma using classic protein purification techniques, including barium citrate adsorption and elution, ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, dextran sulfate agarose chromatography, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This procedure was vastly improved and facilitated by the discovery of a unique antibody to Protein C, designated HPC-4, described by Stearns, et al., in J. Biol. Chem. 263(2), 826-832 (1988). As detailed by Esmon, et al., at the Joint IABS/CSL Symposium on Standardization in Blood Fractionation including Coagulation Factors, Melbourne, Australia 1986 (reported in Develop biol. Standard., 67, 51-57 (S. Karger, Basel, 1987), Protein C can be isolated from human plasma by batch adsorption of diluted heparinized plasma on QAE Sephadex, washing with buffered

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0.15M NaCl and eluting with 0.5M NaCl, recalcifying and batch absorbing with HPC-4, then washing with a Ca.sup.2+ containing buffer and eluting the Protein C with an EDTA containing buffer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05202253__ •

Monoclonal antibody to human lymphotoxin and use thereof Inventor(s): Arai; Kazuhiko (Sagamihara, JP), Fujiwara; Akira (Niigata, JP), Motoda; Shosaku (Niigata, JP), Suzuki; Hiroyasu (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,188,969 Date filed: June 15, 1989 Abstract: A monoclonal antibody reactive with a C-terminal half of human lymphotoxin, and fragments thereof; a hybridoma cell line producing a monoclonal antibody reactive with a C-terminal half of human lymphotoxin; a process for the production of a monoclonal antibody reactive with a C-terminal half of human lymphotoxin, comprising the steps of culturing the above-mentioned hybridoma in a medium to secrete the antibody, and recovering the antibody from the culture supernatant; a process for the production of a monoclonal antibody reactive with a Cterminal half of human lymphotoxin, comprising the steps of inoculating a hybridoma to a mammal, obtaining ascites from the mammal, and recovering the monoclonal antibody from the ascites; a process for the production of a hybridoma cell line producing a monoclonal antibody reactive with a C-terminal half of human lymphotoxin, comprising the step of immunizing a mammal with a conjugate of zinc and a purified recombinant human lymphotoxin, obtaining spleen cells from the immunized mammal, fusing the spleen cells with myeloma cells, and cloning a hybridoma producing the monoclonal antibody; an adsorbent for lymphotoxin comprising a solid carrier and the above-mentioned monoclonal antibody or fragment of the antibody, wherein the monoclonal antibody is bonded to the surface of the solid carrier; a process for the purification of lymphotoxin comprising the steps of placing a material containing lymphotoxin in contact with the above-mentioned adsorbent to adsorb the lymphotoxin to the adsorbent, and eluting the adsorbed lymphotoxin with an eluent; and an assay method or assay kit for lymphotoxin using the above-mentioned monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an anti-human lymphotoxin monoclonal antibody, hybridoma cell lines producing said antibody, a process for purification of human lymphotoxin using said antibody, and an immunological assay method and kit using the antibody. Conventionally, antibodies to a particular antigen are prepared by immunizing an animal with the antigen, obtaining blood from the immunized animal and separating an antiserum from the obtained blood. But since an antiserum comprises a plurality of antibodies with different antigen-specificities, it is very difficult to isolate antibodies with a desired antigen specificity. Further, the specific antibodies thus obtained react with different antigen-determinants and exhibit heterogeneous affinities to the antigen. In 1975, Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256, 495-497, disclosed a method of obtaining a hybrid cell (hybridoma) which produces an antigen-specific antibody by a fusion between a mouse myeloma cell and an immunized mouse spleen cell, and since that time a large number of hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies specific to different antigens have been disclosed. These hybridomas are characterized by producing a monoclonal antibody having a predetermined specificity, and can be cloned

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and stably cultured, and accordingly, there is no limit to the ability to produce an antibody specific to a single antigen determinant. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05188969__ •

Monoclonal antibody to mullerian inhibiting substance Inventor(s): Budzik; Gerald P. (Waltham, MA), Donahoe; Patricia K. (Weston, MA), Mudgett-Hunter; Meredith (Hyde Park, MA) Assignee(s): The General Hospital Corporation (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 4,792,601 Date filed: October 1, 1984 Abstract: In a method for preparing a monoclonal hybridoma which secretes antibodies against an immunogenic material, comprising sensitizing an appropriate source with an immunizing amount of a preparation of the immunogenic material, obtaining from the source lymphocytes having immune activity against the immunogenic material, and fusing the lymphocytes with an appropriate cell line to thereby form mixed hybridomas, the improvement wherein: the immunogenic material is present in the immunizing preparation in an amount not larger than 10% by weight, and wherein, after formation of the mixed hydridomas but prior to cloning, the method comprises the steps of: raising ascites fluid with the mixed hydridomas, then detecting immune specificity against the immunogenic material in the ascites raised fluid; and thereafter cloning the ascites raised cells which show immune specificity against the material. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processes for preparation of hybridomas and of purification of biological materials, especially the purification of Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS). The efficient and rapid purification of biological materials such as proteins, nucleic acids or polysaccharides, has been of great interest and has received great attention in the last few years. The use of immunoaffinity chromatography has been considered a prime candidate for research and development, because of the theoretical advantages inherent in the method. For example, a given protein X brought to high purity by laborious classical purification methods, can be used as an antigen to immunize test animals to produce specific anti-X antibodies. A sample of the protein is immobilized to obtain a selected adsorbent which is used to isolate anti-X from the hyperimnune animal serum. The highly purified antibody so obtained is in turn immobilized. The second adsorbent comprised of anti-X ligands can now be used to harvest protein X from its crude source, possibly in a single step. This complex way of obtaining the selected immunoadsorbent is generally justified by the simplification achieved for the isolation of more protein X, as well as by its reusability in any repeat isolations of the ligate. The repetitive use of immunoadsorbent chromatography may reduce labor significantly. (See, for example, Nishikawa, "Affinity Chromatography," pages 35-54, in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3d ed., (1979), at page 38). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04792601__

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Ovarian cancer ascites factor, in isolated form Inventor(s): Goodbody; Anne E. (Toronto, CA), Xu; Yan (Brampton, CA) Assignee(s): Allelix Biopharmaceuticals Inc. (Mississauga, CA) Patent Number: 5,277,917 Date filed: April 2, 1993 Abstract: Herein described is an ovarian cancer activating factor that has been isolated from ovarian cancer ascites fluid. The factor may be utilized in its isolated form in a screening program aimed at identifying inhibitors of factor-mediated ovarian cancer activation, or as a growth supplement useful for culturing ovarian and other cancer cell lines. Excerpt(s): The cause of proliferation of human ovarian cancer tumor cells, the primary cause of death from gynecologic tumors, has not been determined. Abnormal oncogene expression or action has been detected, suggesting that a growth factor might be involved in the growth of ovarian cancer. This has prompted investigation of ascitic fluid for growth factors responsible for proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Mills et al (Cancer Research, 1988, 48:1066) report that ascites fluid taken from ovarian cancer patients, contains a factor that induces proliferation of fresh ovarian cancer cells and the ovarian cancer cell line designated HEY. The proliferative response was associated with rapid increases in phospholipid hydrolysis and changes in intracellular calcium. Evidence presented by these authors suggests that the factor is proteinaceous in nature, having been enriched by application of protein isolation techniques such as ammonium sulphate precipitation, having shown susceptibility to protease K, and having shown susceptibility to boiling. It was later suggested that the factor is a 30 kD glycoprotein (Diagn. Oncol, 1992, 2:39). It is an object of the present invention to isolate a factor that is capable of stimulating calcium release in ovarian cancer cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05277917__

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Sandwich immunoassay for determination of total monoclonal IGG Inventor(s): Carlson; Charles W. (West Grove, PA) Assignee(s): E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 4,983,530 Date filed: January 29, 1988 Abstract: A sandwich immunoassay for determining total monoclonal IgG content in samples of purified IgG, cell culture medium and ascites fluid is provided based on the utilization of anti-light-chain IgG antibodies as both capture and label antibodies. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the determination of total monoclonal IgG content in a sample of ascites fluid, cell culture medium or purified IgG by a sandwich immunoassay utilizing antibodies specific for IgG light chains. The determination of total monoclonal IgG is important as a quality control tool for screening commercial antisera and for monitoring monoclonal cell lines for antibody production. Traditional immunoassays for the determination of total monoclonal IgG use antisera containing both light and heavy chain antibodies. Barandun et al., Protides Biol. Fluids, Proc. Colloq., Volume 20, 573 (1972), describe a double line precipitation immunoassay which uses an antiserum containing a mixture of anti-kappa-light-chain IgG antibody and an anti-gamma-heavy-chain IgG antibody. A widely used immunoassay for the

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determination of total monoclonal IgG is a sandwich immunoassay which uses a polyclonal antiserum containinq both anti-light and anti-heavy-chain IgG antibodies both as the capture and label antibodies. The amount of monoclonal IgG is derived from the plot of a standard curve. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04983530__ •

Therapeutically useful mineral composition Inventor(s): Hara; Tadataka (4-31-15 Hamadayama, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 168, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,035,888 Date filed: November 6, 1989 Abstract: The mineral composition is useful for treatment of blood acidosis, peritoneal ascites and anemia. It is a combination of particulate wood ash and calcium carbonate. Excerpt(s): The invention is related to a pharmaceutical mineral composition which is useful for therapeutic treatment of electrolyte imbalance of biological fluids. More specifically, the composition is a mixture of wood ash particles containing mineral compounds in combination with calcium carbonate. Mammals, in particular humans, have body compositions which are of approximately fifty to seventy weight percent aqueous media. The aqueous fluids are distributed intra and extracellularly and enable liquid transfer of nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products and the like. The extracellular fluids include blood, lymph fluid, gastric juice, urine, bile, perspiration, etc. which all contain inorganic electrolyte salts. Intracellular fluids also contain electrolyte salts but the kinds and proportions differ from those of the extracellular fluids owing to the semipermeability of tissue membranes and cellular function. The inorganic ions present in such electrolyte fluids play an integral part in the proper function of physiological processes. For example, sodium and potassium are necessary for nerve and cellular function. Iron and manganese are necessary for oxidative metabolism and calcium is utilized in bone. In general, inorganic ions usually are present in most physiological processes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05035888__

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Treatment of ascites in poultry Inventor(s): O'Brien; Gerard T. (2162 Sylite Dr., Gainesville, GA 30501) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,213,815 Date filed: October 10, 1991 Abstract: A method of treating ascites in poultry comprising administering Eyebright herb and Brewer's yeast to poultry in need thereof. The Brewer's yeast and eyebright quantities ingested by the birds can be varied judiciously to suit the poultry breed, the severity of the environmental conditions and the severity of the diseased condition of the stricken birds. Excerpt(s): Ascites syndrome poses a serious problem to young fast-growing poultry all over the world. The syndrome is usually manifested by an excessive accumulation of

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serum like fluid in the abdomen of the bird. Death from ascites results due an enlarged heart, liver damage, kidney, lung and intestinal problems. Mortality to United States poultry flocks can amount to 2% of birds "started". This results in multimillion dollars lost due to ascites. In some cases, at high altitude, deaths from ascites has amounted to over 30%. Recently there has been a marked increase in the incidence of ascites in low altitude countries such as the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Australia and Mauritius. Male birds are at greater risk than females. Mortalities increase substantially during colder temperatures. In some cases, 50% of all broiler mortalities over 2 weeks of age were due to ascites during the winter months. Recent evidence tends to show that ascites is now increasing during warmer weather and is now appearing at a younger age in the poultry. Brewer's yeast is a by product of the brewery operation, and is a waste product and is plentiful and cheap. The herb eyebright, Euphrasia officinalis, has traditionally been used as a remedy for eye problems. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05213815__ •

Zero net external displacement implantable pump and driver Inventor(s): Dorman; Frank D. (Minneapolis, MN), Wigness; Bruce D. (Minneapolis, MN) Assignee(s): Regents of the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 5,073,094 Date filed: November 17, 1987 Abstract: A zero net external displacement implantable pump for the transfer of accumulated body fluids, such as transfer of ascites fluid from the peritoneum to the vasculative system. The pump includes a pair of bellows type displacement chambers which are alternately compressed and expanded by action of a pivoted rocker member. The fluid to be transferred is drawn into the chambers on the expansion strokes and expelled on the compression strokes. The rocker member may be operated manually or power driven. Single action and double action pumps are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a zero net external displacement implantable pump and driver intended primarily for use in connection with an implantable anti-reflux fluid displacement peritoneovenous shunt used to transfer an unwanted accumulation of body fluids from a body cavity to a site where it can be processed by the body. The primary use for the shunt is in the treatment of patients with ascites by the displacement of accumulated peritoneal cavity fluid into the systemic venous circulation. This application is related to Buchwald et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,530, issued Apr. 14, 1987, entitled Compression Pump-Catheter and directed to a manually operable ascites shunt. The device of the aforesaid patent is a peritoneovenous shunt in which ascites fluid is transferred from the peritoneum to the vasculature via a manually operated compression pump. That device is not a viable alternative for certain patients who require peritoneovenous shunting but for a variety of reasons are unable to perform the pumping mechanics. To operate such a manually compressible pump implanted within the body by compression of the body surface over the pump, there must be some net displacement of volume. This displacement can take place within the pump in which case there must be adequate internal pressure resisting the applied pressure to return the pump to its original state for the next stroke. This internal pressure, supplied by spring action, must be great enough to expand the overlaying tissue to its original position as well as provide all the negative pressure for the pump intake stroke. During the compression stroke of the pump, one must therefore provide the summation of the

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output back pressure and the spring compression force for the inlet suction as well as some excess pressure to insure that the tissue deformation force is overcome. The pump according to the present invention reduces the force needed for operation by using a two stroke dual action pump that has zero net external displacement. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05073094__

Patent Applications on Ascites As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to ascites: •

Monoclonal antibody recognizing C-terminus of hBNP Inventor(s): Igano, Ken?apos;ichi; (Nara, JP), Inouye, Ken; (Hyogo, JP), Kono, Masao; (Osaka, JP), Tsuji, Tetsuo; (Nara, JP), Yamauchi, Akira; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20020025559 Date filed: August 31, 2001 Abstract: A hybridoma producing a monoclonal antibody recognizing the C-terminus of human brain natriuretic peptide (hBNP) was cultivated in a medium or the abdominal cavity of a mouse to recover the monoclonal antibody from the medium or ascites accumulated in the abdominal cavity. An immunoassay for hBNP was established using the monoclonal antibody. The immunoassay for hBNP of the invention is so sensitive that the minimum detection limit is 1 pg/ml and can therefore determine the hBNP level in blood plasma directly, without the extraction of hBNP from blood plasma. It is useful for diagnosing diseases such as hypertension and the like, and states of the heart, kidney, and the like by using the increase/decrease of the hBNP level as an index. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a monoclonal antibody recognizing the C-terminus of hBNP, a hybridoma producing the monoclonal antibody, a method of producing the monoclonal antibody comprising cultivating the hybridoma in a medium or an abdominal cavity of a mouse and recovering said monoclonal antibody from said medium or ascites in said abdominal cavity, and an immunoassay for hBNP with use of said monoclonal antibody. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the porcine brain was first reported by Matsuo et al, Nature 332, 78-81 (1988). There exist porcine (p) BNP-26 of 26 amino acid residues and pBNP-32 of 32 residues. These has peripheral and central actions similar to those of atrium natriuretic peptide (ANP) and play an important role in the homeostasis of body fluid and the control of blood pressure together with ANP. BNP was suggested to be produced in and secreted from the heart in human (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 159, 1427-1434 (1989)), and BNP in the human heart has recently be isolated and characterized (FEBS Lett. 259, 341-345 (1990)). Human BNP (hBNP) comprises 32 amino acid residues identical with the sequence 77-108 of hBNP precursor. As mentioned above, because BNP plays an important role in the homeostasis of body fluid and the control of blood pressure, the determination of hBNP

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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in the blood by an immunoassay etc. seems useful for diagnosing diseases such as hypertension and the like and states of heart, kidney and the like with taking an increase/decrease of hBNP level as an index. However, an average level of hBNP in the blood of normal adults is 0.9.+-.0.07 fmol/ml (3.12.+-.0.24 pg/ml) (J. Clin. Invest. 87, 1402-1412 (1991)) and such a low level has made it impossible to directly assay hBNP in the blood plasma without an extraction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Remedy for hepatopathy Inventor(s): Chin, Masahiro; (Miyagi, JP), Doi, Hideyuki; (Miyagi, JP), Koga, Hiroshi; (Tokyo, JP), Komatsu, Hiromichi; (Shizuoka, JP), Satomi, Susumu; (Miyagi, JP) Correspondence: Browdy And Neimark, P.L.L.C.; 624 Ninth Street, NW; Suite 300; Washington; DC; 20001-5303; US Patent Application Number: 20040022827 Date filed: July 30, 2003 Abstract: Compositions that contain valine as an active ingredient but which are entirely free of other amino acids or substantially free of amino other acids as an active ingredient are used as drugs or foods for treating or ameliorating hepatic diseases, whereupon less side effects are caused than in the conventional regimens of pharmacotherapy and yet the compositions ameliorate, palliate or gain recovery from symptoms and abnormalities that are caused by such hepatic diseases, for example, fever, lassitude, loss of appetite, vomiting stomachache, ascites and pleural effusion, or complications of hepatic disease (not including hepatic encephalopathy). Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/509,680, filed Mar. 30, 2000, which is the national stage under 35 U.S.C.371 of PCT/JP98/04495, filed Sep. 30, 1998. This invention relates to compositions for treating hepatic diseases or improving the hepatic function that are characterized by containing valine as an active ingredient and being substantially free of other amino acids as an active ingredient. More specifically, the invention relates to pharmaceutical or food compositions that contain valine as an active ingredient capable of treating or ameliorating hepatic diseases such as acute hepatitis, hepatic insufficiency, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis but which are substantially free of other amino acids as an active ingredient. Various amino acid preparations are conventionally used against hepatic diseases such as hepatic insufficiency and cirrhosis. For example, amino acid preparations such as Aminoleban (registered trademark), Morihepamin (registered trademark), Aminoleban (registered trademark) EN, Hepan (registered trademark) ED and Livact (registered trademark) granule are used for such purposes as ameliorating hepatic encephalopathy and hypoalbuminemia that accompany hepatic diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatic insufficiency. In fact, however, these amino acid preparations are used not for direct treatment or amelioration of the mentioned hepatic diseases but rather in anticipation of an improvement in impaired nutrition due to hepatic diseases, namely, for such purposes as improving nitrogen metabolism by correcting the imbalance in plasma amino acids and lowering the blood ammonia level. In addition, these preparations are mixtures of amino acids and single amino acids are little known to be capable of ameliorating the mentioned hepatic diseases. Referring to the official gazette of Examined Japanese Patent Publication No. 29446/1982, it is taught that an injection of Lvaline, when administered alone, is useful in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy; however, hepatic encephalopathy is one of the complications of worsened hepatic

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disease and toxic substances such as ammonia that accumulate in blood impair the central nervous system to cause various neurotic symptoms; hence, hepatic encephalopathy is different from "hepatic disease" in the sense of term used in the present invention. What is more, the official gazette, supra, makes no suggestion that Lvaline is capable of direct treatment or amelioration of hepatic diseases per se. As a matter of fact, hepatic encephalopathy is currently treated with blood ammonia lowering agents such as lactulose and there have been reported no cases of using therapeutics for hepatic diseases in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, of which fact shows that the present invention is by no means easy to derive from the official gazette, supra. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Use of trifunctional bispecific and trispecific antibodies for the treatment of malignant ascites Inventor(s): Lindhofer, Horst; (Grobenzell, DE) Correspondence: Jenkins & Wilson, PA; 3100 Tower Blvd; Suite 1400; Durham; NC; 27707; US Patent Application Number: 20030223999 Date filed: March 3, 2003 Abstract: The invention describes the use of a pharmaceutical preparation containing a trifunctional bispecific and/or trispecific having the following properties:a) binding to a T cell;b) binding to at least an antigen on a tumor cell associated with malignant ascites and/or pleural effusion;c) binding, by its Fc portion (in the case of bispecific antibodies) or by a third specificity (in the case of trispecific antibodies), to Fc receptor-positive cells for the destruction of the tumor cells in the treatment of malignant ascites and/or pleural effusion. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of a pharmaceutical preparation containing trifunctional bispicific antibodies and/or trispecifc antibodies for the destruction of the tumor cells associated with malignant ascites and/or pleural effusion in order to treat malignant ascites or pleural effusion. Malignant ascites may be caused by a plurality of primary tumors such as e.g. breast cancer, ovarian carcinoma or the gastrointestinal carcinomas. Although ascites is detected in a high percentage of patients already during the first manifestation of a tumor disease, it is an indication of a progressive disease. The present options for a therapy of ascites include puncture, local chemotherapy, or diuretic treatment. All these options have dramatic disadvantages; thus, puncture only leads to a short-term alleviation and has to be repeated after 9.5 days on average (Mackey et al., J. Pain Symptom Manage, 19:193, 2000). Chemotherapy, however, can only be successful in patients who have not already developed chemotherapy-resistant tumor cells which unfortunately is often the case. In this respect, there is an enormous need for an improvement of the clinical treatment options in the case of ascites. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Vesicular shunt for the drainage of excess fluid Inventor(s): Burnett, Daniel Rogers; (Menlo Park, CA) Correspondence: Colin R. Crossman; 3204 Cabarrus DR.; Greensboro; NC; 27407; US Patent Application Number: 20030163079 Date filed: February 21, 2003 Abstract: A transvesicular drainage device, designed to drain excess fluid from a variety of locations in the human body into the bladder. The device may be used to treat ascites or any fluid collection within the body of a human, or a non human mammal. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/359,287, filed on Feb. 25, 2002 and U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/389,346 filed on Jun. 18, 2002. The aforementioned provisional applications are incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. The invention is a transvesicluar drainage device designed to drain excessive fluid from a bodily cavity into the bladder. The present invention pertains to a chronic excess fluid drainage device. More specifically, the present invention pertains to a vesicular drainage device permitting unidirectional flow of excess fluid collections into the bladder. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with ascites, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on ascites. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning ascites. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ASCITES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to ascites. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on ascites include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on ascites: •

Ascites and Renal Dysfunction in Liver Disease: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Source: Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 1999. 568 p. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (781)-388-8250. Fax (781) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwellscience.com. PRICE: $125.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0632043423. Summary: Cirrhosis (liver scarring) is a very prevalent disease and ascites (fluid accumulation) is the most frequent complication. The development of ascites in cirrhosis is the consequence of the simultaneous occurrence of very complex processes leading to impairment in hepatic, circulatory, and renal function. The textbook offers 32 chapters on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of ascites and renal dysfunction in liver disease. Topics include historical notes on ascites in cirrhosis; characteristics of ascites;

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clinical disorders of renal function in cirrhosis with ascites; clinical disorders of renal function in acute liver failure; renal dysfunction and postoperative renal failure in obstructive jaundice; spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; the etiology, diagnosis, and management of noncirrhotic ascites; extracellular fluid volume homeostasis; physiology of the renal circulation; physiology of the gastrointestinal and liver circulation; the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in cirrhosis; the sympathetic nervous system in cirrhosis; arginine vasopressin in cirrhosis; atrial natriuretic peptide and other natriuretic factors in cirrhosis; arachidonic acid metabolites and the kidney in cirrhosis; nitric oxide and systemic and renal hemodynamic disturbances in cirrhosis; endothelin and systemic, renal, and hepatic hemodynamic disturbances in cirrhosis; the systemic circulation in cirrhosis; the splanchnic circulation in cirrhosis; alterations of hepatic and splanchnic microvascular exchange in cirrhosis (local factors in the formation of ascites); experimental models in the investigation of portal hypertension; renal dysfunction and ascites in carbon tetrachloride induced cirrhosis in rates; bacterial infection of the ascitic fluid in rates with carbon tetrachloride induced cirrhosis; the arterial vasodilation hypothesis of ascites formation in cirrhosis; prognosis of cirrhosis with ascites; the medical treatment of ascites in cirrhosis; treatment of ascites by paracentesis; the treatment of refractory ascites in cirrhosis; the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis; drug induced renal failure in cirrhosis; liver transplantation in cirrhotic patients with ascites; and the treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Each chapter is written by experts in the field and includes extensive references. The text concludes with a subject index.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Cytogenetical and experimental investigations in the Ehrlich-Lettré ascites tumor of the mouse. Author: by Karin Nielsén; Year: 1976

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Effect of negative pions on the proliferative capacity of ascites tumor cells (lymphoma) grown in vivo [microform]. Author: J.M. Feola. [et al.]; Year: 1967

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Mechanisms of receptor-mediated generation of ionic signals in rat thymocytes and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Author: A.S. Gukovskaya & V.P. Zinchenko; Year: 1990

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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Chapters on Ascites In order to find chapters that specifically relate to ascites, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and ascites using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on ascites: •

Approach to the Patient with Ascites Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 948-972. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: Ascites refers to the condition of pathological fluid accumulation within the abdominal cavity. This chapter on the approach to patients with ascites is from a lengthy, two-volume textbook that integrates the various demands of science, technology, expanding information, good judgment, and common sense into the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal patients. Topics include the causes of ascites, mechanisms of ascites formation, evaluation of the patient with ascites, complications of ascites, and treatment options. The development of ascites in a patient who has cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and who is otherwise a good candidate for liver transplantation should lead to evaluation for transplantation. Patients should be rapidly prioritized for liver transplantation once they develop refractory (not responsive to treatment) ascites. Diet education and diuretics are the mainstays of treatment for patients who await transplantation and for those who are not candidates for the procedure. TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt) is a promising option for treatment of diuretic-resistant ascites, but its final place in the treatment armamentarium remains to be seen. 7 figures. 6 tables. 165 references.

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Clinical Disorders of Renal Function in Cirrhosis with Ascites Source: in Arroyo, V., et al, eds. Ascites and Renal Dysfunction in Liver Disease: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, Inc. 1999. p.3662. Contact: Available from Blackwell Science, Inc. 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148. (800) 215-1000 or (781)-388-8250. Fax (781) 388-8270. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwellscience.com. PRICE: $125.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0632043423. Summary: During the natural course of cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), a progressive impairment in kidney function occurs and the kidneys are no longer able to maintain the extracellular fluid volume within normal limits. As the disease progresses, a vasoconstriction of the renal circulation usually develops, which causes renal hypoperfusion and reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and, eventually, renal failure (the so-called hepatorenal syndrome). This chapter on clinical disorders of renal (kidney) function in cirrhosis with ascites is from a textbook on ascites and renal

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dysfunction in liver disease. The authors describe the functional kidney abnormalities of cirrhosis. The authors emphasize the description of clinical aspects of these abnormalities. A general description of the pathogenetic factors contributing to kidney dysfunction is also included. Topics include sodium (salt) retention, water retention, and renal vasoconstriction and hepatorenal syndrome. The last section of the chapter describes other less common abnormalities of kidney function that may also be found in cirrhosis, including acute tubular necrosis (ATN), glomerular abnormalities, renal tubular acidosis (RTA), and drug-induced kidney failure. 8 figures. 4 tables. 187 references. •

Portal Hypertension-2: Ascites, Encephalopathy, and Other Conditions Source: in Beckingham, I.J., ed. ABC of Liver, Pancreas and Gallbladder. London, UK: BMJ Publishing Group. 2001. p.22-24. Contact: Available from BMJ Publishing Group. BMA Books, BMA House, Tavistock Square, London WCIH 9JR. Fax 44 (0)20 7383 6402. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.bmjbooks.com. PRICE: Contact publisher for price. ISBN: 0727915312. Summary: Portal hypertension is abnormally increased blood pressure in the portal venous system; it is a frequent complication of cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver. Ascites is the accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity. Hepatic encephalopathy is a reversible state of impaired cognitive function or altered consciousness that occurs in patients with liver disease or portosystemic shunts. This chapter on portal hypertension, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy is from an atlas of the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The authors describe each condition, its diagnosis, and treatment strategies. The authors also briefly cover hepatorenal syndrome, an acute state of kidney failure resulting from intense constriction of the blood flow in the kidneys in otherwise normal kidneys; and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The chapter concludes with summary points of the concepts discussed. 2 figures. 8 tables. 2 references.

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Ascites and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Source: in Friedman, L.S. and Keeffe, E.B., eds. Handbook of Liver Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill-Livingstone. 1998. p. 151-166. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Order Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: $73.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443055203. Summary: This chapter on ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is from a comprehensive handbook in outline format that offers easy access to information on the full range of liver disorders and covers symptoms, signs, differential diagnoses, and treatments. Chronic parenchymal liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, alcoholic hepatitis) is the most common cause of ascites (fluid in the abdominal cavity); the development of ascites portends a poor prognosis with a 2 year survival of only 50 percent. Evaluation of the patient with ascites begins with a thorough history and physical examination aimed at detecting clinical clues to the underlying disease process. Abdominal paracentesis with careful ascitic fluid analysis is a safe, cost effective tool in the differential diagnosis of ascites. Indications include new onset ascites, symptoms or signs suggestive of ascitic fluid infection, encephalopathy, and azotemia; paracentesis should also be part of the routine admission evaluation in patients with cirrhotic ascites. Routine ascitic fluid tests include cell count, culture in blood culture bottles, albumin, and total protein, with additional testing dictated by the clinical setting. Treatment of

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cirrhotic ascites involves a stepwise approach that includes dietary sodium restriction and combination diuretic therapy (spironolactone and furosemide). Second line therapies include intermittent large volume paracenteses, peritoneovenous shunting, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is the prototypic ascitic fluid infection and most commonly develops in the setting of preexisting cirrhotic ascites. The significant morbidity and mortality of this infection demand prompt detection by paracentesis and ascitic fluid analysis and appropriate nonnephrotoxic antibiotic treatment. 7 tables. 9 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ASCITES Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on ascites. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on ascites is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “ascites” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on ascites: •

Gastroenterology for the Primary Care Physician Source: Mount Laurel, NJ: CME Conference Video, Inc. 1994. (instructional package). Contact: Available from CME Conference Video, Inc. 2000 Crawford Place, Suite 100, Mount Laurel, NJ 08054. (800) 284-8433. Fax (800) 284-5964. PRICE: $450 plus $12.25 shipping and handling (as of 1995); group practice package available. Program No. 153. Summary: This continuing education course is designed to update internists, family practitioners, and other primary care physicians on new developments in gastroenterology. The format of the course focuses on case presentations emphasizing important and evolving concepts in gastroenterology. The emphasis is on practical diagnostic and therapeutic choices and the development of cost effective management algorithms. Topics include hepatitis C, non-cardiac chest pain, psychopharmacologic approaches to acid reduction, peptic ulcer disease, Helicobacter pylori, risk factors for NSAID injury, Clostridium difficile, travelers' diarrhea, constipation in the elderly, pancreatitis, endoscopic ultrasound, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett's

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esophagus, liver disease, GI manifestations in AIDS, esophagitis, fecal incontinence, diagnostic testing, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, drug therapy, chronic diarrhea, gallstone disease, colon cancer, cirrhosis, and ascites. The program offers 11 hours of AMA-PRA Category 1 credit. (AA-M). •

Diagnosing Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Source: Minneapolis, MN: Alpha 1 Association. 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Alpha 1 Association. 8120 Penn Avenue, South, Suite 549, Minneapolis, MN 55431-1326. (800) 521-3025 or (612) 703-9979. Fax (612) 703-9977. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.alpha1.org. PRICE: $3.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program, narrated by Sandra Brandley, the Executive Director of the Alpha 1 National Association, reminds physicians of the symptoms and differential diagnosis of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD or Alpha 1). The program features Dr. James Stoller, who describes the typical underdiagnosis of A1AD which is typical: the mean time until diagnosis is 7 years (from onset of symptoms) and the mean number of doctors consulted before diagnosis is 3.5. Alpha 1 is a relatively common genetic disorder that affects infants, children, and adults. It is the most common metabolic disorder that causes liver disease in infants and children; the disorder also causes cirrhosis and cancer of the liver in adults. Symptoms of A1AD deficiency in children include prolonged obstructive jaundice, low birth weight, mildly elevated liver enzymes, cholestasis, enlarged liver, abnormal bleeding, feeding difficulties, poor growth (or failure to thrive), and ascites (abnormal accumulation of fluids). In adults, the spectrum of liver disease associated with A1AD deficiency varies from mild to severe. Symptoms include chronic active hepatitis, cryptogenic cirrhosis (liver scarring of unknown cause), portal hypertension (high blood pressure in the portal vein of the liver), and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). A rare but telling symptom is panniculitis, a chronic inflammation of subcutaneous fat featuring ulcerated skin lesions on the torso. Dr. Stoller reminds viewers of the indications for A1AD screening: premature onset of moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) before age 50; predominant basilar emphysema; chronic bronchitis with airflow obstruction in a nonsmoker; bronchiectasis (irreversible dilation and destruction of the bronchial walls) without clear risk factors; development of unremitting asthma; family history of A1AD; cirrhosis without apparent risk factors; and family history of panniculitis. The program includes a chart of laboratory values and the risk of development of A1AD, and a series of interviews with patients about the interplay of early diagnosis and good quality of life. The program concludes with the contact information for the Alpha 1 National Association (800-521-3025).

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ASCITES Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover ascites.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on ascites is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to ascites. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “ascites” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for ascites: •

First Adult Case Of HIV-Associated Chylous Ascites Reported Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 21, 1997

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “ascites” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to ascites, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “ascites” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly

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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on ascites: •

How SLE Affects the Gastrointestinal Tract Source: Lupus News. 21(4): 1,6-7. Winter 2001. Contact: Available from Lupus Foundation of America. 1300 Piccard Drive, Suite 200, Rockville, MD 20850-4303. (800) 558-0121 or (301) 670-9292. Fax: (301) 670-9486. Website: www.lupus.org/lupus. Summary: This newsletter article advises patients with lupus about gastrointestinal problems. Although some gastrointestinal problems may be complications of SLE or side effects of medications for SLE, most likely these are gastrointestinal problems that would occur in the general population. The prevention and treatment of heartburn, reflux, hernia, and ulcers are described. Medications taken for SLE that irritate the stomach need to be discontinued immediately or other medications that protect the stomach and duodenum need to be prescribed. Proton pump inhibitors that reduce stomach acid can also be used to protect the stomach from adverse effects of NSAIDs and aspirin. Patients who develop stomach pain can have their doctor arrange a breath test to determine H. pylori infection or an endoscopy to examine the lining of the stomach. If any ulcers or erosions are found, a biopsy can be performed to determine if there is a H. pylori infection. If patients suffer from abdominal pain, bloating, cramping, or a change in bowel movements, tests can be performed to determine if they have irritable bowel syndrome, Celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis. Abdominal swelling in lupus patients may be due to ascites (an accumulation of fluid caused by vasculitis, pancreatitis, or serositis) or pressure in blood vessels. The patient should contact their doctor if pain accompanies this swelling; it might be an infection. Any change in liver function tests may indicate hepatitis.

Academic Periodicals covering Ascites Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to ascites. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering ascites that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 29506 107 38 43 204 29898

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “ascites” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on ascites can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to ascites. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to ascites. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “ascites”:

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Cirrhosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cirrhosis.html Hepatitis C http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hepatitisc.html Liver Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/liverdiseases.html Liver Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/livertransplantation.html Pulmonary Hypertension http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pulmonaryhypertension.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on ascites. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Liver Disease Source: Minneapolis, MN: Alpha 1 Association. 2000. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Alpha 1 Association. 8120 Penn Avenue, South, Suite 549, Minneapolis, MN 55431-1326. (800) 521-3025 or (612) 703-9979. Fax (612) 703-9977. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.alpha1.org. PRICE: $0.10 plus shipping and handling; bulk copies available. Summary: This brochure describes Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD or Alpha 1), a genetic disorder that affects infants, children, and adults. It is the most common metabolic disorder that causes liver disease in infants and children; the disorder also causes cirrhosis and cancer of the liver in adults. The brochure reviews the functions of the liver, the causes of the deficiency, symptoms in children and adults, and treatment options. Alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein primarily manufactured in the liver and then released into the blood. The normal function of AAT is to protect body tissues from being damaged by neutrophil elastase, a protein found in white blood cells. The backup of abnormal AAT in the liver can cause liver damage. Symptoms of A1AD in children includes jaundice, low birth weight, mildly elevated liver enzymes, cholestasis, enlarged liver, abnormal bleeding, feeding difficulties, poor growth (or failure to thrive), and ascites (abnormal accumulation of fluids). In adults, the spectrum of liver disease associated with A1AD deficiency varies from mild to severe. Symptoms include chronic

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active hepatitis, cryptogenic cirrhosis (liver scarring of unknown cause), portal hypertension (high blood pressure in the portal vein of the liver), and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer). Clinical care for all affected individuals largely involves supportive management for liver dysfunction and prevention of complications. For those who develop severe liver injury, liver transplantation is usually recommended. Proper nutrition is essential for everyone with A1AD. The brochure concludes with contact information for the Alpha 1 Association. 1 figure. 3 references. •

C.L.A.S.S.: Children's Liver Association for Support Services Source: Valencia, CA: Children's Liver Association for Support Services (C.L.A.S.S.). 200x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Children's Liver Association for Support Services (C.L.A.S.S.). 26444 Emerald Dove Drive, Valencia, CA 91355. (877) 679-8256 or (661) 255-0353. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.classkids.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure familiarizes parents with Children's Liver Association for Support Services (CLASS), a nonprofit organization dedicated to addressing the emotional, educational, and financial needs of families coping with childhood liver disease and transplantation. The brochure first describes the physiology and role of the liver, then lists pediatric liver diseases and the common symptoms of liver disease. These symptoms can include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), weakness or excessive fatigue, ascites (fluid retention in the abdomen), pale stools (beige or white), firm enlarged liver, darkened urine, pruritis (intense itching of the skin), failure to thrive or grow normally, and abnormal bleeding. The brochure then describes the activities of CLASS, including a toll free information hotline, parent matching (for mutual support), a newsletter, a web site for the kids, financial assistance for families of pediatric liver patients, educational materials, and seed grant funding for research projects. The brochure reminds readers that financial support is always welcome, and reviews the different forms of charitable contributions that may be made.

•

Cirrhosis: Many Causes Source: Cedar Grove, NJ: American Liver Foundation. 1995. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Liver Foundation. 1425 Pompton Avenue, Cedar Grove, NJ 07009. (800) 223-0179 or (201) 256-2550. PRICE: $0.50 each; $6 for 25 copies; $12 for 50 copies (as of 1995); discounts available for larger quantities. Summary: This brochure, written in question-and-answer format, presents basic facts about cirrhosis of the liver. Topics are causes, signs, symptoms, and treatments. Identification of conditions responsible for cirrhosis and its relationship to alcohol use and hepatitis are discussed. The treatments for complications, including ascites, coma, and hemorrhage from esophageal varices, are briefly described. Ways to avoid cirrhosis and the outlook for people with cirrhosis are discussed.

•

Diet and Hepatitis C Source: New York, NY: American Liver Foundation. 1998. [3 p.]. Contact: Available from American Liver Foundation. 1425 Pompton Avenue, Suite 3, Cedar Grove, NJ 07009. (800) 465-4837. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.liverfoundation.org. PRICE: $0.50 for a single copy; bulk copies available; plus shipping and handling. Also available for free at gi.ucsf.edu/ALF/info/diethepc.html.

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Summary: This fact sheet from the American Liver Foundation reviews the relationship between diet and hepatitis C, a virus that infects the liver. General guidelines for individuals infected with HCV include maintaining a healthy lifestyle; eating a well balanced, low fat diet; and avoiding alcohol. A diet high in complex carbohydrates may be helpful in providing calories and maintaining weight. Adequate rest and moderate exercise can also contribute to a feeling of well being. Total avoidance of all alcohol intake is recommended, as alcohol is a potent toxin to the liver. Patients with chronic hepatitis C sometimes have an increase in the iron concentration in the liver, which can be very damaging; thus, they should avoid the use of iron supplements and monitor or restrict their intake of iron rich foods. Patients with chronic hepatitis C are advised to achieve and maintain normal weight, preferably in consultation with their physician. Adequate protein intake is important to build and maintain muscle mass and to assist in healing and repair. The fact sheet describes the complication of encephalopathy (impaired mental status), which may be related to protein intake; the fact sheet recommends vegetable protein consumption. Patients with hepatitis C who have ascites (fluid accumulation) must be on sodium restricted diets. The fact sheet concludes by reminding readers with chronic liver disease to be aware of the medications that they take; although they are not food, medications must pass through the liver to be metabolized. •

Cirrhosis of the Liver Source: Bethesda, MD: American Gastroenterological Association. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: American Gastroenterological Association (AGA). 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Seventh Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (800) 668-5237 or (301) 654-2055. Fax (301) 652-3890. Website: www.gastro.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Summary: When chronic diseases cause the liver to become permanently injured and scarred, the condition is called cirrhosis. This brochure, from the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), reviews the problem of cirrhosis. Topics include the major causes of cirrhosis, the symptoms of the condition, diagnostic methods used to confirm cirrhosis, treatment strategies, and treatment options for the complications of cirrhosis. Cirrhosis can result from direct injury to the liver cells (i.e., hepatitis), or from indirect injury via inflammation or obstruction to bile ducts (e.g., primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis), which drain the liver cells of bile. Chronic alcoholism is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the United States. People with cirrhosis often have few symptoms at first. The two major problems that eventually cause symptoms are loss of functioning liver cells and distortion of the liver caused by scarring. Associated problems include fluid accumulation (ascites), jaundice (yellow skin), gallstones, intense itching, loss of appetite, fatigue and weakness, buildup of toxins, slowed drug processing, portal hypertension (high blood pressure in the main veins of the liver), and varices (thin walled, enlarged blood vessels). Diagnosis is confirmed from the patient's symptoms and from diagnostic tests such as CT scan, ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment of cirrhosis is aimed to stop the development of scar tissue in the liver and prevent complications. Regardless of the cause of cirrhosis, every patient must avoid all substances, habits, and drugs that may further damage the liver, cause complications, or speed the progression to liver failure. Liver failure refers to the end stage of liver disease and cirrhosis when the liver stops working and cannot support life. The brochure includes a list of references and a diagram of the digestive tract, with organs labeled. 3 figures. 6 references.

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to ascites. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to ascites. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with ascites. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about ascites. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “ascites” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “ascites”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “ascites” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ascites” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on ascites: •

Basic Guidelines for Ascites Ascites Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000286.htm Congestive heart failure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000158.htm Neoplasm Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001310.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Ascites Abdominal distention Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003122.htm Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm

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Early satiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003127.htm Edema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Flank pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003113.htm Heartburn Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003114.htm Hernia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003100.htm Orthopnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003076.htm Rales Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003323.htm Shortness of breath Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Tachycardia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Ascites Blood culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003744.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm Paracentesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003896.htm

•

Nutrition for Ascites Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm

•

Background Topics for Ascites Cardiovascular Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002310.htm

Online Glossaries 173

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

175

ASCITES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acute tubular: A severe form of acute renal failure that develops in people with severe illnesses like infections or with low blood pressure. Patients may need dialysis. Kidney function often improves if the underlying disease is successfully treated. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Acylation: The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Deaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the

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enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adjuvant Therapy: Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy. [NIH]

Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the

Dictionary 177

stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.

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Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amalgamation: The formation of an amalgam. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in fractionation of proteins. [NIH]

Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU]

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Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Angioneurotic: Denoting a neuropathy affecting the vascular system; see angioedema. [EU] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal Husbandry: The science of breeding, feeding, and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH]

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Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH] Antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibodies, Anticardiolipin: Antiphospholipid antibodies found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic), antiphospholipid syndrome, and in a variety of other diseases as well as in healthy individuals. The antibodies are detected by solid-phase immunoassay employing the purified phospholipid antigen cardiolipin. [NIH] Antibodies, Antiphospholipid: Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody Affinity: A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU]

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Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (antibodies, antiphospholipid). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (antibodies, anticardiolipin). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (lupus coagulation inhibitor). [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apheresis: Components plateletpheresis. [NIH]

being

separated

out,

as

leukapheresis,

plasmapheresis,

Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes

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associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous fluid: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosus: Circle composed of anastomosing arteries derived from two long posterior ciliary and seven anterior ciliary arteries, located in the ciliary body about the root of the iris. [NIH]

Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Ascitic Fluid: The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH]

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Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous tumor cells: Cancer cells from an individual's own tumor. [NIH] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Avidity: The strength of the interaction of an antiserum with a multivalent antigen. [NIH] Azotemia: An excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Translocation: The passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the intestinal mucosa resulting in increased intestinal permeability. These mechanisms can act in concert to promote synergistically the systemic spread of indigenous translocating bacteria to cause lethal sepsis. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH]

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Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH]

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Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotinylation: Incorporation of biotinyl groups into molecules. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bispecific antibodies: Antibodies developed in the laboratory to recognize more than one protein on the surface of different cells. Examples include bispecific antibodies 2B1, 520C9xH22, mDX-H210, and MDX447. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and

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is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachiocephalic Veins: Large veins on either side of the root of the neck formed by the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. They drain blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities, and unite to form the superior vena cava. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad Ligament: A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bryostatin-1: A drug used for its antitumor activity. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH]

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Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Cancer vaccine: A vaccine designed to prevent or treat cancer. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.

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[NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiolipins: Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal syphilis serodiagnosis. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be

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analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Communication: Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Fusion: Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellular Structures: Components of a cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma

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infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Charybdotoxin: A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapeutics: Noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy. [EU]

Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Choledochal Cyst: A congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct; this condition may be asymptomatic, or cause vomiting, fever, jaundice, or pain in the right upper quadrant. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla.

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[NIH]

Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Clavulanic Acid: Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening,

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prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coitus: Sexual intercourse. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative

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pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

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Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Diseases: A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cryofixation: Fixation of a tissue by localized cooling at very low temperature. [NIH] Cryopreservation: Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing

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form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens. [NIH]

Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cyst Fluid: Liquid material found in epithelial-lined closed cavities or sacs. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]

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Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytostatic: An agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dextran Sulfate: Long-chain polymer of glucose containing 17-20% sulfur. It has been used as an anticoagulant and also has been shown to inhibit the binding of HIV-1 to CD4+ Tlymphocytes. It is commonly used as both an experimental and clinical laboratory reagent and has been investigated for use as an antiviral agent, in the treatment of hypolipidemia,

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and for the prevention of free radical damage, among other applications. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's

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mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH]

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Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and

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stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: ERCP. A procedure to x-ray the pancreatic duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct, duodenal papilla, and gallbladder. In this procedure, a thin, lighted tube (endoscope) is passed through the mouth and down into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A smaller tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope into the bile and pancreatic ducts. A dye is injected through the catheter into the ducts, and an x-ray is taken. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.

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[NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Varices: Stretched veins in the esophagus that occur when the liver is not working properly. If the veins burst, the bleeding can cause death. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU]

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Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]

Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH]

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Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Failure to Thrive: A condition in which an infant or child's weight gain and growth are far below usual levels for age. [NIH] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Fecal Incontinence: Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ,

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usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluoroscopy: Production of an image when X-rays strike a fluorescent screen. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]

Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH]

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Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fucose: Deoxysugar. [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be

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unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giardia: A genus of flagellate intestinal protozoa parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular

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capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Glycopeptides: Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH]

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Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulomatous Disease, Chronic: A recessive X-linked defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. [NIH] Granulosa Cell Tumor: An ovarian tumor originating in the cells of the primordial membrana granulosa of the graafian follicle. It may be associated with excessive production of estrogen. [NIH] Group Practice: Any group of three or more full-time physicians organized in a legally recognized entity for the provision of health care services, sharing space, equipment, personnel and records for both patient care and business management, and who have a predetermined arrangement for the distribution of income. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gynecologic cancer: Cancer of the female reproductive tract, including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or

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as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]

Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemoperitoneum: Hemorrhage into the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Duct, Common: Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. [NIH] Hepatic Encephalopathy: A condition that may cause loss of consciousness and coma. It is usually the result of advanced liver disease. Also called hepatic coma. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH]

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Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatitis C: A form of hepatitis, similar to type B post-transfusion hepatitis, but caused by a virus which is serologically distinct from the agents of hepatitis A, B, and E, and which may persist in the blood of chronic asymptomatic carriers. Hepatitis C is parenterally transmitted and associated with transfusions and drug abuse. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatorenal Syndrome: Renal failure in those with liver disease, usually liver cirrhosis or obstructive jaundice. Historically called Heyd disease, urohepatic syndrome, or bile nephrosis. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homotypic: Adhesion between neutrophils. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH]

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Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydronephrosis: Abnormal enlargement of a kidney, which may be caused by blockage of the ureter (such as by a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease that prevents urine from draining into the bladder. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH]

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Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH]

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Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Immunotoxin: An antibody linked to a toxic substance. Some immmunotoxins can bind to cancer cells and kill them. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantable pump: A small device installed under the skin to administer a steady dose of drugs. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local

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infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interferon-beta: One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of

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diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interphase: The interval between two successive cell divisions during which the chromosomes are not individually distinguishable and DNA replication occurs. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intrahepatic: Within the liver. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH]

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoelectric Focusing: Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point. [NIH] Isoelectric Point: The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH]

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Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactulose: A mild laxative. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lassitude: Weakness; exhaustion. [EU] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most

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prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Liver Circulation: The circulation of blood through the vessels of the liver. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Local therapy: Treatment that affects cells in the tumor and the area close to it. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically

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involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenectomy: A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. Also called lymph node dissection. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphoscintigraphy: A method used to identify the sentinel node (the first draining lymph node near a tumor). A radioactive substance that can be taken up by lymph nodes is injected at the site of the tumor, and a doctor follows the movement of this substance on a computer screen. Once the lymph nodes that have taken up the substance are identified, they can be removed and examined to see if they contain tumor cells. [NIH] Lymphotoxin: Soluble substance released by lymphocytes activated by antigens or T-cell mitogens, that is cytotoxic to other cells. It is involved in allergies and chronic inflammatory diseases. Lymphotoxin is antigenically distinct from tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tumor necrosis factor), though they both share a common receptor, biological activities, and significant amino acid sequences. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant ascites: A condition in which fluid containing cancer cells collects in the abdomen. [NIH] Malignant mesothelioma: A rare type of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the sac lining the chest or abdomen. Exposure to airborne asbestos particles increases one's risk

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of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU]

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Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Mesothelial: It lines the peritonealla and pleural cavities. [NIH] Mesothelioma: A benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the lining of the chest or abdomen. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Microsporidiosis: Infections with protozoa of the phylum Microspora. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Microvilli: Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is

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used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]

Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU]

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Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Multivariate Analysis: A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelofibrosis: A disorder in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myxedema: A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks and the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. The congenital form of the disease is cretinism. [NIH] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephrectomy: Surgery to remove a kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the kidney, the adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes only the kidney. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor but not the entire kidney. [NIH]

Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU]

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Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonmalignant: Not cancerous. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH]

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Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleoli: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Octreotide: A potent, long-acting somatostatin octapeptide analog which has a wide range of physiological actions. It inhibits growth hormone secretion, is effective in the treatment of hormone-secreting tumors from various organs, and has beneficial effects in the management of many pathological states including diabetes mellitus, orthostatic hypertension, hyperinsulinism, hypergastrinemia, and small bowel fistula. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligohydramnios: Presence of less than 300 ml of amniotic fluid at term. Principal causes include malformations of fetal urinary tracts, intra-uterine growth retardation, high maternal blood pressure, nicotine poisoning, and prolonged pregnancy. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the

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retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ovarian Cysts: General term for cysts and cystic diseases of the ovary. [NIH] Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome: Syndrome composed of a combination of ovarian enlargement and an acute fluid shift out of the intravascular space. The enlargement is caused by ovarian cyst formation and the fluid shift may result in ascites, hydrothorax, or generalized edema. The syndrome is most usually seen as a complication of ovulation induction, a treatment for infertility. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovulation Induction: Techniques for the artifical induction of ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus

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brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Ducts: Ducts that collect pancreatic juice from the pancreas and supply it to the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatic Pseudocyst: Cyst-like space not lined by epithelium and contained within the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Paracentesis: A procedure in which fluid is withdrawn from a body cavity via a trocar and cannula, needle, or other hollow instrument. [NIH] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Paraffin Embedding: The infiltrating of tissue specimens with paraffin, as a supporting substance, to prepare for sectioning with a microtome. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH]

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Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologist: A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH]

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Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneal perfusion: A method of delivering fluids and drugs directly to tumors in the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Peritoneovenous Shunt: An operation for the continuous emptying of ascitic fluid into the venous system. Fluid removal is based on intraperitoneal and intrathoracic superior vena cava pressure differentials and is performed via a pressure-sensitive one-way valve connected to a tube traversing the subcutaneous tissue of the chest wall to the neck where it enters the internal jugular vein and terminates in the superior vena cava. It is used in the treatment of intractable ascites. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] P-Glycoprotein: A 170 kD transmembrane glycoprotein from the superfamily of ABC transporters. It serves as an ATP-dependent efflux pump for a variety of chemicals, including many antineoplastic agents. Overexpression of this glycoprotein is associated with multidrug resistance. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH]

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Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Pheresis: A procedure in which blood is collected, part of the blood such as platelets or white blood cells is taken out, and the rest of the blood is returned to the donor. Also called apheresis. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipases A: Phosphatide acylhydrolases. Catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. Phospholipase A1 hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 1-position (EC 3.1.1.32) and phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes the acyl group attached to the 2-position (EC 3.1.1.4). [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorus-32: A radioactive form of phosphorus used in the treatment of cancer. It is also used to help locate areas of DNA damage. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of

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organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmids: Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled

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cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyhydramnios: Excess of amniotic fluid greater than 2,000 ml. It is a common obstetrical complication whose major causes include maternal diabetes, chromosomal disorders, isoimmunological disease, congenital abnormalities, and multiple gestations. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Portacaval: Surgical creation of an anastomosis between the portal and caval veins. [NIH] Portal Hypertension: High blood pressure in the portal vein. This vein carries blood into the liver. Portal hypertension is caused by a blood clot. This is a common complication of cirrhosis. [NIH] Portal Pressure: The venous pressure measured in the portal vein. [NIH] Portal System: A system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. It pertains especially to the hepatic portal system. [NIH] Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. [NIH] Portosystemic Shunt: An operation to create an opening between the portal vein and other veins around the liver. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH]

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Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Irritation, scarring, and narrowing of the bile ducts inside and outside the liver. Bile builds up in the liver and may damage its cells. Many people with this condition also have ulcerative colitis. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Progressive disease: Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. [NIH]

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Prokaryotic Cells: Cells, such as those of bacteria and the blue green algae, which lack a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by

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thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Pseudomyxoma peritonei: A build-up of mucus in the peritoneal cavity. The mucus may

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come from ruptured ovarian cysts, the appendix, or from other abdominal tissues, and mucus-secreting cells may attach to the peritoneal lining and continue to secrete mucus. [NIH]

Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Health Care: The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons,

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and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]

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Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal agenesis: The absence or severe malformation of one or both kidneys. [NIH] Renal Circulation: The circulation of the blood through the vessels of the kidney. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Renal tubular acidosis: A rare disorder in which structures in the kidney that filter the blood are impaired, producing using that is more acid than normal. [NIH] Renal vein thrombosis: Blood clots in the vessel that carries blood away from the kidney. This can occur in people with the nephrotic syndrome. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the

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most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Burst: A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retinas: A membrane at the back of the eye which is sensitive to light stimuli and composed of the photoreceptors proper, i. e. the cones and rods, and the nerve cells which transmit to the optic nerve the stimulation of the receptor elements. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rituximab: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]

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Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains

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spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serositis: Inflammation of a serous membrane. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Sil: The arithmetical average of the octave band sound pressure levels of a noise, centered on the frequencies 425, 850 and 1700 Hz together with the frequency 212 of the SIL in this

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band exceeds the others by 10 dB or more. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Smooth Muscle Tumor: A tumor composed of smooth muscle tissue, as opposed to leiomyoma, a tumor derived from smooth muscle. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH]

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Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincters: Any annular muscle closing an orifice. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Splanchnic Circulation: The circulation of blood through the vessels supplying the abdominal viscera. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenic Vein: Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic

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hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.

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[NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfotransferases: Enzymes which transfer sulfate groups to various acceptor molecules. They are involved in posttranslational sulfation of proteins and sulfate conjugation of exogenous chemicals and bile acids. EC 2.8.2. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superior vena cava: Vein which returns blood from the head and neck, upper limbs, and thorax. It is formed by the union of the two brachiocephalic veins. [NIH] Superior Vena Cava Syndrome: Obstruction of the superior vena cava caused by neoplasm, thrombosis, aneurysm, or external compression and causing suffusion and/or cyanosis of the face, neck, and upper arms. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of

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homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombopenia: Reduction in the number of platelets in the blood. [NIH] Thromboses: The formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel during life.

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[NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine and tremor. [NIH]

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH]

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Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transaminases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally a 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxyl phosphate proteins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.6.1. [NIH]

Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH]

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Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]

Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH]

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Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urokinase: A drug that dissolves blood clots or prevents them from forming. [NIH] Urologist: A doctor who specializes in diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and sex organs in males. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Varices: Stretched veins such as those that form in the esophagus from cirrhosis. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]

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Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Pressure: The blood pressure in a vein. It is usually measured to assess the filling pressure to the ventricle. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Vimentin: An intermediate filament protein found in most differentiating cells, in cells grown in tissue culture, and in certain fully differentiated cells. Its insolubility suggests that it serves a structural function in the cytoplasm. MW 52,000. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or

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viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal Pain, 4, 11, 42, 149, 175, 205, 216, 229, 249 Acceptor, 175, 218, 226, 245, 247, 248 Acetaminophen, 22, 175 Acetone, 118, 175, 216 Acetylcholine, 175, 224 Acidosis, 10, 133, 175, 216 Acne, 175, 239 Actin, 39, 175 Acute renal, 175 Acute tubular, 142, 175 Acyl, 40, 124, 175, 230 Acylation, 107, 175 Adaptability, 175, 189 Adenine, 113, 175, 236 Adenocarcinoma, 29, 30, 38, 39, 62, 175, 210 Adenosine, 72, 83, 175, 182, 187, 230, 246 Adenosine Deaminase, 83, 175 Adenovirus, 32, 36, 41, 176 Adhesions, 25, 176 Adipocytes, 176, 217 Adipose Tissue, 176, 227 Adjuvant, 13, 176 Adjuvant Therapy, 13, 176 Adrenal Cortex, 176, 177, 194, 239 Adrenal Glands, 176, 178 Adrenergic, 22, 176, 198, 201, 234, 245, 247 Adsorption, 129, 176 Adsorptive, 101, 176 Adverse Effect, 149, 176, 241 Aerobic, 114, 176, 202, 222, 226 Aerobic Metabolism, 114, 176, 226 Aerobic Respiration, 176, 226 Aerosol, 176, 245 Afferent, 176, 217 Affinity, 10, 24, 27, 62, 129, 131, 176, 177, 242 Affinity Chromatography, 129, 131, 177 Agar, 177, 195 Agarose, 129, 177 Agenesis, 177 Agonist, 177, 186, 198, 224 Airway, 29, 177 Albumin, 6, 36, 37, 42, 49, 52, 60, 66, 81, 142, 177, 231 Aldosterone, 140, 177

Algorithms, 145, 177, 185 Alimentary, 47, 177, 227 Alkaline, 36, 76, 175, 177, 178, 183, 187, 226 Alkaline Phosphatase, 36, 76, 177 Alkaloid, 101, 177, 224, 246 Allogeneic, 13, 177, 208 Alpha Particles, 177, 236 Alternative medicine, 148, 177 Amalgamation, 16, 178 Amber, 117, 178 Ameliorating, 136, 178 Amine, 178, 210 Amino Acid Sequence, 126, 178, 180, 206, 219 Amino Acids, 40, 114, 126, 127, 136, 178, 179, 201, 206, 228, 232, 235, 239, 241, 245, 248, 250 Ammonia, 8, 136, 175, 178, 245, 250 Ammonium Sulfate, 129, 178 Amnestic, 178, 221 Amniotic Fluid, 178, 225, 232 Amplification, 127, 178 Ampulla, 178, 190, 200 Amyloid, 56, 178 Amyloidosis, 6, 178 Anaesthesia, 42, 178, 213 Anal, 179, 203, 223 Analgesic, 175, 179, 218 Analog, 39, 179, 204, 225 Anaphylatoxins, 179, 193 Anaplasia, 179 Anastomosis, 179, 232 Anatomical, 125, 179, 182, 190, 194, 197, 213, 240 Anemia, 133, 179, 204, 223 Anergy, 35, 179 Anesthesia, 177, 179, 222 Aneurysm, 179, 245, 251 Angina, 179, 234 Angina Pectoris, 179, 234 Angioedema, 179 Angioneurotic, 82, 179 Angiotensinogen, 179, 238 Animal Husbandry, 19, 179 Animal model, 9, 11, 29, 30, 32, 33, 179 Anionic, 14, 179 Anions, 177, 179, 215, 241

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Ankle, 4, 179 Anorexia, 179, 205, 250 Anthracycline, 101, 180, 196 Antiangiogenic, 11, 180 Antiarrhythmic, 180, 247 Antibacterial, 180, 191, 243 Antibiotic, 13, 143, 180, 186, 189, 191, 195, 196, 198, 201, 228, 243, 244, 249 Antibodies, Anticardiolipin, 180, 181 Antibodies, Antiphospholipid, 180, 181 Antibody, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 29, 65, 80, 118, 119, 120, 122, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 177, 180, 192, 208, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 220, 222, 237, 239, 243, 252 Antibody Affinity, 16, 180 Anticoagulant, 86, 180, 181, 196, 235 Antidiuretic, 75, 180 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 180, 192 Antigen-presenting cell, 180, 196 Antihypertensive, 180, 247 Anti-infective, 180, 204, 211 Anti-Infective Agents, 181, 204 Anti-inflammatory, 175, 181, 182, 207, 227 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 181, 182 Antimetabolite, 35, 181, 196, 204, 221 Antineoplastic, 121, 181, 198, 204, 206, 221, 222, 226, 229, 231, 251 Antineoplastic Agents, 181, 229, 251 Antioxidants, 181, 204, 229 Antiphospholipid Syndrome, 4, 180, 181 Antiproliferative, 181, 214 Antipyretic, 175, 181 Antiseptic, 175, 181 Antiserum, 39, 118, 130, 132, 181, 183 Antiviral, 181, 196, 214 Anuria, 82, 181, 216 Anus, 179, 181, 182, 186, 192 Anxiety, 181, 234 Anxiolytic, 181, 186, 221 Aorta, 181, 251 Apheresis, 181, 230 Apnea, 79, 181 Apoptosis, 11, 32, 35, 95, 104, 106, 181, 188 Aqueous, 108, 133, 182, 183, 191, 195, 211, 217 Aqueous fluid, 133, 182 Arachidonic Acid, 87, 140, 182, 218, 234 Arginine, 140, 179, 182, 224 Arterial, 77, 125, 140, 181, 182, 187, 190, 211, 235, 246 Arteries, 181, 182, 185, 194, 223, 236, 247 Arterioles, 182, 185, 187, 221, 251

Arteriosus, 182, 236 Artery, 125, 179, 182, 190, 194, 227, 236 Asbestos, 182, 219, 221 Ascitic Fluid, 3, 49, 52, 62, 83, 132, 140, 142, 182, 229 Aspartate, 36, 108, 182 Aspirin, 149, 182 Assay, 119, 128, 130, 136, 182, 212, 237 Asymptomatic, 119, 182, 190, 210, 227 Ataxia, 182, 211 ATP, 53, 94, 101, 104, 123, 182, 198, 206, 207, 229, 230, 235, 247 Atresia, 57, 67, 182 Atrial, 113, 140, 182 Atrium, 135, 182, 251 Attenuated, 182, 197 Autoantibodies, 17, 180, 183 Autoantigens, 183 Autodigestion, 183, 227 Autologous, 12, 13, 33, 89, 103, 183 Autologous tumor cells, 12, 183 Autonomic Nervous System, 183, 228, 245 Autopsy, 15, 183 Avian, 117, 183 Avidity, 180, 183 Azotemia, 142, 183, 250 B Bacterial Infections, 74, 183, 189, 208, 239 Bacterial Translocation, 98, 183 Bactericidal, 117, 183 Bacteriostatic, 183, 201 Barbiturates, 183, 236 Barium, 129, 183 Base, 125, 175, 183, 195, 202, 206, 216, 217, 250 Basement Membrane, 91, 100, 183, 202, 217 Bed Rest, 4, 5, 184 Benign, 15, 44, 78, 184, 186, 203, 208, 217, 221, 223, 237 Benign tumor, 184, 217 Benzodiazepines, 184, 186 Beta-pleated, 178, 184 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 184, 214 Bewilderment, 184, 193 Bilateral, 44, 45, 79, 82, 184 Bile, 45, 47, 76, 123, 133, 162, 184, 200, 205, 209, 210, 216, 218, 233, 243, 245 Bile Acids, 184, 205, 243, 245 Bile Acids and Salts, 184 Bile duct, 47, 162, 184, 200, 209, 233 Bile Pigments, 184, 216

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Biliary, 45, 184, 190, 192, 227 Biliary Tract, 184, 227 Bilirubin, 36, 177, 184, 211 Binding Sites, 123, 184 Bioavailability, 21, 184 Biological response modifier, 184, 214 Biological therapy, 184, 208 Biological Transport, 184, 197 Biomarkers, 36, 77, 185 Biopsy, 45, 46, 122, 149, 162, 185, 228 Biosynthesis, 37, 40, 95, 114, 182, 185, 234, 241 Biotechnology, 37, 41, 140, 148, 155, 185 Biotinylation, 27, 185 Biotransformation, 185 Bispecific antibodies, 137, 185 Bladder, 9, 23, 33, 64, 77, 138, 185, 193, 211, 213, 234, 250 Blastocyst, 185, 193 Bloating, 149, 185, 216 Blood Coagulation, 185, 187, 246 Blood-Brain Barrier, 8, 185 Body Composition, 53, 133, 185 Body Fluids, 23, 30, 116, 134, 185, 198, 242, 249 Bone Marrow, 33, 100, 103, 185, 206, 212, 219, 222, 223, 242, 244 Boron, 186, 195 Bowel, 46, 119, 149, 179, 186, 197, 214, 215, 217, 225, 229, 244, 249 Bowel Movement, 149, 186, 197, 244 Brachiocephalic Veins, 186, 245 Brachytherapy, 186, 215, 237, 252 Bradykinin, 77, 186, 224, 231 Brain Neoplasms, 186, 211 Breeding, 120, 121, 179, 186 Broad Ligament, 186, 203 Broad-spectrum, 186, 189 Bronchi, 186, 201, 246 Bronchial, 146, 186, 210, 246 Bronchiectasis, 146, 186 Bronchitis, 146, 186, 191 Bryostatin-1, 11, 186 Buccal, 186, 219 Bupivacaine, 95, 186 Buspirone, 22, 186 C Cachexia, 9, 186 Caffeine, 86, 187, 236 Calcium, 87, 132, 133, 182, 187, 190, 192, 220, 235, 241, 251 Calcium Carbonate, 133, 187

Calmodulin, 101, 187 Cancer vaccine, 13, 187 Cannula, 187, 227 Capillary, 75, 186, 187, 207, 232, 251 Capsules, 187, 207 Captopril, 53, 187 Carbohydrate, 29, 187, 207, 225, 232, 241 Carbon Dioxide, 187, 196, 239, 250 Carboxy, 27, 126, 187 Carcinogenesis, 31, 187 Carcinogenic, 187, 214, 234, 243, 249 Carcinogens, 187, 225 Carcinoma, 10, 13, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 75, 86, 88, 89, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108, 109, 114, 122, 137, 187 Cardiac, 28, 48, 68, 99, 113, 121, 124, 125, 145, 180, 187, 188, 201, 209, 222, 223, 239, 243, 244 Cardiac Output, 125, 188, 244 Cardiolipins, 181, 188 Cardiorespiratory, 188, 222 Cardioselective, 188, 234 Cardiotoxicity, 89, 188 Cardiovascular, 43, 81, 89, 117, 172, 188, 202, 218, 241 Cardiovascular System, 117, 188 Carnitine, 117, 188 Carrier Proteins, 188, 231, 237 Case report, 47, 48, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 64, 71, 72, 73, 77, 83, 188 Case series, 77, 188 Caspase, 34, 95, 100, 188 Catabolism, 34, 188 Catecholamine, 188, 198, 229 Catheter, 42, 44, 57, 70, 76, 79, 116, 134, 188, 200, 215 Catheterization, 72, 188, 215 Cathode, 188, 199 Cations, 114, 188, 215 Caudal, 188, 232 Cause of Death, 14, 22, 32, 121, 132, 188 Cefotaxime, 7, 189 Ceftriaxone, 57, 189 Cell Communication, 12, 189 Cell Count, 142, 189 Cell Cycle, 34, 36, 88, 98, 189, 191, 201, 235, 246 Cell Death, 32, 95, 181, 189, 201, 223, 246 Cell Differentiation, 189, 241 Cell Division, 183, 189, 201, 208, 215, 222, 230, 240

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Cell Fusion, 128, 189 Cell Lineage, 25, 189 Cell membrane, 37, 114, 184, 188, 189, 196, 221, 230, 232 Cell proliferation, 26, 32, 88, 189, 241 Cell Respiration, 176, 189, 222, 226, 239 Cell Size, 189, 204 Cell Survival, 32, 189, 208 Cell Transplantation, 89, 103, 189 Cellular Structures, 189, 222 Central Nervous System Infections, 189, 209, 211 Centrifugation, 24, 190 Cerebral, 8, 75, 182, 185, 186, 190, 201, 211, 242 Cerebral Infarction, 190, 211 Cerebrospinal, 63, 190, 211, 241 Cerebrospinal fluid, 63, 190, 211, 241 Cerebrum, 190 Cervical, 54, 190 Cervix, 190, 208 Charybdotoxin, 89, 190 Chemotactic Factors, 190, 193 Chemotherapeutic agent, 11, 122, 190 Chemotherapeutics, 26, 190 Chemotherapy, 11, 13, 26, 32, 33, 65, 89, 96, 100, 102, 103, 137, 176, 190 Chest Pain, 145, 190 Chest wall, 190, 229 Chin, 136, 190, 220 Choledochal Cyst, 45, 190 Cholestasis, 146, 160, 190 Cholesterol, 58, 83, 184, 191, 220, 243 Chondrocytes, 191, 203 Chromatin, 181, 191, 219 Chromosomal, 178, 191, 232 Chromosome, 31, 191, 193, 218, 240, 248, 249 Chronic Disease, 162, 186, 191, 217 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 146, 191 Chronic renal, 191, 205, 232, 250 Ciliary, 182, 191 Ciliary processes, 182, 191 CIS, 13, 191 Cisplatin, 60, 107, 191 Clamp, 126, 191 Clarithromycin, 22, 191 Clathrin, 27, 191, 192 Clavulanic Acid, 7, 191 Clinical Medicine, 66, 191, 233

Clinical trial, 8, 11, 27, 32, 33, 93, 155, 191, 198, 235, 237 Cloning, 16, 17, 29, 76, 128, 130, 131, 185, 192 Coagulation, 129, 181, 185, 192, 231 Coated Vesicles, 191, 192 Coenzyme, 120, 192 Cofactor, 129, 192, 235, 246 Coitus, 120, 192 Colitis, 192, 216 Collagen, 183, 192, 194, 202, 203, 220, 231 Colloidal, 177, 192, 199, 241, 245 Colon, 29, 30, 119, 146, 192, 214, 216, 217, 249 Common Bile Duct, 190, 192, 209 Complement, 49, 104, 179, 192, 193, 206, 231 Complementary and alternative medicine, 93, 112, 193 Complementary medicine, 93, 193 Compliance, 125, 193 Computational Biology, 155, 193 Conception, 120, 193, 194, 203, 243 Concomitant, 4, 84, 193 Cones, 193, 239 Confusion, 46, 193, 197, 250 Congestive heart failure, 6, 54, 171, 193 Conjugated, 184, 193, 195 Conjugation, 185, 193, 245 Connective Tissue, 181, 186, 192, 193, 194, 203, 205, 219, 240, 246 Connective Tissue Diseases, 181, 194 Consciousness, 142, 179, 194, 198, 209, 239 Constipation, 145, 194, 216, 229 Constriction, 142, 194, 216, 251 Constriction, Pathologic, 194, 251 Consultation, 18, 162, 194 Contamination, 123, 127, 194, 210 Contraception, 120, 194 Contractility, 58, 194 Contracture, 125, 194 Contraindications, ii, 194 Conus, 194, 236 Coordination, 20, 194 Cornea, 182, 194 Coronary, 179, 194, 223 Coronary Thrombosis, 194, 223 Corticosteroids, 194, 207 Cortisol, 12, 177, 194 Craniocerebral Trauma, 194, 209, 211 Cryofixation, 194 Cryopreservation, 16, 18, 194

257

Culture Media, 17, 177, 195 Curative, 195, 246 Curcumin, 96, 104, 195 Cutaneous, 195, 218 Cyanosis, 195, 245 Cyclic, 104, 187, 189, 195, 208, 224, 234, 246 Cycloheximide, 90, 195 Cyst, 20, 59, 60, 63, 65, 195, 226, 227 Cyst Fluid, 20, 195 Cysteine, 195, 245 Cytochrome, 21, 100, 195, 239 Cytochrome b, 195, 239 Cytokine, 13, 46, 84, 195, 214 Cytoplasm, 181, 189, 195, 196, 208, 219, 222, 234, 239, 251 Cytosine, 195, 236 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 94, 191, 195 Cytoskeleton, 195, 196, 221 Cytostatic, 96, 196 Cytotoxic, 12, 13, 100, 108, 196, 219, 237, 241 Cytotoxicity, 13, 31, 97, 99, 102, 103, 191, 196 D Data Collection, 28, 196 Daunorubicin, 40, 88, 91, 96, 97, 101, 102, 103, 109, 196, 198 Decarboxylation, 196, 210 Decompression, 28, 196 Decompression Sickness, 196 Degenerative, 194, 196, 209 Deletion, 181, 196 Dendrites, 196, 224 Dendritic, 13, 35, 196, 220 Dendritic cell, 13, 35, 196 Deoxyglucose, 87, 196 Depolarization, 196, 241 Deprivation, 93, 196 Developed Countries, 196, 204 Dextran Sulfate, 129, 196 Diabetes Mellitus, 197, 209, 225 Diagnostic procedure, 115, 120, 148, 197 Dialyzer, 197, 209 Diaphragm, 116, 197, 231 Diarrhea, 145, 197, 216 Diarrhoea, 74, 197, 205 Diastolic, 197, 211 Diffusion, 114, 184, 197, 208, 214 Digestion, 64, 80, 177, 184, 186, 197, 215, 218, 228, 244, 250 Digestive system, 197, 205, 223

Digestive tract, 162, 197, 242 Dilatation, Pathologic, 197, 251 Dilation, 146, 186, 197, 211, 251 Dilution, 16, 197 Diploid, 23, 197, 231, 249 Direct, iii, 9, 13, 22, 52, 97, 125, 136, 162, 189, 191, 197, 198, 238, 245 Discrete, 126, 197 Disease Progression, 12, 197 Disorientation, 193, 196, 197 Disposition, 22, 25, 53, 197 Dissection, 197, 219 Dissociation, 176, 197 Distal, 28, 81, 124, 198, 205, 235 Distention, 171, 198 Diuretic, 4, 5, 6, 7, 72, 80, 82, 87, 124, 137, 141, 143, 198, 205, 220, 242 DNA Topoisomerase, 198, 206 Dopamine, 28, 69, 198, 224, 230 Dorsal, 198, 232 Double-blind, 22, 74, 198 Doxorubicin, 89, 198 Drug Interactions, 198 Drug Resistance, 122, 198 Drug Tolerance, 198, 247 Duct, 27, 48, 178, 187, 188, 192, 198, 200, 202, 209, 240, 243 Duodenum, 149, 184, 198, 200, 205, 227, 228, 244 Dyes, 178, 198, 204, 229 E Echocardiography, 57, 199 Edema, 4, 36, 110, 117, 172, 179, 199, 205, 215, 224, 225, 226, 233, 250 Effector, 175, 192, 199 Efficacy, 11, 14, 25, 32, 41, 69, 70, 106, 124, 186, 199, 249 Effusion, 137, 199 Elective, 40, 107, 199 Electrocoagulation, 192, 199 Electroencephalography, 78, 199 Electrolysis, 179, 188, 199 Electrolyte, 58, 73, 133, 177, 199, 209, 217, 232, 242, 250 Electrons, 183, 188, 199, 215, 226, 236, 237 Electrophoresis, 129, 199, 216 Embryo, 185, 189, 199, 213, 233 Emollient, 199, 207, 225 Emphysema, 146, 191, 199 Encephalopathy, 5, 6, 7, 8, 22, 28, 36, 136, 142, 162, 199 Endocrine System, 199, 224

258

Ascites

Endocytosis, 27, 101, 199 Endogenous, 127, 183, 198, 199, 200, 234 Endometrial, 19, 199 Endometriosis, 54, 61, 71, 199 Endometrium, 120, 199, 200, 208 Endorphins, 200, 224 Endoscope, 200 Endoscopic, 4, 21, 28, 145, 200, 222 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 4, 200 Endoscopy, 5, 22, 55, 66, 149, 200 Endothelial cell, 185, 200, 203, 214, 246 Endothelium, 28, 200, 224 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 200 Endothelium, Vascular, 200 Endothelium-derived, 200, 224 Endotoxin, 13, 129, 200, 249 End-stage renal, 7, 191, 200, 232 Energy balance, 89, 105, 200, 217 Enkephalins, 200, 224 Environmental Exposure, 200, 225 Environmental Health, 154, 156, 200 Enzymatic, 187, 193, 201, 203, 210, 220 Enzyme Inhibitors, 201, 231 Epidermis, 201, 216, 236 Epigastric, 201, 227 Epinephrine, 176, 198, 201, 224, 249 Epithelial, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 175, 184, 195, 201, 207, 217 Epithelial Cells, 24, 25, 30, 201, 217 Epithelium, 25, 27, 29, 183, 200, 201, 227 Erythrocytes, 179, 186, 201, 238 Erythromycin, 22, 191, 201 Escalation, 13, 201 Esophageal, 36, 161, 201, 205 Esophageal Varices, 36, 161, 201 Esophagitis, 146, 201, 205 Esophagus, 78, 146, 182, 197, 201, 205, 209, 218, 228, 229, 238, 244, 250 Estrogen, 201, 208 Etoposide, 95, 96, 201 Eukaryotic Cells, 195, 201, 213, 225, 226 Evacuation, 194, 201, 205, 217 Excipients, 202, 204, 229 Excitation, 202, 204, 224 Excrete, 181, 202, 216, 238 Exercise Test, 202 Exercise Tolerance, 4, 202 Exhaustion, 202, 217 Exocrine, 120, 202, 227 Exogenous, 176, 185, 187, 199, 202, 234, 245

External-beam radiation, 202, 215, 237, 252 Extracellular, 75, 122, 133, 140, 141, 178, 193, 194, 199, 202, 203, 220, 242 Extracellular Matrix, 75, 193, 194, 202, 203, 220 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 202, 220 Extracellular Space, 202 Extraction, 20, 34, 135, 136, 202 Extrapyramidal, 198, 202 Exudate, 52, 202 Eye Infections, 176, 202 F Faecal, 197, 203 Failure to Thrive, 146, 160, 161, 203 Fallopian tube, 55, 99, 203, 208 Family Planning, 155, 203 Fat, 36, 49, 146, 162, 176, 182, 184, 185, 203, 216, 217, 218, 225, 242 Fatigue, 36, 161, 162, 203, 209 Fatty acids, 87, 97, 98, 177, 203, 207, 234, 247 Fatty Liver, 128, 203 Fecal Incontinence, 146, 203, 213 Feces, 194, 203, 244 Femoral, 42, 77, 203 Femur, 203 Ferritin, 83, 203 Fetus, 27, 67, 203, 233, 250 Fibrin, 185, 203, 229, 246 Fibrinogen, 203, 231, 246 Fibrinolytic, 57, 86, 203 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 10, 203 Fibroblasts, 203, 214 Fibroid, 203, 217 Fibronectin, 78, 83, 203 Fibrosis, 194, 203, 240 Fistula, 4, 94, 204, 225 Flatus, 203, 204, 205 Flavoring Agents, 204, 229 Flow Cytometry, 16, 204 Fluorescence, 16, 23, 118, 204 Fluorescent Dyes, 204 Fluoroscopy, 65, 204 Fluorouracil, 102, 204 Folate, 62, 204 Fold, 186, 204, 221 Folic Acid, 204 Food Additives, 117, 204 Food Coloring Agents, 204 Food Preservatives, 204 Foramen, 190, 204, 229

259

Forearm, 185, 204 Fractionation, 16, 129, 178, 205 Free Radicals, 38, 39, 197, 205 Fucose, 90, 205 Furosemide, 58, 143, 205 G Gallbladder, 58, 142, 175, 184, 197, 200, 205 Gamma Rays, 205, 236, 237 Ganglia, 175, 182, 186, 205, 224, 228, 245 Gas, 17, 178, 187, 196, 197, 204, 205, 211, 216, 224, 245 Gastrectomy, 48, 65, 205 Gastric, 42, 51, 68, 74, 93, 133, 183, 188, 205, 209, 210, 228 Gastric Emptying, 74, 205 Gastric Juices, 205, 228 Gastrin, 205, 210 Gastroenteritis, 54, 205 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 78, 145, 205 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 145, 205 Gastrointestinal tract, 183, 203, 205, 217, 218, 241, 243, 249 Gels, 118, 205 Gene Expression, 24, 51, 127, 206 Gene Therapy, 32, 33, 79, 83, 176, 206 Genetic Code, 206, 225 Genetic Engineering, 185, 192, 206 Genetics, 56, 176, 193, 206, 222 Genistein, 99, 206 Genomics, 31, 206 Genotype, 31, 206, 230 Germ Cells, 206, 226, 242 Gestation, 206, 228, 233 Giardia, 74, 206 Ginseng, 89, 109, 206 Gland, 29, 30, 176, 206, 219, 223, 227, 230, 234, 240, 244, 247 Glioma, 75, 206 Glomerular, 141, 206, 215, 216, 220, 238 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 141, 206, 216, 220 Glomerulus, 206, 207 Glucocorticoid, 96, 207 Glucose, 87, 90, 107, 114, 196, 197, 207, 209, 240, 242 Glutamic Acid, 204, 207, 224 Glutathione Peroxidase, 207, 240 Glycerol, 108, 188, 207, 230 Glycerophospholipids, 207, 230 Glycine, 40, 184, 207, 224, 241 Glycolysis, 38, 207

Glycopeptides, 114, 207 Glycoprotein, 29, 30, 35, 100, 101, 102, 117, 118, 122, 132, 203, 207, 217, 229, 246, 249 Glycoside, 207, 240 Glycosylation, 26, 123, 207 Goats, 128, 207 Goblet Cells, 29, 207 Governing Board, 207, 233 Grade, 21, 207, 208 Grading, 8, 207, 208 Graft, 65, 208, 213 Graft Rejection, 65, 208, 213 Gram-negative, 183, 208 Granule, 136, 208, 239 Granulocytes, 208, 217, 241, 252 Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, 208, 239 Granulosa Cell Tumor, 66, 208 Group Practice, 145, 208 Growth factors, 20, 28, 132, 208 Guanine, 208, 236 Guanylate Cyclase, 208, 224 Gynecologic cancer, 12, 21, 208 H Haematoma, 68, 208 Haemodialysis, 42, 208 Half-Life, 189, 208 Haptens, 177, 208, 237 Headache, 187, 208, 211 Health Services, iv, 8, 14, 156, 209 Heart failure, 6, 75, 209, 225 Heart Transplantation, 75, 209 Heartburn, 149, 172, 209 Hematopoiesis, 100, 209 Hemodiafiltration, 52, 209 Hemodialysis, 7, 46, 187, 197, 209, 216, 217 Hemodynamics, 56, 209 Hemofiltration, 209 Hemoglobin, 179, 195, 201, 209, 217 Hemoglobinopathies, 206, 209 Hemoperitoneum, 50, 209 Hemorrhage, 14, 22, 161, 194, 199, 209, 236, 244, 246 Hepatic, 5, 6, 7, 8, 21, 47, 61, 67, 73, 78, 84, 116, 136, 139, 142, 177, 192, 200, 209, 218, 232 Hepatic Duct, Common, 200, 209 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 5, 7, 8, 21, 73, 78, 136, 142, 209 Hepatitis, 5, 21, 79, 123, 128, 136, 142, 145, 146, 149, 160, 161, 162, 209, 210 Hepatitis A, 136, 161, 210 Hepatitis C, 79, 160, 161, 210

260

Ascites

Hepatocellular, 146, 161, 210 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 146, 161, 210 Hepatocyte, 190, 210 Hepatoma, 38, 40, 86, 87, 89, 97, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, 113, 114, 118, 119, 210 Hepatorenal Syndrome, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 70, 82, 140, 141, 142, 210 Hepatovirus, 210 Hereditary, 50, 82, 194, 210, 231, 239 Heredity, 206, 210 Hernia, 71, 79, 149, 172, 210 Heterogeneity, 113, 126, 177, 210 Histamine, 88, 179, 210 Histidine, 99, 210 Histology, 90, 210, 227 Homeostasis, 65, 135, 140, 210 Homogeneous, 27, 126, 210 Homologous, 122, 206, 210, 240, 246, 248 Homotypic, 27, 210 Hormonal, 65, 210 Hormone therapy, 176, 210 Humoral, 208, 211 Hybrid, 128, 130, 211 Hybridization, 189, 211, 222 Hybridoma, 16, 17, 18, 19, 122, 126, 128, 130, 131, 135, 211 Hydrocephalus, 63, 75, 211, 215 Hydrogen, 175, 178, 183, 187, 202, 207, 211, 218, 222, 224, 226, 229, 235 Hydrogen Peroxide, 207, 211, 218 Hydrolysis, 104, 132, 175, 185, 191, 211, 230, 232, 235 Hydronephrosis, 59, 211 Hydrophobic, 62, 180, 207, 211 Hyperbilirubinemia, 211, 216 Hyperplasia, 19, 211 Hypersensitivity, 211, 218, 239 Hyperthermia, 99, 211 Hyperthyroidism, 211, 234 Hypertrophy, 211, 212 Hyperuricemia, 124, 212 Hypnotic, 212, 221 Hypotensive, 22, 124, 212 Hypoxia, 10, 105, 212 Hypoxic, 125, 212 Hysterectomy, 20, 212 I Idiopathic, 64, 212, 240 Ileum, 87, 212 Immune response, 12, 176, 179, 180, 183, 208, 212, 213, 244, 250, 252 Immune Sera, 212

Immune system, 35, 180, 184, 212, 213, 218, 219, 250, 252 Immunity, 35, 212, 248 Immunization, 13, 18, 118, 212, 213 Immunoassay, 132, 135, 180, 212 Immunocompromised, 9, 212 Immunodeficiency, 123, 212 Immunofluorescence, 16, 29, 118, 119, 212 Immunogenic, 131, 212, 237 Immunoglobulins, 212, 231 Immunohistochemistry, 16, 20, 36, 212 Immunologic, 18, 190, 212, 237 Immunology, 9, 31, 60, 104, 176, 204, 212 Immunosuppressant, 204, 213, 221 Immunosuppression, 213, 225 Immunosuppressive, 13, 207, 213, 246 Immunosuppressive therapy, 213 Immunotherapy, 68, 76, 184, 213 Immunotoxin, 27, 213 Impairment, 38, 139, 141, 182, 184, 190, 202, 213 Implant radiation, 213, 215, 237, 252 Implantable pump, 134, 213 Implantation, 193, 213 In situ, 20, 24, 34, 39, 98, 213 In Situ Hybridization, 20, 213 Incision, 213, 215 Incompetence, 205, 213 Incontinence, 211, 213 Induction, 30, 101, 213, 226 Infancy, 82, 213 Infarction, 190, 213 Inferior vena cava, 43, 214 Infertility, 120, 214, 226 Infiltration, 42, 214 Inflammatory bowel disease, 146, 214 Informed Consent, 15, 214 Infusion, 46, 52, 69, 80, 214, 248 Ingestion, 81, 214, 231 Initiation, 25, 106, 127, 214, 244 Inner ear, 189, 214 Inorganic, 133, 191, 214, 223 Inotropic, 198, 214 Interferon, 10, 38, 55, 84, 214 Interferon-alpha, 55, 214 Interferon-beta, 10, 214 Interleukin-8, 10, 214 Intermittent, 143, 214, 218, 229 Internal Medicine, 14, 22, 32, 46, 52, 78, 86, 88, 205, 214 Internal radiation, 215, 237, 252 Interphase, 215, 225

261

Interstitial, 186, 202, 215, 238, 252 Intestinal, 21, 65, 134, 183, 206, 215 Intestinal Mucosa, 183, 215 Intestine, 123, 184, 186, 215, 217 Intracellular, 26, 96, 106, 109, 132, 133, 187, 191, 213, 215, 220, 224, 232, 234, 240, 241 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 211, 215 Intracranial Hypertension, 209, 211, 215 Intrahepatic, 4, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 33, 41, 61, 64, 81, 141, 143, 209, 215 Intramuscular, 215, 227 Intraperitoneal, 6, 9, 10, 11, 25, 42, 55, 65, 66, 79, 215, 229 Intravascular, 129, 215, 226 Intravenous, 5, 11, 16, 25, 67, 214, 215, 227 Intrinsic, 177, 183, 215 Intubation, 188, 215 Inulin, 207, 215 Invasive, 6, 30, 71, 212, 215 Involuntary, 203, 215, 223 Ions, 133, 183, 187, 197, 199, 211, 215, 216, 232, 235 Irradiation, 100, 215, 252 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 146, 149, 216 Ischemia, 75, 179, 216 Isoelectric, 13, 216 Isoelectric Focusing, 13, 216 Isoelectric Point, 216 J Jaundice, 140, 146, 160, 161, 162, 190, 210, 211, 216 K Kb, 29, 154, 216 Keratinocytes, 214, 216 Keto, 216, 248 Ketoacidosis, 175, 216 Ketone Bodies, 175, 216 Kidney Disease, 154, 211, 216 Kidney Failure, 5, 142, 200, 216, 217, 220 Kidney Failure, Acute, 216 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 216, 217 Kidney stone, 211, 217, 238, 250 Kinetic, 217 L Labile, 192, 217 Lactulose, 137, 217 Laminin, 183, 202, 217 Large Intestine, 197, 215, 217, 238, 242 Lassitude, 136, 217 Latent, 217, 233 Laxative, 177, 217, 242 Lectin, 91, 103, 217

Leiomyoma, 19, 60, 77, 83, 203, 217, 242 Lens, 182, 217 Leptin, 62, 217 Lesion, 217, 218 Lethal, 129, 183, 217 Lethargy, 211, 217 Leucine, 39, 56, 99, 217 Leucocyte, 217 Leukaemia, 53, 104, 217 Leukemia, 31, 33, 42, 63, 121, 198, 206, 218 Leukotrienes, 87, 90, 182, 218 Levo, 218, 247 Ligament, 59, 218, 234 Ligands, 131, 218 Linkage, 31, 218, 228 Lipid, 26, 27, 89, 99, 103, 105, 124, 207, 216, 218, 221 Lipid Peroxidation, 89, 99, 105, 218 Lipopolysaccharide, 79, 90, 208, 218 Liver cancer, 146, 161, 218 Liver Circulation, 140, 218 Liver Cirrhosis, 53, 54, 62, 63, 73, 78, 124, 210, 218 Liver Transplantation, 4, 5, 6, 7, 22, 43, 65, 70, 71, 140, 141, 160, 161, 218 Local therapy, 32, 218 Localization, 29, 68, 212, 218 Localized, 35, 178, 179, 194, 208, 213, 217, 218, 225, 230 Long-Term Care, 14, 218 Loop, 23, 122, 124, 210, 218 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 205, 218 Lupus, 47, 149, 180, 181, 218, 246 Lymph, 11, 33, 35, 64, 122, 123, 133, 183, 190, 200, 219, 223, 240 Lymph node, 11, 33, 35, 64, 183, 190, 219, 223, 240 Lymphadenectomy, 69, 219 Lymphatic, 69, 90, 106, 116, 200, 214, 219, 225, 242, 243, 247 Lymphatic system, 219, 242, 243, 247 Lymphocytes, 12, 13, 18, 20, 33, 131, 180, 196, 212, 214, 217, 219, 243, 246, 247, 252 Lymphoid, 35, 180, 194, 217, 219 Lymphoma, 66, 77, 84, 118, 119, 140, 219 Lymphoscintigraphy, 60, 219 Lymphotoxin, 46, 130, 219 Lysine, 88, 219 M Macrophage, 79, 219 Malformation, 67, 219, 238 Malignancy, 36, 43, 46, 47, 57, 69, 83, 219

262

Ascites

Malignant mesothelioma, 219, 221 Malignant tumor, 28, 30, 118, 121, 220, 223 Malnutrition, 45, 177, 186, 220 Mammary, 29, 30, 36, 220 Mannitol, 80, 220 Matrix metalloproteinase, 71, 99, 220 Meat, 128, 220 Mediate, 104, 198, 220 Mediator, 26, 220, 231, 241 MEDLINE, 155, 220 Melanin, 220, 230, 249 Melanocytes, 220 Melanoma, 34, 87, 97, 220 Membrane Lipids, 220, 230 Memory, 35, 179, 220 Meninges, 189, 194, 220 Menopause, 220, 234 Mental, iv, 8, 154, 156, 162, 190, 193, 197, 203, 213, 220, 236, 250 Mercury, 204, 221 Mesenteric, 64, 183, 221, 232 Mesentery, 221, 229, 243 Mesothelial, 51, 64, 75, 221 Mesothelioma, 43, 44, 220, 221 Metabolic disorder, 124, 146, 160, 221 Metastasis, 10, 26, 55, 88, 89, 98, 102, 108, 220, 221 Metastatic, 11, 24, 26, 29, 32, 34, 71, 83, 186, 221, 240 Methotrexate, 89, 108, 113, 221 Methyltransferase, 103, 221 Mice Minute Virus, 221, 228 Microbe, 221, 248 Microcirculation, 218, 221 Microorganism, 117, 192, 221, 252 Microscopy, 25, 183, 221, 225 Microspheres, 12, 89, 221 Microsporidiosis, 9, 221 Microtubules, 221, 227 Microvilli, 103, 221 Midazolam, 21, 221 Migration, 31, 79, 222 Mitochondria, 95, 222, 226 Mitochondrial Swelling, 222, 223 Mitosis, 181, 222 Mitotic, 201, 222, 246, 251 Mitoxantrone, 65, 222 Modification, 88, 206, 222, 236 Molecular Probes, 27, 222 Molecule, 27, 29, 35, 175, 177, 180, 183, 184, 188, 192, 195, 197, 199, 200, 202,

207, 209, 211, 217, 222, 226, 231, 237, 241, 251 Monitor, 162, 222, 225 Monoclonal antibodies, 16, 17, 18, 36, 118, 119, 126, 128, 130, 222, 239 Monocytes, 214, 222 Mononuclear, 222, 249 Morphological, 101, 199, 220, 222 Motility, 69, 222, 241 Mucins, 20, 29, 207, 222, 240 Mucosa, 119, 219, 222 Mucositis, 223, 247 Mucus, 54, 222, 223, 235, 249 Multidrug resistance, 91, 100, 102, 104, 109, 122, 223, 229 Multiple Myeloma, 118, 119, 223 Multivariate Analysis, 52, 223 Mydriatic, 197, 223 Myelofibrosis, 64, 223 Myeloma, 18, 130, 211, 223 Myocardial infarction, 4, 184, 194, 223, 234 Myocardium, 179, 223 Myxedema, 72, 80, 223 N Natriuresis, 58, 223 Nausea, 205, 223, 250 NCI, 1, 15, 153, 191, 223 Necrosis, 64, 142, 181, 190, 213, 219, 223, 240 Neonatal, 50, 51, 72, 73, 82, 223 Neoplasm, 171, 223, 240, 245, 249 Nephrectomy, 48, 67, 223 Nephrosis, 210, 223 Nephrotic, 6, 53, 82, 223, 224, 238 Nephrotic Syndrome, 6, 53, 82, 224, 238 Nervous System, 7, 29, 75, 77, 137, 175, 176, 183, 186, 187, 189, 190, 205, 207, 218, 220, 224, 226, 228, 241, 245, 246 Neuroendocrine, 12, 224 Neurologic, 211, 224 Neurons, 196, 205, 224, 245 Neuropathy, 179, 224 Neurotoxin, 190, 224 Neurotransmitter, 28, 175, 186, 189, 198, 207, 210, 224, 241, 244 Neutrons, 177, 215, 224, 236 Neutrophil, 104, 160, 224 Nicotine, 224, 225 Nitric Oxide, 7, 105, 140, 224 Nitrogen, 15, 20, 136, 177, 178, 196, 202, 216, 224 Nonmalignant, 52, 224

263

Norepinephrine, 176, 198, 224 Nuclear, 23, 44, 61, 78, 79, 94, 101, 103, 118, 193, 199, 201, 205, 223, 225, 234 Nuclei, 23, 40, 177, 193, 199, 206, 222, 224, 225, 226, 235 Nucleic acid, 34, 131, 195, 206, 211, 213, 224, 225, 236 Nucleoli, 118, 225 Nucleus, 181, 182, 183, 191, 195, 201, 205, 219, 222, 224, 225, 235, 244 Nutritive Value, 204, 225 O Occult, 47, 225 Octreotide, 48, 74, 225 Ocular, 29, 225 Oedema, 74, 82, 124, 225 Ointments, 225, 227 Oligohydramnios, 56, 225 Oliguria, 216, 220, 225 Oncogene, 132, 225 Opportunistic Infections, 8, 225 Optic Nerve, 225, 239 Organ Culture, 226, 247 Organelles, 190, 191, 195, 220, 222, 226 Orthostatic, 225, 226 Osmolarity, 220, 226 Osmosis, 226 Osmotic, 60, 177, 222, 226, 241 Ovarian Cysts, 226, 236 Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, 56, 76, 226 Ovaries, 208, 226 Ovary, 62, 100, 107, 226 Ovulation, 226 Ovulation Induction, 226 Oxidation, 175, 181, 185, 195, 207, 218, 226 Oxidative metabolism, 133, 176, 218, 226 Oxides, 53, 226 Oxygenation, 14, 196, 226 P Paclitaxel, 12, 24, 93, 95, 108, 109, 226 Palliative, 70, 74, 227, 246 Pancreas, 4, 66, 142, 175, 185, 197, 205, 227, 243, 249 Pancreatic, 4, 11, 30, 38, 45, 47, 62, 67, 69, 77, 83, 188, 200, 205, 227 Pancreatic cancer, 11, 38, 45, 69, 83, 227 Pancreatic Ducts, 200, 227 Pancreatic Juice, 205, 227 Pancreatic Pseudocyst, 4, 227 Pancreatitis, 4, 145, 149, 227 Panniculitis, 146, 227

Papilla, 200, 227 Paracentesis, 4, 5, 7, 33, 41, 50, 53, 55, 56, 67, 81, 140, 142, 172, 227 Paraffin, 15, 19, 20, 33, 227 Paraffin Embedding, 34, 227 Parasite, 9, 227 Parasitic, 206, 227 Parenteral, 44, 73, 227 Parenteral Nutrition, 44, 73, 227 Parietal, 227, 229, 231 Parotid, 227, 240 Particle, 228, 242, 248 Parvovirus, 38, 221, 228 Pathologic, 3, 6, 175, 181, 185, 194, 211, 228, 236, 239 Pathologic Processes, 181, 228 Pathologist, 15, 20, 228 Pathophysiology, 5, 7, 228 Patient Education, 160, 166, 168, 173, 228 Pelvic, 200, 228, 234 Pelvis, 175, 186, 214, 217, 226, 228, 250 Penicillin, 228, 250 Pepsin, 228 Peptic, 145, 228 Peptic Ulcer, 145, 228 Peptide, 17, 46, 123, 129, 135, 140, 190, 191, 203, 217, 228, 232, 234, 235 Peptide Chain Elongation, 191, 228 Percutaneous, 58, 66, 228 Perforation, 45, 64, 204, 228 Perfusion, 61, 212, 228, 247 Pericarditis, 48, 228 Pericardium, 228, 246 Perinatal, 50, 72, 228 Peripheral blood, 12, 119, 214, 228 Peripheral Nervous System, 200, 224, 228, 244 Peritoneal Cavity, 3, 10, 11, 116, 134, 182, 209, 215, 225, 229, 235 Peritoneal Dialysis, 46, 47, 229 Peritoneal perfusion, 49, 229 Peritoneovenous Shunt, 4, 86, 116, 134, 143, 229 Peritoneum, 7, 26, 116, 134, 186, 221, 229 Peritonitis, 4, 6, 7, 14, 47, 49, 51, 52, 58, 80, 98, 140, 142, 229 Perspiration, 133, 229 Petroleum, 227, 229 P-Glycoprotein, 22, 122, 229 PH, 44, 229 Pharmaceutic Aids, 204, 229 Pharmacokinetic, 229

264

Ascites

Pharmacologic, 28, 179, 208, 229, 247, 248 Pharmacotherapy, 136, 229 Pharynx, 205, 229 Phenotype, 23, 26, 122, 230 Phenylalanine, 230, 249 Pheresis, 15, 230 Phospholipases, 26, 230, 241 Phospholipases A, 26, 230 Phospholipids, 25, 180, 181, 188, 203, 220, 230 Phosphorus, 78, 187, 230 Phosphorus-32, 78, 230 Phosphorylated, 192, 230 Phosphorylation, 27, 102, 230, 235 Photocoagulation, 192, 230 Photoreceptors, 193, 230, 239 Physical Examination, 142, 230 Physiologic, 177, 185, 208, 215, 230, 234, 237, 239, 249 Physiology, 7, 89, 94, 97, 140, 161, 205, 230 Pigment, 184, 220, 230 Pilot study, 80, 230 Pituitary Gland, 203, 230 Plants, 177, 186, 187, 206, 207, 215, 217, 224, 230, 240, 248, 249 Plasma cells, 180, 223, 231 Plasma protein, 129, 177, 200, 231, 235, 241 Plasmids, 127, 231 Platelet Activation, 231, 241 Platelet Aggregation, 179, 224, 231, 247 Platelet Factor 4, 214, 231 Platelets, 184, 224, 230, 231, 241, 246 Pleura, 231 Pleural, 11, 23, 46, 51, 54, 56, 58, 64, 71, 77, 80, 83, 123, 136, 137, 221, 225, 231 Pleural cavity, 225, 231 Pleural Effusion, 46, 54, 56, 58, 64, 71, 77, 80, 83, 136, 137, 231 Pneumonia, 194, 231, 249 Podophyllotoxin, 201, 231, 246 Poisoning, 205, 221, 223, 225, 231 Polycystic, 81, 231 Polyethylene, 73, 232 Polyhydramnios, 50, 232 Polymerase, 38, 40, 232 Polymers, 127, 232, 235 Polypeptide, 178, 192, 203, 207, 211, 232, 235, 252 Polysaccharide, 94, 177, 180, 232, 235 Portacaval, 47, 232 Portal Hypertension, 4, 5, 14, 21, 22, 43, 49, 73, 140, 142, 146, 161, 162, 232

Portal Pressure, 22, 232 Portal System, 4, 28, 232 Portal Vein, 60, 146, 161, 232 Portosystemic Shunt, 5, 7, 21, 33, 41, 61, 64, 81, 142, 143, 232 Posterior, 79, 179, 182, 198, 227, 232 Postoperative, 76, 140, 232 Postsynaptic, 232, 241 Potassium, 72, 133, 177, 190, 232 Potassium Channels, 190, 232 Potentiation, 35, 232, 241 Practicability, 232, 249 Practice Guidelines, 70, 86, 156, 233 Precancerous, 233 Precipitation, 24, 132, 233 Preclinical, 29, 233 Precursor, 29, 135, 179, 182, 198, 199, 200, 201, 224, 230, 233, 235, 249, 250 Predisposition, 16, 233 Pre-Eclampsia, 71, 184, 233 Premalignant, 36, 233 Prenatal, 45, 50, 56, 67, 199, 233 Prenatal Diagnosis, 45, 50, 56, 67, 233 Presynaptic, 224, 233 Prevalence, 6, 36, 233 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 162, 233 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, 162, 233 Primary tumor, 55, 137, 233 Probe, 25, 39, 233 Progeny, 125, 127, 193, 233 Prognostic factor, 14, 233 Progression, 10, 12, 16, 24, 25, 30, 32, 36, 77, 125, 162, 179, 233 Progressive, 10, 137, 141, 189, 191, 198, 201, 217, 223, 231, 233, 238, 249 Progressive disease, 137, 233 Prokaryotic Cells, 127, 234 Promoter, 127, 234 Prophylaxis, 51, 74, 98, 140, 234, 239, 250 Propranolol, 23, 234, 247 Prostaglandin, 7, 234, 247 Prostaglandins A, 90, 234 Prostaglandins D, 234 Prostate, 61, 185, 234, 249 Prosthesis, 43, 234 Protease, 11, 63, 108, 132, 234 Protease Inhibitors, 11, 234 Protein Binding, 234, 247 Protein C, 13, 16, 28, 58, 129, 162, 177, 178, 192, 203, 234, 235, 250 Protein Conformation, 178, 235 Protein Kinases, 100, 235

265

Protein S, 101, 140, 185, 191, 195, 201, 206, 235, 239, 244 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 206, 235 Proteinuria, 223, 224, 233, 235 Proteoglycans, 183, 202, 235 Proteolytic, 192, 203, 235 Prothrombin, 235, 246 Protocol, 24, 235 Protons, 177, 211, 235, 236 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 227, 235 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 227, 235 Protozoa, 193, 206, 221, 235 Proximal, 198, 233, 235 Pruritus, 36, 235, 250 Pseudomyxoma peritonei, 59, 235 Psoriasis, 236, 239 Psychic, 220, 236 Public Policy, 155, 236 Publishing, 6, 37, 142, 236 Pulmonary, 44, 57, 88, 89, 98, 117, 124, 125, 160, 185, 202, 209, 216, 218, 236, 251 Pulmonary Artery, 125, 185, 236, 251 Pulmonary Circulation, 125, 236 Pulmonary Edema, 216, 236 Pulmonary hypertension, 117, 124, 125, 236 Pulse, 222, 236 Pupil, 194, 197, 223, 236 Purines, 34, 236, 241 Purpura, 49, 61, 236 Pyrimidines, 34, 236, 241 Q Quality of Health Care, 236, 249 Quality of Life, 6, 14, 28, 64, 146, 236, 245 R Race, 222, 236 Radiation, 23, 26, 32, 88, 98, 100, 176, 179, 200, 202, 204, 205, 211, 213, 215, 236, 237, 252 Radiation therapy, 32, 176, 202, 205, 215, 236, 252 Radioactive, 208, 211, 213, 215, 219, 222, 225, 230, 237, 249, 252 Radioimmunoassay, 119, 184, 237 Radiolabeled, 20, 215, 237, 252 Radiological, 228, 237 Radiotherapy, 186, 215, 237, 252 Random Allocation, 237 Randomization, 23, 237 Randomized, 14, 21, 22, 28, 33, 74, 81, 199, 237 Randomized clinical trial, 14, 21, 28, 237

Reactive Oxygen Species, 106, 237 Reagent, 196, 237 Recombinant, 18, 27, 129, 130, 238, 251 Recombinant Proteins, 18, 238 Recombination, 193, 206, 238 Rectum, 181, 186, 192, 197, 204, 205, 213, 214, 217, 234, 238 Recurrence, 36, 84, 238 Red blood cells, 201, 238, 240 Reductase, 221, 238 Refer, 1, 186, 192, 200, 218, 224, 238, 248 Reflective, 7, 238 Reflux, 116, 134, 149, 205, 238 Refraction, 238, 243 Regeneration, 203, 238 Regimen, 199, 229, 238 Regurgitation, 205, 209, 238 Remission, 238 Renal agenesis, 45, 238 Renal Circulation, 140, 141, 238 Renal failure, 81, 109, 140, 141, 210, 238 Renal tubular, 142, 238 Renal tubular acidosis, 142, 238 Renal vein thrombosis, 68, 238 Renin, 56, 140, 179, 187, 238 Renin-Angiotensin System, 187, 238 Resorption, 211, 239 Respiration, 181, 187, 222, 239 Respiratory Burst, 104, 239 Resuscitation, 71, 239 Retinas, 29, 239 Retinoblastoma, 36, 239 Retinoids, 11, 239 Retrograde, 239 Retrospective, 6, 239 Retroviral vector, 206, 239 Rheumatoid, 121, 239 Rheumatoid arthritis, 121, 239 Ribose, 175, 239 Ribosome, 87, 97, 239, 248 Risk factor, 12, 145, 146, 239 Risk patient, 28, 239 Rituximab, 66, 239 Rod, 191, 239 Ruminants, 207, 239 S Saline, 15, 240 Saliva, 29, 240 Salivary, 197, 227, 240 Salivary glands, 197, 240 Saponins, 89, 109, 240, 243 Sarcoidosis, 49, 240

266

Ascites

Sarcoma, 31, 39, 86, 87, 94, 99, 104, 105, 240 Scatter, 23, 240 Sclerosis, 44, 240 Screening, 16, 18, 34, 107, 129, 132, 146, 191, 240 Secondary tumor, 221, 240 Secretion, 10, 30, 75, 126, 210, 222, 223, 225, 229, 240, 250 Secretory, 29, 240 Sedative, 221, 240 Sedimentation, 190, 240 Segmental, 84, 240 Segmentation, 240 Segregation, 45, 238, 240 Selenium, 88, 240 Semen, 111, 234, 240 Semisynthetic, 189, 191, 201, 241, 246 Sepsis, 183, 241 Sequence Analysis, 27, 241 Sequencing, 29, 241 Serine, 10, 108, 235, 241 Serologic, 212, 241 Serositis, 149, 241 Serotonin, 186, 224, 229, 241 Serous, 62, 117, 142, 182, 200, 231, 241 Serum Albumin, 6, 237, 241 Shock, 13, 93, 101, 129, 241, 248 Shunt, 4, 14, 28, 44, 47, 63, 81, 116, 134, 138, 141, 241 Side effect, 136, 149, 176, 184, 212, 241, 245, 248 Signal Transduction, 26, 241 Sil, 100, 241 Skeletal, 191, 223, 242 Skeleton, 31, 175, 203, 234, 242 Small intestine, 9, 198, 200, 210, 212, 215, 242, 251 Smooth muscle, 19, 104, 179, 187, 203, 210, 217, 239, 242, 244 Smooth Muscle Tumor, 19, 203, 242 Social Environment, 236, 242 Social Support, 12, 242 Sodium, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 33, 40, 46, 65, 74, 114, 133, 142, 143, 162, 177, 223, 242, 245 Soft tissue, 185, 242 Solid tumor, 11, 24, 29, 34, 46, 117, 198, 242 Solvent, 175, 207, 226, 242 Soma, 242 Somatic, 18, 128, 189, 211, 222, 228, 242 Somatic cells, 189, 222, 242

Sorbitol, 220, 242 Sound wave, 238, 242 Spastic, 216, 242 Specialist, 163, 197, 242 Species, 9, 13, 19, 31, 39, 106, 127, 175, 177, 178, 189, 201, 205, 211, 221, 222, 227, 228, 231, 236, 237, 243, 244, 248, 249, 251, 252 Specificity, 18, 32, 118, 119, 124, 129, 130, 131, 137, 177, 243, 247 Spectroscopic, 40, 243 Spectrum, 31, 122, 146, 160, 195, 243 Sperm, 191, 243 Sphincters, 203, 243 Spinal cord, 189, 190, 191, 220, 224, 228, 243, 245 Splanchnic Circulation, 140, 243 Spleen, 16, 130, 178, 183, 211, 219, 240, 243 Splenic Vein, 232, 243 Sporadic, 239, 243 Staging, 24, 243 Statistically significant, 9, 243 Steatosis, 203, 243 Steel, 191, 243 Stenosis, 43, 78, 243, 244 Stent, 141, 243 Sterile, 62, 243 Sterility, 214, 243 Steroid, 184, 194, 240, 243 Stimulant, 187, 210, 244, 250 Stimulus, 194, 202, 214, 244, 246 Stool, 9, 192, 213, 216, 217, 244 Strand, 34, 232, 244 Streptococcal, 68, 244 Streptococcus, 244 Streptomycin, 195, 244 Stress, 12, 89, 101, 105, 108, 183, 188, 194, 205, 216, 223, 233, 239, 244 Stricture, 243, 244 Stroke, 134, 154, 188, 244 Stroke Volume, 188, 244 Stromal, 200, 244 Structure-Activity Relationship, 35, 244 Subacute, 214, 244 Subclinical, 8, 213, 244 Subcutaneous, 83, 146, 176, 179, 199, 217, 225, 227, 229, 244 Subspecies, 243, 244 Substance P, 201, 240, 244 Substrate, 21, 108, 129, 201, 245 Suction, 135, 245 Sulfotransferases, 22, 245

267

Sulfur, 61, 196, 202, 245 Superior vena cava, 44, 186, 229, 245 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, 44, 245 Superoxide, 239, 245 Supplementation, 99, 245 Supportive care, 5, 245 Suppression, 80, 117, 245 Suppressive, 35, 245 Suspensions, 33, 245 Sweat, 229, 245 Sympathetic Nervous System, 65, 140, 183, 245 Sympathomimetic, 198, 201, 224, 245 Symphysis, 190, 234, 245 Symptomatic, 5, 42, 70, 227, 245 Synapse, 176, 233, 245, 248 Synaptic, 224, 241, 245 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 68, 180, 181, 246 Systolic, 211, 246 T Tachycardia, 57, 172, 246 Tacrolimus, 53, 246 Tamponade, 68, 246 Teniposide, 109, 246 Theophylline, 236, 246 Therapeutics, 11, 26, 107, 120, 137, 246 Thiamine, 87, 246 Thigh, 203, 246 Thoracic, 48, 197, 231, 246 Threonine, 235, 241, 246 Threshold, 211, 246 Thrombin, 129, 203, 231, 235, 246 Thrombomodulin, 129, 235, 246 Thrombopenia, 181, 246 Thromboses, 181, 246 Thrombosis, 4, 60, 184, 235, 244, 245, 247 Thromboxanes, 182, 247 Thymidine, 40, 247 Thymidine Kinase, 40, 247 Thymus, 212, 219, 247 Thyroid, 211, 223, 247, 249 Thyroid Gland, 211, 223, 247 Thyroxine, 177, 230, 247 Timolol, 22, 247 Tissue Culture, 8, 15, 17, 101, 128, 247, 251 Tissue Distribution, 24, 247 Tolerance, 35, 124, 175, 247 Tomography, 49, 247 Tone, 125, 247 Tonus, 247 Topical, 30, 211, 227, 247

Toxic, iv, 9, 96, 121, 137, 193, 196, 200, 212, 213, 224, 231, 240, 248 Toxicity, 8, 12, 24, 36, 106, 188, 198, 221, 248 Toxicokinetics, 248 Toxicology, 89, 156, 248 Toxin, 162, 200, 247, 248 Traction, 191, 248 Transaminases, 6, 248 Transduction, 27, 241, 248 Transfection, 185, 206, 248 Transfer Factor, 212, 248 Transferases, 114, 207, 248 Transfusion, 210, 248 Translation, 201, 248 Translational, 16, 248 Translocating, 183, 248 Translocation, 45, 58, 96, 183, 191, 201, 248 Transmitter, 175, 198, 220, 224, 248 Trauma, 71, 201, 223, 227, 248 Treatment Failure, 11, 249 Treatment Outcome, 25, 249 Trees, 178, 249 Tremor, 247, 249 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 98, 249 Trisomy, 45, 249 Tropism, 83, 249 Tuberculosis, 48, 59, 218, 249 Tumor marker, 20, 62, 185, 249 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 46, 219, 249 Tumor suppressor gene, 36, 249 Tumorigenic, 24, 249 Tunica, 222, 249 Tyrosine, 29, 88, 102, 108, 198, 235, 249 U Ulceration, 228, 249 Ulcerative colitis, 149, 214, 233, 249 Uracil, 236, 249 Uraemia, 227, 250 Urea, 183, 216, 245, 250 Urease, 98, 250 Uremia, 216, 238, 250 Ureters, 217, 250 Urethra, 234, 250 Uric, 212, 236, 250 Urinary, 51, 64, 73, 82, 189, 211, 213, 225, 250 Urinary tract, 73, 189, 225, 250 Urine, 20, 23, 123, 133, 161, 180, 181, 185, 198, 211, 213, 216, 217, 223, 225, 235, 250 Urokinase, 11, 250 Urologist, 76, 250

268

Ascites

Uterus, 29, 30, 186, 190, 199, 200, 203, 208, 212, 217, 226, 246, 250 V Vaccination, 13, 250 Vaccine, 20, 176, 187, 235, 250 Vacuoles, 100, 199, 226, 250 Vagina, 190, 208, 246, 250 Valine, 136, 250 Valves, 79, 123, 250 Varices, 14, 21, 22, 162, 250 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 10, 55, 71, 80, 83, 88, 109, 251 Vascular Resistance, 125, 251 Vasculitis, 149, 227, 251 Vasoactive, 84, 251 Vasoconstriction, 125, 141, 201, 251 Vasodilation, 140, 251 Vasodilator, 186, 198, 210, 251 Vector, 32, 33, 36, 83, 248, 251 Vein, 73, 179, 214, 215, 225, 227, 229, 232, 243, 245, 251 Vena, 229, 251 Venous, 4, 44, 72, 83, 116, 134, 142, 181, 184, 190, 225, 229, 232, 235, 251 Venous Pressure, 232, 251 Ventricle, 125, 236, 246, 251 Ventricular, 211, 251 Venules, 185, 187, 200, 221, 251 Verapamil, 40, 91, 99, 104, 109, 251 Vesicular, 138, 251 Veterinary Medicine, 155, 251 Villi, 211, 251

Vimentin, 103, 251 Vinblastine, 99, 101, 107, 251 Vinca Alkaloids, 251 Vincristine, 96, 97, 102, 103, 108, 251 Viral, 32, 248, 249, 251 Virulence, 182, 248, 251 Virus, 37, 38, 49, 60, 79, 123, 128, 162, 189, 206, 210, 214, 239, 248, 251, 252 Viscera, 221, 242, 243, 252 Visceral, 183, 229, 252 Vitro, 13, 17, 18, 20, 30, 32, 34, 38, 87, 89, 97, 99, 102, 103, 104, 108, 114, 122, 126, 128, 189, 206, 213, 246, 247, 252 Vivo, 9, 11, 13, 17, 22, 28, 34, 80, 88, 90, 93, 94, 95, 98, 101, 108, 109, 128, 129, 140, 189, 206, 213, 246, 247, 252 W White blood cell, 160, 180, 219, 223, 224, 230, 231, 252 Womb, 250, 252 Wound Healing, 203, 220, 252 X Xenograft, 12, 36, 119, 179, 252 X-ray, 53, 188, 200, 204, 205, 215, 225, 236, 237, 252 X-ray therapy, 215, 252 Y Yeasts, 230, 252 Z Zygote, 193, 252 Zymogen, 234, 252