>hfZrgyy jZ[hlZ ihnbabd_ aZ8 deZkk
d mq_[gbdm ©NbabdZde Mq_[^eyh[s_h[jZah\Zlmq_[aZ\_^_gbcª :<I_jurdbg±_ ba^kl_j_hlbi± F ©>jhnZª ]
1
Kh^_j`Zgb_
2
§ § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § § §
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67.
............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ............................................
17 17 17 18 18 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 26
MijZ`g_gby .............................. 28 MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_
.................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ...................................
28 28 28 28 29 30 30 31 31 32 33 33 33 34 34 34 35 36 36 37
3
MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_ MijZ`g_gb_
................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ................................... ...................................
38 39 40 41 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 45 45 45
....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ...................................... ...................................... ......................................
47 47 48 48 50 53 54 55 56 57 57 58
AZ^Zgby ................................. 47 AZ^Zgb_ AZ^Zgb_ AZ^Zgb_ AZ^Zgb_ AZ^Zgb_ AZ^Zgb_ AZ^Zgb_ AZ^Zgb_ AZ^Zgb_ AZ^Zgb_ AZ^Zgb_ AZ^Zgb_
EZ[hjZlhjgu_ jZ[hlu ..................... 59 EZ[hjZlhjgZy EZ[hjZlhjgZy EZ[hjZlhjgZy EZ[hjZlhjgZy EZ[hjZlhjgZy EZ[hjZlhjgZy EZ[hjZlhjgZy EZ[hjZlhjgZy EZ[hjZlhjgZy EZ[hjZlhjgZy
jZ[hlZ .......................... jZ[hlZ ........................... jZ[hlZ ........................... jZ[hlZ ........................... jZ[hlZ ........................... jZ[hlZ ........................... jZ[hlZ ......................... jZ[hlZ ......................... jZ[hlZ ........................... jZ[hlZ ........................
59 60 60 61 62 63 63 63 64 64
4
1. GZ]j_\Zgb_hoeZ`^_gb_dbi_gb_ieZ\e_gb_b l^ 2. L_fi_jZlmjZoZjZdl_jbam_lkj_^gxxdbg_lbq_kdmxwg_j]bxfhe_dme 3. Kdhjhklv^\b`_gbyfhe_dmeijbm\_ebq_gbbl_fi_jZlmjujZkl_l 4. Fhe_dmeu\ ]Za_^\b`mlkyk [hevrbfbkdhjhklyfbZ bokdhjhklbbaf_gyxlky lhevdh ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb k ^jm]bfb fhe_dmeZfb beb kl_deZfb khkm^Z< `b^dhklyofhe_dmeudhe_[exlkyhdhehiheh`_gbyjZ\gh\_kbyb bgh]^Z i_j_kdZdb\Zxl \ ^jm]h_ f_klh < l\_j^uo l_eZo fhe_dmeu dhe_[exlkyhdhehiheh`_gbyjZ\gh\_kby 1. Ijbih^t_f_rZjZ_]hihl_gpbZevgZywg_j]bym\_ebqb\Z_lkyIjb_]hiZ^_gbbdbg_lbq_kdZywg_j]by\hajZklZ_lZ ihl_gpbZevgZymf_gvrZ_lkyIhke_ iZ^_gby\kyf_oZgbq_kdZywg_j]byrZjZi_j_oh^bl\ l_ieh 2. RZj b ieblZ g_kdhevdh ^_nhjfbjmxlky bo l_fi_jZlmjZ g_kdhevdh \hajZkl_l 3.
§2.
§3.
1. Ijbkh\_jr_gbbjZ[hlu \ ^ZgghfkemqZ_^\b`_gbb\_j_\db m\_ebqb\Z_lkyl_fi_jZlmjZZ agZqblb \gmlj_ggyywg_j]byWlh]hm\_ebq_gby^hklZlhqghqlh[uwnbjaZdbi_e 2. Wlhlhiul\kydbcfh`_lijh\_klbihklZ\b\gZiebldmqZcgbdIhke_lh]h dZd\h^ZaZdbiblfh`ghaZf_lblvqlhdjurdZqZcgbdZg_kdhevdhih^iju]b\Z_lWlhh[hagZqZ_lqlhaZkq_l\gmlj_gg_cwg_j]bbl_ehkh\_jrZ_ljZ[hlm 3.
5
§4.
1. Imklv h^bg dhg_p ijh\hehdb bf__l [hevrmx l_fi_jZlmjm q_f ^jm]hc AgZqbl gZ h^ghf dhgp_ ijh\hehdb dbg_lbq_kdZy wg_j]by fhe_dme [hevr_ q_fgZ^jm]hf;he__[uklju_fhe_dmeui_j_^Zxlk\hxwg_j]bx[he__f_^e_gguf\ j_amevlZl_q_]hihijh\hehd_i_j_^Z_lkywg_j]by 2. AZh^ghb lh`_\j_fybaaZlh]hqlhl_fi_jZlmjZ^hklb]eZl_fi_jZlmju ijbdhlhjhc\hkdm`_g_fh`_lm^_j`b\Zlv]\ha^bdhlf_^ghcijh\hehdb hlhj\Zebkv q_luj_ ]\ha^bdZ Z hl klZevghc lhevdh h^bg Wlh ihdZau\Z_l qlhl_fi_jZlmjZ\ f_^bi_j_^Z_lky[uklj__q_f\ klZebAgZqbll_iehijh\h^ghklvf_^b[hevr_l_iehijh\h^ghklbklZeb 3. GZb[hevrmx l_iehijh\h^ghklv bf_xl k_j_[jh b f_^v Wlb f_lZeeu ijbf_gyxl \ dZq_kl\_ l_iehh[f_ggbdh\ GZbf_gvrmx `_ l_iehijh\h^ghklvbf__l\Zdmmf?]hijbf_gyxl\ l_jfhkZo 4. F_oimoi_jvyh^_`^Zbf_xl\_kvfZgbadmxl_iehijh\h^ghklvbaaZlh]h qlh \ gbo ijbkmlkl\mxl g_[hevrb_ ihehklb aZiheg_ggu_ \ha^mohf Z m \ha^moZl_iehijh\h^ghklvhq_gvgbadZy IhwlhfmhgbaZsbsZxlhloheh^Z 5. ©Rm[Z ]j_lvª dhg_qgh g_ fh`_l ld \ g_c g_l bklhqgbdZ wg_j]bb K ^jm]hcklhjhgurm[Zbf__lgbadmxl_iehijh\h^ghklvb ^he]hg_^Z_ll_em q_eh\_dZhoeZ^blvky
§5.
1. Iehlghklvl_ieh]h\ha^moZf_gvr_iehlghklboheh^gh]hIhwlhfmkehbl_ieh]hih^gbfZxlky\\_joZ kehboheh^gh]h\ha^moZhimkdZxlky\gba 2. Gb`gbckehcgZ]j_\Z_lky_]h iehlghklv mf_gvrZ_lky b ih^ ^_ckl\b_f Zjobf_^h\hc kbeu hg ih^gbfZ_lky GZ _]h f_klh himkdZ_lky [he__ oheh^guc\_jogbckehcb \k_ih\lhjy_lkyDjhf_wlbodhg\_dpbhgguoijhp_kkh\ lZd`_\Z`gmxjhevb]jZ_lb l_iehijh\h^ghklv 3. Y\e_gb_dhg\_dpbbkhklhbl\ i_j_ghk_wg_j]bb gZ]j_lufb kehyfb `b^dhklbbeb]ZaZ 4. Ijb \ugm`^_gghc dhg\_dpbb ijhbkoh^bl lZd`_ b i_j_f_rb\Zgb_ `b^dhklbbeb]ZaZ 5. Ijbdhg\_dpbbl_ieu_kehb`b^dhklbbeb]ZaZih^gbfZxlky\\_jo?keb [ufugZ]j_\Zeb \_jogb_ kehb lh ih^gbfZlvky bf [ueh [u g_dm^Z himkdZlvkyhgbg_fh]mlbaaZkbeu:jobf_^Zb lZdhcwnn_dlb\guckihkh[l_iehi_j_^Zqb dZd dhg\_dpby g_ jZ[hlZe Ihwlhfm `b^dhklb b ]Zau gZ]j_\Zxlkgbam 6. < l\_j^uo l_eZo fhe_dmeu dhe_[exlky hlghkbl_evgh iheh`_gby jZ\gh\_kbyAgZqbl^\b`_gbykeh_\\ wlhfkemqZ_g_\hafh`guZagZqblg_\hafh`gZb dhg\_dpby
§6.
1. L_jfhkdhikhklhblbadhe[uk ijh[dhc\ dhlhjhcbf__lkyg_[hevrh_hl\_jklb_ < wlh hl\_jklb_ \klZ\e_gZ bah]gmlZy ih^ ijyfuf m]ehf lhgdZy ljm[hqdZ \ dhlhjmx \\_^_gh g_fgh]h ih^djZr_gghc `b^dhklb H^bg [hd dhe[uaZdhiq_gLZdmkljh_gl_jfhkdhi
6
2.
§7.
1. Dhebq_kl\hfl_iehlugZau\Z_lkywg_j]bydhlhjmxihemqZ_lbebhl^Z_l l_eh\ ijhp_kk_l_iehi_j_^Zqb 2. Dhebq_kl\hl_iehlul_f[hevr_q_f[hevr_baf_g_gb_l_fi_jZlmju 3. Ldl_eZjZaebqghcfZkkubebjZaebqgh]hkhklZ\Zijbh^bgZdh\hfbaf_g_gbbl_fi_jZlmjuihemqZxleb[hhl^ZxljZaebqgh_dhebq_kl\hl_iehlu 4. Imklv^\Zl_eZh^bgZdh\h]hkhklZ\ZghjZaebqghcfZkkubaf_gbebk\hx l_fi_jZlmjm gZ h^bgZdh\h_ dhebq_kl\h ]jZ^mkh\ Ijb wlhf [he__ ly`_eh_ l_ehihemqbleb[hhl^Zkl[hevr__dhebq_kl\hl_iehlu 5. Imklvbf_xlky^\Zl_eZjZaebqgh]hkhklZ\Zh^bgZdh\hcfZkkugZoh^ysbokyijb h^bgZdh\hc l_fi_jZlmj_ H^gh\j_f_ggh gZqg_f gZ]j_\Zlv bo \ l_q_gb_g_dhlhjh]h\j_f_gbIhke_baf_jbfl_fi_jZlmjudZ`^h]hl_eZB ohly^\Zl_eZihemqbebjZ\gh_dhebq_kl\hl_iehlubaf_g_gb_bol_fi_jZlmj jZaebqgh Wlhl hiul ihdZau\Z_l qlh dhebq_kl\h l_iehlu aZ\bkbl hl jh^Z\_s_kl\ZgZr_]hl_eZ 6.
` dbeh^`hmeyo d>` d>` >`
§8.
1. M^_evghcl_ieh_fdhklvx\_s_kl\ZgZau\Z_lkynbabq_kdZy \_ebqbgZqbke_ggh jZ\gZy dhebq_kl\m l_iehlu dhlhjh_ gm`gh i_j_^Zlv l_em ba gZr_]h \_s_kl\ZfZkkhch^bgdbeh]jZffqlh[um\_ebqblv_]hl_fi_jZlmjmgZ K 2. M^_evgZyl_ieh_fdhklvbaf_jy_lky\
>` . d] ⋅ ° K
3. Wlhh[hagZqZ_l qlh ^ey gZ]j_\Zgby k\bgph\h]h l_eZ fZkkhc h^bg dbeh]jZff gZ h^bg ]jZ^mk P_evkby g_h[oh^bfh i_j_^Zlv wlhfm l_em >` wg_j]bb 4.
7
§9.
1. Gm`ghagZlv\_s_kl\hbadhlhjh]hwlhl_ehkhklhbl agZy\_s_kl\hfu kfh`_fmagZlvm^_evgmxl_ieh_fdhklv fZkkml_eZbaf_g_gb_l_fi_jZlmjul_eZ 2. Imklvm gZk_klv\h^Z l_ieh_fdhklvk = 4200
>` fZkkhc d] ⋅ °K
m d]
>` ⋅ K ±K >` d] ⋅ °K
3. Q = mc (t2 – t1 ) 4. Ijbkf_rb\Zgbb]hjyq_cb oheh^ghc\h^uihke_mklZgh\e_gbyh[s_cl_fi_jZlmjubaf_jb\wlml_fi_jZlmjmfufh`_fjZkkqblZlvdhebq_kl\hl_iehluhl^Zggh_]hjyq_c\h^hc b ihemq_ggh_oheh^ghcHgb^he`gu[ulvjZ\guH^gZdhgZijZdlbd_]hjyqZy\h^Zhl^Z_lg_kdhevdh[hevr_q_fihemqZ_l oheh^gZyIjbqbghcwlh]hy\ey_lkyl_iehh[f_gk hdjm`Zxsbfbl_eZfb
§10.
1. M^_evghc l_iehlhc k]hjZgby lhieb\Z gZau\Z_lky \_ebqbgZ qbke_ggh jZ\gZy dhebq_kl\m l_iehlu dhlhjh_ \u^_ey_lky ijb k]hjZgbb ^Zggh]h \_s_kl\ZfZkkhcd] 2. M^_evgmxl_iehlmk]hjZgbybaf_jyxl\
>` . d]
3. Wlh\ujZ`_gb_h[hagZqZ_lqlhijbk]hjZgbblhieb\ZfZkkhcd]\u^_ey_lkywg_j]by⋅107 >` 4. G_h[oh^bfhagZlvfZkkmb m^_evgmxl_iehlmk]hjZgby\_s_kl\ZWlb^\_ \_ebqbgugm`ghi_j_fgh`blv
§11.
1. F_oZgbq_kdZywg_j]byi_j_oh^bl\h\gmlj_ggxxgZijbf_jijblhjfh`_gbbZ\lhfh[bey ihdjurdblhjfhagu_dheh^dbqZklvljZkkub l^ gZ]j_ebkv
8
§12.
1. <_s_kl\h fh`_l gZoh^blvky \ l\_j^hf `b^dhf beb ]Zahh[jZaghf khklhygbb 2. GZijZdlbd_qZklhbkihevamxlkyi_j_oh^ubah^gh]hZ]j_]Zlgh]hkhklhygby\ ^jm]h_Ijbf_j ²ieZ\e_gb_f_lZeeh\ 3. :]j_]Zlgh_khklhygb_hij_^_ey_lky^\b`_gb_fb \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ffhe_dme 4. < l\_j^uo l_eZo fhe_dmeu dhe_[exlky hdheh iheh`_gby jZ\gh\_kby < `b^dhklbfhe_dmeudhe_[exlkyhdhehiheh`_gbyjZ\gh\_kbyb bgh]^Zi_j_kdZdb\Zxl\ ^jm]h_f_klh< ]ZaZofhe_dmeu^\b`mlkyoZhlbq_kdb\aZbfh^_ckl\mxlf_`^mkh[hclhevdhijbkhm^Zj_gbyo
§13.
1. IeZ\e_gb_fgZau\Z_lkyi_j_oh^bal\_j^h]hkhklhygby\ `b^dh_ 2. Hl\_j^_\Zgb_fgZau\Z_lkyi_j_oh^ba`b^dh]hkhklhygby\ l\_j^h_ 3. L_fi_jZlmjhcijbdhlhjhc \_s_kl\h ieZ\blky b hl\_j^_\Z_l gZau\Zxl l_fi_jZlmjhcieZ\e_gbyb hl\_j^_\Zgby
§14.
1. GZhlj_ad_:< e_^gZ]j_\Z_lky gZhlj_ad_
§15.
1. Ijb m\_ebq_gbb l_fi_jZlmju dbg_lbq_kdZy wg_j]by fhe_dme jZkl_l b ijbl_fi_jZlmj_ieZ\e_gbywg_j]bbklZgh\blky^hklZlhqgh^eyjZajmr_gby djbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ldb 2. Wg_j]byjZkoh^m_lkygZjZajmr_gb_djbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ldb 3. M^_evghcl_iehlhcieZ\e_gby\_s_kl\ZgZau\Z_lkydhebq_kl\hl_iehlu dhlhjh_g_h[oh^bfhkhh[sblvl_embawlh]h\_s_kl\ZfZkkhcd]ijbl_fi_jZlmj_ieZ\e_gby^eylh]hqlh[u_]hjZkieZ\blv 4. Ijb mf_gvr_gbb l_fi_jZlmju dbg_lbq_kdZy wg_j]by fhe_dme mf_gvrZ_lkyb ijbl_fi_jZlmj_ieZ\e_gbywg_j]byklZgh\blkylZdhcqlhfh`_lh[jZah\ZlvkydjbklZeebq_kdZyj_r_ldZ 5. ?kebba\_klgZfZkkZmm^_evgZyl_iehlZieZ\e_gby lhdhebq_kl\hl_iehlug_h[oh^bfh_^eyieZ\e_gbyl_eZhij_^_ey_lkynhjfmehc Q m. 6. Ihevamykvh[hagZq_gbyfbbaimgdlZ Q m]^_Q ²dhebq_kl\hl_iehlu\u^_eb\r__kyijbhl\_j^_\Zgbbl_eZ
9
§16.
1. BkiZj_gb_fgZau\ZxliZjhh[jZah\Zgb_k ih\_joghklb`b^dhklb 2. BkiZj_gb_ ijhbkoh^bl ijb ex[hc l_fi_jZlmj_ ld \k_]^Z gZoh^ylky ^hklZlhqgh©[uklju_ªfhe_dmeukihkh[gu_©me_l_lvªba`b^dhklb 3. KdhjhklvbkiZj_gbyaZ\bkblhljh^Z`b^dhklb__ iehsZ^bih\_joghklb gZebqbyeb[hhlkmlkl\by\_ljZ 4. BkiZj_gb_ijhbkoh^bl[uklj__ijb[he__\ukhdhcl_fi_jZlmj_ldijb [he__\ukhdhcl_fi_jZlmj_[hevr_^hklZlhqgh[ukljuofhe_dme 5. BkiZj_gb_b^_l[uklj__ijb[hevr_ciehsZ^bih\_joghklb 6. GZkus_ggufgZau\Z_lkyiZjgZoh^ysbcky\ ^bgZfbq_kdhf jZ\gh\_kbb khk\h_c`b^dhklvx 7. G_gZkus_ggufgZau\Z_lkyiZjg_gZoh^ysbcky\ ^bgZfbq_kdhfjZ\gh\_kbbkhk\h_c`b^dhklvx 8. < hlkmlkl\bb\_ljZfhe_dmeZfh`_l\_jgmlvky\ khkm^ihke_lh]hdZdhgZ \ue_l_eZk ih\_joghklb`b^dhklb?keb`_^m_l\_l_jlhhgmghkblfhe_dmeuZagZqbl\ khkm^hgbm`_g_fh]ml\_jgmlvky
§17.
1. Fhe_dmeu\uoh^ysb_ba`b^dhklbkh\_jrZxljZ[hlmijhlb\kbeijbly`_gbyfhe_dme 2. @b^dhklv ihdb^Zxl fhe_dmeu h[eZ^Zxsb_ ^hklZlhqgh [hevrhc dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]b_c Z agZqbl kj_^gyy dbg_lbq_kdZy wg_j]by mf_gvrZ_lky Ld l_fi_jZlmjZ oZjZdl_jbam_l kj_^gxx dbg_lbq_kdmx wg_j]bx lh b hgZ mf_gvrZ_lky 3.
§18.
1. I_j_^dbi_gb_fkeur_goZjZdl_jgucrmfWlhimaujvdb\ha^moZk gZkus_ggufiZjhfih^gbfZxlkyb \\_jogbo[he__oheh^guokehyokoehiu\Zxlky ijbwlhf\ha^mobaimaujvdh\i_j_oh^bl\ jZkl\hj_ggh_khklhygb_
10
2. GZimauj_dk iZjhf\gmljb`b^dhklb^_ckl\m_lkbeZly`_klbb kbeZ:jobf_^Z 3. L_fi_jZlmjhcdbi_gbygZau\Z_lkylZdZyl_fi_jZlmjZijbdhlhjhc`b^dhklvdbibl
§19.
1. Hlghkbl_evghc\eZ`ghklvx\ha^moZ3 gZau\Z_lky hlghr_gb_iehlghklb \h^ygh]hiZjZ! d iehlghklbgZkus_ggh]h\h^ygh]hiZjZ!0Hlghkbl_evgZy \eZ`ghklv\ujZ`Z_lky\ ijhp_glZo 2. ϕ =
! ⋅ 100% . !0
3. LhqdhcjhkugZau\Z_lkyl_fi_jZlmjZijbdhlhjhciZjklZgh\blkygZkus_gguf 4. >eyhij_^_e_gby\eZ`ghklbbkihevamxl ]b]jhf_ljub ikbojhf_lju 5. ;m^_fijh^m\Zlvq_j_aijb[hjgZiheg_ggucwnbjhf\ha^moq_f\uah\_fbgl_gkb\gh_bkiZj_gb_wnbjZIjbwlhfl_fi_jZlmjZ[m^_lihgb`ZlvkyIhl_jfhf_ljmhij_^_ebfl_fi_jZlmjmijbdhlhjhc\uiZ^Z_ljhkZWlh b [m^_llhqdZjhku 6. Hij_^_ebf l_fi_jZlmjm \ha^moZ ih kmohfm l_jfhf_ljm Ihke_ hij_^_ebfl_fi_jZlmjm\eZ`gh]hl_jfhf_ljZb \uqbkebfjZaghklvwlbol_fi_jZlmj AgZy wlb \_ebqbgu fu fh`_f ih ikbojhf_ljbq_kdhc lZ[ebp_ magZlv hlghkbl_evgmx\eZ`ghklv
§20.
1. Wg_j]byih^\h^bfZyd `b^dhklbijbdbi_gbbb^_lgZij_h^he_gb_kbe fhe_dmeyjgh]hijbly`_gby 2. M^_evgZyl_iehlZiZjhh[jZah\ZgbyihdZau\Z_lkdhevdhwg_j]bbg_h[oh^bfhi_j_^Zlv`b^dhklbfZkkhcd]ijbl_fi_jZlmj_dbi_gbyqlh[uiheghklvxi_j_\_klbwlm`b^dhklv\ ]Zahh[jZagh_khklhygb_ 3. ImklviZj\u^_ey_lkyq_j_aljm[hqdmb dhg^_gkbjm_lkygZkl_de_Ijbwlhf kl_dehhq_gvkbevghgZ]j_\Z_lkydZdaZkq_ll_iehi_j_^ZqblZdb \hfgh]hfaZ kq_ldhg^_gkZpbbWlhagZqblqlhijbdhg^_gkZpbb\u^_ey_lkywg_j]by 4. M^_evgZyl_iehlZieZ\e_gby\h^uL = 2,3·106
>` AgZqbll_iehlZQ\ud]
^_ey_fZy\h^ygufiZjhffZkkhcm d]\uqbkey_lkyihnhjfme_ Q = Lm = 2,3·106
>` ⋅ d] Â6 >` d]
5. GZ djmiguo we_dljhklZgpbyo ]hjyqbf hljZ[hlZgguf iZjhf gZ]j_\Zxl \h^mdhlhjZyb^_lgZhlhie_gb_b ^jm]b_ohayckl\_ggu_gm`^uIjbwlhf \h^ZgZ]j_\Z_lkyaZkq_ll_iehi_j_^Zqbb aZkq_lwg_j]bbdhg^_gkZpbb
§21.
1. Ijbdbi_gbb\h^u\ aZdjulhcijh[dhc_fdhklbijh[dZfh`_l\ue_l_lv Wlh b _klv i_j_oh^ \gmlj_gg_c wg_j]bb iZjZ \ f_oZgbq_kdmx wg_j]bx ijh[db
11
2. L_ieh\ufb ^\b]Zl_eyfb gZau\Zxlky mkljhckl\Z \ dhlhjuo \gmlj_ggyy wg_j]bylhieb\Zi_j_oh^bl\ f_oZgbq_kdmxwg_j]bx 3. Kms_kl\mxljZaebqgu_l_ieh\u_^\b]Zl_eb iZjh\ZyfZrbgZ^\b]Zl_ev \gmlj_gg_]hk]hjZgbyiZjh\Zyb ]Zah\Zylmj[bgZj_Zdlb\guc^\b]Zl_ev 4. < l_ieh\uo^\b]Zl_eyo]Zabkiulu\Z_ll_ieh\h_jZkrbj_gb_bjZkrbjyykvkh\_jrZ_lf_oZgbq_kdmxjZ[hlmIjbwlhf]ZahoeZ`^Z_lkyQZklv_]h \gmlj_gg_cwg_j]bbi_j_oh^bl\ f_oZgbq_kdmxjZ[hlm
§22.
1. >\b]Zl_e_f\gmlj_gg_]hk]hjZgbygZau\Zxl^\b]Zl_ev\ dhlhjhflhieb\hk]hjZ_lijyfh\ pbebg^j_^\b]Zl_ey 2. Hkgh\ghc qZklvx ^\b]Zl_ey \gmlj_gg_]h k]hjZgby y\ey_lky pbebg^j \ dhlhjhf^\b`_lkyihjr_gvGZ\_jompbebg^jZjZkiheZ]Z_lkyk\_qZaZ`b]Zgby b ^\Z deZiZgZ \ h^bg \ijukdb\Z_lky lhieb\h Z q_j_a ^jm]hc \ Zlfhkn_jm\uoh^blk]hj_\r__lhieb\hKgbamd ihjrgxijbdj_ie_grZlmgdhlhjuc\jZsZ_ldhe_gqZluc\Ze 3. Ihke_k]hjZgbylhieb\Zl_fi_jZlmjZkf_kb\gmljbpbebg^jh\ \hajZklZ_l LZd `_ m\_ebqb\Z_lky b ^Z\e_gb_ b kf_kv jZkrbjyykv ^\b]Z_l ihjr_gvIjbwlhfl_fi_jZlmjZkf_kbmf_gvrZ_lky 4. H^bgjZ[hqbcpbde^\b]Zl_eyijhbkoh^blaZq_luj_lZdlZIjbwlhfdhe_gqZluc\Zekh\_jrZ_l^\Zh[hjhlZ 5. < i_j\hflZdl_ihjr_gv^\b`_lky\gbab ijhbkoh^bl\ijukdb\Zgb_lhieb\Z\b]Zl_eb \gmlj_gg_]h k]hjZgby bkihevamxlky \ \bglh\uo kZfhe_lZo l_ieh\haZokm^ZoihjlZlb\guo]_g_jZlhjZowe_dljbq_kdh]hlhdZ
§23.
1. IZjh\hclmj[bghcgZau\Z_lky^\b]Zl_ev\ dhlhjhfgZ]j_luc]Za\jZsZ_l \Ze^\b]Zl_ey 2. Hkgh\gufhlebqb_fmkljhckl\Zlmj[bghlmkljhckl\Zihjrg_\uofZrbg y\ey_lkyhlkmlkl\b_\ i_j\uoihjrgyrZlmgZb dhe_g\ZeZ 3. Lmj[bgZ mkljh_gZ ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf GZ \Ze gZkZ`_g ^bkd k ehiZldZfb Ba khi_e \uju\Z_lky gZ]j_luc ]Za ihiZ^Z_l gZ ehiZldb b ijb\h^bl ^bkd\ [ukljh_\jZs_gb_
§24.
1. < l_ieh\uo^\b]Zl_eyolhevdhqZklvwg_j]bbihemqZ_fhchlgZ]j_\Zl_ey i_j_oh^bl\ jZ[hlmld\k_]^ZdZdZyeb[hqZklvi_j_^Z_lkyoheh^bevgbdm
12
2. Dhwnnbpb_glhfihe_agh]h^_ckl\bygZau\Z_lkyhlghr_gb_ihe_aghcjZ[hlud wg_j]bbihemqZ_fhchlgZ]j_\Zl_ey 3. DI> \k_]^Z f_gvr_ ihlhfm qlh oheh^bevgbd \k_]^Z ihemqZ_l hl gZ]j_\Zl_eydZdh_eb[hl_ieh 4. K`Zlb_
§26.
1. >\_ w[hgblh\u_ iZehqdb gZwe_dljbah\Zggu_ lj_gb_f h f_o hllZedb\Zxlky 2. Kl_deyggZy iZehqdZ gZwe_dljbah\ZggZy lj_gb_f h r_ed b w[hgblh\Zy gZwe_dljbah\ZggZy lj_gb_f h r_jklv ijbly]b\Zxlky agZqbl hgb bf_xl aZjy^jZagh]hjh^Z 3. < ijbjh^_kms_kl\m_l^\Zjh^ZaZjy^h\gZau\Z_fu_iheh`bl_evgufbb hljbpZl_evgufb 4. >\Z l_eZ bf_xsb_ aZjy^u h^gh]h agZdZ hllZedb\Zxlky jZaguo agZdh\ ²ijbly]b\Zxlky
§27.
1. ?kebd l_emijbly]b\Zxlkyebklhqdb[mfZ]blhhghgZwe_dljbah\Zgh 2. We_dljhkdhikhklhblbaf_lZeebq_kdh]hkl_j`gyk ebklhqdZfbdhlhjuc gZoh^blky \ f_lZeebq_kdhf dhjimk_ kh kl_deZfb ?keb d g_aZjy`_gghfm we_dljhkdhimih^g_klbaZjy`_ggh_l_ehlh_]he_i_kldbjZahc^mlky 3. ;hevr_fmm]emjZkoh`^_gbyebklhqdh\khhl\_lkl\m_l[hevrbcaZjy^
§28.
1. ?Feb fu ihf_klbf we_dljhkdhi \ khkm^ ba dhlhjh]h hldZqZg \ha^mo b ih^g_k_f d we_dljhkdhim aZjy`_ggh_ l_eh lh ebklhqdb we_dljhkdhiZ jZahc^mlky 2. < ijhkljZgkl\_hdjm`ZxsbfgZwe_dljbah\Zggh_l_ehbf__lkywe_dljbq_kdh_ihe_ 3. We_dljbq_kdh_ihe_fh`ghh[gZjm`blvih^_ckl\bxgZgZwe_dljbah\Zggu_l_eZ 4. KbeZ^_ckl\mxsZygZaZjy`_ggmx]bevamijbm^Ze_gbbhlaZjy`_ggh]h l_eZ mf_gvrZ_lky >ey ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z wlh]h ijh\_^_f ke_^mxsbc hiul Ih^\_kbfaZjy`_ggmx]bevamgZgblvb [m^_fkfhlj_lvdZdf_gy_lkym]he hldehg_gbygblbhl\_jlbdZebijbbaf_g_gbbjZkklhygbyf_`^m]bevahcb l_ehfLdijbm\_ebq_gbbjZkklhygbyf_`^m]bevahcb l_ehfm]hemf_gvrZ_lkylhb kbeZ\aZbfh^_ckl\bymf_gvrZ_lky
§29.
1.
13
2. >h[_kdhg_qghklbwe_dljbq_kdbcaZjy^^_eblvg_evayIj_^_ehf^_ebfhklbaZjy^Zy\ey_lkyaZjy^we_dljhgZ 3. QZklbpZ k gZbf_gvrbf aZjy^hf gZau\Z_lky we_dljhghf ?]h fZkkZ ² 9,1·10-31 d]aZjy^ ²Â-19 De
§30.
1. :lhfujZaebqguowe_f_glh\jZaebqZxlkydhebq_kl\hfwe_dljhgh\ 2. =eZ\ghcoZjZdl_jbklbdhcobfbq_kdh]hwe_f_glZy\ey_lkyaZjy^y^jZ 3. < khklZ\y^jZ\oh^ylg_cljhgub ijhlhgu 4. < Zlhf_\h^hjh^Zijhlhgb g_lg_cljhgh\\ Zlhf_]_ebyijhlhgZb g_cljhgZ\ Zlhf_eblbyijhlhgZb g_cljhgZ 5. Iheh`bl_evgu_bhguh[jZamxlky_kebZlhfhl^Z_lh^bgbebg_kdhevdh we_dljhgh\ HljbpZl_evgu_ bhgu h[jZamxlky _keb Zlhf ijbgbfZ_l h^bg bebg_kdhevdhwe_dljhgh\
§31.
1. Y\e_gb_we_dljbaZpbbkhklhbl\ lhfqlhwe_dljhguk h^gh]hl_eZi_j_oh^ylgZ^jm]h_ 2Ijbwe_dljbaZpbbh^ghbal_eihemqZ_lklhevdh`_we_dljhgh\kdhevdh hl^Z_l ^jm]h_ ld we_dljhgu g_ \hagbdZxl b g_ bkq_aZxl Z lhevdh i_j_jZkij_^_eyxlky 3. Ijbi_j_^Zq_]beva_aZjy^Ziheh`bl_evghaZjy`_ggufl_ehfk g__ kl_dZxlwe_dljhguijbi_j_^Zq_hljbpZl_evgh]h²gZl_dZxl 4. AZjy^i_j_oh^ysbcgZl_ehijbkhijbdhkgh\_gbbk gZwe_dljbah\Zgguf l_ehfaZ\bkblhljZaf_jZl_eZ q_f[hevr_jZaf_jul_eZl_f[hevr_b i_j_oh^ysbcgZg_]hjZajy^ 5. IjbaZa_fe_gbbihqlb\_kvaZjy^i_j_oh^bl\ a_fexbaaZhq_gv[hevrbo jZaf_jh\A_feb
§32.
1. We_dljbq_kdbf lhdhf gZau\Z_lky gZijZ\e_ggh_ ^\b`_gb_ aZjy`_gguo qZklbp 2. >ey ihemq_gby we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ \ ijh\h^gbd_ g_h[oh^bfh kha^Zlv we_dljbq_kdh_ihe_^eyq_]hbkihevamxlkybklhqgbdbwe_dljbq_kdh]hlhdZ 3.
14
7. IjbaZjy^d_ZddmfmeylhjZ_]hiheh`bl_evgucihexkkh_^bgyxlk iheh`bl_evgufihexkhfbklhqgbdZlhdZhljbpZl_evguc²k hljbpZl_evguf 8. :ddmfmeylhjubkihevamxlky\hfgh]bolbih\uomkljhckl\Zob fZrbgZo fh[bevguol_e_nhgZoie__jZoZ\lhfh[beyob ^Z`_ih^\h^guoeh^dZo
§33.
1. BklhqgbdlhdZ^Z_lwg_j]bx\k_fijb_fgbdZflhdZ 2. Ijb_fgbdZfbwe_dljbq_kdh]hlhdZy\eyxlky we_dljbq_kdZy eZfiZ we_dljbq_kdbca\hghdj_abklhjgZ]j_\Zl_evgucwe_f_gl 3. We_dljbq_kdZyp_ivkhklhblbabklhqgbdh\ lhdZ ihlj_[bl_e_c lhdZ dhlhju_ kh_^bg_gu ijh\h^Zfb >ey \dexq_gby lhdZ \ p_ib bkihevamxl jZafudZxsb_b aZfudZxsb_mkljhckl\Z 4. P_iv\ dhlhjhch[hj\Zgijh\h^gZau\ZxljZahfdgmlhcZ \dhlhjhcgb h^bgijh\h^g_jZahj\ZggZau\Z_lkyaZfdgmlhc
§34.
1. F_lZeewe_dljbq_kdbg_cljZe_glddjhf_hljbpZl_evguowe_dljhgh\\ g_fkh^_j`Zlky_s_b iheh`bl_evgu_bhgu 2. Ijb\hagbdgh\_gbb\ f_lZee_we_dljbq_kdh]hihey\hagbdZ_lwe_dljbq_kdbclhd 3. We_dljbq_kdbclhd\ f_lZee_ij_^klZ\ey_lkh[hcgZijZ\e_ggh_^\b`_gb_ we_dljhgh\ 4. Dh]^Z]h\hjylh kdhjhklbjZkijhkljZg_gbylhdZ\ f_lZee_bf_xl\ \b^m kdhjhklvk\_lZ
§ 35.
1. L_ieh\h_^_ckl\b_lhdZfh`ghgZ[ex^Zlvijh^_eZ\ke_^mxsbchiulGZ^h`_e_agmxbebgbd_ebgh\mxijh\hehdmijbkh_^bgblvd ihexkZfbklhqgbdZlhdZKimklyg_dhlhjh_\j_fyfh`ghaZf_lblvqlhijh\hehdZgZ]j__lky 2. Obfbq_kdh_ ^_ckl\b_ lhdZ fh`gh gZ[ex^Zlv gZ ke_^mxs_f hiul_ GZ^h we_dljh^uih^dexq_ggu_d ihexkZfbklhqgbdZhimklblv\ jZkl\hjgZijbf_jf_^gh]hdmihjhkZ &X624 Kimklyg_dhlhjh_\j_fyfh`ghaZf_lblvqlh gZh^ghfbawe_dljh^h\\u^_eblky\_s_kl\h²\ gZr_fkemqZ_f_^v &X 3. L_ieh\h_ ^_ckl\b_ lhdZ bkihevamxl \ we_dljbq_kdbo eZfiZo we_dljhieblZob l^Obfbq_kdh_^_ckl\b_lhdZbkihevamxl^eyihemq_gbyqbkluo f_lZeeh\\ ]Zev\Zgbq_kdbowe_f_glZoZddmfmeylhjZob l^ 4. FZ]gblgh_^_ckl\b_ lhdZ fh`gh gZ[ex^Zlv gZ ke_^mxs_f hiul_ GZ^h \aylv]\ha^vgZfhlZlvgZg_]hf_^gucijh\h^ihdjulucbaheypb_cZ dhgpu ijh\h^Z kh_^bgblv k ihexkZfb bklhqgbdZ lhdZ L_i_jv _keb ]\ha^v ih^g_klbd f_edbf`_e_agufij_^f_lZflhfh`ghaZf_lblvqlhhg[m^_l ijbly]b\Zlvbo 5. MklZgh\dZbah[jZ`_ggZygZjbkmgd_mq_[gbdZkhklhblbabklhqgbdZ lhdZf_^gh]hijh\h^Zihdjulh]hbaheypb_cdexqZb ]\ha^y=\ha^vk gZfhlZgghc gZ g_]h ijh\hehdhc ijb aZfdgmlhf dexq_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc fZ]gbl hg kihkh[_g ijbly]b\Zlv jZaebqgu_ `_e_agu_ ij_^f_lu ?keb `_
15
ihke_dexqjZahfdgmlvlh]\ha^vq_j_ag_dhlhjh_\j_fyjZafZ]gblblkyl_ ihl_jy_lkihkh[ghklvijbly]b\Zlvf_lZeebq_kdb_ij_^f_lu 6. GZ jbkmgd_ mq_[gbdZ bah[jZ`_gZ jZfdZ gZ dhlhjmx gZfhlZgh g_kdhevdh \bldh\ f_^ghc ijh\hehdb dhgpu dhlhjhc ih^kh_^bg_gu q_j_a dexq d ihexkZf bklhqgbdZ lhdZ LZd dZd dexq aZfdgml lh \ jZfd_ l_q_l lhdghk g_ckZfhcgbq_]hg_ijhbkoh^bl?keb`_l_i_jvwlmjZfdmihf_klblvf_`^mihexkZfbfZ]gblZlhhgZklZg_lih\hjZqb\ZlvkyLZdbfh[jZahffugZhiul_ijhgZ[ex^Zeb\aZbfh^_ckl\b_jZfdbk lhdhfb fZ]gblhf 7. < mkljhckl\_]Zev\Zghf_ljZbkihevamxlfZ]gblgh_^_ckl\b_lhdZ
§ 36.
1. AZ gZijZ\e_gb_ lhdZ ijbgbfZxl gZijZ\e_gb_ ^\b`_gby iheh`bl_evgh aZjy`_gguoqZklbp 2. AZ gZijZ\e_gb_ lhdZ ijbgylh kqblZlv gZijZ\e_gb_ hl iheh`bl_evgh]h ihexkZbklhqgbdZlhdZd hljbpZl_evghfm 3. >Z
§ 37.
1. Bgl_gkb\ghklv ^_ckl\bc we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ aZ\bkbl hl aZjy^Z ijhl_dZxs_]hihp_ib\ _^bgbpm\j_f_gbl_hlkbeulhdZ 2. AZjy^hfijhl_dZxsbfq_j_aihi_j_qgh_k_q_gb_ijh\h^gbdZ\ _^bgbpm \j_f_gb 3. KbeZ lhdZ I hij_^_ey_lky hlghr_gb_f we_dljbq_kdh]h aZjy^Z q ijhl_dr_]hq_j_ak_q_gb_ijh\h^gbdZdh\j_f_gb_]hijhl_dZgbyt: I = q/t. 4. AZ_^bgbpmkbeulhdZijbgbfZxlkbemlhdZijbdhlhjhchlj_adbiZjZee_evguoijh\h^gbdh\^ebghcfjZkiheh`_gguogZjZkklhygbbf ^jm] hl^jm]Z\aZbfh^_ckl\mxlk kbehc⋅10–7 GWlm_^bgbpmkbeulhdZgZau\ZxlZfi_jhfb h[hagZqZxl©:ª 5. f: : fd: : d: : 6. q = It.
§ 38.
1. Ijb[hj^eybaf_j_gbykbeulhdZgZau\Z_lkyZfi_jf_ljhf 2. QZs_ \k_]h \ eZ[hjZlhjbyo bkihevamxl Zfi_jf_lju kh rdZehc ijh]jZ^mbjh\Zgghc\ fbeebZfi_jZo f: Zfi_jZo : 3. < p_ivZfi_jf_ljke_^m_l\dexqZlvihke_^h\Zl_evghk mq_lhfiheyjghklbijb[hjZ
§ 39.
1. Hiul^hdZau\ZxsbcqlhjZ[hlZlhdZaZ\bkblg_lhevdhhlkbeulhdZgh b hlgZijy`_gbykhklhbl\ ke_^mxs_f;_jmlky^\ZbklhqgbdZlhdZk jZaebqgufgZijy`_gb_f?kebl_i_jvd gbfihhq_j_^ghih^dexqblveZfihqdmlhfum\b^bfqlhhgZijbh^bgZdh\hckbe_lhdZ[m^_l]hj_lv\ h^ghf kemqZ_yjq_
16
2. We_dljbq_kdh_ gZijy`_gb_ hij_^_ey_lky dZd jZ[hlZ lhdZ kh\_jrZ_fZy we_dljbq_kdbf ihe_f ijb i_j_f_s_gbb _^bgbqgh]h iheh`bl_evgh]h aZjy^ZGZijy`_gb_U jZ\ghhlghr_gbxjZ[hlulhdZ: gZ^Zgghfhlj_ad_d aZjy^mqijhl_dZxs_fmihwlhfmhlj_adm U = A/q.
§ 40.
1. AZ_^bgbpmgZijy`_gby \hevl ijbgbfZxllZdh_gZijy`_gb_ijbdhlhjhf jZ[hlZ ih i_j_f_s_gbx _^bgbqgh]h iheh`bl_evgh]h aZjy^Z jZ\gZ >`< >`De 2. Kh]eZkgh lZ[ebp_ mq_[gbdZ gZijy`_gb_ \ hk\_lbl_evghc k_lb jZ\gh beb< 3. Kh]eZkgh lZ[ebp_ mq_[gbdZ gZijy`_gb_ gZ ihexkZo kmoh]h we_f_glZ jZ\gh<Z gZihexkZodbkehlgh]hZddmfmeylhjZ²< 4. f< < d< <
§ 41.
1. Ijb[hj^eybaf_j_gbywe_dljbq_kdh]hgZijy`_gbygZau\Z_lky\hevlf_ljhf 2. < p_iv \hevlf_lj ke_^m_l \dexqZlv iZjZee_evgh k mq_lhf iheyjghklb ijb[hjZ 3. >eylh]hqlh[ubaf_jblvgZijy`_gb_gZ ihexkZobklhqgbdZlhdZ\hevlf_ljih^dexqZxlg_ihkj_^kl\_gghd bklhqgbdmlhdZk mq_lhfiheyjghklb 4. KbeZ lhdZ ijhoh^ys_]h q_j_a \hevlf_lj ^he`gZ [ulv fZeZ ih kjZ\g_gbxk kbehclhdZ\ p_ib
§ 42.
1. GZ^h kh[jZlv p_iv khklhysmx ba bklhqgbdZ lhdZ Zfi_jf_ljZ ijh\h^gbdZ²kibjZebbagbd_ebgh\hcijh\hehdbdexqZb iZjZee_evghih^dexq_ggh]hd ijh\h^gbdm\hevlf_ljZKo_fZlZdhcp_ibbah[jZ`_gZgZjbkmgd_ [ mq_[gbdZ Ijb aZfudZgbb dexqZ hlf_qZ_f ihdZaZgby gZijy`_gby gZ\hevlf_lj_b kbeulhdZgZZfi_jf_lj_AZl_fm\_ebqb\Z_fgZijy`_gb_\ p_ib\ ^\ZjZaZih^dexq_gb_fd i_j\hfm bklhqgbdm lhdZ lhqgh lZdh]h`_ bklhqgbdZ Ijb wlhf fu aZf_qZ_f m\_ebq_gb_ kbeu lhdZ \ ^\Z jZaZ ?keb fu m\_ebqbf gZijy`_gb_ \ljh_ lh b kbeZ lhdZ m\_ebqblky lZd`_ LZdbf h[jZahffukgyebaZ\bkbfhklvkbeulhdZhlgZijy`_gby 2. KbeZlhdZ\ ijh\h^gbd_ijyfhijhihjpbhgZevgZgZijy`_gbxgZdhgpZo wlh]hijh\h^gbdZ 3. =jZnbdaZ\bkbfhklbkbeulhdZhlgZijy`_gbybf__l\b^ijyfhcijhihjpbhgZevghklb²ijyfhcijhoh^ys_cq_j_agZqZehdhhj^bgZlHghljZ`Z_l lhlnZdlqlh\hkdhevdh jZa fu m\_ebqbf gZijy`_gb_ gZ dhgpZo ijh\h^gbdZ\hklhevdh`_jZam\_ebqblkykbeZlhdZ\ ijh\h^gbd_
§ 43.
1. GZ^h kh[jZlv p_iv khklhysmx ba bklhqgbdZ lhdZ Zfi_jf_ljZ ijh\h^gbdZ dexqZ b iZjZee_evgh ih^dexq_ggh]h d ijh\h^gbdm \hevlf_ljZ Ijb aZfudZgbb dexqZ hlf_qZ_f ihdZaZgby gZijy`_gby gZ \hevlf_lj_ b kbeu
17
lhdZgZZfi_jf_lj_AZl_faZf_gy_fbkihevam_fucijh\h^gbdgZ^jm]hcb aZf_qZ_f qlh kbeZ lhdZ baf_gy_lky ijb g_baf_gghf gZijy`_gbb gZ ijh\h^gbd_Wlh^hdZau\Z_lqlhkbeZlhdZ\ p_ibaZ\bkblhlk\hckl\ijh\h^gbdZ²_]hkhijhlb\e_gby 2. AZ_^bgbpmkhijhlb\e_gbyijbgbfZxllZdh_khijhlb\e_gb_ijbdhlhjhf gZijy`_gb_gZdhgpZoijh\h^gbdZjZ\gh<Z kbeZlhdZ\ g_f²:?^bgbpmkhijhlb\e_gbygZau\Zxlhfhf Hf Hf <: 3. fHf Hf dHf Hf FHf Hf 4. IjbqbgZkhijhlb\e_gbykhklhbl\ lhfqlhwe_dljhgu\aZbfh^_ckl\mxlk bhgZfbdjbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ldbb ijb wlhfaZf_^ey_lky bo mihjy^hq_ggh_^\b`_gb_
§ 44.
1. KbemlhdZgZijy`_gb_b khijhlb\e_gb_ 2. Kh[bjZxlp_ivkhklhysmxbabklhqgbdZlhdZZfi_jf_ljZkhijhlb\e_gbydexqZb iZjZee_evghih^dexq_ggh]h d khijhlb\e_gbx \hevlf_ljZ < wlm `_ p_iv ihhq_j_^gh \dexqZxlky ijh\h^gbdb k jZaebqgufb khijhlb\e_gbyfb Ijb g_baf_gghf gZijy`_gbb baf_jyxl kbem lhdZ \ jZaebqguo ijh\h^gbdZo DZd ihdZau\Z_l hiul hgZ hdZau\Z_lky h[jZlgh ijhihjpbhgZevghckhijhlb\e_gbxijh\h^gbdZ 3. KbeZlhdZ\ ijh\h^gbd_h[jZlghijhihjpbhgZevgZ_]hkhijhlb\e_gbx 4. KbeZ lhdZ I \ mqZkld_ p_ib ijyfh ijhihjpbhgZevgZ gZijy`_gbx U gZ dhgpZowlh]hmqZkldZb h[jZlghijhihjpbhgZevgZ_]hkhijhlb\e_gbxR. 5. I =
U ]^_I ²kbeZlhdZ\ mqZkld_p_ibU ²gZijy`_gb_gZdhgpZowlhR
]hmqZkldZR ²khijhlb\e_gb_mqZkldZ 6. U = IR. 7. R =
U . I
§ 45.
1. Khijhlb\e_gb_ijh\h^gbdZijyfhijhihjpbhgZevgh_]h^ebg_b h[jZlgh ijhihjpbhgZevgh_]hiehsZ^bihi_j_qgh]hk_q_gby 2. GZ^hkh[jZlvp_ivbah[jZ`_ggmxgZjbkmgd_mq_[gbdZBaf_jyykbem lhdZI \ ijh\h^gbd_b gZijy`_gb_U gZ_]hdhgpZofh`ghgZclbkhijhlb\e_gb_R ihnhjfme_ R =
U . AZ\bkbfhklvkhijhlb\e_gbyijh\h^gbdZhl_]h I
^ebgu gZoh^blky ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf ;_jmlky ^\Z ijh\h^gbdZ ba]hlh\e_ggu_ ba h^gh]h fZl_jbZeZ k jZ\gufb iehsZ^yfb ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby ghk jZaebqgufb^ebgZfbHgbihhq_j_^gh\dexqZxlky\ p_ivb ih\ur_ijb\_^_gghc nhjfme_ \uqbkey_lky khijhlb\e_gb_ ^ey dZ`^h]h ba gbo HdZau\Z_lkyqlh[he__^ebggucijh\h^gbdbf__l[hevr__khijhlb\e_gb_ ?kebfu\havf_fijh\h^gbdh\k lZdbfbk\hckl\Zfb[hevr_lhfh`_faZf_lblvqlh_]hkhijhlb\e_gb_ijyfhijhihjpbhgZevgh_]h^ebg_
18
AZ\bkbfhklvkhijhlb\e_gbyijh\h^gbdZhliehsZ^bihi_j_qgh]hk_q_gbygZoh^blkyZgZeh]bqgufh[jZahfgh\ wlhfkemqZ_[_jmlky^\Zijh\h^gbdZba]hlh\e_ggu_ ba h^gh]h fZl_jbZeZ k jZ\gufb ^ebgZfb gh k jZaebqgufb iehsZ^yfb ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby HdZau\Z_lky qlh [hevr__ khijhlb\e_gb_ bf__lijh\h^gbdk f_gvr_ciehsZ^vxihi_j_qgh]hk_q_gbyKhijhlb\e_gb_ ijh\h^gbdZh[jZlghijhihjpbhgZevgh_]hiehsZ^bihi_j_qgh]hk_q_gby AZ\bkbfhklvkhijhlb\e_gbyijh\h^gbdZhljh^Z\_s_kl\Zbadhlhjh]hhgba]hlh\e_ggZoh^blkylZd`_dZdb \jZg__jZkkfhlj_gguokemqZyoLhevdh\ wlhf kemqZ_ke_^m_l[jZlv^\Zijh\h^gbdZk jZ\gufb^ebgZfbb kjZ\gufbiehsZ^yfbihi_j_qgh]hk_q_gbyghba]hlh\e_ggu_bajZaebqguofZl_jbZeh\ 3. M^_evgufkhijhlb\e_gb_fijh\h^gbdZgZau\Z_lkykhijhlb\e_gb_dhlhjufh[eZ^Z_l^Zggucijh\h^gbd^ebghc f b iehsZ^vx ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gbyf2. 4. R = !
l ]^_R ²khijhlb\e_gb_ijh\h^gbdZρ ²_]hm^_evgh_khijhS
lb\e_gb_l ²_]h^ebgZS ²iehsZ^v_]hihi_j_qgh]hk_q_gby 5. ?^bgbp_c m^_evgh]h khijhlb\e_gby ijh\h^gbdZ y\ey_lky bebHf⋅fQZklhm^h[ghihevah\Zlvky
Ûù ⋅ ùù . 1ù
1 Hf ⋅ 1 f 2 1f
6. QZs_\k_]hgZijZdlbd_bkihevamxlijh\h^gbdbba]hlh\e_ggu_baZexfbgbyf_^b`_e_aZb l^
§ 47.
1. J_hklZlij_^gZagZq_g^eyj_]mebjh\ZgbykbeulhdZ\ we_dljbq_kdhcp_ib 2. Iheamgdh\ucj_hklZl jbkmghdmq_[gbdZ mkljh_gke_^mxsbfh[jZahf GZ d_jZfbq_kdbc pbebg^j gZfhlZgZ ijh\hehdZ ihdjulZy lhgdbf keh_f g_ ijh\h^ys_clhdhdZebguij_^gZagZq_gghc^eybaheypbb\bldh\^jm]hl^jm]ZGZ^h[fhldhcjZkiheZ]Z_lkyf_lZeebq_kdbckl_j`_gvihdhlhjhfmfh`_l i_j_f_sZlvky iheamghd dZkZxsbcky k\hbfb dhglZdlZfb \bldh\ h[fhldb Ijb ^\b`_gbb iheamgdZ kehc hdZebgu ih^ _]h dhglZdlZfb klbjZ_lky b lhd ijhl_dZ_l hl \bldh\ ijh\hehdb d iheamgdm Z q_j_a g_]h \ kl_j`_gv LZdbf h[jZahfijbi_j_f_s_gbbiheamgdZih\bldZf fu m\_ebqb\Z_fbeb mf_gvrZ_f^ebgmgZfhlZgghcijh\hehdbIjbwlhfbaf_gy_lkykhijhlb\e_gb_p_ib Z ke_^h\Zl_evgh b kbeZ lhdZ \ g_c Iheamgdh\uc j_hklZl \dexqZ_lky \ p_ivijbihfhsbaZ`bfh\b kfjbkmghdmq_[gbdZ 3. >eylh]hqlh[uj_hklZlZfijb^Zlvm^h[gmxb dhfiZdlgmxnhjfm 4. >eykhijhlb\e_gbyj_hklZlZb gZb[hevr_]h^himklbfh]hagZq_gbykbeu lhdZ
5.
19
§ 48.
1. Kh_^bg_gb_ ijh\h^gbdh\ gZau\Z_lky ihke_^h\Zl_evguf _keb dhg_p h^gh]h ijh\h^gbdZ kh_^bgy_lky k gZqZehf ^jm]h]h Ko_fZ ihke_^h\Zl_evgh]h kh_^bg_gby ^\mo ijh\h^gbdh\ihdZaZgZgZjbkmgd_ 2. KbeZlhdZ
3. H[s__ khijhlb\e_gb_ p_ib ijb ihke_^h\Zl_evghf kh_^bg_gbb gZoh^blkydZdkmffZkhijhlb\e_gbchl^_evguoijh\h^gbdh\ R = = R1 + R2 + ... + RN. 4. GZijy`_gb_mqZkldZp_ibkhklhys_]hbaihke_^h\Zl_evghkh_^bg_gguo ijh\h^gbdh\ gZoh^blky dZd kmffZ gZijy`_gbc gZ dZ`^hf bagbo U = U1 + U2 + ... + UN.
§ 49.
1. Kh_^bg_gb_ ijh\h^gbdh\ gZau\Z_lky iZ< : jZee_evguf _keb \k_ \oh^ysb_ \ g_]h ijh\h^gbdbh^gbfk\hbfdhgphfijbkh_^bgyxlky d h^ghc lhqd_ p_ib : Z \lhjuf dhgphf d ^jm]hc lhqd_ < Ko_fZ iZjZee_evgh]h kh_^bg_gby^\moijh\h^gbdh\ihdZaZgZgZjbkmgd_ 2. GZijy`_gb_ 3. KbeZlhdZ\ p_ib ^h __ jZa\_l\e_gby gZoh^blkydZdkmffZkbelhdh\\ hl^_evguo\_l\yojZa\_l\e_gby I = I1+I2+...+IN. 4. Mf_gvrZ_lky 5. IZjZee_evgh_ 6. b <
§ 50.
1. We_dljbq_kdh_gZijy`_gb_gZmqZkld_p_ibjZ\ghjZ[hl_dhlhjZykh\_jrZ_lkyijbi_j_f_s_gbbihwlhfmmqZkldm_^bgbqgh]hiheh`bl_evgh]haZjy^Z 2. A = Uq]^_: ²jZ[hlZU ²gZijy`_gb_q ²we_dljbq_kdbcaZjy^ 3. A = UIt]^_: ²jZ[hlZlhdZU ²gZijy`_gb_I ²kbeZlhdZt ²\j_fy \ l_q_gb_dhlhjh]hkh\_jrZeZkvjZ[hlZ 4.
§ 51.
1. Fhsghklv ² nbabq_kdZy \_ebqbgZ dhlhjZy hij_^_ey_l [ukljhlm kh\_jr_gbyjZ[hluHgZqbke_gghjZ\gZjZ[hl_kh\_jr_gghc\ _^bgbpm\j_f_gb 2. >eyjZkq_lZ fhsghklb J we_dljbq_kdh]hlhdZ gZ^h _]h jZ[hlm : jZa^_eblvgZ\j_fyt: P =
A . t
3. P = UI ]^_ J ² fhsghklv we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ U ² gZijy`_gb_ I — kbeZlhdZ
20
4. AZ _^bgbpm fhsghklb ijbgbfZxl \Zll `aZk
1 >` . 1k
5.
§ 52.
1. FhsghklvlhdZ 2. A = Pt]^_: ²jZ[hlZlhdZJ ²fhsghklvlhdZt ²\j_fy\ l_q_gb_dhlhjh]hkh\_jrZeZkvjZ[hlZ 3. GZijZdlbd_m^h[ghihevah\Zlvkyke_^mxsbfb_^bgbpZfbjZ[hlulhdZ ` ]` d`
§ 53.
1. K\h[h^gu_ aZjy^u we_dljhgu \ f_lZeeZo beb bhgu \ jZkl\hjZo khe_c dbkehl s_ehq_c ijb i_j_f_s_gbb ih^ ^_ckl\b_f we_dljbq_kdh]h ihey \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl k bhgZfb beb ZlhfZfb \_s_kl\Z ijh\h^gbdZ b i_j_^Zxl qZklv k\h_c dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]bb < j_amevlZl_ wlh]h \gmlj_ggyy wg_j]by \_s_kl\Zm\_ebqb\Z_lkyZ \f_kl_k g_cb l_fi_jZlmjZ 2. Q = UIt]^_Q ²dhebq_kl\hl_iehlu\u^_ey_fh_ijh\h^gbdhfk lhdhf U ²gZijy`_gb_I ²kbeZlhdZt ²\j_fy 3. Q = UItBaaZdhgZHfZ\ujZabfgZijy`_gb_U q_j_akbemlhdZI b khijhlb\e_gb_R: U = IRIh^klZ\eyyU \ \ujZ`_gb_^eyQihemqZ_f Q = I2Rt. 4. Dhebq_kl\h l_iehlu \u^_e_ggh_ \ ijh\h^gbd_ k lhdhf jZ\gh ijhba\_^_gbxd\Z^jZlZkbeulhdZkhijhlb\e_gbyijh\h^gbdZb \j_f_gb Q = I2Rt. Knhjfmebjh\Zggh_\ur_ml\_j`^_gb_gZau\Z_lkyaZdhghf>`hmeyE_gpZ ihlhfmqlh_]hg_aZ\bkbfh^jm]hl^jm]Zhldjueb> >`hmevb WO E_gp
§ 54.
1. Mkljhckl\h eZfiu gZdZeb\Zgby ihdZaZgh gZ jbkmgd_ mq_[gbdZ KibjZevh[uqghba]hlZ\eb\Z_lkyba\hevnjZfZlZddZdm g_]h\ukhdZyl_fi_jZlmjZieZ\e_gbyKl_deygguc[ZeehgaZihegy_lky dZd ijZ\beh Zahlhf bgh]^Zbg_jlgufb]ZaZfbWlh^_eZ_lky^eylh]hqlh[uij_^hl\jZlblvbkiZj_gb_\hevnjZfZDhgpukibjZebijb\Zj_gud ^\mf ijh\h^gbdZf dhlhju_ijhoh^ylkd\havkl_deh[ZeehgZb ijbiZygud f_lZeebq_kdbfqZklyf phdhey h^gZ ijh\hehdZ d \bglh\hc gZj_ad_ Z ^jm]Zy ² d bahebjh\ZgghfmhlgZj_adbhkgh\ZgbxphdheyPhdhev eZfiu \djmqb\Z_lky\ iZljhgihkj_^kl\hfdhlhjh]heZfiZ\dexqZ_lky\ k_lv 2. Ba\hevnjZfZ 3. Qlh[uij_^hl\jZlblvbkiZj_gb_f_lZeeZk ih\_joghklbkibjZeb 4. Mkljhckl\hiZljhgZihdZaZghgZjbkmgd_mq_[gbdZ
21
eZfiu b \bglh\mx gZj_adm m^_j`b\Zxsmx eZfim D ijm`bgys_fm dhglZdlmb \bglh\hcgZj_ad_ijbihfhsbaZ`bfh\dj_iylkyijh\h^Zhlk_lb 5. EZfiugZdZeb\Zgby\uimkdZ_fu_gZr_cijhfure_gghklvxjZkkqblZgugZ gZijy`_gb_b < ^eyhk\_lbl_evghck_lb < ^ey`_e_agh^hjh`guo \Z]hgh\ b < ^eyZ\lhfh[be_c b < ^eydZjfZgguonhgZj_c 6. :GEZ^u]bgLW^bkhg 7. L_ieh\h_^_ckl\b_lhdZijbf_gyxl\ [ulm we_dljbq_kdb_iebldb mlx]b qZcgbdb dbiylbevgbdb \ ijhfure_gghklb ^ey \uieZ\db jZaebqguo khjlh\f_lZeeh\^eywe_dljhk\Zjdb \ k_evkdhfohayckl\_ h[h]j_\\ l_iebpZobgdm[ZlhjZokmrdZa_jgZ 8. GZ]j_\Zl_evguc we_f_gl we_dljhgZ]j_\Zl_evgh]h ijb[hjZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hcijh\h^gbdk [hevrbfm^_evgufkhijhlb\e_gb_fb \ukhdhcl_fi_jZlmjhcieZ\e_gby 9.
§ 55.
1. Ijh\h^Zfh]mlgZ]j_lvky^hlZdhckl_i_gb qlh ihdju\ZxsZy bo baheypby\hkieZf_gblkyb \j_amevlZl_wlh]hfh`_lkemqblvkyih`Zj 2. Dhjhldh_ aZfudZgb_ beb h^gh\j_f_ggh_ \dexq_gb_ \ k_lv fhsguo ihlj_[bl_e_clhdZ 3. < kh_^bg_gbbdhgph\mqZkldZp_ibijh\h^gbdhfkhijhlb\e_gb_dhlhjh]hfgh]hf_gvr_khijhlb\e_gbymqZkldZp_ib 4. IjbdhjhldhfaZfudZgbbkhijhlb\e_gb_p_ibj_adhmf_gvrZ_lkyZ \kbemaZdhgZHfZ I =
U kbeZlhdZj_adh\hajZklZ_l R
5. Qlh[uij_^hl\jZlblvdhjhldh_aZfudZgb_ 6. Mkljhckl\hieZ\dh]hij_^hojZgbl_eyihdZaZghgZjbkmgd_ Z mq_[gbdZ Hkgh\ghc qZklvx ieZ\dh]h ij_^hojZgbl_ey y\ey_lky ijh\hehdZ K ba e_]dhieZ\dh]h f_lZeeZ ijhoh^ysZy \gmljb nZjnhjh\hc ijh[db I GZ ijh[d_bf__lky\bglh\Zy gZj_adZ J b p_gljZevguc dhglZdl D dhlhju_ kh_^bg_gu f_`^m kh[hc ijh\hehdhc K Ijh[dm \\bgqb\Zxl \ iZljhg dhlhjucgZoh^blky\gmljbnZjnhjh\hcdhjh[dbIjbijhl_dZgbbihijh\hehd_ K lhdZ\_ebqbgZdhlhjh]h[hevr_hij_^_e_ggh]hagZq_gbyhgZieZ\blkyb p_ivjZafudZ_lky
§ 56.
1. FZ]gblgu_ 2.
22
§ 57.
1. Ihlhfmqlh\ fZ]gblghfihe_hgbklZgh\ylkyih^h[gufZ]gblgufklj_edZf 2. JZkiheh`_gb_`_e_aguohibehd\ fZ]gblghfihe_ijyfh]hlhdZbah[jZ`_ghgZjbkmgd_ mq_[gbdZHibedbjZkiheZ]Zxlkyih dhgp_gljbq_kdbf hdjm`ghklyf 3. FZ]gblghc ebgb_c fZ]gblgh]h ihey gZau\Z_lky ebgby \^hev dhlhjhc \ fZ]gblghfihe_mklZgZ\eb\ZxlkyhkbfZ]gblguoklj_ehd 4. >ey]jZnbq_kdh]hij_^klZ\e_gbyfZ]gblguoihe_c 5. GZ^hjZkiheh`blvfZ]gblgmxklj_edmhdhehijh\h^gbdZk lhdhfZ aZl_f baf_gblvgZijZ\e_gb_lhdZIjbwlhffuaZf_lbfqlhgZijZ\e_gb_klj_edb baf_gblky gZ ijhlb\hiheh`gh_ l_ hgZ ih\_jg_lky gZ LZdbf h[jZahfijh^_eZgguchiulihdZau\Z_lqlhgZijZ\e_gb_fZ]gblguoebgbck\yaZghk gZijZ\e_gb_flhdZ
§ 58.
1. LZd`_dZdfZ]gblgZyklj_edZH^bgdhg_p[m^_lh[jZs_gd k_\_jm^jm]hc²d x]m 2. FZ]gblgh_^_ckl\b_dZlmrdbk lhdhffh`ghmkbeblvm\_ebq_gb_fqbkeZ \bldh\\ dZlmrd_m\_ebq_gb_fkbeulhdZ\ dZlmrd_\\_^_gb_f`_e_agh]h k_j^_qgbdZ\gmljvdZlmrdb 3. We_dljhfZ]gblhfgZau\Z_lkydZlmrdZk `_e_agufk_j^_qgbdhf\gmljb 4. >eyih^gylbyb i_j_ghkdbly`_euof_lZeebq_kdboij_^f_lh\ 5. Mkljhckl\hfZ]gblgh]hk_iZjZlhjZ^eya_jgZbah[jZ`_ghgZjbkmgd_ mq_[gbdZ A_jgh i_j_f_rb\Zxl k f_edbfb `_e_agufb hibedZfb dhlhju_ ijbebiZxl d a_jgZf khjgydZ gh g_ ijbebiZxl d ihe_aguf a_jgZf aeZdZ Ijb \ukuiZgbb a_jgZ ba [mgd_jZ gZ \jZsZxsbcky [ZjZ[Zg `_e_agu_ hibedb\f_kl_k a_jgZfbkhjgydZba\e_dZxlkybaihlhdZa_jgZijbihfhsbkbevgh]hwe_dljhfZ]gblZLZdbfh[jZahfa_jghhqbsZ_lky
§ 59.
1. IhklhyggufbfZ]gblZfbgZau\Zxlkyl_eZkihkh[gu_^ebl_evgh_\j_fy khojZgylvgZfZ]gbq_gghklv 2. :fi_jh[tykgyegZfZ]gbqb\Zgb_`_e_aZl_fqlh\gmljbdZ`^hcfhe_dmeuwlh]h`_e_aZkms_kl\mxlpbjdmebjmxsb_we_dljbq_kdb_lhdb 3. >\b`_gb_fwe_dljhgh\\ \_s_kl\_ 4. FZ]gblgufbihexkZfbfZ]gblZgZau\Zxlkyl_f_klZfZ]gblZ]^_ijhy\eyxlkygZb[he__kbevgu_fZ]gblgu_^_ckl\byM ex[h]h fZ]gblZ bf__lky ^\ZihexkZ k_\_jguc 1 b x`guc 6 5. @_e_ahklZevqm]mggbd_evb ^j 6. JZaghbf_ggu_ihexkuijbly]b\Zxlkyh^ghbf_ggu_hllZedb\Zxlky 7. ?kebijbih^g_k_gbbfZ]gblghc klj_edb d dZdhfmgb[m^v dhgpm gZfZ]gbq_ggh]h klZevgh]h kl_j`gy ihexk klj_edb hllZedb\Z_lky lh gZ wlhf dhgp_kl_j`gyjZkiheh`_gihexklZdhc`_dZd m klj_edb _keb `_ ihexk klj_edbijbly]b\Z_lkylhgZdhgp_kl_j`gyjZkiheh`_gihexkijhlb\hiheh`gucihexkmklj_edb 8. K ihfhsvx`_e_aguohibehd
23
§ 60.
1. L_fqlhA_feyh[eZ^Z_lk\hbffZ]gblgufihe_f 2. K_\_jgucfZ]gblgucihexkA_febgZoh^blkygZx`ghcrbjhlub \hklhqghc^he]hluX`gucfZ]gblgucihexkA_febgZoh^blkygZ k_\_jghcrbjhlub aZiZ^ghc^he]hlu 3. IjbihfhsbfZ]gblghcklj_edbdhfiZkZ 4. DjZldh\j_f_ggufb baf_g_gbyfb fZ]gblgh]h ihey A_feb \ua\Zggufb kheg_qghcZdlb\ghklvx 5. H[eZklyfbfZ]gblghcZghfZebbgZau\Zxlkyh[eZklb\ dhlhjuogZijZ\e_gb_ fZ]gblghc klj_edb ihklhyggh hldehg_gh hl gZijZ\e_gby fZ]gblghc ebgbbA_feb 6. H^gZbakZfuo[hevrbofZ]gblguoZghfZebc²DmjkdZyfZ]gblgZyZghfZeby;hevrb_fZ]gblgu_ZghfZebbgZ[ex^Zxlky\ l_oh[eZklyo]^_khkj_^hlhq_guh]jhfgu_aZe_`b`_e_aghcjm^u
§ 61.
1. GZ^hijbihfhsbrlZlb\Zih^\_kblvgZ]b[dboijh\h^Zoijbkh_^bg_gguod bklhqgbdmlhdZijh\h^gbdIjbihf_s_gbbwlh]hijh\h^gbdZk lhdhff_`^mihexkZfb^m]hh[jZagh]hfZ]gblZhgijb^_l\ ^\b`_gb_Wlh]h\hjblh lhfqlhfZ]gblgh_ihe_^_ckl\m_lgZijh\h^gbdk lhdhf 2. Ijb baf_g_gbb gZijZ\e_gby lhdZ \ p_ib beb ijb baf_g_gbb ihexkh\ fZ]gblZ baf_gy_lky gZijZ\e_gb_ ^\b`_gby ijh\h^gbdZ kfhljbl_ jbkmghd mq_[gbdZ 3. <jZs_gb_ijh\h^gbdZk lhdhf\ fZ]gblghfihe_fh`ghhkms_kl\blvijb ihfhsb we_dljbq_kdh]h ^\b]Zl_ey GZijZ\e_gb_ lhdZ q_j_a dZ`^u_ ihe h[hjhlZ jZfdb fh`gh hkms_kl\blv ijb ihfhsb ihemdhe_p b s_lhd Kfhljbl_jbkmghdmq_[gbdZ 4. Mkljhckl\h l_ogbq_kdh]h we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey ihdZaZgh gZ jbkmgd_ mq_[gbdZ Hkgh\gufb we_f_glZfb we_dljh^\b]Zl_ey y\eyxlky ihklhygguc fZ]gbl b gZoh^ysbcky f_`^m _]h ihexkZfb ydhjv ² pbebg^j k ijh^hevgufbijhj_ayfb\ dhlhju_mdeZ^u\Zxlky\bldbijh\hehdb 5. We_dljh^\b]Zl_eb ijbf_gyxlky gZ ljZgkihjl_ we_dljh\hau ljZf\Zb ljhee_c[mku \ ijhfure_gghklb ^ey \udZqb\Zgby g_nlb ba kd\Z`bg b l^We_dljh^\b]Zl_ebbf_xlf_gvrb_jZaf_juhgbg_\u^_eyxl]ZaZ^ufZbebiZjZbfg_gm`_gaZiZk\h^ub lhieb\Z 6. ;KYdh[b]
§ 62.
1. Emq²wlhebgby\^hevdhlhjhcjZkijhkljZgy_lkywg_j]byhlbklhqgbdZ k\_lZ 2. < h^ghjh^ghc kj_^_ k\_l jZkijhkljZgy_lky ijyfhebg_cgh l_ k\_lh\u_ emqby\eyxlkyijyfufbebgbyfb 3. H[jZah\Zgb_l_gbb iheml_gb 4. DZdh[jZamxlkyl_gbihdZaZghgZjbkmgd_mq_[gbdZLZddZdrZjg_ijhajZqguc lh hg g_ ijhimkdZ_l k\_l < j_amevlZl_ gZ wdjZg_ h[jZam_lky
24
l_gv ijbq_f hgZ bf__l nhjfm djm]Z H[jZah\Zgb_ l_gb y\ey_lky ^hdZaZl_evkl\hf ijyfhebg_cgh]h jZkijhkljZg_gby k\_lZ ?keb [u k\_l jZkijhkljZgyeky dZdlh bgZq_ lh gZ wdjZg_ \hafh`gh g_ gZ[ex^Zehkv [u l_gb bebl_gvbf_eZ[ubgmxnhjfm 5. JZaf_jubklhqgbdZk\_lZ^he`gu[ulvkjZ\gbfuk jZkklhygb_f^hwdjZgZ 6. DZd h[jZam_lky iheml_gv ihdZaZgh gZ jbkmgd_ mq_[gbdZ < h[eZklv iheml_gbihiZ^Z_lk\_lhlqZklbbklhqgbdZk\_lZ 7. Kheg_qgh_aZlf_gb_\hagbdZ_ldh]^ZEmgZgZoh^blkyf_`^mKhegp_fb A_fe_cEmggh_aZlf_gb_\hagbdZ_ldh]^ZA_feygZoh^blkyf_`^mEmghcb Khegp_f
§ 63.
1. Ijb[hj bah[jZ`_gguc gZ jbkmgd_ mq_[gbdZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ^bkd gZ ih^klZ\d_ gZ dhlhjhf gZg_k_gZ djm]h\Zy rdZeZ k p_ghc ^_e_gby IhdjZx^bkdZfh`ghi_j_f_sZlvbklhqgbdk\_lZAZdj_ibf\ p_glj_ ^bkdZa_jdZevgmxieZklbgdmb gZijZ\bf gZ g__ hl bklhqgbdZ imqhd k\_lZ IjbihfhsblZdh]hijb[hjZmklZgZ\eb\ZxlkyaZdhguhljZ`_gby?kebemq iZ^Z_lgZa_jdZevgmxieZklbgdmih^g_dhlhjufm]ehflhih^lZdbf`_m]ehfhghljZ`Z_lkyijbwlhfiZ^Zxsbcb hljZ`_ggucemqbe_`Zl\ h^ghc iehkdhklbk i_ji_g^bdmeyjhfijh\_^_ggufd a_jdZem\ lhqd_iZ^_gby 2. M]ehf iZ^_gby gZau\Z_lky m]he f_`^m iZ^Zxsbf emqhf b i_ji_g^bdmeyjhfijh\_^_ggufd ]jZgbp_jZa^_eZ^\mokj_^\ lhqd_iZ^_gbyemqZM]ehfhljZ`_gbygZau\Z_lkym]hef_`^mhljZ`_ggufemqhfb i_ji_g^bdmeyjhf ijh\_^_gguf d ]jZgbp_ jZa^_eZ ^\mo kj_^ \ lhqd_ iZ^_gby emqZ GZ jbkmgd_mq_[gbdZm]eZfbiZ^_gbyb hljZ`_gbykhhl\_lkl\_gghy\eyxlky∠α b ∠β. 3. IZ^Zxsbcb hljZ`_ggucemqbe_`Zl\ h^ghciehkdhklbk i_ji_g^bdmeyjhfijh\_^_ggufd ]jZgbp_jZa^_eZ^\mokj_^\ lhqd_iZ^_gbyemqZM]he iZ^_gby∠α jZ\_gm]emhljZ`_gby∠β: ∠α = ∠β. 4. K\hckl\hemq_cf_gylvkyf_klZfbgZau\Z_lkyh[jZlbfhklvxIZ^Zxsbc b hljZ`_ggucemqbh[eZ^Zxlwlbfk\hckl\hf
§ 64.
1. >ey ihkljh_gby bah[jZ`_gby lhqdb S \ a_jdZe_ ihkljhbf ljb emqZ SO, SO1, SO2 bkoh^ysb_ ba bklhqgbdZ S b iZ^Zxsb_ gZ a_jdZeh MN jbkmghd mq_[gbdZ < kbem aZdhgZ hljZ`_gby emq SO hljZ`Z_lky ih^ m]ehf SO1 ² ih^ m]ehfβ1 = α1, SO2 ² ih^ m]ehf β2 = α2 ?keb ihkljhblv ijh^he`_gb_hljZ`_gguoemq_caZa_jdZehlhhgbi_j_k_dmlky\ h^ghclhqd_ S1dhlhjZyb [m^_ly\eylvkyfgbfufbah[jZ`_gb_flhqdbS. 2. IhlhfmqlhhghgZoh^blkyaZa_jdZehf 3. GZjbkmgd_mq_[gbdZihdZaZgZko_fZhiulZ^hdZau\Zxs_]hqlhjZkklhygbyhlk\_qb^hkl_deZb hl__ bah[jZ`_gby^hkl_deZjZ\gu
25
dmx`_k\_qmghg_aZ``_ggmxb jZkiheh`bf__ ih^jm]mxklhjhgmkl_deZI_j_f_sZy\lhjmxk\_qmgZc^_flZdh_iheh`_gb_ijbdhlhjhf\lhjZy k\_qZ[m^_ldZaZlvkyaZ``_gghcl_g_aZ``_ggZyk\_qZ[m^_lgZoh^blvky gZlhff_kl_]^_gZ[ex^Z_lkybah[jZ`_gb_aZ``_gghck\_qb?kebl_i_jv baf_jblvjZkklhygb_hlk\_qb^hkl_deZb hl__ bah[jZ`_gby^hkl_deZlh fh`ghm[_^blvkyqlhwlbjZkklhygby[m^mljZ\gu 4. Fgbfh_bah[jZ`_gb_ij_^f_lZ\ iehkdhfa_jdZe_gZoh^blkygZlZdhf`_ jZkklhygbb hl a_jdZeZ gZ dZdhf gZoh^blky kZf ij_^f_l JZaf_ju bah[jZ`_gbyij_^f_lZ\ iehkdhfa_jdZe_lZdb_`_dZdjZaf_jukZfh]hij_^f_lZ
§ 65.
1. Emqk\_lZkf_sZ_lky\e_\h jbkmghdmq_[gbdZ 2. Ba hiulZ bah[jZ`_ggh]h gZ jbkmgd_ mq_[gbdZ fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh _keb emq k\_lZ b^_l ba kj_^u hilbq_kdb f_g__ iehlghc \ [he__ iehlgmx kj_^mlhm]heij_ehfe_gby\k_]^Zf_gvr_m]eZiZ^_gbyBahiulZbah[jZ`_ggh]h gZ jbkmgd_ mq_[gbdZ \u\h^blky ke_^mxs__ khhlghr_gb_
sin . = n l_hlghr_gb_ kbgmkZ m]eZ iZ^_gby α d kbgmkm m]eZ ij_ehfe_sin
gbyγ _klv\_ebqbgZihklhyggZy^ey^\mokj_^gZau\Z_fZyhlghkbl_evguf ihdZaZl_e_fij_ehfe_gby^\mokj_^b h[hagZqZ_fZy[md\hc©n». 3. IZ^Zxsbcb hljZ`_ggucemqbe_`Zl\ h^ghciehkdhklbk i_ji_g^bdmeyjhf ijh\_^_gguf d ]jZgbp_ jZa^_eZ ^\mo kj_^ \ lhqd_ iZ^_gby emqZ Hlghr_gb_kbgmkZm]eZiZ^_gbyα d kbgmkmm]eZij_ehfe_gbyγ _klv\_ebqbgZ ihklhyggZy^ey^\mokj_^
sin . =n. sin
§ 66.
1. Nhdmkgh_jZkklhygb_ dhjhq_ m l_o ebga m dhlhjuo [he__ \uimdeu_ ih\_joghklb 2. M dhlhjhcdhjhq_nhdmkgh_jZkklhygb_ 3. Hilbq_kdhc kbehc ebgau gZau\Zxl \_ebqbgm h[jZlgmx __ nhdmkghfm jZkklhygbx 4. >bhiljbyH[hagZqZ_lkydZd©^iljª 5. AZ^bhiljbxijbgbfZ_lkyhilbq_kdZykbeZebgaum dhlhjhcnhdmkgh_ jZkklhygb_jZ\ghf 6. I_j\Zybawlboebgay\ey_lkykh[bjZxs_c\lhjZy²jZkk_b\Zxs_c
§ 67.
1. Ihemq_gb_bah[jZ`_gbyij_^f_lZ 2. < aZ\bkbfhklbhllh]hgZdZdhfjZkklhygbbgZoh^blkyij_^f_lhlebgau 3. Qlh[uihkljhblvbah[jZ`_gb_ij_^f_lZgZoh^ys_]hkyf_`^mnhdmkhfb ebgahc jbkmghdmq_[gbdZ gZ^hihkljhblvoh^^\mogZb[he__ijhkluo emq_cbkoh^ysbobalhqdb:I_j\ucemq[_j_lkyiZjZee_evghhilbq_kdhc
26
hkb dhlhjuc ijhoh^y kd\hav ebgam i_j_k_q_l hilbq_kdmx hkv \ nhdmk_
27
MijZ`g_gby MijZ`g_gb_
1. Juoeuckg_]kh^_j`blfgh]hihehkl_ck \ha^mohfagZqbl_]hl_iehijh\h^ghklvfZeZihwlhfmhgij_^hojZgy_lhabfu_oe_[Zhl\uf_jaZgby 2. Khkgh\u_hibedbb k\_`_\uiZ\rbckg_]kh^_j`blhq_gvfgh]hihehkl_c k \ha^mohf L_iehijh\h^ghklv \ha^moZ \_kvfZ fZeZ Z agZqbl l_iehijh\h^ghklvhibehdbebk\_`_\uiZ\r_]hkg_]ZlZd`_fZeZ
MijZ`g_gb_
1. Oheh^guc\ha^mobf__l[hevrmxiehlghklvq_fl_ieuc\ha^moAgZqbl hg[m^_lhimkdZlvky\gbaZ ldih^\ZekZfh_]em[hdh_f_klh\ ^hf_lhhg ²b kZfh_oheh^gh_f_klh 2. < nhjlhqdm\oh^bloheh^guc\ha^modhlhjuchimkdZ_lkyIjbwlhfijhbkoh^bli_j_f_rb\Zgb_keh_\\ha^moZb ^h\hevghjZ\ghf_jgh_gZiheg_gb_ __ k\_`bf\ha^mohfIhwlhfmnhjlhqdb^_eZxl\ \_jog_cqZklbhdgZ:gZeh]bqgh ihgylgh ihq_fm jZ^bZlhju klZ\yl m iheZ L_ieuc \ha^mo ba gbo ih^gbfZ_lkyoheh^guc\ha^modhfgZluhimkdZ_lky Z ihke_ b hg gZ]j_\Z_lky b \j_amevlZl_dhfgZlZ^h\hevghjZ\ghf_jghgZ]j_\Z_lky 3. Q_j_anhjlhqdm\ dhfgZlm\k_]^Z\hc^_lg_fgh]hoheh^gh]h\ha^moZLd _]hiehlghklv[hevr_iehlghklbl_ieh]h\ha^moZ\ dhfgZl_ihwlhfmhg[m^_lhimkdZlvkyBaaZ^bnnmabbkehb\ha^moZ[m^mli_j_f_rb\ZlvkyZ lZd `_ h[f_gb\Zlvky l_iehf ihkj_^kl\hf l_iehi_j_^Zqb LZd ijhbkoh^bl hoeZ`^_gb_dhfgZluabfhcijbhldjulhcnhjlhqd_
MijZ`g_gb_
1. ?keb\ha^mo\ dhfgZl_gZ]j_\Z_lkyq_j_akl_gulhfubf__f^_ehk l_iehijh\h^ghklvx _keb q_j_a hldjulh_ hdgh lh dhg\_dpb_c _keb q_j_a kl_dehlhbaemq_gb_f 2. JZkkfhljbf^\Z^hfZdjurZh^gh]hbagboihdjulZq_jgufjm[_jhb^hf Z ^jm]h]hhpbgdh\Zgghc`_klvx< `Zjdbce_lgbc^_gvaZf_lbfqlhdjurZihdjulZy`_klvxoheh^g__q_fihdjulZyjm[_jhb^hf 3. >eydhg\_dpbbbebl_iehijh\h^ghklbg_h[oh^bfh\_s_kl\h< dhkfbq_kdhf ijhkljZgkl\_ f_`^m Khegp_f b A_fe_c \Zdmmf b \ur_mdZaZggu_ ijhp_kkug_\hafh`guAgZqblwg_j]byi_j_^Z_lkybaemq_gb_f
MijZ`g_gb_
1. WlhagZqblqlh^eygZ]j_\Zgbyd]ZexfbgbygZK g_h[oh^bfhkhh[sblv_fmdhebq_kl\hl_iehlujZ\gh_ >` 2. D >Zgh J_r_gb_ m d] Q = cmût; k=540
>` ût=200°C d] ⋅ °K
GZclbQ.
Q = 540
>` ⋅ d]⋅ 200ºK >` d] ⋅ °K
Hl\_l Q >` d>`
28
[ >Zgh m ] d] k = 920
>` d] ⋅ °K
t1 = 20°C; t1 = 90°C GZclbQ. \ >Zgh m l d] k = 880
>` d] ⋅ °K
t1 = 10°C; t1 = 40°C GZclbQ. 3. >Zgh V e f3 ρ d]f3
>` k = 4200 d] ⋅ °K
t1 = 100°C; t2 K GZclbQ.
1. >Zgh m d]
>`
q = 3,4·107 d] GZclbQ.
>Zgh m ] d]
>`
q = 2,7·107 d] GZclbQ.
>Zgh ρ d]f3 V e Â-3 f3
2.
>` q = 4,6·107 d] GZclbQ.
J_r_gb_ Q = cmût = cm(t2 – t1); Q = 920
>` ⋅d]⋅(90ºK ±ºK >` d] ⋅ °K
Hl\_l Q >`
J_r_gb_ Q = cmût = cm(t2 – t1); Q = 880
>` ⋅ d]⋅ (40ºK ±ºK d] ⋅ °K
>` F>` Hl\_l Q F>`
J_r_gb_ Q = cmût = cm(t2 – t1); m = ρV ;Q = cρV(t2 – t1) = = 4200
>` ⋅ d]f3 ⋅ f3 × d] ⋅ °K
× (100ºK ±ºK ⋅106 >` F>` Hl\_l Q F>`
MijZ`g_gb_
J_r_gb_ Q = qm;
>`
Q = 3,4·107 d] ⋅ d] ⋅108 >` Hl\_l Q = 5,1⋅108 >` J_r_gb_ Q = qm;
>`
Q = 2,7·107 d] ⋅ d] ⋅106 >` Hl\_l Q = 5,4⋅106 >`
J_r_gb_ Q = qm; m = ρV; Q = qρV;
>`
Q = 4,6·107 d] ⋅ d]f3 ⋅2⋅19-3 f3 = = 7,36⋅107 >` Hl\_l Q = 7,36⋅107 >`
29
>Zgh m l d]
J_r_gb_ Q = qm;
GZclbQ.
Hl\_l Q = 1,1⋅1011 >`
>`
q = 4,4·107 d]
>Zgh Q d>` ⋅107 >`
3.
>` q = 1,0·107 d] GZclbm.
>`
Q = 4,4·107 d] ⋅ d] ⋅1011 >` J_r_gb_
Q = qm; m =
7 Q ; m = 5 ⋅ 10 >` d] q 7 >`
1,0 ⋅10
Hl\_l Q = 1,1⋅1011 >`
d]
MijZ`g_gb_
1. Ihl_gpbZevgZy wg_j]by fhehlZ i_j_oh^bl \ _]h dbg_lbq_kdmx wg_j]bx dhlhjZy\ k\hxhq_j_^vi_j_oh^bl\h\gmlj_ggxxwg_j]bx k\Zyb ihq\Z gZ]j_\Zxlky 2. Dbg_lbq_kdZywg_j]byZ\lhfh[beyi_j_oh^bl\h\gmlj_ggxxwg_j]bx 3. KgZqZeZ h[Z rZjbdZ aZ kq_l k\h_c ihl_gpbZevghc wg_j]bb m\_ebqb\Zxl dbg_lbq_kdmxRZjbdmiZ\rbcgZklZevgmxieblmebrvg_[hevrmxqZklv k\h_cdbg_lbq_kdhcwg_j]bbi_j_\h^bl\h\gmlj_ggxxZhlkdhqb\m\_ebqb\Z_lihl_gpbZevgmxwg_j]bxRZjbdmiZ\rbcgZi_khd\kxk\hxdbg_lbq_kdmxwg_j]bxij_\jZsZ_l\h\gmlj_ggxx 4. IjbgZlbjZgbbljm[dbk wnbjhfaZkq_lkh\_jr_gbyjZ[hlum\_ebqb\Z_lky_]h\gmlj_ggyywg_j]by wnbjgZ]j_\Z_lkyb ihlhfdbibl < hij_^_e_gguc fhf_gl ijh[dZ g_ \u^_j`b\Z_l ^Z\e_gby b \ue_lZ_l Ijb wlhf qZklv \gmlj_gg_c wg_j]bb wnbjZ i_j_oh^bl \ dbg_lbq_kdmx wg_j]bx ijh[db Ijh[dZih^gbfZ_lkyb \\ukr_clhqd_ih^t_fZ\ky__ dbg_lbq_kdZywg_j]byi_j_oh^bl\ ihl_gpbZevgmx
MijZ`g_gb_
1. L_fi_jZlmjZieZ\e_gbyjlmlbtj ± &kibjlZtk ±KHlkx^ZaZdexqZ_f tj>tk l_ l_fi_jZlmjZ ieZ\e_gby jlmlb \ur_ q_f l_fi_jZlmjZ ieZ\e_gbykibjlZ 2. Baf_lZeeh\ijb\_^_gguo\ lZ[ebp_kZfuce_]dhieZ\dbc²jlmlvkZfuc lm]hieZ\dbc²\hevnjZf 3. L_fi_jZlmjZieZ\e_gbyk\bgpZ\ur_l_fi_jZlmjuieZ\e_gbyheh\ZHlkx^Z aZdexqZ_f qlh \ jZkieZ\e_gghf heh\_ ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ ieZ\e_gby k\bg_p jZkieZ\blv g_evay Gh ke_^m_l aZf_lblv qlh _keb jZkieZ\e_ggh_ heh\h gZ]j_\Zlv ^h l_fi_jZlmj \ur_ l_fi_jZlmju ieZ\e_gby k\bgpZ lh ijbiZ^_gbbk\bgpZ\ jZkieZ\e_ggh_heh\hhgjZkieZ\blky 4. < Zexfbgb_\hfkhkm^_fh`ghjZkieZ\blvpbgdldl_fi_jZlmjZieZ\e_gbyZexfbgby\ur_l_fi_jZlmjuieZ\e_gbypbgdZ 5. L_fi_jZlmjZ ieZ\e_gby jlmlb ± & < jZchgZo k oheh^guf debfZlhf l_fi_jZlmjZfh`_l[ulv b [he__ gbadhc L_fi_jZlmjZ ieZ\e_gby kibjlZ ± &Ihwlhfmbkihevamxlkibjlh\u_Z g_jlmlgu_l_jfhf_lju
30
MijZ`g_gb_
1. L_fi_jZlmjZ ieZ\e_gby \ur_ m l_eZ , ld ihklhygguc mqZklhd m g_]h \ur_M^_evgZyl_iehlZieZ\e_gby[hevr_m l_eZ,,ld\j_fyieZ\e_gbym g_]h [hevr_ ihklhygguc mqZklhd ^ebgg__ L_ieh_fdhklb l_e , b ,, jZaebqguldjZaebqgum]eugZdehgZdjb\uo g_gZihklhygguomqZkldZo 2. G_lg_[m^_lldg_[m^_lijhbkoh^blvl_iehi_j_^Zqb 3. G_ba\_klgh[m^_lebe_^lZylvbeb\h^ZaZf_jaZlv?kebl_fi_jZlmjZhdjm`Zxs_]h\ha^moZhljbpZl_evgZylh\h^Z[m^_laZf_jaZlv _keb iheh`bl_evgZylhe_^lZylv 4. >Zgh m d]
>`
Â5 d] GZclbQ.
5. >Zgh m d]
>` Â5 d] t1 = 27°C t2 = 327°C
c = 140 >`
d] ⋅ °K
GZclbQ1, Q2.
J_r_gb_ Q m;
>`
Q = 3,4·105 d] ⋅ d] ⋅106 >` Hl\_l Q = 1,36⋅106 >` J_r_gb_
>`
1) Q1 m; Q1 d]⋅ 0,25·105 d] = 5·105 >` 2) Q2 = cm(t2 – t1 m; Q2 d]⋅ 140 >`
d] ⋅ °K 5 >` d]⋅ 0,25·10 = 1,34·106>` d]
⋅ (327°C – 27°C) +
Hl\_l Q1 = 5⋅105 >`Q2 = 1,34⋅106 >`
MijZ`g_gb_
1. Em`b\ukuoZxl[uklj__\ \_lj_gmxih]h^mq_f\ lbomxld\_l_jmghkbl\ue_l_\rb_ ba em`b fhe_dmeu \h^u b hgb g_ fh]ml \_jgmlvky Em`b [uklj__\ukuoZxl\ l_iemxih]h^mq_f \ oheh^gmx ld bf__lky [hevr_ [ukljuofhe_dmekihkh[guo\ue_l_lvk ih\_joghklbem`b 2. QZchklu\Z_l[uklj___kebgZg_]h^mxlldihlhd\ha^moZmghkbl\ue_l_\rb_ fhe_dmeu \h^u b hgb g_ fh]ml \_jgmlvky
31
6.
MijZ`g_gb_
1. WlhagZqblqlh^eyh[jZah\ZgbyiZjZba\h^ufZkkhcd]ijbl_fi_jZlmj_&g_h[oh^bfhaZljZlblvÂ6>`wg_j]bb 2. Wlh agZqbl qlh ijb dhg^_gkZpbb ZffbZdZ fZkkhc d] \u^_ey_lky 1,4·106>`wg_j]bb 3. Baijb\_^_gguo\ lZ[ebp_\_s_kl\gZb[he__kbevghm\_ebqb\Z_lky\gmlj_ggyywg_j]bym \h^uWlhk\yaZghk l_fqlhm g__kZfZy\ukhdZyl_iehlZ iZjhh[jZah\Zgby Z agZqbl ^ey __ i_j_\h^Z \ iZj g_h[oh^bfh aZljZlblv gZb[hevrmxwg_j]bxIhaZdhgmkhojZg_gbywg_j]bbhgZi_j_c^_l\h\gmlj_ggxx 4. >Zgh J_r_gb_ m ] d] Q = Lm;
>`
L = 2,3·106 d]
GZclbQ. 5. >Zgh m d] t1 = 0°C t2 = 100°C
>`
Q = 2,3·106 d] ⋅ d] ⋅105 >` Hl\_l Q = 3,45⋅105 >` J_r_gb_ Q = cm(t2 – t1) + Lm;
>` ⋅d]⋅ ( 100°K ±°K d] ⋅ °K >` + 2,3·106 d] ⋅ d] ⋅107 >`
>` d] ⋅ °K >` L = 2,3·106 d]
Q = 4200
>Zgh m d] t1 = 0°C t2 = 100°C
J_r_gb_ 1) Q1 = cm(t2 – t1);
c = 4200
GZclbQ.
6.
>` d] ⋅ °K >` L = 2,3·106 d] c = 4200
GZclbQ1, Q2.
Hl\_l Q = 1,36⋅107 >`
Q1 d]⋅ 4200
>` ⋅ K ±K Â5 >` d]°K
>` ⋅d]⋅ ( 100°K ±°K d] ⋅ °K >` + 2,3·106 d] ⋅ d] ⋅106 >` 2) Q2 = cm(t2 – t1) + Lm; Q2 = 4200
Hl\_l Q1 = 8,4·105 >` Q2 = 5,44·105 >`
32
MijZ`g_gb_
1.
MijZ`g_gb_
1. W[hgblh\mx iZehqdm fh`gh gZwe_dljbah\Zlv lj_gb_f ld hgZ ^bwe_dljbdZ f_lZeebq_kdbckl_j`_gvg_evayldhgijh\h^gbd 2. Ijb gZeb\_ [_gabgZ dhjimk [_gah\haZ kh_^bgyxl k a_fe_c f_lZeebq_kdbfijh\h^gbdhfqlh[uk fZrbgukl_d\_kvaZjy^Wlhg_h[oh^bfhqlh[u\ [_gah\hag_m^ZjbeZfhegby
MijZ`g_gb_
1. =eZ\gufb qZklyfb rl_ik_evghc \bedb y\eyxlky ^\Z f_lZeebq_kdbo rlujvdZdhlhju_\klZ\eyxlky\ jha_ldmWlb^\ZrlujvdZg_^he`gukhijbdZkZlvkyqlh[ug_[uehdhjhldh]haZfudZgbyIhwlhfmboihf_sZxl\ dhjimkba^bwe_dljbq_kdhcieZklfZkku 2. Qlh[udZ`^uca\hghdfh`gh[u- 3. Qlh[u fh`gh [ueh a\hgblv ba eh \dexqZlv hl^_evgh bo ke_^m_l ^\mo jZaguo f_kl a\hghd b ^\_ kh_^bgblvke_^mxsbfh[jZahf dghidb ke_^m_l kh_^bgblv ke_^mxsbfh[jZahf
4. LZdZyijh\h^dZfh`_l[ulvijbf_g_gZ_kebeZfimg_h[oh^bfh\dexqZlv ^\mfyjm[bevgbdZfbgZijbf_j^\mfjZagufex^yf 5. Pbnjhchlf_q_gu^\Z]Zev\Zgbq_kdbowe_f_glZpbnjhc²we_dljbq_kdZyeZfiZpbnjhc²\udexqZl_ev
33
MijZ`g_gb_
1. f: : f: : f: : d: : 2. >Zgh I = 1,4 A t fbg F GZclbq. >Zgh I = 0,3 A t fbg F _ = 1,6⋅10–19 De
3.
GZclbN.
J_r_gb_ q = It; q = 1,4 A ⋅ F De Hl\_l q De
J_r_gb_ Qlh[ugZclbqbkehwe_dljhgh\ijhr_^rboqj_aihi_j_qgh_ k_q_gb_ kibjZeb we_dljbq_kdhc eZfiu gZ^hgZclbaZjy^q b jZa^_eblv_]hgZagZq_gb_we_f_glZjgh]haZjy^Z_. q = It; q = 0,3 A ⋅ F De
N=
q 90 De ; N= = 5,6 ⋅ 10 20. e 1,6 ⋅ 10 −19 De
Hl\_l N = 5,6⋅1020 we_dljhgh\
MijZ`g_gb_
1. : 2. Gm`ghwlb^\ZZfi_jf_ljZ\dexqblvh^gh\j_f_gghb ihke_^h\Zl_evgh\ p_iv?kebijbwlhfihdZaZgbyZfi_jf_ljh\[m^mlkh\iZ^ZlvlhihdZaZgby bkke_^m_fh]hZfi_jf_ljZ[m^mlijZ\bevgufb\ ijhlb\ghfkemqZ_²g_l 3. P_gZ^_e_gbyrdZeZfi_jf_ljh\bah[jZ`_gguogZjbkmgdZomq_[gbdZjZ\gZ:Bfbfh`ghbaf_jylvkbemlhdZ^h: KbeZlhdZjZ\gZ: KbeZlhdZjZ\gZ:
4. GZ^hh^gh\j_f_ggh\dexqblvwlb^\ZZfi_jf_ljZ\ p_iv\ dhlhjhcfh`ghf_gylvkbemlhdZDZ`^ucjZabaf_gyykbemlhdZ\ p_ibgZp_gm_^bgbpu ^_e_gby lhqgh]h Zfi_jf_ljZ gm`gh gZghkblv ^_e_gby gZ _s_ g_ ijh]jZ^mbjh\ZggucZfi_jf_lj
MijZ`g_gb_
1. P_gZ^_e_gby\hevlf_ljZbah[jZ`_ggh]hgZjbkmgd_ Z mq_[gbdZjZ\gZ<
34
GZijy`_gb_jZ\gh<
GZijy`_gb_jZ\gh<
GZijy`_gb_jZ\gh<
2. P_gZ^_e_gbyrdZeu\hevlf_ljZbah[jZ`_ggh]hgZjbkmgd_ Z mq_[gbdZjZ\gZ<GZijy`_gb_dhlhjh_hgihdZau\Z_ljZ\ghijb[eb`_ggh<
3. V –
+
A
MijZ`g_gb_ >Zgh U1 = 2 B I1 = 0,4 A I2 = 0,8 A
1.
GZclbU2.
J_r_gb_
KbeZlhdZ\ p_ibm\_ebqbeZkv\
I 2 0,8 A = = 2 jZaZ GZI1 0,4 A
ijy`_gb_m\_ebqb\Z_lky\hklhevdh`_jZa\hkdhevdhjZa m\_ebqb\Z_lkykbeZlhdZl_U2 = 2U1 = 2 ⋅ 2 B = 4 B. Hl\_l U2 = 4 B.
35
>Zgh U1 = 2 B I1 = 0,5 A U2 = 4 B U3 = 1 B
2.
GZclbI2, I3.
J_r_gb_ KbeZlhdZ\ p_ibbaf_gy_lky\hklhevdh`_jZa\hkdhevdh jZa baf_gy_lky gZijy`_gb_ < i_j\hf kemqZ_ gZijy`_gb_ m\_ebqbehkv \
U2 4 B jZaZ Z ke_^h\Zl_evgh kbeZ = U1 2 B
lhdZlh`_m\_ebqbeZkv\ ^\ZjZaZ I2 = 2I1 = 1 A.
I3 =
I1 0,5 A = = 0,25 A . 2 2
Hl\_l : :
MijZ`g_gb_
1.
±
$ 9
< ^Zgghf hiul_ ihkj_^kl\hf \dexq_gby \ p_iv jZaebqguo ijh\h^gbdh\ \uykgyxlqlhkbeZlhdZaZ\bkblhlkhijhlb\e_gbyijh\h^gbdZ 2. fHf Hf dHf Hf FHf Hf 3. >Zgh J_r_gb_ I = 0,5 A U 1B R= ; R= Hf U=1B GZclbR.
1. >Zgh U = 220 B R Hf GZclbI.
Hl\_l 5 Hf
I
0,5 A
MijZ`g_gb_
J_r_gb_ KbemlhdZhij_^_ey_fihaZdhgmHfZ
I=
U 220 B : ; I= R 50 Hf
Hl\_l I = 4,4 A.
36
2. >Zgh I = 0,7 A R Hf GZclbU. 3. >Zgh U = 150 B I = 0,01 A
J_r_gb_ GZijy`_gb_U gZoh^bfbaaZdhgZHfZ U = IR; U = 0,7 A ⋅ Hf % Hl\_l U = 217 B.
J_r_gb_ Khijhlb\e_gb_R gZoh^bfbaaZdhgZHfZ
R=
U 150 B Hf dHf = I 0,01 A
GZclbR. Hl\_l R dHf 4. Khijhlb\e_gb_ijh\h^gbdZjZ\ghHf 5. < kemqZ_hiulZ gZjbkmgd_\ p_iv[m^_l\dexq_gijh\h^gbdkhijhlb\e_gb_f Hf Z Zfi_jf_lj [m^_l ihdZau\Zlv kbem lhdZ \ p_ib jZ\gmx:< kemqZ_hiulZ gZjbkmgd_gbq_]hg_baf_gblky 6. R Hf 7. ;hevrbf khijhlb\e_gb_f h[eZ^Z_l ijh\h^gbd < Khijhlb\e_gb_ ijh\h^gbdZ: jZ\ghHfZ ijh\h^gbdZ< ²Hf
MijZ`g_gb_
1. >Zgh l1 kf f l2 f ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ S1 = S2 = S GZclb
R2 . R1
2. Z >Zgh l kf f S ff2 ρ = 0,028 GZclbR.
Hf ⋅ ff 2 f
[ >Zgh l kf f S ff2 ρ = 0,4
Ûù ⋅ ùù ù
GZclbR.
J_r_gb_ ;he__ ^ebgguc ijh\h^ h[eZ^Z_l [hevrbf khijhlb\e_gb_fl_khijhlb\e_gb_ijh\h^Z^ebghcl2 f [hevr_khijhlb\e_gbyijh\h^Z^ebghcl1 f
R1 = !
R l l1 l 1,6 f ; R2 = ! 2 ; 2 = 2 = =8. S S R1 l1 0,2 f
Hl\_l khijhlb\e_gb_ \lhjh]h ijh\h^Z \ jZa [hevr_khijhlb\e_gbyi_j\h]h J_r_gb_
R=!
l Ûù ⋅ ùù ù Hf ; R=0,028 ⋅ ù S ùù
Hl\_l R Hf J_r_gb_
R=!
l Ûù ⋅ ùù ù Hf ; R = 0,4 ⋅ ù S ùù
Hl\_l R Hf
37
\ >Zgh l kf f S kf2 ff2 ρ = 0,5
R=!
Hf ⋅ ff 2 f
GZclbR. 3. >Zgh l f S ff2 ρ = 1,1
J_r_gb_
l Ûù ⋅ ùù ù Hf ; R = 0,5 ⋅ ù S ùù
Hl\_l R Hf
J_r_gb_
Ûù ⋅ ùù ù
KbemlhdZgZoh^bfihaZdhgmHfZ I = lb\e_gb_ihnhjfme_ R = !
U = 220 B R = 1,1
I=
U Z khijhR
l . S
Ûù ⋅ ùù ù Hf ⋅ ù ùù
220 B ≈ : 151,25 Hf
GZclbI. Hl\_l I ≈ 1,5 A. 4. >Zgh J_r_gb_ GZijy`_gb_gZc^_fihaZdhgmHfZ U = IRZ khl ff f S ff2 l ijhlb\e_gb_ihnhjfme_ R = ! . 2 Hf ⋅ ff S ρ = 0,1
f
I f: : GZclbU.
R = 0,1
Ûù ⋅ ùù ù Hf ⋅ ù ùù
U = 0,25 A⋅Hf≈ < Hl\_l U <
MijZ`g_gb_
1. >_ckl\b_ j_hklZlZ hkgh\Zgh gZ kf_g_ ijh\h^gbdh\ \ p_ib ihkj_^kl\hf i_j_dexqZl_ey 2. HfQlh[ukhijhlb\e_gb_m\_ebqblv_s_gZHfgZ^hi_j_dexqZl_evmklZgh\blv\ kZfh_djZcg__ijZ\h_iheh`_gb_ 3.
38
4. >Zgh R Hf S ff2
J_r_gb_
Ûù ⋅ ùù ù GZclbl. ρ = 0,4
1. >Zgh R1 Hf R2 Hf I = 0,2 A GZclbU1, U2, U.
2. GZ^hn =
3. >Zgh U = 220 B n=2
R=!
l RS 20 Hf ⋅ 3 ff 2 ; l= ;l= = 150 f . ! S Hf ⋅ ff 2 0,4 f
Hl\_l l f
MijZ`g_gb_
J_r_gb_ GZijy`_gb_gZdZ`^hfbaijh\h^gbdh\gZc^_fbaaZdhgZHfZ U1 = IR1; U1 = 0,2 A ⋅ Hf < U2 = IR2; U2 = 0,2 A ⋅ Hf < H[s__ gZijy`_gb_ ijb ihke_^h\Zl_evghf kh_^bg_gbb ijh\h^gbdh\gZc^_fihnhjfme_ U = U1 + U2; U = 0,8 B + 1,2 B = 2 B. Hl\_l U1 = 0,8 B, U2 = 1,2 B, U = 2 B.
3000 eZfi\dexqblvihke_^h\Zl_evgh\ p_iv 50
GZclbU1, U2. 4.
J_r_gb_ GZdZ`^hcbaeZfi[m^_lh^bgZdh\h_gZijy`_gb_ U % ; U1 = U2 = NU1 = U; U1 = U2 = = 110 B. n Hl\_l U1 = U2 = 110 B. ±
5
>Zgh U=6B R1 Hf R2 Hf R3 Hf
8
5
5
J_r_gb_ H[s__khijhlb\e_gb_\ p_ibgZc^_fihnhjfme_ R = R1 + R2 + R3; R HfHfHf Hf KbemlhdZ\ p_ibgZc^_fihaZdhgmHfZ
I=
U 6B ; I = ≈ : R 18,5 Hf
39
GZclbI, U1, U2, U3.
1. >Zgh R1 Hf R2 Hf U = 12 B
GZijy`_gb_ gZ dhgpZo dZ`^h]h ba ihlj_[bl_e_c gZc^_fbaaZdhgZHfZ U1 = IR1; U1 = 0,324 A ⋅ Hf≈ 4,4 B; U2 = IR2; U2 = 0,324 A ⋅ Hf≈ 1 B; U3 = IR3; U3 = 0,324 A ⋅ Hf≈ 0,6 B. Hl\_l ,≈ 0,324 A, U1 ≈ 4,4 B, U2 ≈ 1 B, U3 ≈ 0,6 B.
MijZ`g_gb_
J_r_gb_ KbemlhdZ\ dZ`^hfijh\h^gbd_gZc^_fihaZdhgmHfZ
12 B U : ; I1 = 10 Hf R1 12 B U I2 = : ; I2 = 15 Hf R2 I1 =
KbeZlhdZ^hjZa\_l\e_gbygZoh^blkyihnhjfme_ I = I1 + I2; I = 1,2 A + 0,8 A = 2 A. GZclbI1, I2, I. Hl\_l I1 = 1,2 A, I2 = 0,8 A, I = 2 A. 2. >eylh]hqlh[ugZdZ`^hf[ulh\hfijb[hj_[uehh^bgZdh\h_gZijy`_gb_jZ\gh_< 3. >Zgh J_r_gb_ Kbem lhdZ gZ dZ`^hf ba ihlj_[bl_e_ gZc^_f ih R1 Hf aZdhgmHfZ R2 Hf R3 Hf 24 B U I1 = : ; I1 = U = 24 B
20 Hf R1 24 B U I2 = : ; I2 = 40 Hf R2 24 B U I3 = : ; I3 = 24 Hf R3
H[smxkbemlhdZgZc^_fihnhjfme_ I = I1 + I2 + I3; I = 1,2 A + 0,6 A + 1 A = 2,8 A. H[s__khijhlb\e_gb_gZc^_fbaaZdhgZHfZ GZclbI1, I2, I3, I, R.
R=
U 24 B ; R= ≈ Hf 2,8 A I
Hl\_l I1 = 1,2 A, I2 = 0,6 A, I3 = 1 A, I = 2,8 A, R ≈ ≈ Hf 4. Ihlhfmqlh\ i_j\hfkemqZ_m\_ebqb\Z_lky^ebgZijh\h^gbdZ\h\lhjhf kemqZ_m\_ebqb\Z_lkyiehsZ^vihi_j_qgh]hk_q_gby
40
5. >Zgh R1 Hf R2 Hf R3 Hf R4 Hf Ia = 1 A
J_r_gb_ KbeZ lhdZ \ lj_lv_f ijh\h^gbd_ jZ\gZ ihdZaZgbyfZfi_jf_ljZ I3 = Ia $ GZijy`_gb_ gZ lj_lv_fijh\h^gbd_gZc^_fbaaZdhgZHfZ U3 = I3R3 = 1 A ⋅ Hf < GZijy`_gb_ gZ \lhjhf ijh\h^gbd_ jZ\gh gZijy`_gbx gZ lj_lv_f lZd dZd hgb kh_^bg_gu iZjZee_evgh^jm]k ^jm]hf U2 = U3 = 12 B. KbemlhdZ\h\lhjhfijh\h^gbd_gZc^_fihaZdhgmHfZ I 2 =
GZclbUBC, I1, I2, I3, I4.
U 2 12 B :KbeulhdZ\ = R2 6 Hf
i_j\hfb q_l\_jlhfijh\h^gbd_h^bgZdh\u I1 = I4 = I2 + I3; I1 = I4 = 2 A + 1 A = 3 A. GZijy`_gb_f_`^mlhqdZfb< bK UBC = U2 + U3 = 12 B Hl\_l UBC = 12 B; I1 = 3 A; I2 = 2 A; I3 = 1 A, I4 = 3 A.
MijZ`g_gb_
1. >Zgh t fbg k I = 0,5 A; U = 12 B GZclbA. 2. >Zgh U = 3,5 B R Hf t fbg k GZclbA. 3. >Zgh R1 = R2 Hf U = 4,5 B
J_r_gb_ A = UIt; A = 12 B ⋅ 0,5 A ⋅ F >` d>` Hl\_l $ d>` J_r_gb_
A = UIt; I =
U 3,5 B : ; I = R 14 Hf
A = 3,5 B⋅0,25 A⋅F >` Hl\_l A >`
J_r_gb_ Ijbihke_^h\Zl_evghfkh_^bg_gbb A1 = UI1t; I1 =
U . 2R1
A2 = UI2t; I 2 =
A I U 2U = Hlkx^Z 2 = 2 = 4 . R1 / 2 R1 A1 I1
IjbiZjZee_evghfkh_^bg_gbb
GZclb
:2 . :1
Hl\_l
A2 =4. A1 41
MijZ`g_gb_ 1. >Zgh J_r_gb_ U = 127 B P = UI; P = 127 B ⋅ $ %l I = 0,6 A GZclbP. Hl\_l J Zgh J_r_gb_ U = 220 B P = UI; P = 220 B ⋅ $ %l I=3A GZclbP. Hl\_l J Zgh J_r_gb_ t q k A = Pt; J1 d` d>` J2 ` d>` J3 d` F>` GZclb:1, :2, :3. Hl\_l :1 d>` :2 d>` :3 F>` 4. >Zggh_aZ^Zgb_ijh^_eZcl_kZfhklhyl_evgh
MijZ`g_gb_
1. >Zgh J_r_gb_ J dZgh J_r_gb_ J1 = J2 Zgh J_r_gb_ U = 220 B A = 30⋅(4P1t1 + P2t2 + P3t3 + P4t4); P1
42
MijZ`g_gb_ 1. >Zgh J_r_gb_ Dhebq_kl\hl_iehluQ gZc^_fihaZdhgm>`hmey t fbg k E_gpZ Q = I2Rt. R Hf I=5A Q = (5 A)2 ⋅ Hf⋅ F >` GZclbA. Hl\_l Q >` d>` 2. >eylh]hqlh[uij_^hl\jZlblvjZafudZgb_p_ib 3. GZijy`_gb_ gZ kibjZeb agZqbl_evgh [hevr_ gZijy`_gby jZkij_^_ey_fh]hf_`^mijh\h^ZfbKibjZevjZkdZey_lkyZ ijh\h^Z ihqlb g_ gZ]j_\Zxlkyihlhfmqlhkhijhlb\e_gb_kibjZeb\hfgh]hjZa[hevr_khijhlb\e_gbyijh\h^h\WlZjZagbpZ^hklb]Z_lkyaZkq_lbkihevah\Zgby^eykibjZeb ijh\h^gbdh\ k m^_evguf khijhlb\e_gb_f fgh]h [hevrbf m^_evgh]h khijhlb\e_gbyijh\h^h\ 4. < [hevr_ckl_i_gbgZ]j__lkygbd_ebgh\Zyijh\hehdZldm g__m^_evgh_ khijhlb\e_gb_[hevr_q_fm f_^ghcb klZevghcijh\hehd
MijZ`g_gb_
1. GZ^h\dexqblv\ p_ivj_hklZl 2. Ihf_gylvihexkubklhqgbdZlhdZ 3. M\_ebqblvqbkeh\bldh\\ we_dljhfZ]gbl_b \klZ\blv`_e_aguck_j^_qgbd 4. Baf_g_gb_f kbeu lhdZ qbkeZ \bldh\ \ we_dljhfZ]gbl_ b \klZ\e_gb_f \ugbfZgb_f`_e_agh]hk_j^_qgbdZ
MijZ`g_gb_
1. Ijh`_dlhjk\_qZa\_a^uh]hgvKhegp_fhegby 2. ?keb [u k\_l jZkijhkljZgyeky g_ ijyfhebg_cgh lh nhjfu iheml_g_c [ueb[ubgu_bebl_g_cb iheml_g_c\h\k_[ug_[ueh 3. Q_eh\_dgZoh^ysbcky\ h[eZklbl_gbijbkheg_qghfaZlf_gbbg_\b^bl KhegpZ lZd dZd EmgZ aZdju\Z_l _]h iheghklvx Q_eh\_d gZoh^ysbcky \ h[eZklbiheml_gbijbkheg_qghfaZlf_gbb\b^bllhevdhqZklvKhegpZlZd dZdEmgZaZdju\Z_l_]hg_iheghklvx
MijZ`g_gb_
1.
45°
45°
2. 0°.
43
3.
4.
MijZ`g_gb_
1. >hdZ`_fjZ\_gkl\h∆SOO1 b ∆S1OO1Z wlh[m^_lhagZqZlv qlh jZkklhygb_hla_jdZeZ^hlhqdbb jZkklhygb_hla_jdZeZ^hbah[jZ`_gbylhqdbjZ\gu ∆SOO1 jZ\_g ∆S1OO1 lZd dZd ∠SO1O = ∠S1O1O = 90° – α1, ∠SOO1 = ∠S1OO1 = 90°, OO1 ²h[sZyklhjhgZ 2. Ijbgpbi^_ckl\byhkgh\ZggZhljZ`_gbbhla_jdZeZK\_lh\hcemqhljZ`Zykvhli_j\h]ha_jdZeZihiZ^Z_lgZ\lhjh_Z aZl_f²\ ]eZaq_eh\_dZ 3. >_ckl\b_ ijb[hjZ bah[jZ`_ggh]h gZ jbkmgd_ hkgh\Zgh gZ hljZ`_gbb k\_lZ hl a_jdZe Wlhl ijb[hj fh`_l [ulv bkihevah\Zg ^ey ijhkfhljZ f_klghklbaZ\ukhdbfij_iylkl\b_f 4. M]hedh\uchljZ`Zl_evihkljh_ggucgZlj_oiehkdboa_jdZeZo
44
MijZ`g_gb_ 1. 0°. 2. Ijb ihkljh_gbb ij_ehfe_ggh]h emqZ \ dZ`^hf kemqZ_ mqblu\Zcl_ qlh kl_deh²kj_^Zhilbq_kdb[he__iehlgZyq_f\ha^mo 3. BaaZij_ehfe_gbyk\_lZ 4.
5.
1)
2)
3)
MijZ`g_gb_
1. Hilbq_kdZykbeZebgaujZkiheh`_gghcgZjbkmgd_ [ ke_\Z[hevr_ 2. >Zgh J_r_gb_ D ±^ilj 1 1 F = ;F = ±f GZclbF.
− 1,6 ^ilj
Hl\_l F ±f k ihfhsvxlZdhcebgau^_ckl\bl_evgh_bah[jZ`_gb_ihemqblvg_evay
D
MijZ`g_gb_
1. Bah[jZ`_gb_ ij_^f_lZ y\ey_lky ^_ckl\bl_evguf i_j_\_jgmluf _]h jZaf_jukoh^guk jZaf_jZfbkZfh]hij_^f_lZ
2F
F
F
2F
45
2.
F
3.
F
F
4. Ihf_j_ijh^\b`_gbyij_^f_lZhllhqdbF d lhqd_F _]hbah[jZ`_gb_ m\_ebqb\Z_lkyb m^Zey_lkyhlebgauIjbwlhfbah[jZ`_gb_ij_^f_lZy\ey_lky mf_gvr_gguf ^_ckl\bl_evguf i_j_\_jgmluf Ijb ijh^\b`_gbb ij_^f_lZhllhqdbF d lhqd_F _]hbah[jZ`_gb_m\_ebqb\Z_lkyb m^Zey_lky hl ebgau Ijb wlhf bah[jZ`_gb_ y\ey_lky m\_ebq_gguf ^_ckl\bl_evguf i_j_\_jgmlufIjbijh^\b`_gbbij_^f_lZhllhqdbF d p_gljmhilbq_kdhc hkb _]h bah[jZ`_gb_ mf_gvrZ_lky b ijb[eb`Z_lky d ebga_ Ijb wlhf bah[jZ`_gb_ij_^f_lZy\ey_lkym\_ebq_gguffgbfufijyfuf
46
AZ^Zgby AZ^Zgb_
Ihke_ ^\b`_gbc fhg_lZ klZeZ l_iehc ihke_ ² ]hjyq_c Hlkx^Z aZdexqZ_fqlh\gmlj_ggyywg_j]byfhg_lu m\_ebqbeZkv aZ kq_l kh\_jr_gby jZ[hlu
AZ^Zgb_
1. >ey lh]h qlh[u \h^Z aZdbi_eZ lj_[m_lky fbg Z ^ey lh]h qlh[u e_^ jZkieZ\bekyb ihemq_ggZy\h^ZaZdbi_eZfbgLdgZiebl_aZkq_l]hj_gby]ZaZ\u^_ey_lkyh^bgZdh\Zywg_j]by\ _^bgbpm\j_f_gb^eyaZdbiZgby \h^u\ [Zd_khev^hfwg_j]bbljZlblky[hevr_Wlhih^l\_j`^Z_llhlnZdl qlh^eyieZ\e_gbyev^Zlj_[m_lkywg_j]by 2. >hdeZ^©:fhjngu_l_eZª Hkgh\gufhlebqb_fl\_j^uol_ehl`b^dhkl_cb ]Zah\y\ey_lkylhqlhhgb kihkh[gukhojZgylvh[t_fb nhjfmK fhe_dmeyjghclhqdbaj_gbywlhh[mkeh\e_ghgZebqb_f\ gbodjbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ldbIjbjhkl_djbklZeeZ\ _kl_kl\_gguo mkeh\byohgijbgbfZ_lnhjfm fgh]h]jZggbdZ L\_j^u_ l_eZ ojmidbb ieZ\ylkyijbkljh]hhij_^_e_gghcl_fi_jZlmj_ @b^dhklb kihkh[gu khojZgylv h[t_f gh \ hlebqb_ hl l\_j^uo l_e hgb ijbgbfZxlnhjfmkhkm^Z h[eZ^Zxll_dmq_klvx Fhe_dmeu`b^dhklbjZkiheh`_gu[_kihjy^hqgh H^gZdh kms_kl\mxl lZdb_ l_eZ dhlhju_ ijhy\eyxl k\hckl\Z dZd l\_j^uo l_elZdb `b^dhkl_cHgbgZau\ZxlkyZfhjngufbl_eZfbD gbfhlghkylky kl_dehkfheZw[hgblb l^?keb\aylvgZijbf_jdmkhdkfheub iheh`blv _]hgZ^hklZlhqgh^he]h_\j_fy\ khkm^lhkfheZjZkl_q_lkyb ijbf_lnhjfmwlh]hkhkm^ZWdki_jbf_glZevgh[uehmklZgh\e_ghqlhl_q_l^Z`_kl_dehWlhijhy\e_gb_k\hckl\`b^dhklb?keb`_ihdmkdmkfheukbevghm^Zjblv lh hg fh`_l jZa[blvky gZ hkdhedb Wlh ijhy\e_gb_ lZdh]h k\hckl\Z l\_j^uol_edZdojmidhklv Ih k\h_fm fhe_dmeyjghfm kljh_gbx Zfhjngu_ l_eZ hlghkylky [eb`_ d `b^dhklyfghhgbh[eZ^Zxl\hfgh]hjZa[hevr_c\yadhklvx DZd [ueh mdZaZgh \ur_ l\_j^u_ l_eZ ieZ\ylky ijb kljh]h hij_^_e_gghc l_fi_jZlmj_ ^ey ^Zggh]h \_s_kl\Z Wlh k\yaZgh k l_f qlh ihklmiZxsZy wg_j]by ljZlblky gZ jZajmr_gb_ djbklZeebq_kdhc j_r_ldb IeZ\e_gb_ `_ Zfhjnguol_eijhbkoh^blihbghfm< gbog_ldjbklZeebq_kdhcj_r_ldbb ihwlhfm hgb g_ bf_xl hij_^_e_gghc l_fi_jZlmju ieZ\e_gby Ihkfhljbf `_ dZd ijhbkoh^bl ijhp_kk ieZ\e_gby Zfhjngh]h l_eZ gZijbf_j kfheu GZqg_f __ gZ]j_\Zlv Ijb wlhf __ \yadhklv gZqg_l mf_gvrZlvky Z kZfZ kfheZgZqg_ljZafy]qZlvkyb ihkl_i_gghij_\jZsZlvky\ `b^dhklv< wlhf ijhp_kk_l_fi_jZlmjZf_gy_lkyg_ij_ju\gh :fhjngu_l_eZgZrebrbjhdh_ijbf_g_gb_\ gZr_c`bagb
47
AZ^Zgb_
< l_iehff_kl_\h^ZbkiZjbeZkvaZqZkh\\ oheh^ghf²aZqZkh\JZagbpZ\h\j_f_gbbkiZj_gbyk\yaZgZk l_fqlhbkiZj_gb_[he__bgl_gkb\gh ijb[he__\ukhdhcl_fi_jZlmj_
AZ^Zgb_
1. >hdeZ^©DZdh[jZam_lkyjhkZbg_c^h`^vb kg_]ª < Zlfhkn_j_ A_feb \k_]^Z kh^_j`blky \h^yghc iZj Wlh k\yaZgh k g_ij_ju\gufbkiZj_gb_f\h^uk ih\_joghkl_chd_Zgh\fhj_cha_jj_db l^< jZaguof_klZo\eZ`ghklv \ha^moZ jZaebqgZ hgZ hq_gv \ukhdZ gZ^ ih\_joghklvxwd\ZlhjbZevguofhj_cb hq_gvgbadZ\ imklugyoOhly\h^Z²fZeZyijbf_kv\ \ha^mo_bf_gghhgZ\ agZqbl_evghcf_j_hij_^_ey_lih]h^gu_mkeh\byDjhf_bkiZj_gby\Z`gmxjhevb]jZ_lijhp_kkdhg^_gkZpbb< j_Zevghc`bagbdhg^_gkZpby\h^ygh]hiZjZijhbkoh^blihjZaghfm fh`_l h[jZah\Zlvky jhkZ beb bg_c \uiZklv ^h`^v beb kg_] H[ wlbo y\e_gbyo b [m^_lb^lbj_qv\ ^Zevg_cr_f JZkkfhljbfdZdh[jZam_lkyjhkZ< `Zjdbce_lgbc^_gvk ih\_joghkl_c\h^h_fh\b jZkl_gbcijhbkoh^blbkiZj_gb_\h^uGhqvxl_fi_jZlmjZiZ^Z_l b fh`_l^hklb]gmlvlZdh]hagZq_gbyijbdhlhjhf\h^yghciZjklZgh\blky gZkus_gguf LZdZy l_fi_jZlmjZ gZau\Z_lky lhqdhc jhku Ijb wlhf \h^yghc iZj dhg^_gkbjm_lky b hk_^Z_l gZ ih\_joghklb a_feb b ebklv_\ jZkl_gbcJhkmfufh`_fgZ[ex^ZlvjZggbfmljhfdh]^ZhgZ_s_g_bkiZjbeZkv ih^^_ckl\b_fkheg_qguoemq_c H[jZah\Zgb_bg_y\hfgh]hfgZihfbgZ_lh[jZah\Zgb_jhkughijhbkoh^bl abfhchdeZ^©Djm]h\hjhl\h^u\ ijbjh^_ª
48
fZkku\h^ugZA_fe_gZoh^ylky\ Fbjh\hfHd_Zg_kms_kl\_gghf_gvr___ \ e_^gbdZo b \ ih^a_fguo j_a_j\mZjZo < Zlfhkn_j_ \h^u hq_gv fZeh ih kjZ\g_gbx k mdZaZggufb \ur_ f_klZfb gh bf_ggh \h^yghc iZj y\ey_lky kZfhcih^\b`ghc__ qZklvx JZkkfhljbfdjm]h\hjhl\h^uih^jh[g__K l_iehc\h^ghcih\_joghklbZdlb\gh bkiZjy_lky \h^Z < ]Zahh[jZaghf khklhygbb hgZ ih^gbfZ_lky gZ [hevrmx\ukhlm]^_gZqbgZ_l^\b]Zlvky\f_kl_k \ha^mrgufbl_q_gbyfb Mqblu\Zy qlh gZ l_o \ukhlZo \_kvfZ oheh^gh lZf \h^Z dhg^_gkbjm_lky \ fbdjhkdhibq_kdb_dZi_evdbbebijb[he__gbadbol_fi_jZlmjZo\ djbklZeebdbev^ZLZdbfh[jZahfh[jZamxlkyh[eZdZ< ijhp_kk_k\h_]h^\b`_gby dZi_evdb eb[h djbklZeebdb klZedb\Zxlky b ihkl_i_ggh jZklml Ijb hij_^_e_gguojZaf_jZohgb\uiZ^ZxlgZa_fex\ \b^_^h`^ybebkg_]Z GZ a_fe_ \h^Z fh`_l kgh\Z bkiZjblvky fh`_l ijhkhqblvky \ ihq\m fh`_l ihiZklv gZ e_^gbd < i_j\hf kemqZ_ hgZ ijh^he`bl k\h_ ^\b`_gb_ \ Zlfhkn_j_ihdZkgh\Zg_\uiZ^_l\ \b^_^h`^ybebkg_]ZhdeZ^©Eblv_f_lZeeh\ª Eblv_f_lZeeh\²wlhijhp_kkijbdhlhjhfjZkieZ\e_ggucf_lZeeaZeb\Z_lky \ nhjfu ]^_ b aZklu\Z_l LZdZy l_ogheh]by h[jZ[hldb f_lZeeh\ ba\_klgZ _s_ k ]em[hdhc ^j_\ghklb lZd gZijbf_j \ ?]bil_ gZc^_gu eblu_ [jhgah\u_klZlmwldblj_lv_]hlukyq_e_lby^hgZr_cwju< gZklhys__\j_fyeblv_²wlhkeh`gucl_ogheh]bq_kdbcijhp_kk\ dhlhjhfrbjhdhijbf_gy_lkyZ\lhfZlbaZpbyijhba\h^kl\Z GZb[he__ijhklhckihkh[eblvy²eblv_\ i_kqZgu_nhjfuKgZqZeZba]hlZ\eb\Zxlky ^_j_\yggu_ rZ[ehgu Z gZ bo [Za_ i_kqZgu_ nhjfu Ihke_ wlh]h\ i_kqZgmxnhjfmaZeb\Z_lkyjZkieZ\e_ggucf_lZeedhlhjucihkl_i_gghaZklu\Z_lIjbm^Ze_gbbihemq_gghchleb\dbnhjfZjZajmrZ_lky >jm]bf [he__ wnn_dlb\guf f_lh^hf eblvy y\ey_lky eblv_ \ ihklhyggu_ nhjfu JZkieZ\e_gguc f_lZee aZeb\Z_lky \ l_jfhklhcdb_ f_lZeebq_kdb_ nhjfuI_j_^aZeb\dhcboihdju\Zxlki_pbZevgufkhklZ\hfb gZ]j_\Zxl ^h hij_^_e_gghc l_fi_jZlmju dhlhjmx \ ^Zevg_cr_f ih^^_j`b\Zxl ihklhygghc F_lZee \oh^bl \ nhjfm ih^ ^_ckl\b_f kbeu ly`_klb ihwlhfm
49
ihemqZxlkyhleb\db k\h[h^gu_ hl reZdh\uo b ]Zah\uo \dexq_gbc < p_eyo ih\ur_gby ijhba\h^bl_evghklb ljm^Z ijbf_gy_lky dZjmk_evguc kihkh[ijbq_f kha^Zgu dhfie_dku \ dhlhjuo \_kv ijhp_kk \dexqZy aZeb\Zgb_ jZkieZ\Z Z\lhfZlbabjh\Zg Kihkh[hf eblvy \ ihklhyggu_ nhjfu ihemqZxlhleb\dbfZkkhchlg_kdhevdbo]jZff^hg_kdhevdbolhgg KZfufi_jki_dlb\gufkihkh[hfeblvykqblZ_lkyeblv_ih^^Z\e_gb_fF_lZee aZeb\Z_lkygZ\ukhdhckdhjhklb[eZ]h^Zjyq_fm ohjhrhaZihegyxlky\k_ihehklbZ hleb\dZihemqZ_lky^h\hevghiehlghcG_^hklZldhflZdh]hkihkh[Zy\ey_lkyh[jZah\Zgb_imaujvdh\\ha^moZ\ hleb\d_gh[eZ]h^Zjy^hklb`_gbyf\ gZmd_b l_ogbd_wlb^_n_dluk\_^_gud fbgbfmfmIjbhleb\d_ih^^Z\e_gb_f ihemqZxl\ukhdhdZq_kl\_ggu_hleb\dbk qbklhcih\_joghklvx
AZ^Zgb_
1. >hdeZ^©Bklhjbybah[j_l_gbyiZjh\uofZrbgª ;mjgh_ jZa\blb_ dZiblZebafZ \ f \_d_ ijb\_eh d g_h[oh^bfhklb jhklZ ^h[uqb ihe_aguo bkdhiZ_fuo Wlhl jhkl h]jZgbqb\Zeky g_\hafh`ghklvx ijbf_g_gbygZb[he__fhsgh]h^\b]Zl_eylh]h\j_f_gbgZhkgh\_\h^ygh]h dhe_kZ^eyhldZqdb\h^ubajm^gbdh\Wlhk\yaZghk l_fqlhjm^gbdb[ueb qZklhm^Ze_guhlj_dLj_[h\Zekygh\uclbi^\b]Zl_eydhlhjucg_aZ\bk_e [uhlbklhqgbdh\\h^ghcwg_j]bb LZdhc^\b]Zl_ev[uekha^ZgLGvxdhf_ghfb LK_\_jb\ :g]ebbb >IZi_ghf\hNjZgpbbWlh[ueb i_j\u_iZjh\u_fZrbguBo mkljhckl\h \_kvfZ ijbfblb\gh Hkgh\gufb we_f_glZfb iZjh\hc fZrbgu [ueb hl^_evguc iZjh\hc dhl_e pbebg^j lhihqgh_ mkljhckl\h Wlb fZrbgu g_ y\eyebkv mgb\_jkZevgufbb ij_^gZagZqZebkv\ i_j\mxhq_j_^v^eyih^gylby\h^uH^gZdh hgb ijbf_gyebkv \h fgh]bo hljZkeyo ijhfure_gghklb gZ ijhly`_gbb \k_]h]h\_dZ\ i_j\mxhq_j_^v\ f_lZeemj]bbb e_khibevghf^_e_>_eZehkvwlhke_^mxsbfh[jZahfIZjh\ZyfZrbgZih^gbfZeZ\h^mdhlhjZyiZ^Zy \jZsZeZ \h^ygh_ dhe_kh LZdh]h jh^Z mklZgh\db [ueb \_kvfZ g_wnn_dlb\gu ihkdhevdm bkihevah\Zeb f_g__ h^ghc lj_lb f_oZgbq_kdhc jZ[hlu iZjh\hc fZrbgu Wlb mklZgh\db ihkl_i_ggh kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zebkv ;ue kha^Zg[ZeZgkbjdhlhjuciha\heyeih^gbfZlv\h^mgZ[hevrmx\ukhlmaZkq_l jZaghklbiehsZ^_ck_q_gbyiZjh\h]hb \h^yguopbebg^jh\Jmkkdb_mq_gu_ lZd`_\g_keb\deZ^\ jZa\blb_iZjh\uo\h^hih^t_fguofZrbgGZijbf_jB BIheamgh\\ ]h^mij_^eh`bebkihevah\Zgb_^\mopbebg^jh\D kh`Ze_gbx \ur_mdZaZggu_ mkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgby g_ kfh]eb agZqbl_evgh ih\ukblvwnn_dlb\ghklvih^h[guomklZgh\hd `MZllZHgZ[ueZ\_kvfZ wdhghfbqgZaZkq_llh]hqlhdhg^_gkZlhj[uehl^_e_ghlpbebg^jZ Gh\u_ dZq_kl\Z iZjh\uo fZrbg iha\hebeb bkihevah\Zlv bo g_ lhevdh \ ijhfure_gghklbghb gZljZgkihjl_< gZqZe_ ]h\_dZ[uebbah[j_l_gu iZjh\hau b iZjhoh^u dhlhju_ [he__ klZ e_l y\eyebkv hkgh\guf \b^hf ljZgkihjlZ
50
2. >hdeZ^©Bklhjbybah[j_l_gbylmj[bgª D i_j\uflmj[bgZfke_^m_lhlghkblv\h^ygh_dhe_khb \_ljyghc^\b]Zl_ev K ^j_\gbo \j_f_g hgb bkihevah\Zebkv ex^vfb gZ ijhly`_gbb fgh]bo \_dh\< gZqZe_ ]h\_dZihy\bebkv]b^jhlmj[bgu JZa\blb_we_dljhl_ogbdb\ f \_d_\ua\Zehihlj_[ghklvihemq_gbyfhsguo bklhqgbdh\ we_dljhwg_j]bb Kms_kl\mxsb_ \ lh \j_fy we_dljhklZgpbbhkgh\Zggu_gZiZjh\uofZrbgZob ^\b]Zl_eyo\gmlj_gg_]hk]hjZgby g_ j_rZeb ^Zgghc ijh[e_fu Lj_[h\Zebkv [he__ fhsgu_ ^\b]Zl_eb :gZeh]bqgu_ ijh[e_fu \hagbdeb \ dhjZ[e_kljh_gbb b f_lZeemj]bb Fhjkdhc nehlgm`^Zeky\ fhsguoe_]dbo^\b]Zl_eyo^Zxsbo\ukhdbcDI>\bglZ < f_lZeemj]bb gZ^h [ueh h[_ki_qblv wnn_dlb\gmx jZ[hlm \ha^moh^m\hd < hlebqbbhliZjh\hclmj[bguEZ\ZeyIZjkhgk\ k\h_clmj[bg_ijbf_gbe fgh]hklmi_gqZlmxdhgkljmdpbxj_Zdlb\gh]hlbiZ< g_ciZjijhoh^be g_ h^gmZ g_kdhevdhihke_^h\Zl_evghjZkiheh`_gguoklmi_g_ci_j_^Z\Zybf k\hxdbg_lbq_kdmxwg_j]bxIZjh\Zylmj[bgZIZjkhgkZihemqbeZrbjhdh_ jZkijhkljZg_gb_baaZ[he__\ukhdh]hDI>b wdhghfbqghklb Kh\j_f_ggu_iZjh\u_lmj[bguijbgpbibZevghg_hlebqZxlkyhllmj[bgu jZajZ[hlZgghcIZjkhgkhf< hkgh\ghfk_cqZkhgbbkihevamxlkygZl_ieh\uowe_dljhklZgpbyo LWK ^eyihemq_gbywe_dljhwg_j]bb 3. >hdeZ^©I_j\u_iZjh\hauKl_n_gkhgZb Q_j_iZgh\uoª IZjh\ha ² wlh `_e_agh^hjh`guc ehdhfhlb\ gZ [Za_ iZjh\hc fZrbgu I_j\uc iZjh\ha [ue ihkljh_g Lj_\blbdhf J \ ]h^m Wlh [ueZ _s_ \_kvfZg_kh\_jr_ggZyfZrbgZ I_j\ufiZjh\hahfdhlhjuckh^_j`Ze\k_hkgh\gu_we_f_gluijhkms_kl\h\Z\rb_ _s_ ihelhjZ klhe_lby [ue iZjh\ha >`hj^`Z Kl_n_gkhgZ ©JZd_lZª JZkdZe_ggu_ ]Zau ba lhidb gZ]j_\Zeb \ dhle_ \h^m dhlhjZy bkiZjyykv ihklmiZ_l\ ^\Zpbebg^jZHgb\ k\hxhq_j_^vq_j_akh_^bgbl_evgu_ly]b\jZsZeb dhe_kZ IZjh\ha ©JZd_lZª \ub]jZe dhgdmjk ehdhfhlb\h\ Eb\_jimev FZgq_kl_jkdhc`_e_aghc^hjh]bFhsghklviZjh\haZ[ueZg_\_ebdZ\k_]h ekghhgfh]jZa\b\Zlvkdhjhklvdfq ijbkj_^g_ckdhjhklbdfq
51
Kl_n_gkhg k^_eZe fgh]h_ ^ey jZa\blby `_e_agh^hjh`gh]h khh[s_gby \ :g]ebb b \h \k_c ?\jhi_ Bf_ggh hg \\_e kh\j_f_gguc ^ey AZiZ^ghc ?\jhiu gh g_ ^ey Jhkkbb klZg^Zjl rbjbgu `_e_agh^hjh`guc dhe_b i_j\ufij_^eh`bekljhblv`_e_agh^hjh`gu_gZkuib < ljb^pZlu_ ]h^u ]h klhe_lbyJhkkby g_ bf_eZ gb k\hbo `_e_aguo ^hjh]gb iZjh\hah\H^gZdhl_ogbq_kdbcijh]j_kkg_h[hr_eb gZrmkljZgm Dj_ihklgu_ f_oZgbdb aZ\h^qbdh\ >_fb^h\uo ?nbf :e_dk__\bq b Fbjhg ?nbfh\bq Q_j_iZgh\u hl_p b kug \ ]h^Zo kha^Zeb i_j\uc \ JhkkbbiZjh\haZ ]h^m\lhjhc[he__fhsguc>eyk\h_]h\j_f_gbwlh [ueb ^hklZlhqgh kh\_jr_ggu_ fZrbgu ;ueb ijbf_g_gu ]hjbahglZevgu_ pbebg^ju iZjh\hc fZrbgu f_oZgbaf h[jZlgh]h oh^Z ;ueZ ijheh`_gZ i_j\Zy\ Jhkkbb`_e_agZy^hjh]ZhlF_^gh]hjm^gbdZ^hhdeZ^©>hklb`_gbygZmdbb l_ogbdb\ kljhbl_evkl\_iZjh\uolmj[bgª GZqZehlmj[bghkljh_gbx[uehiheh`_gh \ dhgp_ ]h \_dZ dh]^Z r\_^kdbc bg`_g_j=EZ\Zev\ f ]h^mb Zg]ebqZgbgQIZjkhgk\ f ]h^mg_aZ\bkbfh^jm]hl^jm]ZjZajZ[hlZebiZjh\u_lmj[bguIZjh\Zylmj[bgZIZjkhgkZ bf_eZ jy^ kms_kl\_gguo ij_bfms_kl\ i_j_^ lmj[bghc EZ\Zey hgZ h[eZ^ZeZ [he__\ukhdbfDI>b [ueZ[he__wdhghfbqghc
52
5. >hdeZ^©Bkihevah\Zgb_wg_j]bbKhegpZgZA_fe_ª DZdb \h\kydhch[uqghca\_a^_\ g_^jZoKhegpZijhbkoh^ylj_Zdpbby^_jgh]hkbgl_aZ\ ijhp_kk_dhlhjuo\u^_ey_lkyh]jhfgh_dhebq_kl\hwg_j]bb GZ A_fex ijboh^bl gbqlh`gZy __ ^hey gh b __ o\ZlZ_l ^ey ijh^he`_gby `bagbgZA_fe_jZaebqguoZlfhkn_jguob bguoy\e_gbc h\hevgh^Z\ghba\_kl_gnZdlqlh\ g_dhlhjuofZl_jbZeZoih^^_ckl\b_f baemq_gbygZqbgZ_ll_qvlhd>he]h_\j_fybkihevah\Zlvbo\ dZq_kl\_bklhqgbdh\ we_dljhwg_j]bb [ueh g_\u]h^gh gh ihkl_i_ggh [ueb kha^Zgu ih^oh^ysb_\_s_kl\Z< [ulmkheg_qgu_[ZlZj_bbaih^h[guofZl_jbZeh\ ijbf_gyxlky\ hkgh\ghf\ dZevdmeylhjZoghkms_kl\mxlb hq_gvdjmigu_ g_kdhevdh khl_g f_ljh\ gZ g_kdhevdh khl_g f_ljh\ ijhfure_ggu_ kheg_qgu_[ZlZj_b< dhkfhk_]^_bklhqgbdh\wg_j]bbg_lZ \hablvjZaebqgh_ lhieb\hk A_febhq_gv^hjh]hb hiZkghkheg_qgZywg_j]byhklZeZkv_^bgkl\_gguf^hklmiguf\b^hf Lhevdh\ f \_d_q_eh\_q_kl\hgZreh bklhqgbd wg_j]bb g_ k\yaZgguc k kheg_qgufbaemq_gb_f²y^_jgu_j_ZdpbbGh\ ijbjh^_kms_kl\mxlf_klZ]em[hdhgZ^g_hd_ZgZhq_gv[h]Zlu_`bagvxdm^Zg_ihiZ^Z_lkheg_qguck\_l< h^ghfbalZdbof_klbalj_sbg\ a_fe_\uoh^blk_jh\h^hjh^ dhlhjucb bkihevam_lkyijbfblb\gufb `b\hlgufb: wlbo `b\hlguo ih_^Zxlihlhf^jm]b_b l^
AZ^Zgb_
1. ;ZlZj_cdZkhklhblbalj_okmobowe_f_glh\Iheh`bl_evgucihexkp_gljZevgh]h we_f_glZ kh_^bg_g k hljbpZl_evguf ijZ\h]h we_f_glZ hljbpZl_evguc ihexk p_gljZevgh]h we_f_glZ ² k iheh`bl_evguf e_\h]h ?keb jZaj_aZlvh^bgbakmobo we_f_glh\ lh fh`gh m\b^_lv m]hevguc kl_j`_gv y\eyxsbcky h^gbf ba we_dljh^h\ >jm]bf we_dljh^hf y\ey_lky pbgdh\uc dhjimkF_`^mgbfbgZoh^blkyde_ckl_jkh^_j`ZsbcjZkl\hjgZrZlujy
2. >hdeZ^©Ijbf_g_gb_Zddmfmeylhjh\ª
:ddmfmeylhj ² wlh bklhqgbd we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ ^_ckl\b_ dhlhjh]h hkgh\Zgh gZ obfbq_kdbo j_Zdpbyo < hlebqb_ hl h[uqgh]h ]Zev\Zgbq_kdh]h we_f_glZ Zddmfmeylhj fh`gh aZjy`Zlv b jZajy`Zlv [hevrh_ qbkeh jZa
53
Ihke_^gb_ ]h^u ^\Z^pZlh]h \_dZ ² wlh ]h^u rbjhdh]h jZkijhkljZg_gby lZdbo ihjlZlb\guo mkljhckl\ dZd ie__ju i_c^`_ju khlh\u_ l_e_nhgu jZaebqgu_i_j_ghkgu_dhfivxl_jub l^< dZq_kl\_bklhqgbdZ^eygbog_ lhevdhm^h[ghbkihevah\ZlvZddmfmeylhjughb g_\hafh`ghbkihevah\Zlv qlheb[h bgh_ G_kfhljy gZ g_dhlhju_ jZaebqby \k_f ZddmfmeylhjZf ^ey ihjlZlb\guowe_dljhgguomkljhckl\ijbkmsbfgh]hh[sbok\hckl\ [hevrZy _fdhklv Zddmfmeylhj ^he`_g ^he]h jZ[hlZlv [_a i_j_aZjy^db g_[hevrb_ jZaf_ju b fZkkZ q_eh\_dm bkihevamxs__ ^Zggh_ mkljhckl\h ^he`gh[ulve_]dhb m^h[gh_]hghkblv \ukhdZygZ^_`ghklv Zddmfmeylhj g_^he`_g[ulv\hkijbbfqb\ufd jZaebqgufm^ZjZf\kljykdZfi_j_iZ^Zf l_fi_jZlmjb l^ eyg__bgh]^Zlj_[m_lky\uoh^gZyfhsghklv
AZ^Zgb_
We_dljbq_kdbc ijb[hj EZfihqdZ QZcgbd Dhfivxl_j L_e_\bahj
1.
Dhebq_kl\h
Fhsghklvd
10 1 1 1
0,07 1,5 0,45 0,25
Ijbf_jgh_ \j_fy jZ[hlu\ g_^_exq 30 1 20 20
54
< g_^_exjZkoh^m_lkywg_j]byjZ\gZy 10⋅d
AZ^Zgb_
1. >hdeZ^©BklhjbyjZa\blbywe_dljbq_kdh]hhk\_s_gbyª BklhjbyjZa\blbywe_dljbq_kdh]hhk\_s_gbyk\yaZgZk bah[j_l_gb_fbkdmkkl\_gguo bklhqgbdh\ k\_lZ lZdbo dZd eZfiZ gZdZeb\Zgby we_dljbq_kdZy ^m]Zle_xsbcjZajy^eZa_jb ^jWe_dljbq_kdZy^m]Z\i_j\u_[ueZihemq_gZ\ f ]h^mjmkkdbfmq_guf<<I_ljh\ufHgZy\ey_lkyfhsguf bklhqgbdhfk\_lZb ihwlhfm __ qZklh bkihevah\Zeb \ ijh`_dlhjZo Le_xsbcjZajy^^h\hevghqZklhijbf_gyxl\ eZfiZo^ey^g_\gh]hk\_lZb ljm[dZo^eyj_deZfEZa_ju²d\Zglh\ucbklhqgbdk\_lZb \dZq_kl\_bklhqgbdh\ hk\_s_gby ijZdlbq_kdb g_ bkihevam_lky KZfuf jZkijhkljZg_gguf bkdmkkl\_ggufbklhqgbdhfk\_lZ\ `bagbq_eh\_dZy\ey_lkyeZfiZgZdZeb\Zgbyb bf_gghihwlhfmfuih^jh[ghh[km^bf__ EZfiZgZdZeb\Zgby[ueZbah[j_l_gZjmkkdbfmq_guf:GEh^u]bguf ?_^_ckl\b_[uehhkgh\ZghgZgZ]j_\Zgbbijh\h^gbdZk lhdhf^hlZdhcl_fi_jZlmjuqlhhggZqbgZ_lbaemqZlvk\_lEZfiZEh^u]bgZij_^klZ\eyeZkh[hc]_jf_lbqghaZiZygguckl_deygguc[Zeehg\gmljbdhlhjh]hjZkiheZ]Zeky f_`^mdhgpZfbf_^ghcijh\hehdbkl_j`_g_dbaj_lhjlgh]hm]eyy\eyxsbckyl_ehfgZdZeZ>jm]b_dhgpuf_^ghcijh\hehdb\u\h^bebkvgZjm`mb kh_^bgyebkvk bklhqgbdhflhdZLZdb_eZfiu\i_j\u_ijbf_gbeb\ f ]h^m ^eyhk\_s_gby mebp I_l_j[mj]Z < ^Zevg_cr_f Eh^u]bg mkh\_jr_gkl\h\Ze eZfimiml_fhldZqdbba[ZeehgZ\ha^moZWlhijb\_ehd m\_ebq_gbx__ kjhdZ kem`[ulZddZdjZgvr_ \oh^b\rbc\ khklZ\\ha^moZdbkehjh^ijb\ukhdhc l_fi_jZlmj_Zdlb\ghhdbkeyekl_j`_g_dqlhijb\h^behd _]h[ukljhfmjZajmr_gbx< f ]h^m<N>b^jbokhgkhljm^gbdEh^u]bgZij_^eh`be bkihevah\Zlv \ dZq_kl\_ l_eZ gZdZeZ h[m]e_ggu_ b ijhdZe_ggu_ ^j_\_kgu_ kl_j`_gvdbqlhlZd`_m\_ebqbehkjhdkem`[ueZfiu GZoh^b\rbcky\ dhfZg^bjh\d_\ KR:e_cl_gZglnehlZ:FOhlbgkdbc ihdZaZe Zf_jbdZgkdhfm bah[j_lZl_ex L W^bkhgm eZfim Eh^u]bgZ Lhl \ k\hx hq_j_^v g_agZqbl_evgh memqrb\ eh^u]bgkdbc \ZjbZgl eZfiu aZiZl_glh\Ze wlh bah[j_l_gb_ \ f ]h^m >Zevg_cr__ kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ eZfiu lj_[h\Zeh fZl_jbZevguo aZljZl GZr_ ]hkm^Zjkl\h g_ ih^^_j`Zeh Eh^u]bgZ\ wlhf\hijhk_< j_amevlZl_hgi_j_g_kjZ[hluaZ]jZgbpmki_j\Z\hNjZgpbxZ ihlhf\ KR:< ^Zevg_cr_fhgijbf_gbe^eyeZfiugZdZeb\Zgbyf_lZeebabjh\Zggu_m]hevgu_gblbZ ihke_gblbbalm]hieZ\dbo f_lZeeh\ < f ]h^m eZfiu Eh^u]bgZ k \hevnjZfh\hc gblvx gZdZeZ [uebij_^klZ\e_gugZ
55
Kh\j_f_ggu_eZfiugZdZeb\ZgbyijbgpbibZevghg_hlebqZxlkyhleZfiu kha^Zgghc Eh^u]bguf Wlhl bklhqgbd k\_lZ kms_kl\m_l [he__ klZ e_l b _fm ijbkmsb k_jv_agu_ g_^hklZldb GZb[he__ \Z`guf ba gbo y\ey_lky hq_gvgbadbcDI>f_g__ 2. >hdeZ^ ©Bkihevah\Zgb_ l_ieh\h]h ^_ckl\by we_dljbq_kdh]h lhdZ \ mkljhckl\_l_iebpb bgdm[Zlhjh\ª Bgdm[Zlhj ² wlh mkljhckl\h ^ey bkdmkkl\_ggh]h \u\h^Z k_evkdhohayckl\_gghcilbpu \ hkgh\ghfdmj :dlb\gh_bobkihevah\Zgb_k\yaZghk l_f qlhilbpZ\u\h^blky\ gbo[_a\ukb`b\Zgbyb ihwlhfmhlh^ghcg_kmrdb fh`ghihemqblv[hevr_ihlhfkl\Z >ey mki_rgh]h \u\h^Z fheh^gydZ ilbpu g_h[oh^bfh ih^^_j`b\Zlv \ bgdm[Zlhj_ kljh]h ihklhyggmx l_fi_jZlmjm >ey wlh]h bkihevam_lky jZaebqgZywe_dljhZiiZjZlmjZJZkkfhljbf__ ijhkl_crmxko_fm < p_ibl_q_llhdhlbklhqgbdZ 8lhevdhijbaZfdgmlhfdexq_DIjbwlhf gZ j_abklhj_ 5 \u^_ey_lky l_ieh ih aZdhgm >`hmeyE_gpZ Wlh l_ieh b gZ]j_\Z_l ycpZ \ bgdm[Zlhj_ Dexq D ² wlh l_jfh^Zlqbd ?keb l_fi_jZlmjZ aZ kq_l gZ]j_\Z ij_\ukbl g_h[oh^bfmx lh dexq jZahfdg_lky baaZ l_ieh\h]h jZkrbj_gby dexqaZfdgmllhevdhdh]^Zl_fi_jZlmjZf_gvr_eb[hjZ\gZg_h[oh^bfhc L_iebpZ²wlhdjulh_kl_dehfbebieZklbdh\hc ie_gdhc ihf_s_gb_ ij_^gZagZq_ggh_ ^ey \ujZsb\Zgby jZaebqguo ibs_\uojZkl_gbcZ lZd`_p\_lh\IhkjZ\g_gbxk hldjuluf]jmglhfl_iebpZ bf__lij_bfms_kl\h\ lhfqlh\ g_cfh`gh\ujZsb\ZlvjZkl_gbydjm]euc ]h^^Z`_abfhc>eywlh]hg_h[oh^bfhih^^_j`b\Zlv^hklZlhqgh\ukhdmx hilbfZevgmx ^ey ^Zggh]h \b^Z jZkl_gbc l_fi_jZlmjm >h\hevgh qZklh \ l_iebpZoijbf_gyxlko_fuih^h[gu_hibkZgguf\ur_ijbwlhflhqghklv ih^^_j`b\Z_fhc l_fi_jZlmju fh`_l [ulv g_kdhevdh gb`_ q_f \ bgdm[ZlhjZo
AZ^Zgb_
1. Ijb ih^dexq_gbb bklhqgbdZ lhdZ d a\hgdm \ dZlmrdZo ^m]hh[jZagh]h fZ]gblZgZqbgZ_ll_qvlhdIjbwlhffZ]gblgh_ihe_dZlmr_dijbly]b\Z_l d k_[_ydhjv< wlh\j_fydhglZdlgZyijm`bgZb \bgljZat_^bgyxlkyb lhd \ dZlmrdZoij_djZsZ_ll_qv
56
AZ^Zgb_
1. >hdeZ^©DhfiZkbklhjby_]hhldjulbyª DZdba\_klgh\hdjm]A_febkms_kl\m_lfZ]gblgh_ ihe_ ?keb ij_^klZ\blv gZrmieZg_lm\ \b^_fZ]gblZlh_]hk_\_jgucfZ]gblgucihexkgZoh^blky \[ebabX`gh]h]_h]jZnbq_kdh]hihexkZZ x`gucfZ]gblgucihexk\[ebab K_\_jgh]h ]_h]jZnbq_kdh]h Kh\j_f_ggu_ bkke_^h\Zgby ihdZaZeb qlh fZ]gblgu_ihexkZA_febg_lhevdhg_kh\iZ^Zxlk ]_h]jZnbq_kdbfbghb g_agZqbl_evghf_gyxlk\h_iheh`_gb_k l_q_gb_f\j_f_gb Ij_^iheZ]ZxlqlhdhfiZk[uebah[j_l_g\ DblZ_aZe_l^hgZr_cwju ?]hlh]^Zbkihevah\Zeb^ey mdZaZgbygZijZ\e_gby\h\j_fyiml_r_kl\bcih imklugyf< ?\jhi_bah[j_l_gb_dhfiZkZhlghkyld f \_dZf?]h mkljhckl\h [ueh hq_gv ijhklh_ FZ]gblgZy klj_edZ mdj_ieyeZkv gZ ijh[d_ b himkdZeZkv\ khkm^k \h^hcM`_\ \h^_ijh[dZkhklj_edhchjb_glbjh\ZeZkv gm`gufh[jZahf< gZqZe_]h\_dZblZevyg_pN>`hcymkh\_jr_gkl\h\Ze dhfiZkHgfZ]gblgmxklj_edmgZ^_egZ\_jlbdZevgmxribevdmZ dklj_ed_ ijbdj_ibee_]dbcdjm]²dZjlmrdmjZa[blmxihhdjm`ghklbgZjmf[h\ Klj_edmk dZjlmrdhchgihf_klbe\ kmomxe_]dmxdhjh[dm< f \_d_\\_eb ^_e_gb_dZjlmrdbgZjmf[Zb dhjh[dmkhklj_edhcklZebihf_sZlv\ dZj^Zgghfih^\_k_qlh[u mkljZgblv \ebygb_ dZqdb dhjZ[ey gZ dhfiZk < f \_d_^ey[he__lhqgh]hhlkqblu\ZgbygZijZ\e_gbydhfiZkkgZ[^bebi_e_g]Zlhjhf²\jZsZxs_cky^bZf_ljZevghcebg_cdhck \babjZfbihdhgpZf mdj_ie_gghck\hbfp_gljhfgZdjurd_dhjh[dbgZ^klj_edhc < lh \j_fy fZ]gblguc dhfiZk \ hkgh\ghf ijbf_gyeky \ km^h\h`^_gbb dZd gZ\b]Zpbhgguc ijb[hj Gh m g_]h _klv jy^ g_^hklZldh\
AZ^Zgb_
1. Ijbih^dexq_gbbwe_dljhbaf_jbl_evgh]hijb[hjZ\ p_iv\ dZlmrd_gZqbgZ_l l_qv we_dljbq_kdbc lhd < j_amevlZl_ wlh]h hgZ ih\hjZqb\Z_lky ^h l_oihjihdZkbeumijm]hklb^_ckl\mxsb_khklhjhguijm`bgg_mjZ\gh\_kyl kbeu ^_ckl\mxsb_ gZ dZlmrdm kh klhjhgu fZ]gblgh]h ihey ?keb ijh]jZ^mbjh\Zlvijb[hjlhfh`ghmagZlvkbemlhdZ\ p_ibihm]emih\hjhlZdZlmrdb
57
2. :\lhfZlbah[jZ`_ggucgZjbkmgd_khklhblbajlmlgh]hl_jfhf_ljZ ^\mo bklhqgbdh\ iblZgby ² h^bg ^ey we_dljhfZ]gblZ ^jm]hc ^ey a\hgdZ ydhjy we_dljhfZ]gblZ a\hgdZ Dh]^Z l_fi_jZlmjZ ih^gbfZ_lky ^h hij_^_e_ggh]h mjh\gy lhjlmlv \ l_jfhf_lj_ aZfudZ_l dhglZdlu b \ p_ib we_dljhfZ]gblZl_q_llhd< j_amevlZl_wlh]hwe_dljhfZ]gblijbly]b\Z_ld k_[_ ydhjv dhlhjuc ijb wlhf aZfudZ_l p_iv a\hgdZ A\hghd gZqbgZ_l a\_g_lv khh[sZy h lhf qlh l_fi_jZlmjZ ^hklb]eZ hij_^_e_ggh]h agZq_gby LZdb_ Z\lhfZlugZrebrbjhdh_ijbf_g_gb_\ l_iebpZobgdm[ZlhjZo
AZ^Zgb_
1. hdeZ^©Kheg_qgu_b emggu_aZlf_gbyª ?s_ k ^j_\gbo \j_f_g ex^b gZ[ex^Zeb kheg_qgu_ b emggu_ aZlf_gby H[uqghhgbkqblZebkviehobfagZf_gb_fb ex^b[hyebkvboKh\j_f_g_f ^j_\gb_ mq_gu_ h[gZjm`beb bo g_dhlhjmx i_jbh^bqghklv b aZ^mfZebkv gZ^ijbqbghcwlboy\e_gbc Emggh_aZlf_gb_fh`_lijhbkoh^blv lhevdh \h \j_fy iheghemgbyl_dh]^Z Khegp_f hk\_s_g \_kv h[jZs_gguc d A_fe_ emgguc ^bkd Hgh \hagbdZ_l lh]^Z dh]^Z EmgZA_feyb Khegp_jZkihJbkmghd eZ]Zxlky gZ h^ghc ijyfhc kfhljbl_jbkmghd < wlhfkemqZ_EmgZihiZ^Z_l\ dhgmka_fghcl_gb
58
^eblkyg_hq_gv^he]hgh\ wlhlfhf_glfh`ghm\b^_lvkheg_qgmxdhjhgm \h\k_c__ djZk_Kheg_qgh_aZlf_gb_g_klhblgZ[ex^Zlvg_\hhjm`_gguf ]eZahfemqr_^eywlhcp_ebbkihevah\ZlvgZijbf_jaZdhiq_ggh_kl_deh Emggu_ b kheg_qgu_ aZlf_gby ² hq_gv djZkb\u_ y\e_gby b ihwlhfm bo klhblihkfhlj_lvH lhfdh]^Zbofh`gh[m^_lgZ[ex^Zlv fu fh`_f magZlvbadZe_g^Zjy >eygZmdbkheg_qgu_b emggu_aZlf_gbyij_^klZ\eyxlh]jhfgucbgl_j_k GZijbf_j\h\j_fygZ[ex^_gbyihegh]hemggh]haZlf_gbymq_gufb[ueh h[gZjm`_gh qlh p\_l b yjdhklv a_fghc l_gb gZ Emg_ baf_gy_lky qlh iha\hey_lbfbamqZlvhilbq_kdb_k\hckl\Z\_jogbokeh_\Zlfhkn_juA_feb
EZ[hjZlhjgu_jZ[hlu EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
KjZ\g_gb_ dhebq_kl\l_iehlu ijb kf_rb\Zgbb\h^ujZaghcl_fi_jZlmju
P_ev jZ[hlu hij_^_eblv dhebq_kl\h l_iehlu hl^Zggh_ ]hjyq_c \h^hc b ihemq_ggh_oheh^ghcijbl_iehh[f_g_b h[tykgbl_ihemq_ggucj_amevlZl Kms_kl\m_l^\Zkihkh[Zbaf_g_gby\gmlj_gg_cwg_j]bbl_eZ k kh\_jr_gb_f jZ[hlu b [_a g_]h Ihke_^gbc kihkh[ gZau\Z_lky l_iehi_j_^Zq_c >ey oZjZdl_jbklbdb l_iehi_j_^Zqb bkihevam_lky ihgylb_ dhebq_kl\Z l_iehlu Dhebq_kl\hf l_iehlu Q gZau\Z_lky baf_g_gb_ \gmlj_gg_c wg_j]bb \ ijhp_kk_l_iehi_j_^Zqb?]hfh`ghhij_^_eblvihnhjfme_ Q = mc(t2 – t1 ]^_ m ²fZkkZl_eZc ²m^_evgZyl_ieh_fdhklvt2 ²dhg_qgZyl_fi_jZlmjZt1 ²gZqZevgZyl_fi_jZlmjZ ?keb^\Zl_eZk jZagufbl_fi_jZlmjZfbt1 b t2 ijb\_klb\ dhglZdlgZ^ebl_evgh_ \j_fy lh bo l_fi_jZlmju \ujh\gyxlky b klZgml jZ\gufb t Ijb wlhf[he__oheh^gh_l_ehihemqblklhevdh`_l_iehlukdhevdhhl^Zeh[he__l_ieh_Wlhke_^m_lbaaZdhgZkhojZg_gbywg_j]bb
Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu. md] 0,1
t, °C 65
t2, °C 40
Q>` 10500
m1d] 0,1
t1, °C 20
Q1>` 8400
Q = mc(t – t2); Q1 = mc(t – t1 ]^_k ²l_ieh_fdhklv\h^u
>` ⋅ K ±K >` d] ⋅ °K >` Q1 d]⋅ 4200 ⋅ K ±K >` d] ⋅ °K Fu \b^bf qlh Q ≠ Q1 ohly wlb agZq_gby ^hklZlhqgh [ebadb Wlh y\e_gb_ Q d]⋅ 4200
k\yaZgh k l_f qlh \k_]^Z bf__l f_klh g_ lhevdh l_iehh[f_g f_`^m ^\mfy ihjpbyfb\h^u\ dZehjbf_lj_ghb khdjm`Zxs_ckj_^hc
59
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
Baf_j_gb_m^_evghcl_ieh_fdhklbl\_j^h]hl_eZ
P_evjZ[hlu hij_^_eblvm^_evgmxl_ieh_fdhklvf_lZeebq_kdh]hpbebg^jZ M^_evghc l_ieh_fdhklvx \_s_kl\Z gZau\Z_lky lZdh_ dhebq_kl\h l_iehlu dhlhjh_gm`ghkhh[sblvl_embawlh]h\_s_kl\ZfZkkhcd]^eygZ]j_\Zgby gZ K < jZ[hl_ bkihevam_lky Zexfbgbc b \h^Z L_ieh_fdhklv Zexfbgby k2 = 920
>` >` \h^u k1 = 4200 Wlh ^Zggu_ ba lZ[ebpu JZkq_lu d] ⋅ °K d] ⋅ °K
[m^_fijh\h^blvih\u\_^_gghc\ hibkZgbbjZ[hlunhjfme_
c2 =
c1m1(t-t1 ) . m2(t 2 -t)
Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu.
m1d] 0,1
t1, °C 20
m2d] 0,16
t2, °C 80
` ⋅ 0,1 d] ⋅ (35°K - 20°K 4200 >` d] ⋅ °K c2 = = 875 . d] ⋅ °K 0,16 d] ⋅ (80°K - 35°K
t, °C 35
Wdki_jbf_glZevgh ihemq_ggh_ agZq_gb_ g_kdhevdh f_gvr_ ba\_klgh]h ba lZ[ebpWlhk\yaZghk g_\ukhdhclhqghklvxrdhevguoijb[hjh\Z lZd `_ l_fqlhl_iehh[f_gijhbkoh^blb khdjm`Zxsbf\ha^mohf
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
K[hjdZwe_dljbq_kdhcp_ibb baf_j_gb_kbeulhdZ \ __jZaebqguomqZkldZo
P_ev jZ[hlu m[_^blvky gZ hiul_ qlh kbeZ lhdZ \ jZaebqguo ihke_^h\Zl_evghkh_^bg_gguomqZkldZop_ibh^bgZdh\Z Ijb ihke_^h\Zl_evghf kh_^bg_gbb ijh\h^gbdh\ kbeZ lhdZ \ ex[hc lhqd_ p_ibh^bgZdh\ZWlhagZqblqlh \ kemqZyo Z [ b \ gZr_c eZ[hjZlhjghc jZ[hlukbeZlhdZI [m^_lihklhyggZIjh\_jbfwlhgZhiul_ Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu. [ I : Z I :
$
$
60
\ I :
$
Fu ^_ckl\bl_evgh wdki_jbf_glZevgh m[_^bebkv qlh kbeZ lhdZ \ ex[hc lhqd_p_ibijbihke_^h\Zl_evghfkh_^bg_gbbijh\h^gbdh\h^bgZdh\Z
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
Baf_j_gb_gZijy`_gbygZjZaebqguomqZkldZowe_dljbq_kdhcp_ib
P_ev jZ[hlu baf_jblv gZijy`_gb_ gZ mqZkld_ p_ib khklhys_f ba ^\mo ihke_^h\Zl_evghkh_^bg_gguokibjZe_c b kjZ\gblv _]h k gZijy`_gb_f gZ dhgpZodZ`^hckibjZeb JZkkfhljbfke_^mxsmxp_iv
Baf_jbfgZijy`_gb_U1 gZi_j\hckibjZeb kfko_fZ U2 gZ\lhjhckibjZeb kfko_fZ b U gZ^\mokibjZeyo\f_kl_ kfko_fZ L_hjbyij_^kdZau\Z_lke_^mxs__khhlghr_gb_ U = U1 + U2Ijh\_jbf_]hgZijZdlbd_ Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu. GZijy`_gb_ gZ i_j\hf khijhlb\e_gbb kfko_fZ U1 = 0,5 B.
V
Ko_fZ
GZijy`_gb_ gZ \lhjhf khijhlb\e_gbb kfko_fZ U2 = 1,0 B.
Ko_fZ
V
61
GZijy`_gb_gZ^\mokhijhlb\e_gbyo kfko_fZ U = 1,5 B.
9
Ko_fZ
Bawdki_jbf_glZevguo^Zgguo^_ckl\bl_evghke_^m_lqlh U = U1 + U2 < < <
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
J_]mebjh\Zgb_kbeulhdZj_hklZlhf
P_evjZ[hlu gZmqblvkyihevah\Zlvkyj_hklZlhf^eybaf_g_gbykbeulhdZ\ p_ib JZkkfhljbfke_^mxsmxko_fm
$
Mkljhckl\hf h[hagZq_gguf gZ ko_f_ agZqdhf y\ey_lky j_hklZl Hg iha\hey_l \jmqgmx j_]mebjh\Zlv khijhlb\e_gb_ < ^Zgghc jZ[hl_ [m^_l bkihevah\Zlvky iheamgdh\uc j_hklZl Hg mkljh_g ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf GZ d_jZfbq_kdbcpbebg^jgZfhlZgZijh\hehdZihdjulZylhgdbfkeh_fg_ijh\h^ys_clhdhdZebgu ij_^gZagZq_gghc ^ey baheypbb \bldh\ ^jm] hl ^jm]Z GZ^ h[fhldhc jZkiheZ]Z_lky f_lZeebq_kdbc kl_j`_gv ih dhlhjhfm fh`_l i_j_f_sZlvky iheamghd dZkZxsbcky k\hbfb dhglZdlZfb \bldh\ h[fhldb Ijb ^\b`_gbb iheamgdZ kehc hdZebgu ih^ _]h dhglZdlZfb klbjZ_lky b lhd ijhl_dZ_lhl\bldh\ijh\hehdbd iheamgdmZ q_j_ag_]hd h^ghfmbaaZ`bfh\ LZdbf h[jZahf ijb i_j_f_s_gbb iheamgdZ ih \bldZf fu m\_ebqb\Z_f beb mf_gvrZ_f^ebgmgZfhlZgghcijh\hehdbIjbwlhfbaf_gy_lkykhijhlb\e_gb_p_ibZke_^h\Zl_evghb kbeZlhdZ\ g_c Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu. IhklZ\bfiheamghdgZfZdkbfZevgh_khijhlb\e_gb_IjbwlhfkbeZlhdZgZ Zfi_jf_lj_ [m^_l fbgbfZevgZ GZqg_f mf_gvrZlv khijhlb\e_gb_ b fu aZf_lbf qlh \ wlhf kemqZ_ kbeZ lhdZ m\_ebqb\Z_lky GZqg_f m\_ebqb\Zlv khijhlb\e_gb_b aZf_lbfqlhkbeZlhdZmf_gvrZ_lkyHlkx^Zk^_eZ_faZdexq_gb_qlhaZ\bkbfhklvkbeulhdZhlkhijhlb\e_gby²m[u\ZxsZy
62
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
Baf_j_gb_khijhlb\e_gbyijh\h^gbdZ ijb ihfhsbZfi_jf_ljZb \hevlf_ljZ
P_evjZ[hlu gZmqblvkybaf_jylvkhijhlb\e_gb_ijh\h^gbdZijbihfhsb Zfi_jf_ljZb \hevlf_ljZM[_^blvkygZhiul_qlhkhijhlb\e_gb_ijh\h^gbdZg_aZ\bkblhlkbeulhdZ\ g_fb gZijy`_gbygZ_]hdhgpZo JZkkfhljbf ijh\h^gbd k khijhlb\e_gb_fR ih dhlhjhfm l_q_l lhd I Z gZijy`_gb_ gZ _]h dhgpZo U < gZr_c 9 eZ[hjZlhjghc jZ[hl_ wlh j_Zebah\Zgh gZke_^mxs_cko_f_ J_hklZl gZ ko_f_ iha\hey_l baf_gylv $ kbem lhdZ \ p_ib Ba aZdhgZ HfZ ba\_klghqlh R =
U ijbq_fR FRQVWg_aZ\bkblhlkbeulhdZb gZijy`_gby I
Ijh\_jbfwlhgZhiul_ Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu. N 1 2
I: 0,1 0,15
U< 2 3
RHf 20 20
BlZdfu^_ckl\bl_evghm[_^bebkvqlhkhijhlb\e_gb_ijh\h^gbdZihklhygghb g_aZ\bkblhlkbeul_dms_]hihg_fmlhdZb gZijy`_gbygZ_]hdhgpZo
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
Baf_j_gb_fhsghklbb jZ[hlulhdZ\ we_dljbq_kdhceZfi_
P_ev jZ[hlu gZmqblvky hij_^_eylv fhsghklv b jZ[hlm lhdZ \ we_dljbq_kdhceZfi_bkihevamyZfi_jf_lj\hevlf_ljb qZku >ey hij_^_e_gby fhsghklb eZfiu gZ^h kh[jZlv p_iv ihdZaZggmx gZ jbkmgd_mq_[gbdZBaf_jyykbemlhdZI \ eZfi_b gZijy`_gb_gZg_cfhsghklvfh`gh\uqbkeblvihnhjfme_ P = UI>ey\uqbke_gbyjZ[hlulhdZ\ eZfi_gZ^haZk_qv\j_fy\ l_q_gb_dhlhjh]heZfiZ]hj_eZJZ[hlZlhdZ\uqbkey_lkyihnhjfme_ A = Pt. Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu. ` Wdki_jbf_glZevgh[uebhij_^_e_gu fhsghklvb jZ[hlZlhdZ \ we_dljbq_kdhc eZfi_ Ijb wlhf ihemq_ggh_ agZq_gb_ fhsghklb kh\iZ^Z_l kh agZq_gb_fh[hagZq_ggufgZeZfi_
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
K[hjdZwe_dljhfZ]gblZb bkiulZgb__]h^_ckl\by
P_evjZ[hlu kh[jZlvwe_dljhfZ]gblba]hlh\uo^_lZe_cb gZhiul_ijh\_jblvhlq_]haZ\bkbl_]hfZ]gblgh_^_ckl\b_ >eybkiulZgbywe_dljhfZ]gblZkh[_j_fp_ivko_fZdhlhjhcbah[jZ`_gZgZ jbkmgd_ mq_[gbdZ
63
Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu. ± 1. >ey hij_^_e_gby fZ]gblguo ihexkh\ dZlmrdb k lhdhf ih^g_k_f d g_c dhfiZk k_\_jguf x`guf ihexkhf ?keb klj_edZ dhfiZkZ [m^_l hllZedb\Zlvky lh k wlhcklhjhgudZlmrdZbf__lk_\_jguc x`guc ihexk _keb`_[m^_lijbly]b\Zlvkylhk wlhcklhjhgudZlmrdZ bf__l x`guc k_\_jguc ihexk Hij_^_e_ggu_ lZdbf 1 6 h[jZahfihexkZdZlmrdbihdZaZgugZjbkmgd_ 2. Ijb \klZ\e_gbb `_e_agh]h k_j^_qgbdZ \ dZlmrdm ^_ckl\b_ fZ]gblgh]h iheygZklj_edmdhfiZkZm\_ebqb\Z_lky 3. Ijbm\_ebq_gbbkbeulhdZ\ dZlmrd___ fZ]gblgh_^_ckl\b_gZklj_edm dhfiZkZmkbeb\Z_lkybgZh[hjhlijbmf_gvr_gbb²mf_gvrZ_lky 4. Hij_^_e_gb_ihexkh\^m]hh[jZagh]hfZ]gblZijhbkoh^bllZd`_dZdb \ imgdl_
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
Bamq_gb_we_dljbq_kdh]h^\b]Zl_eyihklhyggh]hlhdZ
P_ev jZ[hlu hagZdhfblvky k hkgh\gufb ^_lZeyfb we_dljbq_kdh]h ^\b]Zl_eyihklhyggh]hlhdZgZfh^_ebwlh]h^\b]Zl_ey We_dljbq_kdbc ^\b]Zl_ev khklhbl ba jhlhjZ b klZlhjZ < jhlhj_ klhbl dZlmrdZZ \klZlhj_²ihklhyggu_fZ]gbluIjbgpbijZ[hluwe_dljbq_kdh]h^\b]Zl_eyhkgh\ZggZ^_ckl\bbiheyihklhyggh]hfZ]gblZgZijh\h^gbdk lhdhfWe_dljhfZ]gblgu_^\b]Zl_eb emqr_ ^\b]Zl_e_c \gmlj_gg_]h k]hjZgbybaaZ[hevr_]hDI>[hevr_cqbklhlub l^ < rdhevghf we_dljh^\b]Zl_e_ fh`gh baf_gblv gZijZ\e_gb_ \jZs_gby baf_g_gb_fiheyjghklb
EZ[hjZlhjgZyjZ[hlZ
Ihkljh_gbybah[jZ`_gbyijbihfhsbebgau
P_evjZ[hlu gZmqblvkyihemqZlvjZaebqgu_bah[jZ`_gbyijbihfhsbkh[bjZxs_cebgau < ^ZgghcjZ[hl_ihemqZxlkybah[jZ`_gbyij_^f_lZ^Z\Z_fu_kh[bjZxs_c ebgahc Ijhp_kk ihkljh_gby bah[jZ`_gby \ kh[bjZxs_c ebga_ ih^jh[gh hibkZg \ mq_[gbdZ Bah[jZ`_gb_ ij_^f_lZ jZkiheh`_ggh]h aZ ^\hcguf nhdmkguf jZkklhygb_f y\ey_lky ^_ckl\bl_evguf mf_gvr_gguf i_j_\_jgmluf?kebij_^f_lgZoh^blkyf_`^mnhdmkhfb ^\hcgufnhdmkhf lh_]hbah[jZ`_gb_y\ey_lky^_ckl\bl_evgufm\_ebq_ggufi_j_\_jgmluf ?kebij_^f_lgZoh^blkyf_`^mnhdmkhfb ebgahclh_]hbah[jZ`_gb_ y\ey_lkyfgbfufm\_ebq_ggufijyfuf Ijbf_j\uiheg_gbyjZ[hlu.
1
Nhdmkgh_ jZkklhygb_F, kf 15
JZkklhygb_hl eZfiu^hebgaud, kf 10
2
15
20
3
15
40
hiulZ
Fgbfh_m\_ebq_ggh_ijyfh_ >_ckl\bl_evgh_ m\_ebq_ggh_ i_j_\_jgmlh_ >_ckl\bl_evgh_ mf_gvr_ggh_i_j_\_jgmlh_
64
