A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian
VLADIMIR OREL
BRILL
Orel 1.v...
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A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian
VLADIMIR OREL
BRILL
Orel 1.vw
14-03-2000 11:05
Pagina 1
A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE
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Orel 1.vw
14-03-2000 11:05
Pagina 3
A CONCISE HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian
BY
VLADIMIR OREL
BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KÖLN 2000
Orel 1.vw
14-03-2000 11:05
Pagina 4
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Orel, Vladimir E. A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language : reconstruction of Proto-Albanian / by Vladimir Orel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004116478 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Albanian language—Grammar, Historical. I. Title. PG9519 .O74 2000 491'.9915—dc21 99-053799 CIP
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Orel, Vladimir E.: A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language : reconstruction of Proto-Albanian / by Vladimir Orel. - Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : Brill, 2000 ISBN 90-04-11647-8
ISBN 90 04 11647 8
© Copyright 2000 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands
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“The question is,” said Humpty Dumpty, “which is to be master—that’s all … [Words have] a temper, some of them—particularly verbs, they’re the proudest—adjectives you can do anything with, but not verbs—however, I can manage the whole lot!” Lewis Carroll
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35()$&( The present book was started in 1982, in Mikhalevo (Russia), and its first (Russian) variant was finished in 1989 when it was submitted as a second doctoral dissertation to the linguistic department of the Institute for Slavic and Balkan studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (OREL Alb.). At the same time, the typescript was smuggled across the border to the United States (as some other works of the present writer) but, unfortunately, got lost on way to its destination. I continued my work on the historical grammar of Albanian while simultaneously writing an etymological dictionary as well: one project fostered the other. Until 1996, I had to concentrate on the etymological dictionary which eventually saw the light in 1998 (OREL AED). Meanwhile, the English text was quickly finished in 19971998. The present grammar was used as the basis of several courses in the historical grammar of Albanian (Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies, Moscow, 1987 and V.A. Dybo’s Nostratic Seminar, 1988) and of a graduate seminar at UCLA in 1999. The main objective of the book is to analyze the lexical material of the new etymological dictionary (the latter should be used as a data base immediately connected with the grammar), and to give a new detailed description of the linguistic development from ProtoIndoEuropean to ProtoAlbanian to modern Albanian. Different stages of this development were not of equal interest to the writer. The history of the Albanian language understood as a description of its evolution from the earliest attested monuments (Old Albanian) to its present form remained beyond the reach of this study. For that—perfectly legitimate—kind of linguistic history of Albanian we will need another book. In my work, I deal with the transition from IndoEuropean to ProtoAlbanian and the correspondences between ProtoAlbanian and modern Albanian. Therefore, many important features of modern Albanian are not discussed here: they are relatively recent and therefore irrelevant for my main task, the reconstruction of ProtoAlbanian. Not all important features of the ProtoAlbanian structure can be revealed and properly described today. Our knowledge is still very insufficient, especially in the field of ProtoAlbanian morphology. The study of Proto-Albanian syntax remains in its infancy. Hence, there are natural limitations to the present work: I give a relatively full description of historical phonetics but the third chapter of the book («Morphology») is only a very brief and incomplete sketch, in particular, as far as the
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ProtoAlbanian verb is concerned. Two central notions of my work are ProtoIndoEuropean and ProtoAlbanian. As far as Proto-IndoEuropean is concerned, its definitions or descriptions are beyond the scope of this work. The phonetic and morphological reconstruction of ProtoIndoEuropean used here delineates a late stage in the development of the language, a stage in which certain areal changes have already occurred, such as the loss of Indo-Europen laryngeals. ProtoAlbanian is viewed as a language already possessing several features typical of the Albanian linguistic type. We reconstruct it in two forms: Early ProtoAlbanian—immediately before the beginning of linguistic contacts with speakers of Latin/ProtoRomance (1st century CE), and Late ProtoAlbanian—following the contacts with ProtoRomance and ancient Slavic dialects still close to ProtoSlavic (6th-7th centuries CE). Major changes shattered the structure of ProtoAlbanian during this short but eventful period. The work is based on the results of my own research (including the data of the Albanian Etymological Dictionary and numerous papers on the reconstruction of ProtoAlbanian) as well as existing literature, including studies by such outstanding students of Albanian from its IndoEuropean perspective as MEYER, PEDERSEN, JOKL, ÇABEJ, and HAMP. In many cases, the book suggests new solutions for complicated problems of Albanian historical phonetics, and sometimes proposes revisions of my earlier studies. An attentive reader will easily notice them, especially if the literature I have adduced has been properly studied. However, references are very far from being complete; the reader should consult my etymological dictionary for more infromation. The book contains four chapters—«Phonetics», «Morphonology and wordformation», «Morphology» and «Vocabulary». My knowledge of the Proto-Albanian syntax is so insufficient that a separate chapter on the subject would be totally irrelevant. Inside each chapter, the text is divided into sections and paragraphs. The beginning paragraph of every section (its number always ending in zero) includes a brief list of relevant literature, some of it—with very short summaries. The book concludes with an index of Albanian forms. Whenever Tosk and Geg forms coincide, one Albanian form is quoted. If there are phonetic differences between Tosk and Geg, two forms are adduced separated by a tilda, with the Tosk form coming first, e.g. OO¬U¬ ~ OODQ¬If the word only exists in Tosk or in Geg, it is marked correspondingly. Forms from the various IndoEuropean daughter languages are given according to their traditional transliterations. The
preface
xiii
same applies to Proto-IndoEuropean reconstruction. As the reader will notice, I tend to use what could be labelled as «late» or «Brugmannian» IndoEuropean. Such a reconstruction does not take into account the comparative evidence provided by Hittite and Tocharian. Albanian is a product of this «late IndoEuropean» and it seemed counterproductive to make our reconstruction deeper than really necessary. I use three types of arrows in the text in order to distinguish between historical development, borrowing and morphological derivation. I do not have any illusions as to the future of this little innovation—it won’t be taken up. However, I want to give it a try. Usual arrows > < are reserved for historical change as they are normally used today. Thus, !Rmeans the development of
in time. Arrows ÖÕ are used to describe the act of borrowing. The formula WHUUDH PAWXP Ö W¬UPHW deals with loanwords. Finally, arrows ¾½ appear in my description of wordformation. They indicate «derived from», e.g. bir ¾ birth. While working on the book, I was able to use the excellent facilities of the Greek-Slavonic Annexe of the Taylor Institute (Oxford), McMaster University Library (Hamilton, Ontario) and the Hebrew University Libraries (Jerusalem). I am indebted to all the above institutions as well as to my former university (Bar-Ilan University in Ramat-Gan) for their support of my research. I am also grateful to the Egged Bus Co-operative (Israel) in whose buses and coaches I wrote substantial parts of this work. I want to express my gratitude to several people whose combination of advice, help and fierce criticism were important at various stages of my research in the field of the historical grammar of Albanian during the last seventeen years: Çlirim Bidollari (Tirana), Vladimir Dybo (Moscow), D. Ellis Evans (Oxford), John Greppin (Cleveland), Viacheslav Ivanov (Los Angeles), Irina Kalu°skaia (Moscow), Evgenii Khelimski (Moscow), Alexander Rusakov (St. Petersburg), Vitaly Shevoroshkin (Ann Arbor), Vladimir Toporov (Moscow), Brent Vine (Los Angeles), Charles Xu (Calgary) and Andrei Zalizniak (Moscow). I am also grateful to Susan Rothstein and Adam Wyner of Bar-Ilan University (Ramat-Gan). Some of my advisors and friends have passed away. My gratitude to Leonid Gindin (Moscow) is mixed with the bitter taste of remembrance. I am particularly indebted to my friend Jay Friedman (Los Angeles) who has edited the whole text (but not this sentence) and encouraged me to make numerous important changes in it. Calgary, Alberta November 30, 1999
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xxii ON – Old Norse OPers – Old Persian OPrus – Old Prussian OS – Old Saxon Osc – Oscan Osset – Ossetic Phryg – Phrygian Rom – Romance Rum – Rumanian SCr – Serbo-Croatian Scyth – Scythian Skt – Sanskrit Slav – Slavic Thrac – Thracian Toch – Tocharian Umbr – Umbrian W – Welsh
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chapter one
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chapter one
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chapter one
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chapter one
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32
chapter one
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chapter one
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chapter one
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38
chapter one
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40
chapter one
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42
chapter one
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chapter one
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$V\OODELFVRQRUDQWVLQORDQZRUGV Greek borrowings contain only marginal information on the development of asyllabic sonorants. At the same time, Latin and early Slavic loanwords are rich with phonetically representative material which adds to our understanding of the Proto-Albanian development. )RU SRVLWLRQDOFKDQJHVRIDV\OODELFVRQRUDQWVLQ/DWLQORDQZRUGVVHH ,QWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDZRUG/DWMLVUHQGHUHGDV$OEJM&IWKH IROORZLQJH[DPSOHV
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In the beginning of a word, Lat v is always preserved in Alb v: YD‘IRUG’Õ/DWYDGXPLG YMHUVK¬‘SRHP’Õ/DWYHUVXV‘YHUVH’ YMHW¬U‘ROG’Õ/DWYHWHUHPLG YUHU~Y¬QHU‘JDOOELOH’Õ/DWYHQQXP‘SRWLRQSRLVRQ’ YXOOQHW‘ZLOO’Õ/DWYROXQWWHPLG YULJXOO‘IODSOREH’Õ/DWYHUULFXOXP‘VHLQH’ 7KHUHVXOWLVWKHVDPHIRUZRUGVUHVXOWLQJIURPODWHUXQLYHUEDWLRQ LIY ZDVLQWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDOH[HPHLQ/DWLQ SU¬QGYHU¬ ~ SUDQGYHU¬ ‘VSULQJ’ Õ 5RP SUPD YUD ! ,WDO SULPDYHUD5XPSULP:YDU:
phonology
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chapter one DUPLN~DQ¬PLN‘HQHP\’Õ/DWLQLPFXVLG JMHOE¬U~JMHOE¬Q‘JUHHQ’Õ/DWJDOELQXV‘JUHHQLVK\HOORZ’ N¬US~NDQS‘KHPS’Õ5RP FDQQDSLVIRU/DWFDQQDELVLG P¬VKWHN¬U ~ P¬VKWHN¬Q ‘ELUFK’ Õ /DW PDVWLFLQXV ‘UHODWHG WR WKH PDVWLFWUHH’ PXUJ~PXQJ‘PRQN’Õ/DWPRQDFKXVLG
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phonology
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58
chapter one UU¬VKDM¬‘3HQWHFRVW’Õ/DW5AVOLD‘5RVDOLHV’ UU¬VKLU¬~UU¬VKLQ¬I‘UHVLQ’Õ/DWUVQDLG UULS¬‘SUHFLSLFHVWRQHZDOO’Õ/DWUSD‘EDQNFRDVW’ UULT¬U~UULT¬Q‘WLFN’Õ/DWULFLQXVLG UUXPEXOO‘UROOHGLQWRDEDOO’Õ5RP URPEXOXVEDVHGRQ/DWUKRP EXV‘PDJLFZKLUOLJLJRUZKHHO’
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phonology
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chapter one S¬UUXD~S¬UUXH‘EURRN ULYHUEHG’Õ6ODY SRURYÙ~ SDURYÙ SXUU¬‘KRWDVKHV’Õ6ODY S\U’ÚLG
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chapter one
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chapter two
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chapter three
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chapter three
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196
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morphology
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200
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morphology
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202
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morphology
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204
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206
chapter three
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chapter three
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chapter three
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chapter three
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226
chapter three
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228
chapter three
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morphology
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230
chapter three
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morphology
231
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chapter three
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chapter three
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chapter three
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248
chapter three
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Common Germanic-Balto-Slavic (including Germanic-Baltic and Germanic-Slavic) isoglosses with Albanian are fairly numerous. Quite a few of them are connected with wood or objects made of wood. EHUU‘VKHHSJRDW’~21ERUJU‘KRJ’2+*EDUXJEDUXKLG~ 6ODY
ERUYÙ‘ERDU’ EOHKXU¬‘SDOH’~2(EOWLG~ 6ODY EOpGÙLG EUXVKWXOO ‘KHDWKHU’ ~ 26 EUXVWLDQ ‘WR VKRRW WR VSURXW’ ~ 6ODY
EUÙVWÚ‘VSURXWEXG’
vocabulary
251
GDVK ‘UDP’ ~ *PF GWHX]DQ ‘ZLOG DQLPDO’ ~ /LWK SO GD-VRV ‘SDUD GLVH’~6ODY GX[Ù‘EUHDWKVSLULW’ GHUJM‘WROLHGRZQWROD\VLFNWREHLOO’~ *PF WDUJMDQ‘WRWHDU’~ /LWKG®UJLQWL‘WRPRYH’G®UJWL‘WRORVHHQHUJ\WREHFRPHZHDN’ ~6ODY GÚUJDWL‘WRSOXFNWRSXOO’ GUD ~ GUDˆ ‘RLOFDNH PHOWHG EXWWHU’ ~ 21 SO GUHJJLDU ‘\HDVW’ ~ 23UXV GUDJLRV ‘\HDVW’ 2/LWK GUDJ^V LG /HWW GLDO GUDG]L ‘VHGLPHQWLQPHOWHGEXWWHU’~6ODY GURÊGÊL‘\HDVW’ GUDQJ‘EDUJHSROHSXQWLQJSROH \RXQJFUHDWXUHFXE’~ 21GUDQJU ‘VWRQH SLOODU’ ~ /LWK GU¢QJD ‘SHUFK SROH’ ~ 6ODY GU_JÙ ~
GU_JD HW ‘WKLUVW’ ~ 2+* LOJL ‘KXQJHU’ ~ /LWK ¢ONWL ‘WR EH KXQJU\’ ~ 6ODY
RONDWLLG IOHW¬‘ZLQJOHDI’~ 2+*OHFNHQ‘WRMXPSWRNLFN’~/LWKOHNL¸O|NWL /DWYOªNW J¬UGKLM‘WRVFUDWFK’~2(JULQGDQ‘WRJULQG’~/LWKJU©QGÊLXJU©VWL ‘WRVFUDSHWRVFUDWFK’ JMHWK ‘IROLDJH JUHHQ OHDYHV’ ~ 2+* TXHVWD ‘WXIW’ 21 NYLVWU ‘EUDQFK’~ 6ODY JYR]GÚ‘ZRRGIRUHVW’ JMXK¬ ‘WRQJXH ODQJXDJH’ ~ 21 NDOO ‘VKRXW’ ~ /LWK JDËVDV ‘HFKR’ ~ 6ODY JROVÙ‘YRLFH’ KLU‘JUDFHIDYRUPHUF\’~ *RWKVNHLUV‘FOHDU’~ 6ODY h¨LUÙ‘FOHDQ’ KXPE ‘WR OHDYH WR ORVH WR VSRLO WR PLVV WR GURZQ’ ~ *RWK DI VNLXEDQ ‘WR SXVK DZD\ WR UHMHFW’ ~ /LWK VNXPE¸ VN¸EWL ‘WR KXUU\WRKDVWHQ’ N¬VHQ‘WRDFKH RIWKHVWRPDFK WRKDYHJULSLQJSDLQV’~ 21K¢‘WR WRUPHQW’~/LWKNHQNL¸NH±NWL‘WRGDPDJHWRKDUP’ NULS¬ ~ NU\S¬ ‘VDOW’ ~ /LWK NUDXS¸V ‘URXJK’ NUDXSLV ‘VFDE’ /DWY NUD-SLV‘IUDLOEULWWOH’~ 6ODY NUXSD‘JURDWV NURGK¬‘EHHKLYH’~*RWKKURW‘URRI’~ 6ODY NUDGD‘KHDSSLOH’ O¬QG¬ ~ ODQG¬ ‘ZRRG WLPEHU PDWHULDO’ ~ *PF OHQGWA ‘OLQGHQ’ ~ /LWKOHQW£‘ERDUG’~6ODY O_WÙ‘EDVW’ O¬P¬~ODP¬‘WKUHVKLQJIORRUZLQHSUHVV’~ 2+*ODP‘ODPH’~ 6ODY
ORPÙ‘EUHDNLQJ FURZEDU EURNHQEUDQFKHV’ OXV‘WRSUD\WRLQYRNHWREHJ’~ 2+*ORFNAQ‘WROXUHWRHQWLFH’~ /LWKO J²WL‘WRDVNWRSUD\’/DWYO¸G]XO¸JW‘WRDVNWRLQYLWH’ PLHOO‘IORXU’~2+*P¬ORLG21PM_OLG~ 6ODY PHOYR‘JUDLQIRU JULQGLQJ’ VKSLK ~ VKSLI ‘WR VODQGHU WR FDOXPQLDWH’ ~ 2+* IHKDQ ‘WR KDWH’ ~ /LWKSHLNL¸SH&NWL‘WREODPH’
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VKT\PE‘WRH[WLQJXLVKWRGHVWUR\’~ *RWKDIVNLXEDQ‘WRSXVKEDFN WR UHMHFW’ ~ /LWK VNXPE¸ VN¸EWL ‘WR KXUU\ XS’ ~ 6ODY VNXE_
VNXEDWL‘WRSXOOWRWHDU’ VKWDOE¬U ‘ZRRGHQ VQDUH’ ~ 21 VWROSL ‘EHDP JLUGHU’ /LWK VWXËEDV ‘SRVWSROH’6ODY VWÙOEÙLG VKWDQJ‘KDUG’~21VWLQJD‘WRSXWWRVWLFN’~/LWKVW©QJLXVW©QJWL‘WR EHDEOH’VWL±JWL‘WREHFRPHKDUG’/DWYVWL±JWLG VKWUDS ‘VWDJQDQW JUHHQ RQ SRQGV’ ~ 0+* VWUDI ‘WLJKW’ ~ /LWK SDU VWUDS®QWL‘WRGUDJRQHVHOIEDFN’ ]L‘EODFN’~0+*TXW‘GLUW’2(FZ©DG‘EDG’~ /LWKJ{GD‘VKDPH’ ~ 6ODY JDGÙNÙ‘GLVJXVWLQJ’ JDGÙ‘UHSWLOHZRUP’
The most important and significant group of isoglosses represents the connection of Albanian to Baltic and Slavic. The following are isoglosses attested both in Baltic and Slavic. EDOW¬‘VZDPSPDUVKGLUWHDUWK’~ /LWKE¢OWDV‘ZKLWH’~ 6ODY EROWR ‘VZDPSPDUVK’ EUHGK ‘WR MXPS WR VSULQJ’ ~ /LWK EUHQG¸ EU®VWL ‘WR ZDGH WR IRUG’ 6ODY EUHG_ EUHVWLLG GDQJ¬‘EHOO\’~ /LWKGDQJ£‘WDEOHFORWKFRYHU’/DWYGD±JD‘SXGGOH PDUVKODQG’~ 6ODY G_JD‘DUF’ GLN¬‘GHVLUHOXVW’~/LWKGmNDV‘LGOHHPSW\’~ 6ODY GLNÙ‘ZLOG’ HQG‘WRZHDYH’~/LWKL±GDV‘YHVVHO’/DWYHQGDV‘SDUWRIVOHGJH’~ 6ODY _GD‘ILVKLQJURG’ IODVKN¬W‘VOXJJLVKODPH’~/LWKSO²Nh¨LDV‘IODW’~ 6ODY SORVNÙLG 6ODY SOR[Ù‘IODWEDGHYLOSRRU’ JDPXOH‘KHDS’~ /LWKJ¦PXODV‘EDOHOXPS’~ 6ODY JRPRODLG JUHOO¬ ‘GHHS SODFH’ ~ /LWK JXUNOmV ‘FURS’ 23UXV JXUFOH ‘WKURDW’ ~ 6ODY JÙUGORLGFIDOVR ÊHUGOR‘ULYHUEHG RSHQLQJ’ NHW¬U ‘VTXLUUHO GRUPRXVH’ ~ /LWK NXRNDV ‘GDQFH’ UHFRQVWUXFWHG IURP NXRN®Q^ ‘GDQFLQJ SDUW\’ ~ 6ODY VNDNDWL ‘WR MXPS WR VSULQJ’ NROO¬‘FRXJK’~/LWKNRVXOmVLG~ 6ODY NDhOÚLG NUHK~NUHI‘WRFRPE’~/LWKJU{EWL‘WRUDNH’~6ODY JUHE_ JUHEWL ‘WRURZWRUDNH’ ODW¬‘VPDOOD[H’~ /LWKO²SHWDLG23UXVORSWR~ 6ODY ORSDWDLG OHVK ~ OHVKQD ‘ZRRO IOHHFH KDLU’ ~ /LWK ODæhNDV ‘OHDI’ /DWY ODæhND ‘OHDIRQDOLQHQVWDON VWDON’~6ODY OLVWÙ‘OHDI’ O¬JDW¬‘PDUVK’~ /LWKOL
JDVLG~ 6ODY OXÊD‘SRRO’
vocabulary
253
O¬PVK~ODPVK‘EDOO RIZRROWKUHDG JOREH RIHDUWK SRROVSHOOHW’ ~ /DWY OHPHVLV ‘VKDUS HGJH RI WKH SORXJK’ 6ODY OHPHhÚ ‘SORXJKVKDUH’ OO¬QM¬]‘PXGVLOW’~ /LWKVOLQDV‘VDOLYDPXFXVVOLPH’~6ODY VOLQD ‘VDOLYD’ PDN¬ ‘JOXH VFXP VNLQ RQ WKH PLON RU RWKHU OLTXLGV ’ ~ /LWK PDN©QWL ‘WR ZDON WKURXJK D VZDPS’ ~ 6ODY PRNUÙ ‘ZHW’
PRNQ_WL‘WREHFRPHZHW’ QGXONHP‘WRULSHQ’~/LWKWHONL¸WHËNWL‘WRJDWKHUWREULQJWRJHWKHU’ ~ 6ODY WHONWL‘WREHDWWRSRXQG’ SLGK ‘IHPDOH SXGHQGD’ ~ 23UXV SHLVGD ‘ERWWRP’ ~ 6ODY SL]GD ‘IHPDOHSXGHQGD’ SMHUU‘WREHQGWRLQFOLQH’~/LWKSHUL¸SH¼WL‘WRVWULNH’~ 6ODY SÚU_
SHUWL‘WRSUHVV’ UDQJ¬‘KRPHZRUN’~/LWKUDQN£‘KDQG’SDUDQN£‘JDWKHULQJ’UHQN¸ UL±NWL‘WRJDWKHU’~ 6ODY U_ND‘KDQG’ VKTDUU‘PDUWHQ’~/DWYVNDUD‘FXUO\IXU’~ 6ODY VNRUD‘KLGH’ VKWURK¬~VKWURI¬‘NHQQHO’~ /DWYVWUDMD‘VWDOOFRYHUHGZLWKVWUDZ’ 6ODY VWURMÚ‘FRQVWUXFWLRQ’ ]YMHUGK ‘WR ZHDQ’ ~ /LWK YHUÊL¸ YH¼ÊWL ‘WR ODFH WR WLH’ /DWY YU]W ‘WRWXUQ’~ 6ODY YHU]WL‘WRELQG’
Separate Albanian-Germanic isoglosses are rather rare: EDUU¬‘IHWXV’~*PF EDUQDQ‘FKLOG’ ELU‘VRQ’~*RWKEDXU‘VRQ’ GHW ‘VHD’ ~ *PF GWHXSLÈA ‘GHSWK’ 0'X GLHSGH 0/* GSHGH ( GHSWK * IDˆM ‘WR ILOO WR FUDP WR VXUIHLW’ ~ *PF VSDQQMDQ ‘WR WLJKWHQ’ 21VSHQQD KDOO ‘WURXEOH PLVHU\ SOLJKW VRUURZ’ ~ *PF VNDOOD] ‘WKLQ GU\ VKDOORZ’ ( VKDOORZ DQG [DOOD] ‘ZHDN WLUHG’ 0+* KHO KHOOHF KHGK‘WRWKURZWRVKRRW’~ 21VNM²WD2+*VFLRfDQLG N¬QDT‘WRSOHDVHWRVDWLVI\’~*RWKJDQDK‘WREHHQRXJK’2+*JL QDKLG ODVKW¬ ODVK¬ ‘ROG HDUO\ SUHPDWXUH RI IUXLW ’ ~ *RWK ODXV ‘HPSW\ ORRVH’ THQJM¬‘EHHKLYH’~*PF [XQDJDQ‘KRQH\’ 21KXQDQJ2(KXQLJ 2+*KRQDJ
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T\H‘VXPPLWSHDN’~ *RWKJHQSOKODLQH‘KLOO’ UHQG‘WRUXQWRKXUU\’~*RWKULQQDQ‘WRUXQ’21ULQQDLG VKSHUU ‘WR ZLQ PRQH\ WR JDLQ’ ~ *PF VSDUAMDQ ‘WR OHDYH XQKDUPHGWRNHHS’ 21VSDUD2+*VSDUAQ2(VSDULDQ W\P‘VPRNH’~ *PF ÌXPD]‘EUHDWK’
Lexically, Albanian proves to be particularly close to Baltic. The following isoglosses demonstrate the specifically close AlbanianBaltic relations. DPXOO‘VWDJQDQW RIZDWHU ’~/LWKPXËY^‘VLOWPDUVK’P¸OWL‘WRJHW GLUW\’ EOL~EOî‘OLQGHQ’~ /LWKEOLQG®VEOHQG®V‘6DOL[FDSUHD’ EUH]‘EHOW’~/LWKEULDXQ£‘HGJH’ EX]¬ ‘OLS HQG HGJH EDQN VWLWFK URFN’ ~ /LWK EXG| ‘WUHHIXQJXV WLQGHUZKHWVWRQH’ GDN‘ELJUDP’~/LWKGY|NWL‘WREUHDWKH’GY¦NDV‘EUHDWK’ GUXDM ~ GUXHM ‘WR EH DIUDLG’ ~ /DWY GUXYDV ‘IHDU’ /LWK GUDXGÊL¸ GUDVWL‘WRIRUELGWRGHWHUWRVFDUHRII’ GUXGKH ‘FUXPE’ ~ /LWK GU¸]JDV ‘VSOLQWHU IUDJPHQW’ GU¸ÊWL ‘WR EHFRPHZHDN’ ILN‘WRH[WLQJXLVK RIILUH WREULQJPLVIRUWXQHWRUXLQ’~ /LWKSH&NWL ‘WR GHVSLVH WR VFROG’ SmNWL ‘WR EH DQJU\’ /DWY SHæNW ‘WR EH VSRLOW’ JDQG ‘DFFLGHQW YLFH GHIHFW’ ~ /LWK JD±GDV ‘UXPRU’ JD±GLQWL ‘WR IULJKWHQ’/DWYJD±GêW‘WRVSRLO’ JDUJXOO‘IXOO’~ /LWKJD¼JDODVJDUJ¶ODV‘WKLFNHQLQJNQRWWHGWKUHDG WKUHDG’ JUDY¬ ‘FDYH GHQ ODLU’ ~ /LWK JULRY£ /DWY JUDYD JP U¨DYD ‘UDYLQH SUHFLSLWRXVYDOOH\’23UXVJUDXZXV‘VLGH’ JMLMH‘VWDEOHKRXVH’~/LWKVHQD‘ZDOO’/DWYVLHl QDLG KDO¬‘ILVKERQHVSOLQWHU SLQH’~/LWKVNDO£‘VWLFNRIILUHZRRG’/DWY VNDOD‘VSOLQWHU XVHGWRIXUQLVKOLJKW ’ LN¬M‘WRJRDZD\WRUXQDZD\’~/LWKH&NH&NLLPSHU‘JR’ MHUP ‘GHOLULXP DEVHQWPLQGHGQHVV’ ~ /LWK H¼PDV ‘PRQVWHU’ /DWY ?UPV‘ZRQGHUIXODSSDULWLRQ’?UPL‘ZRQGHUVPLUDFOHV’ NDSWK‘SDWKPRXQWDLQSDWK’~/LWKN¦SDV‘JUDYH’NRS£‘GXQH’/DWY N¦SD‘GXQH’ N¬SXUGK¬‘IXQJXVPXVKURRP’~/LWKNªSXU^‘FDS’/DWYF?SXUHLG NRW‘XVHOHVVYDLQ’~/LWKNRNW¸V‘GLVJXVWLQJ’
vocabulary
255
NUXS‘WRORDWKH’~/LWKNUDXS¸V‘HDVLO\VFDUHG’NUXS¸VLGNUgSWL‘WR VFDUH’ NXOS¬U~NXOS¬Q‘LY\FOHPDWLV’~/LWKN®OSD‘ORRS’/DWYFLËSDLG NXQJXOO‘PDUURZSXPSNLQERWWOH’~/LWKNX±NXODV‘EXEEOH OH SDUWLFOH RI MXVVLYH ~ /LWK OD& SDUWLFOH RI RSWDWLYH DQG SHUPLVVLYH /DWYO£LOHî23UXVODL OHU¬‘GLUWPXG’~/LWKOD-U^‘GLUW\SHUVRQ’ OLO¬ ‘VPDOO LURQ ULQJ ORRSULQJ OLQN’ ~ /LWK OH&ODV ‘WKLQ VXSSOH IOH[LEOH’ ORTH‘SHQLV WHVWLFOHV’~ /LWKOLDXN£‘JODQG’ PDO‘PRXQWDLQ’~ /LWKPDO£‘ODQG’/DWYPDOD‘EDQNVKRUH’ PLV‘OLPEPHPEHU’~/LWKP®NODV‘VXSSOH’PLWU¸VLG PRGKXOO‘YHWFKFKLFNOLQJFKLFNSHD’~/LWKPDʸOLV‘VPDOO’ PXJXOO ‘VKRRW EXG VSURXW’ ~ /LWK PXJXODV RQ ZKLFK PXJXOL·RWL ‘WRPRYH’ PXUJ ‘GDUN JUH\’ ~ /LWK P¢UJDV ‘PXOWLFRORUHG’ PLUJ·RWL ‘WR VSDUNOHWRVKLQH’/DWYPLUJD‘JOHDP’P¸UJV‘IDQWDVWLFLPDJH’ QGHV‘WRKDYHWURXEOHV’~ /LWKG£N\WL‘WRPL[XSWRSXWLQGLVRUGHU’ G£NQ\WLLGG£NDQRWLLG QJU\GK~QJULGK‘WRZRUNXSWRIRPHQWWRIHUPHQW’UHIO‘WREHLQ KHDW RIKRUVHV ’~/LWKJUgÊLXJUgVWL‘WRVWDPSWRSXQFK’/DWY JUûVWLG QJXO‘WRWKUXVWLQWRVWLFNLQ’~ /LWKN¸OWL‘WRWKUHVK’/DWYNXËW‘WR VWULNH’ SHOT ‘WR VWLU XS ZDWHU ’ ~ /LWK SHON{WL ‘WR EHFRPH PDUVK\’ S©ONH• ‘PDUVKVZDPS’/DWYSHËFH‘SXGGOH’SHOFêW‘WRXULQDWH’ SOLVK‘NLQGRIUHHG3KUDJPLWHVFRPPXQLV’~/LWKSO L h®V‘UHHG’ TDV‘WRDSSURDFK’~ /LWKNH¨L¸N|VWL‘WRVWUHWFK’ TLN¬O‘SRLQWVSLNHSHDN’~ /LWKNNXODV‘OXPSFOXVWHU’/DWYF?NXOV ‘IRUHORFNFOXVWHU’ TXUUD‘VQRWVQLYHO’~ /LWKhOL¸UWL‘WREHFRPHGLUW\’ UUDJ‘DSURQ’~ /LWKVU·RJD‘VNHLQKDQN WXIWKDLUORFN’VUDXJDLG UUHN‘WRVWUDLQWRERWKHU’~ /LWKUHLN£‘QHHGQHFHVVLW\’UHæNWL‘WREH QHFHVVDU\’ UURM‘WROLYHWRVWD\’~ /LWKU²MXU²WL‘WRFRSHWREHUHDG\’ VXUP¬‘GDUNJUH\’~/LWKhL¼PDV‘JUH\’ WHVKD ‘EHORQJLQJV XWHQVLOV WKLQJV’ ~ /LWK WLHVL¸ WLVWL ‘WR PDNH ULJKWWREXLOGWRVHW’WHLV¸V‘ULJKW’ W¬U¬ ~ WDQ¬ ‘ZKROH DOO’ ~ /LWK WY®QWL ‘WR ULVH WR VZHOO RI ZDWHU ’ WY¦QDV‘IORRG’
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chapter four
WUDVK¬‘WKLFNIDW’~/LWKWUuh¸V‘IDWIHUWLOH RIVRLO ’ WKLUU‘VRRW’~/LWKhL¼YDV‘JUD\’ YHU]¬‘JLOOEUDQFKLD’~/LWKYDUO|‘IURJ’ YDUG|/DWYYUGH ]RUU¬‘JXW’~ /LWKÊDUQ£LG
Separate Albanian-Slavic isoglosses are not as frequent as Baltic ones: EDF ‘HOGHU EURWKHU XQFOH’ ~ 6ODY EDW’D EDWMD ‘HOGHU EURWKHU IDWKHU’ EDKH‘VOLQJ’~6ODY ERMÚ‘ILJKW’ EUHGK‘ILUWUHH’~6ODY EUHGÙ‘ZLOORZ’ EUX]‘EOXHLQGLJR’~ 6ODY EUXGÙ‘GLUW’ EUXGÚQÙ‘GLUW\’ GU\GK¬W ‘HDV\ WR SODQH RI ZRRG ’ ~ 6ODY GU\]JDWL GUX]JDWL ‘WR VTXHH]HWRFUXVK’ IOH~IOê‘WRVOHHS’~ 6ODY OpM_ OpMDWL‘WRGR]HWRVOXPEHU’ KX~Kû‘SLFNHWVWDNHSROHSHQLV’~6ODY [XMÚ‘SHQLV’ NDOOL‘HDURIJUDLQ’~ 6ODY NROVÙ‘HDURIJUDLQ’ NHGK‘NLG’~ 6ODY NR]D‘VKHJRDW’ NRK¬‘WLPH’~6ODY ¨DVÙLG OR]‘WRPRYHWRVKDNHWRSOD\’~6ODY ODGÙ‘RUGHUSHDFH’ ODGLWL ‘WRPDNHRUGHUWRPDNHSHDFH’ OXJ ‘WURXJK ZDWHUWURXJK ORQJ JXWWHU SLSH’ OXJ¬ ‘VSRRQ’ ~ 6ODY
OÙJD‘VSRRQEODGH’ OÙÊLFDLG PDUGK¬‘FKLOOIURVWLFH’~ 6ODY PRU]Ù‘IURVW’ PDUUW¬‘PXUN\FORXG\GLPGXOO’~6ODY PRU[Ù‘GXVNIRJ’ PLU¬‘JRRG’~6ODY PLUÙ‘SHDFH’ QJH‘WLPHOHLVXUHFKDQFHRSSRUWXQLW\’~6ODY JRGÙ‘WLPH\HDU’ QJURK~QJURI‘WRZDUP’~ 6ODY JUpM_ JUpWLLG VKNDUGK¬ ‘GRJ FKDLQ D ORQJ VWLFN DWWDFKHG WR D GRJ’V QHFN WR SUHYHQWLWIURPELWLQJLWVPDVWHU’~ 6ODY MÚ]JRUGD‘IHQFH’ VKWUHS‘PDJJRWODUYD’~ 6ODY VWUXSÙ‘ZRXQGVFDESRLVRQ’ WMHW¬U‘RWKHU’~6ODY HWHUÙ‘VRPHVRPHERG\’ WUDS‘IHUU\’~ 6ODY WURSD‘SDWK’ WUHV‘WRPHOWWRORRVHQWRGLVVROYH’~ 6ODY WUDWM_ WUDWLWL‘WRVSHQG WRZDVWH’
,VRJORVVHV ZLWK :HVWHUQ ,QGR(XURSHDQ /DQJXDJHV
7KHVH DUH UDWKHU UDUH 6HSDUDWH *HUPDQLF$OEDQLDQ LVRJORVVHV DUH LQ
vocabulary
257
IDFWXQNQRZQ7KHUHLVRQO\RQH,WDOR&HOWLF$OEDQLDQLVRJORVV&HOWLF $OEDQLDQLVRJORVVVHVDUHQHDUO\DVUDUH
The only isogloss where both Italic and Celtic are engaged is the following: EOHUW¬ ‘JUHHQ’ ~ /DW IOAUXV ‘VKLQLQJ EULJKW’ 2,U EO¢U ‘JUD\’ : EODZULG
The following are the known Celtic-Albanian parallels: * E¬UVKê‘MXQLSHU’ HEXUXVD~2,ULEDULG*DXOLVKHEXUR GHP ‘\RXQJ EXOO’ ~ 2,U GDP ‘R[’ SUREDEO\ DOVR Gk FCOCNQX ‘FDOI’ UUD‘EHOO\ZRUP’~ 2,UIULJH‘YHUPLQIOHVKZRUP’ K¬Q¬ ~ KDQ¬ ‘PRRQ’ ~ &HOW NDQGR : FDQQ ‘ZKLWH’ 0%UHW FDQQ ‘IXOOPRRQ’ VKRW¬‘ELJGXFN’~ :KZ\DGLG2&RUQKRHWLG%UHWKRXDWLG YHUU ‘DOGHU’ %UHW JZHUQ LG : JZHUQHQ LG 0,U IHUQ LG FI DOVR $UPJHUDQ‘EHDPWLPEHU’
,VRJORVVHV ZLWK 6RXWKHDVWHUQ ,QGR(XURSHDQ ODQJXDJHV
7KHVH LVRJORVVHV LOOXVWUDWH WKH LQWHUPHGLDU\ SRVLWLRQ RI $OEDQLDQ EHWZHHQ%DOWR6ODYLFDQGWKHODQJXDJHVRIWKH6RXWKHDVWHUQDUHD0DQ\ RI WKHP OHDYH DQ LPSUHVVLRQ RI EHLQJ VHFRQGDU\ EHWWHU H[SODLQHG E\ ODWHU OLQJXLVWLF FRQWDFWV EHWZHHQ 3URWR$OEDQLDQ DQG LQ SDUWLFXODU 3URWR*UHHNSUREDEO\VRPHZKHUHLQWKHQRUWKHUQSDUWRIWKH%DONDQV
Isoglosses connecting Albanian with the whole South-Eastern group are very few: QMHUL‘PDQSHUVRQKXPDQEHLQJ’~6NWQ¢U‘PDQ’~ GkCPJTLG~ $UPD\ULG EXWFI/DW1HUA VKTHUUDVKWMHUUDSO‘ODPEV’~6NWVWDUÀå‘EDUUHQFRZ’~$UPVWHUÎ ‘VWHULOHEDUUHQ’~GkUVGK`TCLG
Indo-Greek parallels to Albanian are also not very numerous: HQG‘SROOHQ’~6NW¢QGKDV‘KHUE’~ GkCPSQX‘IORZHU’
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IHQG‘WRIDUW’~6NWVSDQGDWH‘WRVKLYHU’~GkUHCFC\Y‘WRVKLYHU WRWUHPEOH’ JMHU‘WLOO’~$YD\DU‘GD\’~ GkJ?TK J?GTK ‘HDUO\’ FIDOVR*PF
DLUL]‘EHIRUHHUH’ JMHVK‘WR NQHDG’ JMHVK‘WR NQHDG’ ~6NW \¢V\DWL‘WR ERLO’ ~ Gk\GY ‘WRERLOWRFRRN’ NROP¬ ‘SUHWW\ ZLQVRPH’ ~ 6NW NDO\¢ ‘KHDOWK\’ ~ Gk +RP MC NQX ‘EHDXWLIXO’ QGDM~QGDˆM‘WRGLYLGHWRVHSDUDWH’~6NWG¢\DWHLGGdWL‘WRFXWWR GLYLGH’~ GkFCKQOCK‘WRGLYLGH’ YHUU¬ ‘KROH’ ~ 6NW XU· ‘ZLGH’ Y¢UDV ‘VSDFH ZLGWK’ ~ Gk GW TWX ‘ZLGH’ ]¬~]Dˆ ‘WRVHL]HWRJUDVSWRWRXFK’~6NWM\d‘IRUFHSRZHU’M¢\DWL ‘WRZLQWRFRQTXHU’~GkDKJ‘SRZHU’
Greco-Armenian isoglosses with Albanian are as follows: GKL‘VKHJRDW’~$UPD\FLG~ GkCKELG GKXQ¬‘ODERUSDLQVVKDPHGLVJUDFH’~$UPHUNQ‘ODERUSDLQV’~Gk QFWPJLG ¬QG¬UU ~ DQG¬UU ‘GUHDP VOHHS’ ~ $UP DQRZUÎ LG ~ Gk QPGKTQP QPGKTQXLG PH ‘LQVXIILFLHQFH ODFN LQVXIILFLHQW VFDQW\ QRW IXOO’ ~ $UP PDQU ‘VPDOO WKLQ’ ~ Gk OCPW OKMTQP #SCOC`PGX +HV OCPQX ‘WKLQ’ P\N¬‘EDFNHGJH RINQLIH ’~ $UPP[HP‘WRSXWLQWRWRLQVHUW’~ GkOWZQX‘LQQHUPRVWSDUW’
The amount of Greek-Albanian separate isoglosses is surprisingly high, especially if compared with similar Indo-Albanian and Armeno-Albanian lists. This particular proximity can be probably explained by intense secondary contacts of two proto-dialects. DJ‘WZLOLJKWGXVN’~GkCWIJ‘UD\RIOLJKW’ DUU¬ ‘ZDOQXWWUHH ZDOQXW’ ~ *N CTWC VC> * TCMNGYVKMC> MCTWC +HV EDMJ¬‘GXQJ’~GkDQNDKVQP‘FRZGXQJ’ EDWK¬‘EURDGEHDQ’~ GkHCMJ`‘GLVKRIOHQWLOV’HCMQX‘OHQWLO’ E¬M~EDˆM‘WRGRWRPDNH’~GkHCKPY‘WRDSSHDU’
vocabulary
259
ELP¬‘SODQW’~ GkHW`OC‘SODQW’ EOL~EOî‘VWXUJHRQ’~GkDNGPPQXLG çDQG¬U‘SURSVXSSRUW’~GkMGPVTQP‘JRDGVSXU’ GDO‘WRJRRXW’~GkSCNNY‘WREORRP’ ‘WRDSSHDUWRFRPHRXW’ GDUN¬‘VXSSHU’~GkFQTRQPLG GHUL‘WRXSWRWLOO’~GkFGW`TQFGW`TGFGWTK ‘KHUH’ GHUU‘SLJ’~ GkZQK`TQXLG G\OO¬‘ZD[’~GkZWNQX‘MXLFH’ GKDOO¬~GKDOOW¬‘EXWWHUPLON’~GkICNC‘PLON’ HOE‘EDUOH\’~GkCNHK‘NLQGRIJUDLQ’ HUGKDDRU‘FDPH’~ GkGTZQOCK‘WRFRPH’ ¬QG¬ ~ DQG¬ ‘DSSHWLWH GHVLUH ZLVK’ ~ Gk CPVCK CPGOQK CPVCX RPQCX+HV IDU¬‘VHHGVHPHQNLQ’~GkURQTC‘VHHG’ JUXD~JUXH‘ZRPDQZLIH’GkITCW`X‘ROGZRPDQ’ KHT ~ KHN ‘WR GUDZ WR SXOO’ ~ Gk QNMGY FDXVDWLYH RI GNMY ‘WR GUDZ’ KXGK¬U‘JDUOLF’~GkUMQTQFQPLG MHW¬ ‘OLIH’ ~ Gk GVGQX ‘true, real’, G VC C NJSJ` C ICSC (Hes.), GVC\Y ‘to test’. NHP‘LQFHQVH’~GkMCRPQX‘VPRNH’ NHT‘EDGHYLO’~GkMCMQX‘EDG’ DQG3KU\JNDNRVLG NU\H‘KHDG’~GkMTC PKQP‘VNXOOKHDG’ OHU¬‘KHDSRIVWRQHVSHEEOHEDQN’~GkNCWTC ‘DOOH\SDVVEHWZHHQ URFNV’ OXP¬‘ULYHU’~GkNW`OC‘GLUW’ PMDOF¬‘EHH’~GkOGNKUUCLG PRV‘QRW’~GkOJVG‘DQGQRW’ QGHVK‘WRPHHW’~GkFJY‘WRILQG’ QG\M~QG\HM‘WRPDNHGLUW\WRVRLOWRGLSWRLPPHUVH’~ GkFWY ‘WRVLQNWRFDXVHWRVLQNWRSOXQJHLQ’ S¬USMHW¬ ‘ULVLQJ XSKLOO ULVH VORSH XS’ ~ Gk RTQRGVJX ‘SURPL QHQW’RTQRGVQOCK‘WRIO\IRUZDUGV’ SULVK‘WRGHVWUR\WRVSRLOWRZDVWH’~GkRTKY‘WRVDZ’ SXT‘WRILWWRJHWKHU’~GkRWMC‘WKLFNO\VWURQJO\’RWMPQX ‘WKLFN VWURQJ’ UUHM~UUêM‘WRGHFHLYH’~GkCTPGQOCK‘WROLH’ UUXP‘FODSSHU PDL]HFREVWULSSHGRIFRUQV’~GkTCOPQX‘WKRUQ\ EXVK’ UUXVK‘JUDSH’~GkTCELG
260
chapter four
WKHN ‘WR URDVW WR WRDVW EUHDG ’ ~ Gk MGIMGK RGKPC`^ MCIMQOGPJX EJTC`X VY`^ HQDY^ (Hes.), RQNWMCIMJX ‘burning strongly’ (Hom.). WKHOO¬‘GHHS GDUN RIFRORU ’~GkMQK`NQX‘KROORZ’ XM¬‘ZDWHU’ XGUM~GkWFTKC‘ZDWHUEXFNHW’
The number of Armeno-Albanian separate parallels is insignificant. HUJM¬]‘\RXQJORXVH’~ $UPRUÎLO‘ORXVH’ JMLWK¬‘DOO’~ $UPH]LG ERWKIURP VHP½KR SDK‘VFDEGXVW’~ $UPKRJL‘EUHDWK’ ERWKIURP SRÆR WULP‘KHUR’‘EUDYHFRXUDJHRXV’~ $UPDUP‘\RXQJIUHVKJUHHQ’
Indo-Iranian parallels to Albanian are more numerous. Remarkably, some of them are connected with horse-keeping, horsebreeding and milk products: EDG¬U‘QDUFLVVXVGDIIRGLO’~6NWEK¢VWU‘EHOORZV’ ¬PE¬O~DPE¬O‘VZHHW’~6NWDPO¢‘VRXU’ JMHP‘EULGOH’~ 6NW\¢PDLG JM\VK‘JUDQGIDWKHU’~6NWV ¿d‘SURJHQLWRU’ KLUU¬‘ZKH\’~6NWN¿U¢‘PLON’2VVHWæ[hLULG N¬UU ‘GRQNH\ DVV IRDO JUD\’ ~ 6NW NK¢UD ‘GRQNH\’ $Y [DUA LG 6F\WK [DUD2VVHW[æUæJLG PXW‘H[FUHPHQW’~6NWPXNW¢‘UHOHDVHG’ WUX~WUû‘EUDLQ’~ 6NWW¢UXoD‘\RXQJWHQGHU’$YWDXUXQD‘\RXQJ’ FIDOVRGkVGTJP‘WHQGHU’VGTW CUSGPGXNGRVQP+HV WKDG¬U‘DNLQGRIGRXEOHVLGHGD[H’~ 6NWyDVWU¢‘NQLIHVZRUG’ ]RW‘ORUGPDVWHUJRG’~6NWYLySDWL‘ORUGRIWKHKRXVH’
,VRJORVV ZLWK 7RFKDULDQ 7KHUH LV RQO\ RQH OH[LFDO LVRJORVV
OLQNLQJ$OEDQLDQWR7RFKDULDQEXWLWLVYHU\LPSRUWDQW
NXVK‘ZKR’~ 7RFK$NXVLG%NXVHLG ERWKIURP áXVR
vocabulary
261
6HOHFWHGVHPDQWLFILHOGVLQ$OEDQLDQ 6RPHRIWKHOH[LFDOILHOGVFDQEHRILPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRI WKH3URWR$OEDQLDQFXOWXUHLWVRULJLQDOKRPHODQGDQGHDUOLHVWFRQWDFWV %HORZVHYHUDOVXFKOH[LFDOJURXSVDUHGHVFULEHG /LWHUDWXUH 3,6$1,6DJJLSDVVLP 7$*/,$9,1,6WUDWLILFD]LRQHSDVVLP
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262
chapter four
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vocabulary
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264
chapter four
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vocabulary
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266
chapter four
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vocabulary
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268
chapter four
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270
phonetic tables
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phonology
271
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272
phonetic tables
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phonology
273
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274
phonetic tables
E
W
G
N
J
WV
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,1'(;2)$/%$1,$1)2506 DFDU DFLVK DFR DFRVK DGKXURM DI¬U DIW¬ DJ DJMH DJM¬QRM DJM¬URM DK DL âM DMN¬ DN¬ DPE¬O DP¬ DP¬] DPXOO DQG¬ DQG¬UU DQGUUD DQ¬ DQ¬PLN DQ¬]¬ DQJ DQJ¬UU DS DS¬ DU DUD DUE¬Q DUE¬U DU¬ DUJ¬VK DUL DUN DUP¬ DUPLN DUQRM DUTLW¬ DUU¬ DUU¬]¬
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276
index of albanian forms
EDU¬UD EDUL EDUN EDUN¬ EDUP¬ EDUTH EDUXN¬ EDUU¬ EDVKN¬ EDWK¬ EH EHNRM EHOE¬ EHUN EHURQM¬ EHUU EHUUD EHVD EHV¬ E¬M E¬UUDN¬ E¬U¬ E¬UVKê E¬UWDV E¬UWHW E¬UU\O ELH ELJ¬ ELM ELM¬ ELM¬] ELO¬ ELORQM¬ ELP¬ ELQG ELQGD ELU ELUD ELU¬ ELUT ELUWK ELUWKD ELVK¬ ELVKW ELVKWDM¬ ELVN
EMHU ¬ EMHUU EMHVKN¬ EODW¬ EOHKXU¬ EOHM EOHU¬ EOHUW¬ EOHW¬ EOL EOî EOLQM EOLVKW¬ EORU¬ EORYD EOR]¬ EOXDM EOXHM ERKHW ERM EROOH EROO¬ ERQ ERU¬ ERU¬UD ERULJ¬ ERUQD ERUUD ERVKW ERVKWLQM ERWD ERW¬ ERYD EUDP EUHGK EUHJ EUHJMH EUHM EUêM EUHMWD EUHN¬ EUHQ EUHQGD EUHQJ¬ EUHVK¬Q EUHVK¬U
index of albanian forms EUHVKN¬ EUHVKW¬ EUHWN EUH] EUL EUî EULJMH EULP¬ EULQ¬ EULQM EULU¬ EULUWK EULUWK¬ EULVN EURGKD EUXP¬ EUXVKWXOO EUXVKWXOOD EUX] EU\GK EU\P¬ EXDM EXDOO EXçDV EXHM EXHOO EXM EûM EXMN EXMWD EûMWD EXN¬ EXN¬O EXNXU EXOE¬U EXO¬ EXON EXOORJ EXQJ EXQJD EXUGK¬ EXUU¬ EXVK EXVKW¬U EXW EXW¬ EX]¬
277
FHPW¬ F¬ULM F¬ULO F¬ULWD FHUN FHUND FHUP¬ FLW¬ FXE FXS FXUU FXUUD çDM çDO¬ çDQG¬U FDUH çDUV çDUWD ç¬ çHO çHOD çHP çHUGKH çLPN¬ çMHUU çPRM çRM GDF GDFD GDGDQ GDM GDN GDO GDOW¬ GDP GDQJ¬ GDUND GDUN¬ GDUVP¬ GDVP¬ GDVK GDYD G¬IWRM
278
index of albanian forms
GHJ¬ GHK GHM GHO GHOO GHP GHPD GHPHVK GHPL GHQG GHQM¬ GHUGK GHU¬ GHUJM GHUL GHUN GHUU GHUUD GHVK GHVKD GHVKW¬ GHW GHW\U¬ G¬NRM G¬OLU G¬OLURM G¬OO¬QM¬ G¬OOLQM¬ G¬P G¬US¬QM G¬UUDV¬ G¬VKLURM G¬VKPRM GL GLHM GLHOO GLJMD GLJMQL GLKDV GLN¬ GLOMD GLOQL GLP¬Q GLP¬U GLPQD GLPUD GLUT
GLVKN¬ GLVKW¬ GLW GLWD GLW¬ GLW¬]L GMDO¬ GMDOO GMDWK¬ GMDWK¬UD GMDWKQD GMDWKW¬ GMH GMHJ GMHJ¬ GMHO GMHOP GMHOP¬] GMHP GMHUU GMHUV¬ GRJMD GROD GROL GRUD GRU¬ GRU¬]DQ¬ GRUJMD GRV¬ GUD GUâ GUDJRQM GUDJXD GUDQJ GUDQJMH GUDQJRM GUD Q JXH GUDS¬Q GUDS¬U GUDSLQM GUH GUê GUHGK GUHGKDOHVK GUHJ¬
index of albanian forms GUHMW¬ GUHN¬ GUHT GUHT¬Q GUHT¬U GU¬QM¬ GULQM¬ GULWD GULW¬ GULWK¬ GULWK¬UD GULWKQD GUL]¬ GURGKD GURH GURMWD GURPF¬ GURYD GUX GUû GUXDM GUXDMWD GUXGKH GUXHM GUXVKN GU\GK¬W GU\VKN GXD GXDM GXDO GXDU GXH GXHM GXHU GXURM GXVKN GXVKTH G\ G\HU G\OO¬ G\PE¬GKMHW¬ G\QG G\QGD G\W¬ G\]HW GKD
279
GKDOO¬ GKDOOW¬ GKDPE GKDPEH GKDPEHVK GKDPE¬ GKDP¬ GKDQG¬U GKDQGXU¬ GKDQ¬ GKDVK¬ GKDW¬ GKH GKHPE GKHPED GKHQD GKHUD GKH] GK¬PE GK¬PEH GK¬PEHVK GK¬PE¬ GK¬QG¬U GK¬QGXU¬ GK¬QH GK¬Q¬ GKL GKLU¬ GKMDP¬ GKMDP¬UD GKMDPQD GKMHV GKMHW¬ GKMHYD GKXQ¬ GKXURM HF HF¬M HFL HGK HJM¬OO HJM¬U HK HKXM HKXOO HMD
280
index of albanian forms
êM¬ HOE HOE¬QD HOE¬UD HP HPH HP¬Q HP¬U HPQD HPUD HPW¬ HQG HQJM¬OO HQM¬ HUGKD HU¬ HU¬QD HU¬UD HUJM¬] HUU HV¬OO HVK HVK¬ HVKNH HVKWD HVKW¬ HVKW¬QD HVKWQD HVKWUD HW HW¬Q HW¬U HWKH ¬M ¬PE¬O ¬P¬ ¬QG¬ ¬QG¬UU ¬QGUUD ¬VKW¬ IDM IâM IDMH IDMNRQM IDMNXD
IDMNXH IDP¬ IDPXOO IDTH IDU¬ IDUN¬ IDW IDWR IH I¬MHM IHO¬ IHP¬Q IHP¬U I¬PLM¬ IHQG IHQGD I¬QG\HO I¬UJRM I¬UNRM IHUU IHUU¬ I¬QG\HOO ILDOH ILN ILND ILVKNHP IMDO¬ IMHWD IODN IODN¬ IODN¬QD IODN¬UD IODV IODVKN¬W IOH IOê IOHJ¬ IOHW IOHW¬ IOL IOî IORN IOXJ¬ IOXWXURM IRUW¬ ITLQM¬ IUDT
index of albanian forms IUDTQD IUDTUD IUDVK¬Q IUDVK¬U IUH IUê IUXHU IU\HM IU\M IU\W IVKâM IVKDQD IVKDW IVKDWQD IVKDWUD IVKHK IVKHKD IVKLN¬ IWRI IWRK IWXD IWXH IXQG IXTL IXTLVK¬P IXUN¬ IXUU IXUU¬ IXUULN IXUULT IXV IXVK¬ I\HOO I\OO I\VKNHP I\W I\W\U¬ JDERQM¬ JDMJ¬ JDN JDODPVK JDPXOH JDQG JDUEH JDUE¬ JDUGK
JDUGKH JDUGKHVK JDUGK¬ JDU¬ JDUJXOO JDUULV JDVKW¬ JDW¬ JDWRYD JDWXDM JDWXHM JD] JGKH JGKê JGKHQG JGKLM JGKîM JGKLQD JGKLYD JHU JHUD J¬OED]¬ J¬ORM J¬ORYD J¬UçDN J¬UGKLM J¬UKDV J¬UMHS¬ J¬UPDGK¬ J¬UUHV¬ J¬UU\HM J¬UVKDQ¬ J¬UVKDV J¬UVK¬U¬ J¬VKWDOO¬ J¬VKWHQM¬ J¬WKHS JLVKW JLVKW¬UD JLVKWQD JODW¬ JOHGK¬ JOHS¬ JO¬PE JORT JOXK¬ JREHOO¬
281
282
index of albanian forms
JRGDV JRM¬ JRM¬OLGKQL JRP¬ JRUULF¬ JRV¬ JUD JUDED JUDE¬ JUDELV JUDI JUDK JUDP JUDPQD JUDPUD JUDWK JUDWK¬ JUDY¬ JUHK JUHKXOO JUHN JUHOOD JUHOO¬ JUHQ]¬ JUHS JUHUD JUHUD] JUHU¬ JUHU¬] JU¬P¬UDW¬ JULIVK¬ JULJM JULK JULM JUîM JULOO JULPD JULP¬ JULVK JULVKD JURVK¬ JUXD JUXH JUXQ¬ JUXU¬ JUXVKW JU\ND
JU\N¬ JXDM JXDOO JXOçRM JXOWRM JXQ¬ JXQ¬GKLU¬ JXU JXU¬ JXUWK JXUWKD JXV JXVKW JXW¬ JMâ JMDK JMDM JMDMWD JMDN JMDNQD JMDNUD JMDNX JMDOO¬ JMDOP JMDOS¬ JMDQD JMDQG¬U JMDQ¬ JMDTH JMDUS¬Q JMDUS¬U JMDVKW¬ JMDW¬ JMDYD JMD]¬ JMHGK JMHM JMêM JMHO JMHOE¬Q JMHOE¬U JMHOO¬ JMHOO¬] JMHP JMHPE JMHQ
index of albanian forms JMHU JMHUE JMHUED JMHUGKH JMHU¬ JMHVK JMHVKD JMHVKW¬U JMHWD JMHWK JMH]GLV JM¬ JM¬PRM JM¬QG¬U JM¬U JM¬UD JML JMî JMLGK¬ JMLQGH JMLQRQM JMLWK¬ JMROO¬ JMRYD JMX JMû JMXDM JMXHM JMXK¬ JMXP¬ JMXUP¬ JMXYHQJ¬ JM\NRM JM\P ¬ V¬ JM\PW\U¬ JM\VDPL JM\V¬ JM\VP¬ JM\VK JM\VK¬ JM\VK¬Q JM\VK¬U KD KDN¬ KDOD KDODYH W
283
KDO¬ KDO¬Q KDOO KDOWK KDOWKD KDPXOO KDQ¬ KDQ¬]¬ KDQJUD KDS KDUDEHO KDUN KDUP L KDUP¬VKRU KDUPRM KDUU KDUURM KDUURN KH Kê KHGK KHMH KHN KHOP KHOT KHOO KHOOH KHOOHVK KHT KHUGKH KHU¬ KHUPRM KHVKW¬ KHWRM K¬ K¬Q¬ KL Kî KLGKHP KLGK¬W KLMH KLN¬UU KLPH KLQJ¬O KLS ¬M KLU
284
index of albanian forms
KLUU¬ KLV¬OO KîV¬OO KLV¬OOD KîV¬OOD KLWDV KRGKD KRMH KRND KRTD KRUU KX KXl KXDM KXDOO KXGK¬U KXGKUD KXHM KXHOO KXPE KXPED KXQM KXUED KXUE¬ KXUGK¬ KXW K\HM K\M K\l M K\OO K\SL K\UD LM¬ LM¬] LN LN¬M LN¬QD LP LPH LPW¬ LU¬ LULT LVK LVKD LVK¬ LVKLP
LVKLQ LVKLW LVKQ¬ LVKWH LVKXOO LWK MDN MDP MDQ¬ MDS MDUJ¬ MDVKW¬ MDY¬ MH MHP MHPL MHQ¬ MHQL MHUP MHV MHVK MHVK¬ MHVK¬P MHVK¬W¬ MHWD MHW¬ MHW¬U MRQ¬ MRVK MRWH MX MXDM MXHM MXMD MXML MXVK MXYH ND Nâ NDELVKW NDFDGUH NDFDGUê NDFDJMHO NDFDPLW NDFDUURM
index of albanian forms NDFDUUXP NDç NDçHO NDçLOH NDçXE¬ NDçXOH NDIVK¬ NDIVKRM NDODPDQ NDODPHQG NDODTDI¬ NDODYHVK NDOE NDOHVK NDO¬ NDOLKXP NDOLKXPE NDOLYDUH NDOW¬U NDOO NDOOD NDOOL NDOORM NDP NDPE¬ NDQG NDQGHOO¬ NDQG¬ NDQG¬UU NDQJ¬ NDQJMHO NDQS NDQXVK¬ NDS NDSD NDSH NDS¬ NDSL NDSRQM NDSURM NDSUXDOO NDSUXHOO NDSWK NDSWKD NDSXD NDSXH NDUDYHO¬
NDUNDV NDUPD NDUP¬ NDUSD NDUS¬ NDUUDELVKW NDUUDYHVK NDUU¬ NDUULJ¬ NDUUXS NDUUXW¬ NDVKLOH NDVKQMHW NDVKW¬ NDW¬U NDWRQM NDWXD NDWXH NHç¬Q NHç¬U NHGK NHGKD NHGK¬ NHP NHS NHT NHW¬U NH]¬ N¬ N¬OERTH N¬OTHUH N¬OWKDV N¬O\VK N¬OODV N¬PE¬ N¬PERQ¬ N¬PERU¬ N¬QDT N¬QG N¬QG¬ N¬QGHOO¬ N¬QGRIVKD N¬QGRM N¬QJ¬ N¬SXUGK¬ N¬SXV N¬SXWD
285
286
index of albanian forms
N¬T\U N¬UED N¬UELVKW N¬UF N¬UFDV N¬UFHM N¬UFHYD N¬UNRM N¬UNRMD N¬UNRMP¬ N¬UNRMQ¬ N¬UNRQ N¬UNRQL N¬UOHVK N¬UP¬ N¬UPLOO N¬UPLQM N¬US N¬UU N¬UUD N¬UUDE¬ N¬UUO¬ N¬UUXW¬ N¬UVK¬QGHOOD N¬UW\O N¬UYHVKHP N¬VHQ N¬VKLOO N¬VKLOOD N¬VKWDOO¬ N¬VKW¬Q N¬VKW¬U N¬VKWMHOO¬ N¬VK\UH NLM NLVK¬ NLYD NMR NOLWKD NOXP¬VKW NOODS¬ NRF NRFLQM NRIVK¬ NRK¬ NROHVKN¬ NROLEH
NROPH NROP¬ NROO¬ NRSVKW NRUE NRUEXOO NRUEXOOD NRUGK NRUGK¬ NRU¬ NRUU NRV NRW NUDK NUDKLQ¬ NUDKLV NUDQG NUDQGH NUDQWK NUDQWKD NUHGK NUHI NUHID NUHK NUHKD NUHM NUHN¬ NUHO NUHQ¬ NUHS NUHSD NUHSXOO NUHU¬ NUHVKN¬ NUHVKP¬ NUHVKS¬ NUHYD NU¬QG NUL NUî NULPE NULPED NULS¬ NULS¬UD NURGKD NURGK¬ NURMH
index of albanian forms NURQM NURYD NUXD NUXDM NUXH NUXHM NUXS NUXSD NUXVKN NU\H NU\P NU\PD NU\S¬ NU\SQD NU\T NUURNXOO NXM NXMW NXMWRM NXNXW¬ NXODU NXOE¬ NXO¬ NXOP NXOS NXOS¬Q NXOS¬U NXOWH NXOW¬U NXOORM NXOORVKW¬U NXPHUT NXPW¬U NXQDW NXQG¬U NXQGRM NXQHW¬Q NXQHW¬U NXQJRM NXQJXOO NXQRU¬ NXQM NXQMRM NXT NXURU¬ NXUW NXUWK
287
NXUWKH NXUU¬ NXUUL] NXVK NXVK¬UL NXVK¬Uî NXVKXOO NXYHQG N\ M Oâ ODE ODIVKD ODIVK¬ ODJ ODJVKW¬ ODM OâM ODMWKL ODN ODN¬ ODN¬Q ODN¬U ODNVKWH ODNWK ODNWKD ODNWKH ODNXT ODNXU ODPHQM ODP¬ ODP¬QM ODPVK ODPVKH ODQ ODQG¬ ODQ¬ ODS ODSD ODS¬ ODSV ODSVD ODU ODUGK ODU¬ ODURM
288
index of albanian forms
ODUXVKN¬ ODVK¬ ODVKW¬ ODW¬ ODWUHGK ODW\U¬ ODYD OEDUGK OH OHE¬Q OHE¬U OHEHWLV OHGK OHI OHK OHKW¬ OHM OHP]¬ OHQG OHS¬U OHSW\U¬ OHSXM OHSXU OHT OHTH OHUD OHU¬ OHVK OHVKQD OHVKUD OH] OH]¬ O¬ O¬EDUNH O¬IWRM O¬I\W O¬JDW¬ O¬NXU¬ O¬PDTH O¬PD]¬ O¬P¬ O¬PHQM O¬PVK O¬QG¬ O¬QGLQ¬ O¬Q¬
O¬QJDW¬ O¬QJRM O¬SHF O¬SLM O¬SLWN¬ O¬SMHW¬ O¬SXVK¬ O¬UXVKN¬ O¬VKRM O¬WL O¬Wî O¬YRU]¬ O¬YRU]RM OL Oî OLGK OLGKHP OLGKHQ OLGKHVK OLGKHW OLGK¬ OLGK¬VK OLGKL OLGKQL OLGKQLX OLGKXQ OLGKXQL OLITDU OLITHU OLJ OLJDW¬ OLJM OLM¬ OLN OLNW\U¬ OLO OLO¬ OLQG OLQGD OLQJD OLQJ¬ OLQM¬ OLT OLVP¬ ORG¬U ORGURM ORGK
index of albanian forms ORMWD ORS¬ ORTH ORW ORWL OR] OWHU OX OXDM OXF¬ OXHM OXHMWD OXIW¬ OXJ OXJM OXKDV OXKHW OXKLWL OXP OXPDN OXPHQM OXP¬ OXSHVK OXTHU¬ OXV OXW OXWD O\HM O\S O\WK O\WK¬ OODQD OODQ¬ OODS OO¬QM¬] OO¬UD OO¬U¬ OORK¬ OOXN¬ OOXS OOXUE¬ PDGK PDM PâM
289
PDMD PDM¬ PDMWD PDMW¬ PâMW¬ PDN¬ PDN¬UU PDNXW PDO PDOFRM PDOHW PDOHYH PDOL PDOLQ PDOLW PDOO PDOO¬QJMHM PDOONRM PDQ PDQDIHUU¬ PDQGLOH PDQJ¬ PDQJML PDUDM PDUGK¬ PDUV PDUWHV¬ PDUU PDUUW¬ PDV PDVKNXOO PDW PDWD PDWXN¬ Pâ] PD]¬ PEDM PEDU PEDURM PEDUW PEDV PEDWK PEHV PEHV¬ PEHWD PE¬VKWHW PEL
290
index of albanian forms
PELM PEîM PELYD PEMHOO PEOHGK PEORGKD PEORM PEROOD PEUHW PEUHW¬Q PEUHW¬U PEURGK PEXIDV PEXIHW PEXILWL PEXORM PE\OO PE\V PçHI PH PHI PHK PHKHP PHMH PHN PHN¬W PHNVK PHO PHQç¬P PHQG PHQGVK¬P PHV¬ PHVK¬ PHWDOH P¬ P¬GKHQM P¬JDVKW¬U P¬NDPE P¬NDW P¬N¬PE P¬NUHV¬ P¬OO¬ P¬OOHQMD P¬OOHQM¬ P¬OOH]¬ P¬QG P¬QGDIVK
P¬QGDIVKQD P¬QGDIVKUD P¬QJ¬ P¬QJRM P¬QJML P¬QMLOO P¬UGKLM P¬UJRM P¬UNRVK P¬UP¬ULV P¬UVK¬ P¬U]HM P¬VRM P¬VKHUH P¬VKLN¬ P¬VKLU¬ P¬VKRM P¬VKTHUU¬ P¬VKWHN¬Q P¬VKWHN¬U P¬] PL Pî PLD PLHOO PLHOOD]¬ PLHOOQD PLHOOUD PLI PLID PLK PLKD PLM¬ PLN PLO¬ PLOO PLQM PLUD PLUH PLU¬ PLV PLVK PLVKNRQM¬ PLVKQD PLVKUD PLWD PLW¬
index of albanian forms PLW¬] PL]¬ PL]RM PMDOFD PMDOF¬ PMDOW¬ PMHGK¬U PMHJXOO PMHJXOOD PMHN PMHN¬U PMHNUD PMHO PMHU¬ PMHVKW¬U PNHTHP PO\ç PO\VK PRGK PRGKXOO PRGKXOOD PRN¬Q PRN¬U PROD PROLV PROO¬ PRUD PRUL PRUU PRUUD PRV PRVK¬ PRW PRWH PRW¬U PRWLW PRWUD PSLM PSîM PUHNXOO PVKHI PVKHID PXD PXDM PXDUU PXH PXHM
PXJ PXJXOO PXOO¬ PXOOL PXOOî PXQG PXQGD PXQJ PXQJRM PXUJ PXUWDM¬ PXUU¬W PXUUL] PXVKN PXVKN¬OO\HU PXVKNRQM¬ PXVKOOLQ]¬ PXVKW PXW PXWQD PXWUD PX]J P\M¬ P\N¬ P\OO P\VKN P]LWK QD QDH QDP¬ QDQG QDQ¬ QDS¬ QDW¬ QDW\U¬ QGDM QGâM QGDMWD QGDQ QGDYD QGHM QGêM QGHV QGHVD QGHVK QGH]
291
292 QGH]D QG¬OHM QG¬U]HM QG¬UURM QGLI QGLID QGLK QGLKD QGLNRM QGLTMD QGMHM QGMHN QGRTD QGULNXOO QGULNXOOD QGUL]¬ QGU\VKNXOO QGU\VKNXOOD QGXD QGXN QGXND QGXONHP QG\HM QG\M QH QHPHF QHQR QHV¬U QHVK QHW QHW¬ QHYH QHYHULV QHYRM¬ Q¬P¬ Q¬P¬URM Q¬Q¬ Q¬QW¬ QJD QJDM QJDMWD QJDV QJH QJHW QJLM QJîM QJRUGK
index of albanian forms QJUDQ¬ QJUH QJU¬Q¬ QJULGK QJULWD QJULWL QJURI QJURK QJU\GK QJU\V QJXMRM QJXO QJXUURM QJXV QJXW QJXWD QJM¬URM QJMHVK QJMLUH QJMLV QL QLS QLS¬Q QLS¬U QLV QRIXOO QRIXOOD QRVKW¬U QRWRM QR]LN¬ QXKDV QXN QXOO¬ QXV QXVH Q[LW Q\HM Q\HOO Q\MH Q\W¬URM QMHI QMHID QMHK QMHKD QMHU QMHU¬]
index of albanian forms QMHUL QM¬PE¬GKMHW¬ QMRI QMRID QMRK QMRKD QMRYD RERUU RSLQJ¬ RUHQGL RUUO RUWHN RUWLTH SD SDJ¬]RM SDK SDMWRM SDN SDO¬ SDOQM¬ SDOO SDOOD SDOO¬ SDT SDU¬ SDUUL] SDV SDVXQ SDVXU SDVK SDVK¬ SDVKWUDN SDWD SDWNXD SDWNXH SH Sê SHM]¬ SHOHQ¬ SHO¬ SHOLQ SHOT SHOO¬ SHOOJ SHP¬
SHQGDU SHQG¬ SHQGRM SHQGXOO SHQJ SHU¬QGL SHU¬QGRM SHV¬ SêV¬ SHVK¬ SHVKN SHVKNRS SHVKT SHW¬ SHWN S¬J¬M S¬OFDV S¬OTHM S¬OODV S¬U S¬UJMRM S¬UNDV S¬UNXO S¬UPEL S¬UPE\V S¬UPE\VD S¬UPMHUU S¬USMHW¬ S¬USRVK S¬USXVK S¬UTHOO S¬UYMHO S¬UUDOO S¬UUDOO¬ S¬UUHQM S¬UURQM S¬UUXD S¬UUXH S¬VRM SL SLGK SLGKH SLGK¬UD SLGKQD SLM SLN SLND
293
294
index of albanian forms
SLOLNXUL SLOLSL]J¬ SLOLYHV¬ SLOLYRHV¬ SLOOMD SLOOQL SLP¬ SLPXQ SLQ¬ SLT SLTMD SLTQL SLU¬ SLVK¬ SLVKT SLVNDV SLWH SLW¬U SLYD SL]J¬ SL]JXOO SMDOP SMDYLF¬ SMHN SMHOO SMHS¬Q SMHS¬U SMHUGK SMHUJXOO SMHUU SMHV¬ SMHVKN¬ SODI SODID SODJ¬ SODK SODKD SODN SODNX SODV SODVD SOHK SOêK SOêKQD SOHKUD SOHQJ SOHS
SOHT SO¬I¬QM SOLT SOLV SOLVK SORJ SORMH SORW¬ SOODM¬ SROOD SRQLV SRSXM SRSXOO SRTD SRUD SRUGKD SRUGK¬ SRUHQG SRURVLW SRUUD SRUULT SRVWDKH SRVXOO¬ SRVKW¬ SUDQGYHU¬ SUH SUHI SUHID SUHK SUHKD SUHK¬Q SUHK¬U SUHND SUHPWRM SUHV SUHVK SUHYD SUHY¬ SU¬QGYHU¬ SU¬QMN¬ SULIW SULIWLQM SULM SUîM SULOO SULQD SULQG
index of albanian forms SULQG¬Q SULQG¬U SULVK SULWD SURGK SURGKRM SURN¬ SURVKPRM SUR]KPRM SUXVK SUXVKH SUXVKHVK SUXVKL SUUDOO¬ SXIW¬ SXJâM SXO¬ SXOT\HU SXQXDU SXQXHP SXS¬ SXT SXUWK SXUU¬ SXV SXVK SXVKWHW SXWK SXWKD S\HV S\ON¬ S\OO TDI¬ TDM TDQM TDUN TDUU TDUW¬ TDV TDVD THIXM THIXOO THN THO THOE THOEQD
THOEUD THOT THOO THP THQ THQ¬ THQJM THQJMD THQJM¬ THS THUU THUV¬ THVK THVK¬ THWD THW¬ THWK T¬Q¬ TLHOO TLIW TLM TLN¬O TLPN¬ TLSL TLV TLVK¬ TLWD TRM TRV TRVD TXDM TXDMWD TXHM TXHMWD TXN TXOO TXP¬VKW TXUUD T\H T\O T\U T\WHW UDGLV UDJDO UDQG¬ UDQ¬
295
296
index of albanian forms
UDQJ¬ UDTLW¬ UDVK¬ UDW¬ UDY¬ UDYJ¬ UH UHJM UHN¬ UHQG UHQGHYH UHS¬ UHYD U¬PHQ U¬P¬U U¬QG¬ U¬Q¬ U¬Q[RM U¬SMHW¬ U¬SRVK U¬U¬ UL Uî ULM ULV ULV¬Q ULV¬U UMHS URSD URVD URV¬ URYD UX UXDM UXD]¬ UXHM UXQJRM U\HM U\M U\MWD U\V U\W U\WD UUD UUDEH
UUDJ UUDK UUDQM¬ UUDV UUDVD UUDVKW UUDVROO UUDWK¬ UUHJM UUHJXOO UUHM UUêM UUHMWD UUHN UUHP UUHPE UUHWK UUH]H UU¬IHVKN UU¬NH UU¬PDç UU¬PEHM UU¬QJMHM UU¬QM¬ UU¬SLU¬ UU¬VKDM¬ UU¬VKLQ¬ UU¬VKLU¬ UULE¬ UULOO¬ UULPH UULPHYH UULS UULS¬ UULT¬Q UULT¬U UULV UULW UULWD UUMHGK UUMHW¬ UUREXM UUREXOO UURGKD UURM UURW¬ UUXGK¬
index of albanian forms UUXIH UUXJ¬ UUXP UUXPEXOO UUXVK UUXVKNXOO UU\O¬ UU\PD UU\P¬ UU\S V’ VDP¬ VDQ¬ VDUN¬ VHPE¬U VHU¬ VLOOMD VLOOQL VLW¬ VLYMHW VMHOO VNXQGLM VNXQGLOO VRGLW VROOD VRQ¬ VRQWH VRUUD VRUU¬ VRW VS¬UNHW VS¬UNLWL VTDS VTDT VTHS VTHSH VTXIXU VWDS VWDSLQM VWHSHP VW¬UYLV VXN¬ VXNXM VXNXOO VXPEXOO VXQGRM
VXS VXUP¬ VXW¬ V\ V\WK V\WK¬ VKDJ VKDO¬ VKDS VKDUDQGXN VKDU¬ VKDUN VKDUU¬ VKDUWRM VKDW VKHNXOO VKHOJ VKHPE¬OOHM VKHP¬ VKHP¬U VKHP¬UN VKHQM¬ VKHQMW¬ VKHV VKHVK VKHWH VK¬IUHM VK¬OERM VK¬OOî VK¬OOLM VK¬QGRVK VK¬QGULW VK¬QJMHW¬ VK¬UEHM VK¬WLW VKL VKî VKLM VKLM¬ VKLQD VKLUD VKLWD VKLX VKNDE¬ VKNDJRM VKNDN
297
298
index of albanian forms
VKNDO VKNDOO¬ VKNDPE VKNDUGK¬ VKNDUNRM VKNDV VKNHO VKNHS VKN¬OER]¬ VKN¬PE VKN¬PEHM VKN¬QGLM¬ VKN¬UGKHF VKNOHS¬ VKNOHV¬ VKNPHV VKNRM VKNRS VKNRUUHW VKNRUV¬ VKNR]¬ VKNUDE¬ VKNUHK VKNUHS VKNURYD VKNUXDM VKNUXHM VKNUXPE VKNU\HM VKNXO VKNXQG VKNXUUH VKRI VKRK VKRN VKRT VKRUHWN¬ VKRUU VKRVK VKRW¬ VKSDOO VKSDUGK VKSDUU VKSDW VKSDWXOO VKSHQG VKSHUU
VKSH]¬ VKS¬Q¬ VKS¬QHWN¬ VKS¬UHM VKSLH VKSLI VKSLK VKSLUW VKSLUW¬UD VKSLUWQD VKSRUU VKSUHK VKSUHWN¬ VKSX]¬ VKTD VKTDUU VKTHSRM VKTHUU VKTHUUD VKTH]¬ VKTLSRM VKTRS¬ VKTRUUD VKTXDM VKTXHM VKTXIXU VKT\HM VKT\PE VKT\W VKWDJD VKWDJ¬ VKWDOE¬U VKWDON¬ VKWDOO¬ VKWDOS VKWDQJ VKWDW VKWDW¬ VKWDWQD VKWDWUD VKWD]¬ VKWâ]¬ VKWHJ VKWHJMH VKWHNRM VKWHNWK
index of albanian forms VKWHNWKD VKW¬OOXQJ¬ VKW¬UUDV VKW¬UURM VKW¬]¬ VKWLH VKWLJMH VKWLM¬ VKWLU VKWMHOO VKWRM VKWROOD VKWUDS VKWUDW VKWUHJ¬ VKWUHN VKWU¬QJRM VKWUHQMW¬ VKWUHS VKWUHW¬Q VKWUHW¬U VKWULM VKWURID VKWURI¬ VKWURKD VKWURK¬ VKWUXQJ¬ VKW\U VKXIUHM VKXOOâ VKXOO¬ VKXP¬ VKXU VKXUGK¬U VKXUXNRM VKXVKXQM¬ WDIW WDIWDU WDOO WDOO¬ WDPE¬O WDP¬ WDQG WDQGH WDQ¬ WDQJ¬
299
WDURN WH WHMH WHQ¬ WHQM¬ WHU WHUD WHU¬ WHUP WHUSORW¬ WHVKD WHVK¬ WHW¬ W¬ W¬EDQ¬ W¬PE¬O W¬QG W¬QGH W¬U¬ W¬UIRM¬ W¬UIXUN W¬UKHT W¬UPHW W¬USRVKW¬ W¬UVLU¬ WL WLP¬Q WLP¬U WLQ¬ WLWXM WLWXOO WMHJXOO WMHUU WMHW¬U WODQG¬U WPHUU WRJ WRJMH WROO¬ WRQD WRQ¬ WRUUD WRUXD WRUXH WUD WUDMWRM
300
index of albanian forms
WUDS WUDSD WUDSHVK WUDSL WUDU¬ WUDV WUDVK¬ WUDVK¬JRM WUDWK WUDWK¬ WUH WUHGK WUHJ WUHPE WUHQM WUHSH WUHSHYH WUHU¬ WUHV WULGKMHW¬ WULP WULVKH WURGKD WURIW¬ WURNDV WURNHW WURNLWL WUX WUû WUXQJ WU\HO¬ WU\V WXD WXDM WXDMD WXHM WXHMD WXO WXOD WXOH WXQG WXQGD WXULV WXUP¬ WXUS WXUVKHM WXV
WXW WXWD W\P WKDG¬U WKDM WKDQ¬ WKDUE¬W WKDUN WKDUT WKDUTH WKDVK¬ WKDYD WKHN WKHN¬ WKHOE WKHOO¬ WKHPE¬U WKHS WKHSD WKHSH WKHU WKHURN¬ WKHYD WK¬OO¬]¬ WK¬Q¬ WK¬QJMLOO WK¬QL WK¬QLD WK¬QXN¬O WK¬UL WK¬ULD WKL WKLN¬ WKLPWK WKLPWKD WKLQG WKLQGD WKLQM¬ WKLUTH WKLUU WKMHUP¬ WKMHUU¬ WKMHVKW¬ WKQHJ¬O WKRM WKRP
index of albanian forms WKRQM WKRQM¬] WKRW¬ WKXD WKXH WKXPE WKXPEXOO WKXS¬U WKXU WK\HM X XGK¬ XJDU XM¬ XM¬UD XMN XMQD XMT XMT¬Q XMT¬U XO XOD XOLVKW¬ XO]¬ XOOL XOOî XPDV XPDWD XPE XQD]¬ XQG\U¬ XQ¬ XQJM XQJMLOO XSHVKN XU XUGK¬Q XUGK¬U XUHO¬ XU¬ XUL XULQM XULWK XULWK¬ XURM XUUHM
301
XVKWRM XVKûM XVKXQM¬ XW XWK XWK¬W XWKXOO YD YDGLV YDGK¬ YDM YDM¬ YDMUD YDM]¬ YDO¬ YDOONXD YDOONXH YDQJ YDQJMH YDU YDUI¬U YDUJ YDUU YDUUD] YDUUH YDVKD YDVKD] YDVK¬ YDVK¬] YDW¬U YDY¬U YGHV YGLT YGLTL YGLVMD YGLVQL YGMHUU YGRUUD YH Yê YHG¬U YH¬] YHKWH YHM YHMD
302
index of albanian forms
YHQG YHQ¬ YHQLWHP YHS¬U YHUE YHUE¬U YHUGK¬ YHUH YHU¬ YHULJ¬ YHUU YHUU¬ YHU]¬ YHV YHVK YHVKD YHVK¬ YHVK¬] YêVKW YHWH YHWHP YHWK YHWK¬ YH] Y¬OOD Y¬OOD]¬Q Y¬OOH]¬U Y¬QHU Y¬QJ Y¬QJMH Y¬UF¬ Y¬UUDV Y¬UUL Y¬UUî Y¬UV¬ Y¬UWLW Y¬UYLW Y¬VKW Y¬VKWMHOO Y¬VKWLU¬ Y¬WK Y¬WK¬ YJMH YJMê YLç YLGK
YLGKD YLJMH YLM YLODV YLQM YLUJM¬U YLUJMLQ YLUUD YLUXD YLUXH YLVH YLW YLWH YLWRUH YMHGK YMHK¬UU YMHM YMHO YMHOO YMHUU YMHUVK¬ YMHVKW¬ YMHW YMHW¬U YQHVKWD YREHNW¬ YRGKD YRGK¬ YRH YRJ¬O YRM YRMQD YROD YROOD YRQ¬ YRUE¬ YRUI¬Q YRUUD YRVKW¬U YRW¬U YUDQ¬W YUDS YUDU¬ YUDV YUDYD YUHU
index of albanian forms YUHVKWD YU¬QG¬ YU¬U¬W YULJXOO YUXJ YXDM YXHM YXOOQHW YXUJ YXUNROODN \OEHU \OO \Q¬ \W ]â ]DEHO ]DEXD ]DEXH ]âM ]DMHYH ]DOO ]DQD ]DQ¬ ]EHM ]GUDM ]HW ]¬ ]¬M ]¬UD ]¬U¬ ]JDUE¬ ]JDY¬U ]JULG ]JMHGK¬
303
]JMXD ]JMXH ]JM\U¬ ]L ]LH ]LHM ]MDUP ]MDUPH ]MDUU ]MDUUH ]MHM ]MHUP ]MHUP¬ ]PRMOH ]RJ ]RJM ]RNWK ]RNWKD ]RQMD ]RQMH ]RQM¬ ]RUU¬ ]RW ]RWD ]RW¬U ]RW¬ULQM ]XO¬ ]YHUN ]YMHUGK ]YRUGKD ]KHJ ]KXPELQ¬ ]KXU ]K\V
,1'(;$7(5*2 JUDED GKHPED NULPED KXPED JMHUED N¬UED KXUED GDFD PMDOFD IHQGD EUHQGD ELQGD OLQGD WKLQGD PXQGD WXQGD G\QGD GKD NHGKD YLGKD KRGKD PEORGKD EURGKD GURGKD NURGKD WURGKD UURGKD YRGKD HUGKD SRUGKD ]YRUGKD SODID QMHID NUHID SUHID PVKHID QGLID PLID QMRID VKWURID VKWDJD QJD OLQJD EXQJD GLJMD
THQJMD GRJMD GRUJMD KD SODKD QMHKD NUHKD SUHKD IVKHKD QGLKD PLKD QMRKD VKWURKD PLD WK¬QLD WK¬ULD PDMD WXDMD HMD WXHMD YHMD GLOMD SLOOMD VLOOMD N¬UNRMD QGLTMD SLTMD YGLVMD MXMD ND SUHND ILND SLND KRND GDUND FHUND QGXND JU\ND KDOD çHOD NDOOD SDOOD N¬UVK¬QGHOOD JUHOOD KLV¬OOD
index a tergo KîV¬OOD Y¬OOD N¬VKLOOD PEROOD SROOD VROOD VKWROOD YROOD NRUEXOOD PRGKXOOD QRIXOOD PMHJXOOD QGULNXOOD QGU\VKNXOOD EUXVKWXOOD GROD PROD YROD XOD WXOD GHPD JULPD NDUPD NU\PD UU\PD QD JMDQD OODQD IVKDQD ]DQD THOEQD SLGKQD GKHQD HOE¬QD IODN¬QD LN¬QD EDU¬QD HU¬QD HVKW¬QD SOêKQD JGKLQD SULQD VKLQD YRMQD XMQD JMDNQD PLHOOQD
GKMDPQD JUDPQD HPQD GLPQD WRQD NU\SQD IUDTQD ERUQD OHVKQD P¬QGDIVKQD PLVKQD IVKDWQD VKWDWQD VKSLUWQD HVKWQD JLVKWQD PXWQD GMDWKQD GULWKQD K\QD P¬OOHQMD ]RQMD SD NDSD ODSD WUDSD NUHSD WKHSD URSD NDUSD NUXSD QGRTD KRTD SRTD VKTD DUD THOEUD GUD KXGKUD GKHUD JHUD OHUD JUHUD WHUD HOE¬UD SLGK¬UD JM¬UD
305
306 XM¬UD IODN¬UD OO¬UD GKMDP¬UD NULS¬UD EDU¬UD HU¬UD ERU¬UD VKSLUW¬UD JLVKW¬UD GMDWK¬UD GULWK¬UD ]¬UD JUD KDQJUD SOHKUD ELUD PLUD VKLUD YDMUD JMDNUD PMHNUD PLHOOUD JUDPUD HPUD GLPUD GRUD PRUD SRUD IUDTUD OHVKUD P¬QGDIVKUD PLVKUD WUD IVKDWUD VKWDWUD PRWUD HVKWUD PXWUD K\UD UUD DQGUUD ¬QGUUD EHUUD GHUUD VKTHUUD N¬UUD
index a tergo YLUUD ERUUD YGRUUD PRUUD SRUUD VKTRUUD VRUUD WRUUD YRUUD FXUUD TXUUD SODVD TDVD UUDVD EHVD QGHVD TRVD URVD ODSVD S¬UPE\VD YDVKD GHVKD JMHVKD WHVKD YHVKD ODIVKD N¬QGRIVKD LVKD JULVKD DWD PDWD XPDWD SDWD PEHWD JMHWD MHWD IMHWD THWD GLWD PLWD TLWD GULWD F¬ULWD QJULWD SULWD UULWD VKLWD
index a tergo QGDMWD QJDMWD JMDMWD PDMWD TXDMWD GUXDMWD EUHMWD UUHMWD OXHMWD TXHMWD ORMWD GURMWD EXMWD EûMWD U\MWD ERWD ]RWD çDUWD HVKWD YQHVKWD YUHVKWD QJXWD OXWD N¬SXWD WXWD U\WD NOLWKD ODNWKD VKWHNWKD ]RNWKD KDOWKD WKLPWKD NUDQWKD NDSWKD ELUWKD JXUWKD SXWKD ]DEXD GXD QGXD GUDJXD ]JMXD IDMNXD YDOONXD SDWNXD PXD NDSXD
JUXD YLUXD NUXD WRUXD S¬UUXD WXD NDWXD IWXD WKXD YD GDYD QGDYD JMDYD ODYD YUDYD WKDYD N¬UFHYD GKMHYD UHYD NUHYD SUHYD WKHYD PELYD JGKLYD NLYD SLYD ERYD JMRYD EORYD J¬ORYD QMRYD URYD GURYD NURYD VKNURYD JDWRYD QGH]D JMâ Nâ Oâ VKXOOâ GUâ ]â ODE NDOE
307
308 HOE THOE WKHOE GKDPE P¬NDPE VKNDPE GKHPE JMHPE WUHPE UUHPE GK¬PE P¬N¬PE VKN¬PE JO¬PE NULPE XPE KXPE NDOLKXPE VKNUXPE WKXPE VKT\PE JMHUE YHUE NRUE FXE EDF GDF HF VKN¬UGKHF QHPHF O¬SHF NRF N¬UF NDç UU¬PDç YLç PO\ç ]JULG JDQG NDQG QDQG NUDQG WDQG HQG
index a tergo GHQG JGKHQG IHQG OHQG PHQG NDODPHQG VKSHQG UHQG SRUHQG YHQG NXYHQG N¬QG P¬QG NU¬QG W¬QG ELQG OLQG SULQG WKLQG IXQG VKNXQG PXQG WXQG G\QG PDGK HGK JMHGK KHGK UUMHGK YMHGK NHGK OHGK PEOHGK EUHGK GUHGK NUHGK WUHGK ODWUHGK OLGK SLGK QJULGK YLGK ORGK PRGK PEURGK SURGK
index a tergo OEDUGK JDUGK ODUGK VKSDUGK GHUGK SMHUGK ]YMHUGK QJRUGK NRUGK EU\GK QJU\GK QDH EH UUDEH NROLEH GKDPEH GK¬PEH JDUEH NUDQGH WDQGH W¬QGH JMLQGH GKH JGKH SLGKH JDUGKH çHUGKH JMHUGKH KHUGKH GUXGKH IH UUXIH QJH DJMH EUHJMH VKWHJMH EULJMH VKWLJMH YLJMH GUDQJMH YDQJMH Y¬QJMH WRJMH YJMH KH EDKH
SRVWDKH ELH VKSLH VKWLH ]LH MH IDMH GMH KHMH PHMH WHMH KLMH KRMH SORMH NURMH Q\MH UU¬NH O¬EDUNH HVKNH OH ILDOH PHWDOH IOH NDçLOH PDQGLOH NDVKLOH ]PRMOH KHOOH EROOH NDçXOH JDPXOH WXOH PH HPH LPH KLPH UULPH NROPH ]MDUPH QH GK¬QH DW\QH ]RQMH GURH YRH SH NDSH
309
310 VTHSH WUHSH WKHSH IDTH JMDTH O¬PDTH OHTH RUWLTH N¬OERTH ORTH EDUTH WKDUTH WKLUTH GXVKTH UH FDUH NDOLYDUH GUH NDFDGUH N¬OTHUH P¬VKHUH YHUH IUH QJUH QJMLUH PLUH YLWRUH SUH WUH N¬VK\UH DW\UH ]MDUUH YDUUH VKNXUUH YLVH QXVH WULVKH ODPVKH SUXVKH WH VKHWH YHWH YHKWH SLWH YLWH NXOWH VRQWH
index a tergo MRWH PRWH LVKWH ODNVKWH HWKH ODNWKH NXUWKH ]DEXH GXH GUD Q JXH ]JMXH IDMNXH YDOONXH SDWNXH PXH NDSXH JUXH YLUXH NUXH WRUXH S¬UUXH NDWXH IWXH WKXH YH UHQGHYH ]DMHYH PDOHYH UULPHYH QHYH WUHSHYH MXYH T\H NU\H DUV\H UUH]H JGKê YJMê Kê IOê Sê GUê NDFDGUê IUê E¬UVKê DWê
index a tergo Yê VKNDE¬ JUDE¬ VKNUDE¬ N¬UUDE¬ UULE¬ EHOE¬ NXOE¬ GKDPE¬ NDPE¬ GK¬PE¬ N¬PE¬ JDUE¬ ]JDUE¬ YRUE¬ KXUE¬ OOXUE¬ NDçXE¬ JRUULF¬ SMDYLF¬ PMDOF¬ GURPF¬ Y¬UF¬ OXF¬ ç¬ DQG¬ NDQG¬ ODQG¬ UDQG¬ SHQG¬ ¬QG¬ N¬QG¬ O¬QG¬ U¬QG¬ YU¬QG¬ J¬UPDGK¬ YDGK¬ ]JMHGK¬ NHGK¬ JOHGK¬ JMLGK¬ OLGK¬ NURGK¬ YRGK¬ EDUGK¬ JDUGK¬
VKNDUGK¬ PDUGK¬ YHUGK¬ NRUGK¬ SRUGK¬ EXUGK¬ KXUGK¬ N¬SXUGK¬ XGK¬ UUXGK¬ TDI¬ NDODTDI¬ VKWURI¬ SODJ¬ VKWDJ¬ GHJ¬ GMHJ¬ IOHJ¬ GUHJ¬ VKWUHJ¬ ELJ¬ YHULJ¬ ERULJ¬ NDUULJ¬ EDMJ¬ JDMJ¬ EDOJ¬ GDQJ¬ NDQJ¬ PDQJ¬ UDQJ¬ WDQJ¬ EUHQJ¬ JMXYHQJ¬ N¬QJ¬ P¬QJ¬ OLQJ¬ RSLQJ¬ EDOOXQJ¬ VKW¬OOXQJ¬ VKWUXQJ¬ MDUJ¬ IOXJ¬ UUXJ¬ UDYJ¬ SL]J¬ SLOLSL]J¬
311
312 JM¬ THQJM¬ K¬ NRK¬ OORK¬ VKWURK¬ JMXK¬ JOXK¬ SOODM¬ PDM¬ UU¬VKDM¬ PXUWDM¬ ELVKWDM¬ YDM¬ êM¬ LM¬ ELM¬ VKN¬QGLM¬ OLM¬ PLM¬ I¬PLM¬ VKLM¬ VKWLM¬ W¬UIRM¬ JRM¬ QHYRM¬ XM¬ P\M¬ N¬ DN¬ KDN¬ ODN¬ IODN¬ PDN¬ E¬UUDN¬ UHN¬ EUHN¬ GUHN¬ NUHN¬ WKHN¬ GLN¬ P¬VKLN¬ IVKLN¬ WKLN¬ QR]LN¬ DMN¬ VKWDON¬
index a tergo S\ON¬ çLPN¬ TLPN¬ SU¬QMN¬ WKHURN¬ SURN¬ EDUN¬ GDUN¬ IDUN¬ VDUN¬ IXUN¬ DVKN¬ EDVKN¬ EMHVKN¬ SMHVKN¬ NROHVKN¬ EUHVKN¬ NUHVKN¬ GLVKN¬ ODUXVKN¬ O¬UXVKN¬ VKS¬QHWN¬ VKRUHWN¬ VKSUHWN¬ O¬SLWN¬ EXN¬ OOXN¬ EDUXN¬ VXN¬ PDWXN¬ P\N¬ JU\N¬ O¬ çDO¬ KDO¬ GMDO¬ IMDO¬ NDO¬ SDO¬ VKDO¬ YDO¬ IHO¬ SHO¬ XUHO¬ NDUDYHO¬ WU\HO¬ ELO¬
index a tergo OLO¬ PLO¬ EDOO¬ GKDOO¬ JMDOO¬ VKNDOO¬ SDOO¬ S¬UUDOO¬ SUUDOO¬ WDOO¬ VKWDOO¬ J¬VKWDOO¬ N¬VKWDOO¬ JREHOO¬ NDQGHOO¬ N¬QGHOO¬ JMHOO¬ N¬VKWMHOO¬ SHOO¬ JUHOO¬ WKHOO¬ P¬OO¬ UULOO¬ EROO¬ JMROO¬ NROO¬ PROO¬ WROO¬ PXOO¬ QXOO¬ SRVXOO¬ VKXOO¬ G\OO¬ N¬UUO¬ EXO¬ NXO¬ SXO¬ ]XO¬ UU\O¬ P¬ DP¬ GKDP¬ IDP¬ GKMDP¬ ODP¬ QDP¬ VDP¬
WDP¬ SHP¬ VKHP¬ ¬P¬ O¬P¬ Q¬P¬ ELP¬ SLP¬ EULP¬ JULP¬ N¬UNRMP¬ NROP¬ JRP¬ DUP¬ EDUP¬ NDUP¬ FHUP¬ WKMHUP¬ ]MHUP¬ N¬UP¬ JMXUP¬ VXUP¬ WXUP¬ GDVP¬ OLVP¬ GDUVP¬ JM\VP¬ NUHVKP¬ JMXP¬ OXP¬ EUXP¬ VKXP¬ EU\P¬ UU\P¬ DQ¬ EDQ¬ W¬EDQ¬ GKDQ¬ JMDQ¬ KDQ¬ MDQ¬ ODQ¬ OODQ¬ QDQ¬ UDQ¬ QJUDQ¬ VDQ¬
313
314 J¬UVKDQ¬ WDQ¬ WKDQ¬ ]DQ¬ GRU¬]DQ¬ MHQ¬ SHOHQ¬ THQ¬ NUHQ¬ WHQ¬ YHQ¬ GK¬Q¬ K¬Q¬ O¬Q¬ Q¬Q¬ VKS¬Q¬ T¬Q¬ U¬Q¬ QJU¬Q¬ WK¬Q¬ ]KXPELQ¬ O¬QGLQ¬ NUDKLQ¬ SLQ¬ EULQ¬ UU¬VKLQ¬ WLQ¬ N¬UNRMQ¬ N¬PERQ¬ MRQ¬ VRQ¬ WRQ¬ YRQ¬ LVKQ¬ XQ¬ GKXQ¬ JXQ¬ JUXQ¬ \Q¬ UUDQM¬ HQM¬ GHQM¬ P¬OOHQM¬ VKHQM¬ WHQM¬ J¬VKWHQM¬ G¬OO¬QM¬
index a tergo GU¬QM¬ UU¬QM¬ OLQM¬ G¬OOLQM¬ ITLQM¬ GULQM¬ WKLQM¬ SDOQM¬ JDERQM¬ PLVKNRQM¬ PXVKNRQM¬ ELORQM¬ EHURQM¬ ]RQM¬ XVKXQM¬ VKXVKXQM¬ DS¬ NDS¬ ODS¬ NOODS¬ QDS¬ J¬UMHS¬ JOHS¬ VKNOHS¬ UHS¬ NULS¬ UULS¬ JMDOS¬ ORS¬ VKTRS¬ NDUS¬ NUHVKS¬ SXS¬ NU\S¬ DU¬ IDU¬ JDU¬ ODU¬ SDU¬ WUDU¬ YUDU¬ VKDU¬ HU¬ GHU¬ JMHU¬ KHU¬ EMHU ¬
index a tergo PMHU¬ OHU¬ EOHU¬ OXTHU¬ JUHU¬ NUHU¬ WUHU¬ VHU¬ WHU¬ YHU¬ SUDQGYHU¬ SU¬QGYHU¬ E¬U¬ OO¬U¬ U¬U¬ J¬UVK¬U¬ W¬U¬ ]¬U¬ LU¬ ELU¬ GKLU¬ JXQ¬GKLU¬ PLU¬ SLU¬ UU¬SLU¬ EULU¬ W¬UVLU¬ P¬VKLU¬ UU¬VKLU¬ Y¬VKWLU¬ ERU¬ N¬PERU¬ GRU¬ NRU¬ EORU¬ NXQRU¬ NXURU¬ XU¬ GKDQGXU¬ GK¬QGXU¬ JXU¬ EOHKXU¬ O¬NXU¬ JUXU¬ XQG\U¬ ]JM\U¬ ODW\U¬
QDW\U¬ GHW\U¬ OLNW\U¬ JM\PW\U¬ OHSW\U¬ I\W\U¬ DUU¬ EDUU¬ NDUU¬ VKDUU¬ IHUU¬ PDQDIHUU¬ WKMHUU¬ P¬VKTHUU¬ YHUU¬ KLUU¬ VRUU¬ ]RUU¬ EXUU¬ IXUU¬ NXUU¬ SXUU¬ G¬UUDV¬ EHV¬ PEHV¬ SMHV¬ VKNOHV¬ PHV¬ SLOLYRHV¬ SHV¬ P¬NUHV¬ J¬UUHV¬ PDUWHV¬ SLOLYHV¬ SêV¬ JM\P ¬ V¬ GRV¬ JRV¬ URV¬ GMHUV¬ THUV¬ Y¬UV¬ VKNRUV¬ JM\V¬ GKDVK¬ ODVK¬ SDVK¬
315
316 UDVK¬ WUDVK¬ WKDVK¬ YDVK¬ HVK¬ MHVK¬ PHVK¬ SHVK¬ THVK¬ WHVK¬ YHVK¬ NDIVK¬ ODIVK¬ JULIVK¬ NRIVK¬ LVK¬ ELVK¬ NLVK¬ SLVK¬ TLVK¬ PRVK¬ JURVK¬ YMHUVK¬ P¬UVK¬ IXVK¬ NDQXVK¬ O¬SXVK¬ JM\VK¬ W¬ DW¬ GKDW¬ JDW¬ O¬JDW¬ OLJDW¬ O¬QJDW¬ JMDW¬ ODW¬ EODW¬ JODW¬ QDW¬ UDW¬ JU¬P¬UDW¬ VKWDW¬ VK¬QJMHW¬ MHW¬ GKMHW¬ QM¬PE¬GKMHW¬
index a tergo G\PE¬GKMHW¬ WULGKMHW¬ O¬SMHW¬ U¬SMHW¬ S¬USMHW¬ UUMHW¬ EOHW¬ IOHW¬ QHW¬ SHW¬ THW¬ WHW¬ MHVK¬W¬ DIW¬ WURIW¬ OXIW¬ SXIW¬ OHKW¬ FLW¬ GLW¬ PLW¬ UDTLW¬ DUTLW¬ GULW¬ VLW¬ PDMW¬ PâMW¬ GUHMW¬ YREHNW¬ EDOW¬ GDOW¬ PMDOW¬ GKDOOW¬ HPW¬ FHPW¬ LPW¬ Q¬QW¬ VKWUHQMW¬ VKHQMW¬ ERW¬ SORW¬ WHUSORW¬ UURW¬ VKRW¬ WKRW¬ TDUW¬ EOHUW¬
index a tergo IRUW¬ PDUUW¬ DVKW¬ JDVKW¬ JMDVKW¬ MDVKW¬ NDVKW¬ ODVKW¬ HVKW¬ GHVKW¬ KHVKW¬ WKMHVKW¬ YMHVKW¬ EUHVKW¬ ¬VKW¬ ODJVKW¬ GLVKW¬ EOLVKW¬ XOLVKW¬ SRVKW¬ W¬USRVKW¬ GMDWKW¬ EXW¬ JXW¬ NXNXW¬ NDUUXW¬ N¬UUXW¬ VXW¬ G\W¬ EDWK¬ GMDWK¬ JUDWK¬ WUDWK¬ UUDWK¬ YHWK¬ Y¬WK¬ JMLWK¬ GULWK¬ XULWK¬ EULUWK¬ O\WK¬ V\WK¬ MDY¬ UDY¬ JUDY¬ SUHY¬ ]¬
J¬OED]¬ JMD]¬ PLHOOD]¬ PD]¬ O¬PD]¬ XQD]¬ VKWD]¬ UXD]¬ VKWâ]¬ NH]¬ OH]¬ P¬OOH]¬ VKSH]¬ VKTH]¬ WK¬OO¬]¬ DQ¬]¬ KDQ¬]¬ DUU¬]¬ VKW¬]¬ PL]¬ GUL]¬ QGUL]¬ YDM]¬ SHM]¬ XO]¬ OHP]¬ JUHQ]¬ PXVKOOLQ]¬ VKN¬OER]¬ VKNR]¬ EOR]¬ YHU]¬ O¬YRU]¬ EX]¬ VKSX]¬ SODI JUDI PçHI OHI PHI QMHI NUHI SUHI PVKHI QGLI
317
318 PLI VKSLI QMRI QJURI VKRI IWRI DJ ODJ UUDJ VKDJ GMHJ EUHJ WUHJ VKWHJ ]KHJ OLJ VKHOJ SHOOJ DQJ GUDQJ VKWDQJ YDQJ SOHQJ SHQJ Y¬QJ EXQJ PXQJ WUXQJ EXOORJ SORJ WRJ ]RJ YDUJ PXUJ YXUJ OXJ PXJ YUXJ PX]J UHJM UUHJM OLJM JULJM THQJM XQJM
index a tergo ]RJM GHUJM OXJM DK JMDK SODK SDK JUDK NUDK UUDK HK GHK OHK SOHK PHK QMHK JUHK NUHK VKNUHK SUHK VKSUHK IVKHK SOêK QGLK PLK VKSLK JULK QMRK QJURK VKRK IWRK DL PEL S¬UPEL HFL GL RUHQGL SHU¬QGL GKL OLGKL JML PDQJML P¬QJML KL MXML
index a tergo OL PDOL EOL IOL NDOOL XOOL PXOOL GROL PL JM\VDPL GHPL MHPL KDUP L QL OLGKQL JRM¬OLGKQL MHQL WK¬QL GLJMQL GLOQL SLOOQL VLOOQL N¬UNRQL SLTQL YGLVQL OLGKXQL SL NDSL WUDSL TLSL K\SL YGLTL IXTL UL DUL EDUL EUL GHUL QMHUL NXVK¬UL WK¬UL NUL PRUL XUL SLOLNXUL Y¬UUL VKL
SUXVKL WL DWL EDJ¬WL O¬WL PEXILWL OXKLWL WURNLWL VS¬UNLWL QJULWL EDNWL ORWL WKL ODMWKL ]L GLW¬]L JMî Kî Oî EOî IOî VK¬OOî XOOî PXOOî Pî Uî EUî NXVK¬Uî NUî Y¬UUî VKî O¬Wî PEDM çDM GDM QGDM IDM QJDM JMDM ODM PDM TDM PDUDM ]GUDM DVDM
319
320 WKDM EXDM GXDM JXDM JMXDM KXDM MXDM OXDM EOXDM PXDM TXDM VKTXDM UXDM GUXDM NUXDM VKNUXDM WXDM JDWXDM YXDM YDM âM EâM QGâM IâM SXJâM OâM PâM IVKâM ]âM VKN¬PEHM UU¬PEHM VK¬UEHM ]EHM N¬UFHM GHM QGHM JMHM PDOO¬QJMHM UU¬QJMHM GLHM ]LHM QGMHM I¬MHM YMHM ]MHM OHM EOHM
index a tergo QG¬OHM VKHPE¬OOHM S¬OTHM EUHM VKS¬UHM VK¬IUHM VKXIUHM NUHM UUHM XUUHM WXUVKHM EXHM GXHM JMXHM KXHM MXHM OXHM EOXHM PXHM TXHM VKTXHM UXHM GUXHM NUXHM VKNUXHM WXHM JDWXHM YXHM YHM QG\HM K\HM O\HM Q\HM VKT\HM U\HM IU\HM VKNU\HM J¬UU\HM WK\HM QG¬U]HM P¬U]HM QGêM JMêM EUêM UUêM ¬M E¬M
index a tergo HF¬M S¬J¬M LN¬M KLS ¬M ]¬M ELM PELM VNXQGLM JGKLM J¬UGKLM P¬UGKLM QJLM NLM VK¬OOLM SLM O¬SLM PSLM TLM ULM F¬ULM JULM SULM VKWULM DUULM VKLM DWLM YLM PEîM JGKîM QJîM PSîM JUîM SUîM ERM VK¬OERM PDOFRM çRM JXOçRM SHQGRM N¬QGRM SHU¬QGRM NXQGRM VXQGRM SURGKRM VKNDJRM WUDVK¬JRM GUDQJRM
O¬QJRM P¬QJRM VKWU¬QJRM NXQJRM PXQJRM UXQJRM I¬UJRM P¬UJRM S¬UJMRM QJXMRM EHNRM VKWHNRM G¬NRM QGLNRM PDOONRM VKNDUNRM I¬UNRM N¬UNRM VKNRM VKXUXNRM JM\NRM PEORM J¬ORM NDOORM NXOORM PEXORM çPRM JM¬PRM KDUPRM KHUPRM G¬VKPRM SURVKPRM SUR]KPRM DJM¬QRM DUQRM NXQMRM VKTHSRM VKTLSRM TRM PEDURM ODURM ORGURM DJM¬URM QJM¬URM Q¬P¬URM Q\W¬URM G¬OLURM
321
322 G¬VKLURM NDSURM XURM GXURM GKXURM DGKXURM IOXWXURM UURM NDFDUURM KDUURM QG¬UURM VKW¬UURM QJXUURM P¬VRM S¬VRM O¬VKRM P¬VKRM NDIVKRM KHWRM G¬IWRM O¬IWRM SDMWRM WUDMWRM NXMWRM JXOWRM SUHPWRM QRWRM VKDUWRM VKWRM XVKWRM WKRM YRM U¬Q[RM SDJ¬]RM PL]RM O¬YRU]RM EXM UUREXM THIXM HKXM NXM VXNXM OHSXM SRSXM WLWXM DYXM EûM
index a tergo XVKûM QG\M K\M N\ M U\M IU\M J¬UçDN GDN JDN JMDN MDN VKNDN ODN IODN YXUNROODN SODN OXPDN SDN SDVKWUDN KHN QGMHN PMHN SMHN PHN THN JUHN VKWUHN UUHN RUWHN WKHN LN ILN OLN PLN DQ¬PLN DUPLN SLN IXUULN XMN EXMN EXON IORN WDURN KDUURN VKRN DUN
index a tergo EDUN KDUN TDUN VKDUN WKDUN EHUN FHUN GHUN ]YHUN VKHP¬UN W¬UIXUN ELVN EULVN UU¬IHVKN SHVKN XSHVKN GXVKN PXVKN GUXVKN NUXVKN P\VKN GU\VKN SHWN EUHWN QGXN VKDUDQGXN QXN TXN GDO UDJDO VKNDO PDO GXDO KDUDEHO ]DEHO çHO NDçHO GHO JMHO NDFDJMHO NDQJMHO GMHO PMHO YMHO S¬UYMHO VKNHO
PHO THO NUHO I¬QG\HO DPE¬O WDPE¬O ¬PE¬O W¬PE¬O WKQHJ¬O KLQJ¬O YRJ¬O TLN¬O EXN¬O WK¬QXN¬O OLO F¬ULO KDOO GMDOO NDOO PDOO SDOO VKSDOO S¬UUDOO WDOO EXDOO JXDOO KXDOO NDSUXDOO ]DOO GHOO KHOO GLHOO PLHOO TLHOO PEMHOO SMHOO VMHOO VKWMHOO Y¬VKWMHOO YMHOO THOO S¬UTHOO EXHOO KXHOO NDSUXHOO I¬QG\HOO
323
324 I\HOO Q\HOO HJM¬OO HQJM¬OO HV¬OO KLV¬OO KîV¬OO VNXQGLOO WK¬QJMLOO XQJMLOO PLOO N¬UPLOO P¬QMLOO JULOO SULOO N¬VKLOO UUDVROO UUXPEXOO VXPEXOO WKXPEXOO UUREXOO NRUEXOO SHQGXOO PRGKXOO THIXOO QRIXOO PMHJXOO WMHJXOO UUHJXOO YULJXOO NXQJXOO JDUJXOO SMHUJXOO PXJXOO SL]JXOO HKXOO JUHKXOO PUHNXOO VKHNXOO QGULNXOO NUURNXOO PDVKNXOO UUXVKNXOO QGU\VKNXOO VXNXOO DPXOO IDPXOO
index a tergo KDPXOO NUHSXOO SRSXOO TXOO LVKXOO NXVKXOO VKSDWXOO WLWXOO EUXVKWXOO XWKXOO DYXOO \OO PE\OO I\OO K\OO P\OO S\OO RUUO XO QJXO S¬UNXO VKNXO WXO T\O E¬UU\O N¬UW\O GDP MDP NDP EUDP JUDP HP çHP GHP KLGKHP OLGKHP JMHP PHKHP MHP GMHP NHP QGXONHP ILVKNHP I\VKNHP VWHSHP THP
index a tergo PNHTHP UUHP N¬UYHVKHP YHWHP YHQLWHP SXQXHP EDOç¬P PHQç¬P G¬P EDJ¬P PHQGVK¬P MHVK¬P DUV\HVK¬P IXTLVK¬P EDOVK¬P LP WULP LVKLP JMDOP SMDOP KHOP GMHOP NXOP WKRP ]MDUP MHUP ]MHUP WHUP NDOLKXP OXP UUXP NDFDUUXP NU\P W\P QGDQ ODQ PDQ NDODPDQ OLGKHQ JMHQ U¬PHQ THQ EUHQ N¬VHQ OHE¬Q JMHOE¬Q
DUE¬Q NHç¬Q SULQG¬Q XUGK¬Q YRUI¬Q SUHK¬Q ODN¬Q P¬VKWHN¬Q PRN¬Q KDO¬Q HP¬Q IHP¬Q GLP¬Q WLP¬Q GUDS¬Q SMHS¬Q QLS¬Q NXOS¬Q JMDUS¬Q GUHT¬Q UULT¬Q XMT¬Q ULV¬Q IUDVK¬Q EUHVK¬Q JM\VK¬Q DW¬Q HW¬Q NXQHW¬Q PEUHW¬Q VKWUHW¬Q N¬VKW¬Q Y¬OOD]¬Q YLUJMLQ PDOLQ SHOLQ LVKLQ ERQ N¬UNRQ OLGKXQ SLPXQ SDVXQ TDQM P¬GKHQM ODPHQM O¬PHQM
325
326 OXPHQM WUHQM S¬UUHQM SO¬I¬QM ODP¬QM G¬US¬QM NRFLQM EOLQM PLQM N¬UPLQM GUDSLQM VWDSLQM EULQM ]RW¬ULQM XULQM SULIWLQM ERVKWLQM YLQM GUDJRQM IDMNRQM JMLQRQM NDSRQM NURQM S¬UURQM NDWRQM WKRQM KXQM NXQM DFR NMR QHQR DVR DWR IDWR DS KDS MDS NDS ODS OODS VTDS WUDS VKWUDS YUDS VKDS
index a tergo VWDS UMHS NHS VKNHS SOHS THS VTHS JUHS NUHS VKNUHS VKWUHS WKHS J¬WKHS QLS UULS VKWDOS NXOS NDQS VKNRS SHVKNRS N¬US WXUS FXS OOXS NUXS NDUUXS VXS O\S UU\S N¬QDT SDT VTDT IUDT KHT W¬UKHT NHT OHT SOHT GUHT YGLT OLT SOLT SLT LULT SRUULT IXUULT
index a tergo XMT KHOT SHOT THOT JORT VKRT WKDUT NXPHUT ELUT GLUT SHVKT SLVKT NXT ODNXT SXT NU\T DU EDU PEDU DFDU SHQGDU XJDU ODU NXODU OLITDU WDIWDU GXDU SXQXDU YDU \OEHU JHU JMHU Y¬QHU QMHU OLITHU YUHU WHU OWHU WKHU GXHU IUXHU G\HU PXVKN¬OO\HU SXOT\HU OHE¬U VKWDOE¬U
JMHOE¬U EXOE¬U VHPE¬U WKHPE¬U DUE¬U YHUE¬U NHç¬U EDG¬U WKDG¬U YHG¬U çDQG¬U GKDQG¬U JMDQG¬U WODQG¬U GK¬QG¬U JM¬QG¬U SULQG¬U NXQG¬U ORG¬U EDGK¬U PMHGK¬U XUGK¬U VKXUGK¬U KXGK¬U DI¬U YDUI¬U JM¬U HJM¬U YLUJM¬U SUHK¬U ODN¬U PMHN¬U P¬VKWHN¬U PRN¬U HP¬U IHP¬U VKHP¬U U¬P¬U GLP¬U WLP¬U S¬U GUDS¬U SMHS¬U OHS¬U YHS¬U QLS¬U NXOS¬U
327
328 JMDUS¬U WKXS¬U GUHT¬U UULT¬U XMT¬U QHV¬U ULV¬U IUDVK¬U EUHVK¬U JM\VK¬U NDW¬U YDW¬U HW¬U MHW¬U WMHW¬U YMHW¬U NHW¬U NXQHW¬U PEUHW¬U VKWUHW¬U SLW¬U NDOW¬U NXOW¬U NXPW¬U PRW¬U YRW¬U ]RW¬U P¬JDVKW¬U JMHVKW¬U PMHVKW¬U N¬VKW¬U NXOORVKW¬U QRVKW¬U YRVKW¬U EXVKW¬U ]JDY¬U YDY¬U Y¬OOH]¬U ELU KLU G¬OLU VKWLU KDUP¬VKRU XU VTXIXU VKTXIXU JXU
index a tergo ODNXU EXNXU OHSXU SDVXU VKXU WKXU ]KXU T\U N¬T\U VKW\U KDUU ]MDUU PDUU VKSDUU TDUU VKTDUU PXDUU YDUU HUU EHUU GHUU IHUU EMHUU çMHUU GMHUU YGMHUU S¬UPMHUU SMHUU WMHUU YMHUU WPHUU VKSHUU THUU VKTHUU YHUU DQG¬UU NDQG¬UU ¬QG¬UU DQJ¬UU YMHK¬UU N¬UU PDN¬UU KLN¬UU WKLUU RERUU KRUU
index a tergo NRUU PRUU VKSRUU VKRUU FXUU IXUU V
PEDV S¬OFDV N¬UFDV EXçDV JRGDV PEXIDV QJDV GLKDV J¬UKDV OXKDV QXKDV WURNDV NDUNDV S¬UNDV SLVNDV VKNDV IODV YLODV N¬OODV S¬OODV SODV PDV XPDV SDV TDV WUDV YUDV UUDV VKW¬UUDV Y¬UUDV J¬UVKDV KLWDV E¬UWDV N¬OWKDV PEHV QGHV YGHV MHV GKMHV
VKNPHV SUHV WUHV VKHV YHV S\HV JUDELV UDGLV YDGLV JMH]GLV QJMLV NUDKLV PROLV SOLV PLV QLV SRQLV TLV ULV QHYHULV P¬UP¬ULV WXULV UULV JDUULV OHEHWLV VW¬UYLV NRV PRV TRV ODSV çDUV PDUV IXV JXV QJXV OXV QXV SXV N¬SXV WXV PE\V S¬UPE\V U\V QJU\V WU\V ]K\V
329
330 GDVK SDVK HVK GKDPEHVK GK¬PEHVK GHVK QGHVK OLGKHVK JDUGKHVK JMHVK QJMHVK MHVK OHVK GUHGKDOHVK NDOHVK KHOOHVK N¬UOHVK GHPHVK QHVK WUDSHVK OXSHVK THVK SUHVK VKHVK SUXVKHVK YHVK NDODYHVK NDUUDYHVK OLGK¬VK DUJ¬VK P¬QGDIVK LVK DFLVK SOLVK PLVK JULVK SULVK DVLVK PHNVK ODPVK JDODPVK O¬PVK DFRVK VK¬QGRVK MRVK P¬UNRVK U¬SRVK
index a tergo S¬USRVK DVRVK VKRVK EXVK MXVK NXVK SXVK S¬USXVK SUXVK UUXVK JM\VK N¬O\VK PO\VK DW IDW P¬NDW PDW NXQDW VKSDW VKWUDW VKDW IVKDW VKWDW HW GHW OLGKHW PEXIHW QJHW ERKHW OXKHW YMHW VLYMHW WURNHW VS¬UNHW PDOHW IOHW W¬UPHW QHW YXOOQHW NDVKQMHW PEUHW VKNRUUHW E¬UWHW PE¬VKWHW SXVKWHW T\WHW
index a tergo KDODYH W ]HW G\]HW WKDUE¬W KLGK¬W GU\GK¬W PHN¬W IODVKN¬W YUDQ¬W YU¬U¬W PXUU¬W DWK¬W XWK¬W WDIW TLIW SULIW GLW VRGLW PDOLW NDFDPLW VK¬QGULW UULW SRURVLW LVKLW VK¬WLW PRWLW Y¬UWLW YLW Y¬UYLW Q[LW NXMW NRW ORW PRW VRW ]RW PEDUW VKSLUW NXUW DVKW UUDVKW âVKW YêVKW NOXP¬VKW TXP¬VKW Y¬VKW ELVKW
NDELVKW NDUUDELVKW N¬UELVKW JLVKW ERVKW NRSVKW JXVKW PXVKW JUXVKW XW EXW QJXW KXW PDNXW OXW PXW WXW \W I\W O¬I\W VKT\W U\W IU\W PEDWK JUDWK WUDWK JMHWK THWK UUHWK YHWK Y¬WK LWK XULWK P]LWK ODNWK VKWHNWK ]RNWK KDOWK WKLPWK NUDQWK NDSWK ELUWK EULUWK JXUWK NXUWK SXUWK
331
332 XWK SXWK O\WK V\WK X JMX KX OLGKQLX VKLX MX JMDNX SODNX OX UX GUX WUX JMû Kû GUû WUû D\ G\ V\ JD] JUHUD]
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