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,

, 45

, ,

,

,

, .

, ,

, ,– , , ,

. . ,

, –

. TCP

UDP

TCP/IP

SPX

Novell. , . .

(Session layer)

: ,

, .

, , ,

. , .

(Presentation layer) ,

.

,

, . , ASCII

EBCDIC.

, . Secure Socket Layer (SSL), TCP/IP.

(Application layer) – ,

,

,

Web-

,

, .

,

, ,

(message). . : NCP

Novell NetWare, SMB Microsoft Windows NT, NFS, FTP

TFTP,

TCP/IP.

OSI

: ,

,

,

. 46

–

,

–

.

,

,

FDDI .

–

,

– . ,

.

,

Ethernet

lOOVG-AnyLAN ,

, . , .

, . OSI,

. 1.28

.

. : ,

,

,

,

. (

),

, ).

,

(

),

, . 1.29 OSI.

OSI

,

. ,

,

,

,

,

.

47

1.3.4.

«

OSI,

»

(Open System Interconnection), ?

.

( ,

,

,

,

, ),

. »

«

(

) ,

,

, .

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

, . . ,

, . ,

, , Unix

,

, ,

Unix

. Novell NetWare

Open Driver Interface (ODI) . .

, OSI

, .

, , ,

,

. , 48

: ,

; ,

,

; ; . Internet. ,

.

, , Internet – Request For Comments (RFC),

.

, «

–

»,

. ,

Internet

. 1.3.5. –

. ,

,

,

.

–

,

,

,

,

, .

,

, . (

,

,

,

,

),

, , ,

,

. ,

.

, –

,

,

,

, ,

.

, , , ,

.

, ,

,

, .

,

, ,

.

, ,

. .

,

, , ,

Novell

. Microsoft, – .

. , ,

,

,

–

. ,

, , ,

,

IBM,

,

, 49

3-4

.

, . ,

(

,

),

. ,

,

. 1.3,6. , ( , OPEN LOOK

: DECnet Sun);

Unix-

Digital Equipment

,

,

ATM, ATM Forum, Fast Ethernet Alliance , , (ANSI),

100

, 100

,

Ethernet;

FDDI, , (NCSC)

,

;

, (ISO), (ITU),

.25,

frame relay, ISDN, ,

. ,

,

. ,

, ,

, .

,

IBM ,

IBM PC

Digital Equipment, Intel

Standardization,

. Xerox,

. ,

Ethernet,

IEEE 802.3, ISO ISO 8802.3. , . (International Organization for International Standards Organization)

ISO,

.

ISO

OSI, .

–

OSI OSI. (International

Telecommunications Union,

ITU)

, . (

Telegraphy and Telephony, CCITT). CCITT Standardization

Sector,

ITU-T).

T) (Consultative Committee on International 1993 ITU – ITU (ITU Telecommunication ITU-T 50

, ,

, ITU-T

. .),

( -

,

, . .

ITU-T

, ITU-T

. »,

, ,

,

, .

, (ISDN), V

VIII. 1, ) ,

X:

.400

,

. III VIII (

.25

.500

. – Institute of Electrical and ,

Electronics Engineers, IEEE) – . 1981 ,

802 .

802 802.1,

, 802.2, 802.3 ,

802.5,

, Ethernet Token Ring. (European Computer Manufacturers , ITU-T ISO, , -101,

Association, ECMA) – . .

(Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association, CBEMA) – ;

; . (Eelktronic Industries Association, EIA)

; , – RS-232C. (Department of Defense, DoD)

. ,

. TCP/IP. (American National Standards Institute,

DoD ANSI)

– ;

– ISO.

ANSI .

,

ANSI

9.5

IBM SNA). ANSI. , . FORTRAN,

( FDDI ANSI SCSI. ANSI COBOL.

Internet. Internet, «

», ,

T. ,

, Internet. Internet Society (ISOC) – Internet

ISO ITUInternet , , 51

.

ISOC

Internet Architecture Board (IAB) – Internet. IAB TCP/IP

Internet. : Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) , IETF , , IRTF

IAB Force (IRTF). IETF – Internet. Internet. TCP/IP.

,

,

Internet Research Task

, ,

,

,

. Internet.

IETF .

(draft)

,

Internet, ,

,

,

. RFC (

– Internet). .

6

, . ,

,

,

. »,

4-

« .

,

Internet. Internet

Internet. , RFC

,

Internet

RFC

RFC Internet – Internet.

1.3.7.

. . OSI.

NetBIOS/SMB, DECnet, SNA , – FDDI ,

: ,

SNA

TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, – Ethernet, Token Ring, .

. OSI , ,

.

,

,

.

OSI ,

. OSI OSI ,

OSI. OSI

OSI

.

OSI

OSI, . ,

OSI .25

, Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI,

ISDN, – 52

,

.

,

OSI

,

.

OSI :

.

FTAM, .400

.500, OSI

VTP, . . , . , ,

. OSI ,

, .

OSI –

,

. GOSIP,

, 1990

,

OSI .

OSI

,

,

,

. OSI,

.

, NFSNET. Stargroup

, ,

OSI,

AT&T,

. TCP/IP

TCP/IP

20 ARPAnet . IP TCP,

TCP/IP, ,

UNIX. TCP, IP

. Internet,

. TCP/IP :

–

Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, SLIP, ,

– .25

ISDN. , OSI

,

IP

TCP. .

IP

, a TCP

. TCP/IP

. FTP,

, SMTP,

telnet, Internet,

WWW

. TCP/IP .

,

Internet

10

, TCP/IP. Internet – – ,

TCP/IP, IPX/SPX TCP/IP,

Internet, Novell. 53

,

IPX/SPX, ,

,

Novell, TCP/IP

NetWare. ,

. TCP/IP Internet

Internet ,

,

,

Internet,

TCP/IP. IP-

Internet,

TCP/IP

. TCP/IP

Internet, ,

, ,

.

,

,

, .

,

,

. ( ,

).

, .

IP

TCP/IP

. TCP/IP

,

.

TCP/IP .

TCP/IP

. , .

,

,

, IP-

.

TCP/IP

. IPDNS, DHCP

. .

,

, . Internet,

–

,

,

. IPX/SPX Novell, NetWare Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) ,

IPX/SPX. Novell NetWare,

80. Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX), XNS Xerox, IPX/SPX

,

,

Microsoft Windows NT. IPX/SPX 4.0)

NetWare ( ,

.

,

Novell

, (

IBM-

MS-DOS

640

) 54

. IPX/SPX

– , ,

(

,

).

,

IPX/SPX

,

Novell

(

), NetWare.

NetWare 4.0 Novell , IPX/ SPX NetWare, SCO UNIX, Sun Solaris, Microsoft Windows NT.

. ,

NetBIOS/SMB IBM

Microsoft.

Ethernet, Token Ring, . NetBEUI SMB. NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) 1984 (BIOS) IBM PC PC Network IBM. NetBEUI – NetBIOS Extended User Interface. NetBEUI NetBIOS. NetBEUI , , 200 . , , OSI, . NetBEUI , , . NetBEUI NBF (NetBEUI Frame), Microsoft Windows NT. SMB (Server Message Block) , . SMB , . SNA IBM, DECnet Digital Equipment AppleTalk/AFP Apple . FDDI

. 1.30

, 55

OSI.

,

OSI –

,

, ,

OSI. – OSI,

.

,

3-4

: ,

, ,

,

,

.

. , ,

, ,

,

. , ,

.

, . ,

,

. , , .

OSI

. :

,

7

,

,

,

,

.

TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBIOS/SMB, DECnet, SNA

. OSI.

:

1.4. , ,

, .

, ,

. 1.4.1.

,

– Local Area Afetowfe (MN) – ( , ,

, 1-2

). .

, 100

, ,

.

, on-line. – Wide Area Networks (WAN) ,

. , ,

.

, .

( 56

)

, ,

,

. , ,

.

,

, . (

) ~ Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) . – .

.

, , ,

. ,

,

45

.

,

, ,

. .

, . , , SMDS

ATM. ,

(

, .

)

1.4.2. . , 80-

,

,

,

. ,

. . :

,

,

,

(

)

,

. (

),

. . , . ,

, ,

,

,

.

,

. . , (10, 16 ,

–

100

) . .

,

( ,

,

, ), « ». – 2400, 9600, 28800,33600 57

, 56

64

– .

2

.

,

,

, ,

–

, ,

,

– . . , . on-line, . .

, ,

–

, .

. . 100:1

.

.

,

, . , .

, ,

–

. .«

» ,

. . , . 1.4.3. , ,

, .

.

, ,

,

, . «

», .

,

, .

,

, , – ,

,

, .

, , . (MAN), . , ,

, MAN

. , 58

. )

. .

frame relay.

,

,

,

,

, frame relay. ,

,

, ,

, ( 2

), on-line

ATM

frame relay 622 .

, .

–

World Wide Web, Internet. , . ,

intranet-

(intra – –

–

),

(

)

. .

(Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, lOOVG-AnyLAN) . – ,

. ,

:

,

, .

.

,

,

, . – Ethernet

, Token Ring. ,

.

,

,

»

.

,

– ,

,

. ,

,

. ATM, ,

,

, .

, (WAN)

(MAN)

LAN –

(LAN),

. 1-2

;

,

,

,

100

on-line. WAN –

.

, ,

(

. )

. , 59

,

,

,

. ,

. MAN –

. (

) ,

.

, MAN

, ,

1.5.

.

, ,

.

,

. 1.5.1. –

,

, .

, .

100-150

,

. ,

,

. . 1.31).

(

,

.

. – Ethernet, Token Ring. . –

,

, NetWare,

,

, ,

,

Windows 95. :

,

, .

, .

, ,

,

,

. , ,

, – 10-20

. . .

,

,

, –

.

60

1.5.2. campus –

.

. , (

. . 1.32).

,

. . ,

,

,

. . ,

, ,

.

.

,

, .

.

, –

. 61

1.5.3. , «enterprise-wide networks», .

(

) .

,

.

,

–

,

,

(

. 1.33).

,

,

.

, »,

« .

– . –

, .

, . – .

, , ,

.

. ,

,

,

.

(

–

)

. – ,

. .

,

5-10 .

, ,

,

,

. . ,

.

– ,

. ,

,

,

.

62

– –

, . . ,

. ,

,

.

,

,

; .

, ,

,

. ,

; ;

; ;

. , . . 63

.

:

–

,

,

,

;

–

,

,

; – ,

,

,

.

1.6.

, ,

,

,

-

. ,

–

,

,

,

, –

. ,

«

QoS)

» (Quality of Service,

– –

.

.

,

,

.

,

(

,

) .

,

, ,

,

, 150

. 5

, ,

10 relay

ATM

2

.

frame .

, , . ,

.

,

,

. best effort – , ,

,

. . .

1.6.1. –

, . .

,

. : • • •

; ; . .

,

: «

». . , ,

, ,

, –

,

, 64

,

. . , ,

(

). . , , , . ,

– , ,

, – . , . ,

.

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–

,

. , ,

.

.

,

–

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. , –

, 10

1 .

–

, .

,

, . , .

,

,

,

. , ,

.

. , . –

,

,

.

,

, , ,

–

,

, .

, ,

. , 65

. ,

–

. , . . ,

,

, . .

, , ,

,

,– –

.

,

,

, .

,

,

, – . .

,

«

», ,

,

,

, ,

.

, (

300 000

,

2

,

0,24 , (72 000 ).

)

1.6.2. , , . . ,

,

,

.

, .

– ,

, ,

,

. . (availability)

,

. :

, . ,

,

.

.

,

(

)

,

, ,

. ,

.

: (

–

,

,

. .), ,

. (security), 66

. ,

. ,

, . .

,

, . (fault tolerance). .

, ,

.

),

.

,

,

. 1.6.3. ,

–

. (

(extensibility) ,

,

,

),

.

, .

,

Ethernet,

,

,

,

.

–

30-

40.

(

100),

. . (scalability)

, ,

. .

,

, . . 1.6.4. (transparency)

, ,

, .

Sun Microsystems: «

–

»–

. –

.

, , ,

. ,

. ,

, ,

,

. .

UNIX-

Macintosh ,

. , UNIX 67

Windows 95. UNIX.

IBM 3270 . .

,

, ,

,

,

. ,

mashinel:prog.c , .

\\ftp_serv\pub

.

, ,

, ,

, .

, ,

,

. 1.6.5.

:

,

.

.

,

, ,

,

.

90,

. ,

.

.

, ,

,

.

, ,

,

,

,

. , ,

. , , ,

.

.

.

,

,

, ,

,

( )

.

, «

»

, ,

. .

. ,

.

. , .

, .

ATM, 68

. 1.6.6.

,

,

, .

,

,

–

, ,

. ,

,

,

, .

, .

, ,

. , .

, , . ,

,

, ,

.

,

,

, ,

. . : . ,

, . .

,

. ,

.

,

,

.

-

,

,

, – . 1.6.7. , , ,

, .

,

,

,

,

.

–

,

.

: ,

,

,

, .

, . –

, .

,

frame relay

ATM 69

.

(best effort) ,

. : ;

,

, ,

, ,

. , ,

:

,

;

, ;

– .

(

,

,

,

), .

, , . – ,

. ,

,

, .

, .

1. 2. • • • • •

,

, «

» Ethernet

–

?

: Token Ring; ;

, Internet,

Internet

IP-

;

; , .

3.

,

,

?

4. ? 5. 6. 7.

? «

», «

», «

». ,

,

,

.

8.

Ethernet,

:

? 9. • • •

( ) ( ) ( )

:

•

(D)

; ; ; . 70

10.

,

,

,

,

.

11. 12.

? ( , ?

?

D?

13.

, ,

14. 15.

. 1.34)

,

? »?

«

, ?

D? . «

»

«

»

. 16. 17. 18. 19.

OSI? OSI? OSI

20. 21. 22.

?

«

»

OSI. «

»

? Ethernet Token Ring?

, TCP/IP, Microsoft, IPX/SPX, Novell, Internet, DoD, NetBIOS/SMB, DECnet. 23.

: ?

? 24. 25. 26.

? :

? ,

: • • • • • •

availability; fault tolerance; security; extensibility; scalability; transparency.

2. 71

.

, ,

. ,

,

.

2.1. 2.1.1. (

. 2.1)

, ,

.

(line)

(channel).

(medium)

,

,

, , ( ( (

. . 2.2.):

); ); .

(

) ,

. , . . .

,

: ,

,

,

.

. ,

, ,

, .

:

, 72

,

.

(twisted pair). (Shielded Twisted Pair, STP), (Unshielded Twisted Pair, UTP),

, .

, .

(coaxial) ,

.

, ,

–

, (5-60

(optical fiber) . ( 10

. . )

,

– ) .

.

, ,

(KB, CB Modulation, AM) ,

.

,

),

(Amplitude , . (

,

),

(Frequency

Modulation, FM), 4 )

(

microwaves). .

,

,

.

,

. ,

.

, ,

. 100 ,

. –

, ,

,

,

,

. .

2.1.2. (

DCE – Data Circuit terminating Equipment) ,

,

. .

DCE

,

ISDN, .

,

DCE

, .

, , DTE – Data Terminal Equipment). . DCE DTE

(

DTE . .

,

, ,

D

DTE,

. . :

• •

; . , –

– 73

,

. .

.

,

,

. –

,

.

, – ,

. 2.1

.

, ,

, –

,

(

). . , , . ,

,

,

,

, .

. ,

.

, .

,

, )

, ,

, .

. ,

,

. .

, , (Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM). . , 2

, ,

,

3

,

. ,

.

, , (

, ) (Time Division Multiplexing, TDM), ( )

. ,

.

, ,

–

. ,

, –

.

2.1.3.

: 74

; ; ; ; ; ; ; . , . ,

– (

. ,

.

)

, ,

, – 64

,2

. . , .

,

, ,

,

,

,

. . ,

.

.

, –

,

,

.

, (

. 2.3).

, . . ( ,

-

, )

+ (

. 2.4).

75

. (

,

, ),

.

,

,

–

,

. , .

, –

,

.

,

,

, (

. 2.5).

.

, .

,

, 76

,

(

. 2.6). ,

,

.

, .

, ,

, ,

.

, ,

,

.

, . .

,

,

-

,

. (

. 2.5),

,

. ,

,

, . (

. 2.7)

,

. ,

.

. ,

,

,

. , ,

,

.

,

. ,

,

. 77

,

–

.

(bandwidth) –

, ,

0,5.

, . , .

-

, . (width –

).

(attenuation) .

, .

,

,

.

, . ,

. ( : = 10 log10 –

, decibel – dB)

, ,

–

. ,

,

.

,

5

100

100 . 100

-23,6 100 ,

.

,

3

, 10 .

, ,

(

-11,5

). ,

.

, ,

1

.

,

: p = 10log10 P / l – 1 ). ,

], ,

(dBm) – ,

,

, . .

. 2.8

, .

78

(

)

(throughput) . , . .

(

– (

),

, ,

,

,

. ,

, 10 (

000 000

, 1000

-

),

2, 10 2 =1024, «

),

.

, ,

,

,

–

1

, ,

«

»

20

» - 2 =1048576. ,

,

-

.

,

) , ,

(

).

. 2.9,

, ,

, (

,

. 2.9, ).

79

,

,

. ,

,

.

, ,

,

–

3

100Base-T4. 1

.

10 10Base-T . 2.9,

,

33 – ,

0–

.

, . ,

,

,

, .

,

,

,

. ,

. –

, .

,

,

,

. ,

, –

.

,

.

(baud). . . ,

,

. ,

,

.

,

,

4

, ,

2400 7200 .

(

,

0, 90, 180 8 2400 3

270 . ) .

, 80

.

,

,

–

.

,

,

. , . , ,

,

,

, . – . , . , .

, .

,

, , , .

, . , , ,

, . ,

,

:

C = F log2(l + Pc/P ), –

, F – ,

– ,

,

–

.

, (

)

.

,

.

. . ,

, .

,

, ,

.

,

100

2

15 %

. ,

, ,

: = 2F Iog2M, –

. 2

, (

. 2.10, ). ,

2 , ,

2 81

(

. 2.10,6).

, . , .

,

,

. 2.10,

, 16

4,

.

16-

,

. , , . , , .

, ,

. ,

. , ,

– .

,

,

. (Near End Cross Talk – NEXT) , , , NEXT, , , – . . , 5

. . ,

– NEXT, -27

100

,

10 log NEXT

.

NEXT

,

, .

(

)

, .

-

. , ,

PowerSUM, NEXT. 82

. . BER).

(Bit Error Rate, ( , ) , , .

BER , 10-4-10-6, , 10-4

– 10-9. ,

10 000 , . , ,

. 2.1.4.

–

,

,

.

, .

, ,

,

. ,

,

. . EIA/TIA-568A, ; ANSI, EIA/TIA

Underwriters Labs (UL). EIA/TIA-568

EIA/TIA-568 TSB-36

TSB 40A). ISO/I 11801. EN50173.

.

,

11801 EIA/TAI-568A.

EN50173

, ,

EIA/TIA Underwriters Labs, EIA/TIA-568.

Anixter. ,

,

–

IBM. .

,

,

, –

.

,

.

,

.

Ethernet FDDI, Ethernet FDDI.

, ,

. TSB-36

( TSB-40A,

568 ),

(

),

, ,

(

, 90

),

(

,

)

,

. , . , (

). 83

(Attenuation). . (Near End Cross Talk, NEXT). . (

) –

(

)

. (

,

,

Ethernet,

50 ). – 100 120

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802.5

. 802 , , : 802.1 – Internetworking – ; 802.2 – Logical Link Control, LLC – 802.3 – Ethernet CSMA/CD; 802.4 – Token Bus LAN – Token Bus; 802.5 – Token Ring LAN – Token Ring; 802.6 – Metropolitan Area Network, MAN – ; 802.7 – Broadband Technical Advisory Group – ; 802.8 – Fiber Optic Technical Advisory Group – ; 802.9 – Integrated Voice and data Networks 802.10 – Network Security – ; 802.11 – Wireless Networks – ; 802.12 – Demand Priority Access LAN, lOOVG-AnyLAN – .

;

;

129

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15

– Fast Ethernet, lOOVG-AnyLAN, Gigabit Ethernet. : (

,

ATM), .

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. IEEE 802.x

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. –

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, ,

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Ethernet (802.3)

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. ,

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5

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, 1975

:

, .

.

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IEEE

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. Ethernet DIX,

IEEE,

(Ethernet , ,

Ethernet IEEE 802.3

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,

. -

1998

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.

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, (carrier-sense-multiply-access

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). ,

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. 3.3). Ethernet.

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, , (Multiply Access, MA).

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, ,

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, Ethernet

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.

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.

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Ethernet

Ethernet, MAC. IEEE 802.2,

IEEE 802.3, MAC IEEE Ethernet

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, MAC

LLC

. Ethernet

(

4-

). ,

)

Ethernet, LLC

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, ,

Novell Ethernet. ,

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Ethernet. ,

Ethernet,

, . 140

Ethernet ( ,

,

MAC

LLC

).

, : 802.3/LLC ( 802.3/802.2 Novell 802.2); Raw 802.3 ( Novell 802.3); Ethernet DIX ( Ethernet II); Ethernet SNAP. Ethernet

. 3.6.

802.3/LLC 802.3/LLC IEEE 802.3

, 802.2.

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(

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). (Preamble)

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, . (Destination Address, DA) 6 .

–

2

,

6

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c (

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0 (

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,

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3 Bay Networks). . , .

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,

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, ,

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, ,

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, 141

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IEEE 0000 0000

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– . 46

, , 4

, , ,

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Novell 802.3, 802.3,

. 3.6.

, LLC.

LLC , IPX, NetWare.

,

, MAC

Novell

LLC, 142

802.3/LLC. 802.2,

802.3

802.2.

Ethernet DIX/Ethernet II Ethernet DIX,

Ethernet II, 2. ,

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( (L) , DSAP

SSAP

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6

LLC – .

, SAP

. .

(0x0800)

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IP

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Ethernet DIX L/T.

,

Raw 802.3

Ethernet SNAP , 802.2 Ethernet. Ethernet SNAP (SNAP – SubNetwork Access Protocol, ). Ethernet SNAP ( . . 3.6) 802.3/LLC SNAP, : OUI . 2Ethernet II ( ). OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) , . SNAP Ethernet II, . 802 IEEE, OUI, 000000. , , , ( OUI). SNAP , LLC, DSAP SSAP , SNAP. Control LLC 0x03, . SNAP LLC, Ethernet, 802. , IP LLC/SNAP : FDDI, Token Ring, 100VG-AnyLAN, Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet. , IP Ethernet, Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet IP Ethernet DIX. Ethernet,

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, L/T. LLC 2255

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,

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. 3.2.

Ethernet,

Ethernet II Ethernet 802.3 Ethernet 802.2 Ethernet SNAP

IPX, IP, AppleTalk Phase I IPX IPX FTAM IPX, IP, AppleTalk Phase II

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Ethernet Ethernet

0,5

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0,5 50

,

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.

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0,25 50

,

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.

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,

,

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,

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,

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,

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, 100

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. . ,

,

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,

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. ,

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.

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,

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, bt

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,

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154

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49

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,

.

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, ,

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10Fast Ethernet

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. ,

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.

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, «5-4-3» . 155

«

»

,

, .

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IEEE ,

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, ,

.

, ,

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, . (token).

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IBM

1984

,

IEEE 802, Token Ring

IBM

1985

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-

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– 4 ,

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,

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).

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, .

. 3.17

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(MAC) FDDI IEEE

, LLC,

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,

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,

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FDDI FDDI

–

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. 3.19).

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,

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.

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: -

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,

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: +V

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FDDI

100 . 100

,

Ethernet

. 3.7

FDDI

Token Ring Ethernet

Token

Ring. 3.7.

FDDI, Ethernet, Token Ring FDDI

Ethernet

Token Ring

167

100

10

16

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, , , 5

, 3,

200

(100 )

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,

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, 100

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»

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.

,

,

,

,

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5(

TP-PMD). – 500, – 100

. 2

,

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5 – 100

,

.

3.6. Fast Ethernet

lOOVG-AnyLAN

1015

.

Ethernet

Ethernet 90Intel 80286 Ethernet

80386

ISA (8 1/32

1/8

«

, .

, PCI (133 10-

.

. EISA (32 », , 1/133,

)

) Ethernet

, ,

, . » Ethernet,

«

– Fast Ethernet Ethernet. 1992 Ethernet, Alliance

)

, 100

.

, lOOVG-AnyLAN. ,

SynOptics, 3Com

,

Fast Ethernet

, Ethernet. Hewlett-Packard

AT&T, Ethernet. IBM, Token Ring.

802

IEEE

1993

. 100, Fast Ethernet Alliance Hewlett-Packard

IEEE . ,

1992

AT&T. CSMA/CD.

Fast Ethernet Alliance 10

100

. ,

. Ethernet

802.3,

HP

AT&T, , Demand Priority – ,

Fast Ethernet Alliance,

IEEE 169

802.12. 1995 Fast Ethernet

IEEE.

IEEE 802.3

802.3u,

, 802.12

802.3 lOOVG-AnyLAN, – Ethernet

Priority

21 30. Demand

Token Ring.

3.6.1.

Fast Ethernet

Fast Ethernet MAC LLC Fast Ethernet 802.3 802.2.

Ethernet

(

. 3.20).

, Fast Ethernet, . Fast Ethernet

,

: , 5, 3,

; ; . Ethernet,

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.

, 5

,

,

.

,

. ,

, .

, ,

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10 Fast Ethernet.

10,

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90170

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(

). Fast Ethernet .

,

-

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Ethernet

),

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,

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,

,

. 802.3u Ethernet 100Base-TX

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. 3.21): UTP

STP 100Base-T4 3, 4 100Base-FX

5

1; UTP

5; ,

.

. Fast Ethernet

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Ethernet. (IPG)

0,96

,

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(

.

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). : (reconciliation sublayer); (Media Independent Interface, (Physical layer device, PHY). , MAC, II. (PHY) , ,

II); AUI, (

.

.

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, 4 /5

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8 /6 (

(PMD), ,

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)

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,

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II,

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, Fast Ethernet

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10 ,

.

Fast Ethernet

– 4 /5 .

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4 5

MAC

.

. ,

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Ethernet J (11000) (10001) ( . 3.22). 4-

Idle 4 /5 ,

Start Delimiter Idle MAC

5,

.

100Base-FX – NRZI MLT-3

100Base-TX (

FDDI

). 1 OOBase-TX -

UTP Cat 5

STP

100Base-TX STP Type 1.

1, UTP

5

– 100 . 100Base-FX –

MLT-3 172

5(Auto-negotiation)

4 /5

, .

, ,

, .

, 10 100 Auto-negotiation

,

. 100Base-T.

,

. National Semiconductor

Auto-negotiation NWay. 5 • • • • •

,

100Base-TX 100Base-T4 : 10Base-T – 2 3; 10Base-T full-duplex – 2 3; 100Base-TX - 2 5( Type 1A STP); 100Base-T4 – 4 3; 100Base-TX full-duplex - 2 5( 1A STP). 10Base-T , 100Base-T4 – . , , auto-negotiation, Fast Link Pulse burst (FLP), 8, , . auto-negotuiation , FLP, . , , . , 10Base-T, 16 , FLP, Auto-negotiation, . , FLP , , 10Base-T, . 100Base-T4 –

,

, .

,

.

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). 6-

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,

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.

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,

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,

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.

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: DTE DTE; DTE

; ,

. DTE-DTE

: .

DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) , , DTE ( , , ).

, , , , DTE,

, 174

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(

,

), – ,

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DTE-DTE,

3.8.

DTE-DTE

100Base-TX

5 UTP

100

3, 4

412 ( 2 ( 100

100Base-FX 62,5/125 100Base-T4

5 UTP

) )

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4 /5 , –

. 8 /6 . 4 /5 ,

I II 8 /6 .

I 100

II

,

. I

100Base-FX 100Base-TX

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: 100Base-TX, 100Base-T4, 4 /5 . I.

II

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. 3.9

I.

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I

, 200

, 100

272

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260

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175

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) 136 (FX)

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,

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, . Ethernet 10 .

,

802.3

.

,

,

,

.

, 512

,

,

, (bt),

. I

.

,

,

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. .

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,

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, ),

114 bt (100 ) 114 bt (100 ) 111,2 bt (100 ) 111,2 bt (100 ) 412 bt (412 ) ( . 3.11. 176

3.11.

,

TX/FX 4 TX/FX

100 bt 138 bt

4

127 bt ,

,

I,

140 bt, , . 3.10.

, , 512,

,

.

802.3

4 bt 0

,

5 bt. , 136 136 bt, 140 bt. 0.

,

FX 512 bt,

3.6.3.

100 bt, ,

100VG-AnyLAN

lOOVG-AnyLAN Fast Ethernet.

CSMA/CD.

.

Ethernet

,

. Demand Priority, ,

. ,

. –

,

, . – Ethernet ).

AnyLAN 4 25 Ethernet

100VG-AnyLAN

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,

3. .

100

Fast

, 3.

/6 , UTP

16 3) Demand Priority

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. ,

. ,

(

100VG-AnyLAN (

, .

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177

.

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,

lOOVG-AnyLAN

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.

,

.

,

.),

(

).

, ,

,

,

,

.

. .

,

, .

, .

,

,

,

. – ? ,

, , ,

.

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( MAC .

FDDI), lOOVG-AnyLAN .

(

. (link test auto-negotiation

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MAC, lOOVG-AnyLAN .

, , ,

, .

.

– lOOVG-AnyLAN

,

. . 3,4,5.

, 5,

1 178

. Ring.

l00VG-AnyLAN – ,

l00VG-AnyLAN , ,

Ethernet

. ,

, ,

ATM

Token

l00VG-AnyLAN Fast Ethernet.

l00VG-AnyLAN. (

)

,

ATM.

, ,

Fast Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet, Ethernet

Fast Ethernet,

, 1000

.

90100 , 802.12 Ethernet,

,

Ethernet – . , 1995 : 802.3 Ethernet 10 , l00VG-AnyLAN, .

,

Fast Ethernet,

Fast Ethernet 10

2-

. Fast Ethernet UTP 5 4 /5 )

).

2-

Fast Ethernet

STP

: 100Base-TX 4 /5 ), 100Base-FX ( UTP 3, , –

1(

100Base-T4,

4-

( 100Base-TX/FX

CSMA/CD, ( Ethernet

8 /6 ). . 200

Fast Ethernet

,

.

Fast Ethernet 4 /5

I( 8 /6

)

II (

). Fast Ethernet –

–

100 M /c, l00VG-AnyLAN , . , . VG ,

10

. , ,

Demand Priority , ,

Demand Priority , , , .

179

lOOVG-AnyLAN 100 UTP

UTP 5,

3,

41

STP

3.7.

. .

Gigabit Ethernet 3.7.1. Fast Ethernet .

,

100100

– .

FDDI

, Fast Ethernet.

,

1995

ATM, ( ,

LAN Emulation – LANE

1995 .

) ,

ATM

. IEEE, –

, Fast Ethernet IEEE Ethernet

.

1996 Ethernet,

802.3z . .

1000 Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet,

5

1995

,

, Fast Ethernet,

Fast Ethernet

Ethernet,

. ,

(

SDH),

–

Fibre Channel, , ,

8 /10 .

Gigabit Ethernet Alliance , Bay Networks, Cisco Systems 3Com. Gigabit Ethernet Alliance 100. Fiber Channel, 8 /10 ( Fast Ethernet, FDDI). 1997 , 802.3z 29 1998 IEEE 802.3. Gigabit Ethernet 5 802. , , 1998 . 802.3ab 1999 . , Gigabit Ethernet 1997 . Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet 1000 . , , , Gigabit Ethernet, , : ; ; ( – – , Ethernet 10Base-T 10Base-F Fast Ethernet). , 180

.

Gigabit Ethernet : «

? ».

–

20 000 100 100

,

. Gigabit Ethernet

1000 , . ,

–

( (

). Ethernet)

,

. Gigabit Ethernet

,

, .

,

,

,

ATM, . Ethernet

, Spanning Tree,

Gigabit , ,

. . ,

(

,

)

.

Gigabit Ethernet

Ethernet

Fast

Ethernet? Ethernet. , CSMA/CD,

,

.

Ethernet,

Fast .

CSMA/CD Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet .

, ,

,

Ethernet

5, Gigabit Ethernet

Fast Ethernet:

. ,

Fast Ethernet,

MAC. Gigabit Ethernet . Ethernet

.

,

CSMA/CD 25 CSMA/CD

,

Gigabit

.

,

200

, Fast Ethernet. 1000

.

,

Fibre Channel, Gigabit Ethernet,

800 1000

25 % ,

(

,

8 ).

–

. 181

–

100,

. ,

,

,

. Gigabit Ethernet,

,

802.3ab,

Gigabit Ethernet

5.

. 3.7.2.

200 Gigabit Ethernet

200 , .

(

)

64

512

,

4096 bt. 4095 bt,

200

.

10 bt/m

100

1000 bt, Ethernet (

,

Fast 1000 bt

), 1000 bt .

4000 bt, 448

(extention),

,

/10 ,

.

,

.

Burst Mode –

. 65 536

8192

.

, 8192

512 , , BurstLength. , » 8192 1000

8192 « ,

,

( ). BurstLength

, . .

3.7.3.

802.3z

802.3z

: ; 62,5/125; 50/125; 75 .

:

, 1300

850 ,

.

850 ,

1300

, 1300 . , Gigabit Ethernet.

,

, 850

802.3z

,

1000Base-SX

lOOOBase-LX. 182

850 – 1300 220

(L – Long Wavelength, 1000Base-SX 50/125 – 500

,

(S

Short Wavelength,

),

). 62,5/125 .

, ,

220 .

4400 bt,

4095 bt 100

160

500

.

220 ,

500

.

, 600

1000

.

800 .

1000Base-LX 1300

. 1000Base-LX – 5000 .

.

1000Base-LX

. - 550 . . .

(Twinax)

150

(2x75

).

,

. . .

,

–

Quad-

.

.

5

. 25

,

,

. 3.7.4. Gigabit Ethernet ,

5

5

100

.

1000 (

4

,

l00VG-

AnyLAN). 250

.

,

100

.

, . 802.3 b

. 5,

+2. 250 8

125 (

4

5 2,322 .

.

), ,

54 = 625

5 8

,

: -2, -1,0, +1, , , 1000 , 28 = 256

. .

5

125 183

100 802.3

5.

, ISDN.

4-

, 5(

. 3.26). (

,

Ethernet).

. Processor).

, - DSP (Digital Signal ISDN

, .

, – 5

. Gigabit Ethernet

, ,

Gigabit Ethernet 5

Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet. ,

7.

, 1000

, , 100

Gigabit Ethernet , . Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet Fast Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet;

, , CSMA/CD

. 200 512

.

,

64 , 184

8096

,

512

. .

1998

802.3z, :

(

(

500 ), (twinax),

5000 )

25 . Gigabit Ethernet 802. 5.

UTP

5

,

4-

UTP

.

1. Ethernet. 2.

: )

,

)

,

,

,

,

; . 3.

?

,

. 3.27? 4. 5. 6.

Ethernet? jabber control? 10Base-5: ( ( (

); );

); (

);

( ). 7.

,

10Base-5

64

?

8. 9.

Ethernet. ,

4

Ethernet. 185

.

,

: Novell 802.2; Ethernet II; 802.3/802.2 Novell 802.3; Raw 802.3; Ethernet DIX; 802.3/LLC; Ethernet SNAP. 10. 11. 12.

,

Ethernet

?

Ethernet MTU

? ?

? ?

13. 1.4.

Ethernet? Ethernet , Fast Ethernet Ethernet), ?

(

,

15. Ethernet? 16.

Fast Ethernet,

17.

MTU

. 3.28.

:

Ethernet; Token Ring; FDDI; ATM. 18. 19. 20.

Token Ring. ,

– Ethernet ,

21. 22. 23.

? ? FDDI

FDDI FDDI

. FDDI

24. 25. 26.

? Token Ring –

Token Ring? ? , ? FDDI?

lOOVG-AnyLAN

? ,

, : (A) FDDI - Ethernet; ) Token Ring - Fast Ethernet; ) Token Ring – l00VG-AnyLAN; 186

(D) Ethernet - Fast Ethernet; (E) Ethernet – l00VG-AnyLAN; (F) Token Ring - FDDI. 27.

Gigabit Ethernet 512

.

, ,

»,

.

Gigabit Ethernet ?

, 28.

,

«

4-

»?

4. , . , ,

,

,

. ,

, ,

. Ring,

Ethernet Fast Ethernet.

FDDI

,

Token , .

.

4.1. . ,

,

, –

. ,

,

, , ,

,

,

. , «

»,

,

. . . 4.1.1.

(

,

, ,

(Structured Cabling System, SCS) – , ,

),

. «

», , .

– ,

,

,

, . 187

, , . .

, . , (

,

. 4.1).

,

,

,

,

, .

, ,

, . ( (

. 4.2)

:

);

(

);

(

). . . .

,

. (backbone). . .

,

, . , . . 10-15

.

188

. , ,

. ,

,

,

,

.

. . .

,

,

,

. . ,

. .

. . , . . .

,

, ,

. , Lucent Technologies (

SYSTIMAX SCS Lucent Technologies

–

AT&T). . ,

AMP,

BICC Brand-Rex, Siemens, Alcatel, MOD-TAP. ». 4.1.2.

,

. ,

,

.

. (

4.3),

, .

.

,

,

, ,

.

, ,

, . 189

,

, ,

, ,

.

–

,

,

. , .

: ,

,

,

, ,

.

,

, .

, STP, ,

. . IBM

, Token Ring,

. UTP . ,

. .

, .

Ethernet

, ,

.

Ethernet

,

. , .

Ethernet – Ethernet.

,

, 10Base-T

.

Ethernet

Ethernet ,

.

,

Ethernet .

Ethernet –

. 190

50 ,

. )

,

.

( ).

Ethernet

.

, . Ethernet ,

Ethernet

.

– .

,

, , . Token Ring,

AppleTalk, ArcNet, Ethernet, FDDI Fast Ethernet, ATM.

lOOVG-AnyLAN,

.

(

)

,

,

. 5.

802.3ab Gigabit Ethernet.

. 4.4

, . 25-

Telco,

50

.

4,1.3. (

)

,

,

. .

. . 191

–

,

;

; .

,

,

.

–

,

;

.

,

,

,

. ,

, – ;

,

. . . .

,

. ,

, ,

. .

,

. ,

,

(

). .

,

.

,

.

,

,

. ,

, ,

. AMP,

. ,

(

. 4.3.),

, .

. . , –

,

. , , . ,

. ,

. ,

,

. ,

.

.

1 .

4.1.4. , ,

. . .

. . ( .

), , 192

. , .

. . –

,

,

,

, ,

. : ),

(

)

(

(

). .

–

5. , , –

. . .

–

. , .

4.2. , ,

. .

,

, ,

. , ,

. 4.2.1.

(Network Interface Card, NIC)

, –

.

, -

,

LLC-

, .

IE

802.

,

Windows NT ,

LLC

NDIS,

,

. :

. (

,

). LLC

MAC-

. ,

. , 193

. ,

LLC (

01111110).

,

. 4 /5 . . –

,

Ethernet 10

. – NRZI, MLT-3

,

. . . ,

. . DSP. ,

,

. ,

,

,

. .

,

,

,

LLC

.

,

LLC ,

LLC.

LLC

. ,

. . , . . . ,

,

, .

Token Ring-

SMS EtherPower , , FDDI-

Intel i960. , Fast Ethernet

. .

,

Ethernet-

,

Ethernet 10/100.

. . ,

IRQ, DMA (

DMA)

. ,

Plug-

and-Play,

. , .

, ,

,

.

194

3Com, Ethernet. .

3Com

,

Ethernet ,

.

, ,

.

,

,

.

, . . .

,

, . ,

.

,

.

, NDIS (

3Com

Microsoft Novell.

), IBM,

ODI (

(

),

3Com

EtherLink III)

.

.

, 25-55 %) –

(

, . –

–

–

.

,

, . ,

,

.

, . (ASIC), . 3Com

Parallel Tasking, .

«

»

, ,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.,

.

,

, . . ASIC, .

,

RMON, .

,

.

, . 3Com Fast EtherLink XL 10/100. 4.2.2.

195

, –

(concentrator),

(hub),

(repeater). .

–

( ,

Ethernet),

,

. , –

. ,

– Ethernet, Token Ring . . , – Ethernet; Token Ring; FDDI lOOVG-AnyLAN. , , , MSAU. , .

Token Ring ,

,

, ,

,

. .

,

, ,

.

Token Ring ,

. ,

. Ethernet. Ethernet

, ,

«

–

»

,

.

, , 10Base-T

.

Ethernet,

. Ethernet

.

,

Ethernet

8

72 .

, . 4.5

Ethernet,

. 10Base-T

RJ-45,

16

AUI

.

,

. ,

, 100 .

,

196

10Base-T ,

,

,

.

, MDI-X (

RJ-45, MDI),

, , 4.6).

(

.

MDI-X . MDI,

.

, MDI-

, X MDI-X,

MDI

.

MDI, . 4.6.

, Ethernet

4-

.

, . ,

4-

.

, . 4-

.

, . 40

,

FDDI, - 10

. , .

197

,

. (autopartitioning). , Token Ring

Ethernet ,

FDDI . .

Ethernet

Fast Ethernet

link test, «

16 link test

»,

.

, . ,

Ethernet

Fast Ethernet

. .

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

:

(

1518

64

),

. . 60

, ,

.

. (jabber).

, .

3

,

.

FDDI, .

,

Ethernet/Fast Ethernet

. ,

. , (

,

. 4.7). ),

.

, ,

(

, .

.

. 198

, ,

.

. – Ethernet

. .

, .

,

-

.

. 4.8

123 ( .

123 ,

,

).

-

, 789.

,

,

,

. , .

. . . (

RS-232), . ,

. ,

. . , .

. , ,

«

»

,

. ,

,

.

, ,

,

(

,

. .

, . 4.9). , ,

, ,

199

– ,

192

240?

16

10

?

, ,

– ,

,

.

, Ethernet

5

Token Ring, a

–

Fast Ethernet.

, ,

?

, ,

.

,

. 4.10, 72

Ethernet.

,

, ,

,

.

Ethernet 3,

–

Ethernet 1. –

, .

,

,

,

. , . Nortel Networks

, PortSwitch Hub

System 5000

3Com, , . , .

1

, . 200

(configuration switching). ,

–

. –

.

,

, ,

-

. , ,

. SNMP , .

, .

,

RS-232C, :

,

.

, .

, , SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) . 4.11.

TCP/IP.

SNMP-

.

– Management Information Base, MIB. ,

, ,

MIB. ,

, . »

, «

MIB ».

,

MIB , , , .

( ,

–

) SNMP.

SNMP, 201

TCP/IP

IP-

.

,

.

, ,

TCP/IP

IP-

.

. . ,

–

, .

, ,

,

.

– , (

,

,

),

.

, 4-8

24. ( AUI, ).

,

. .

,

.

, .

SNMP

, . , . ,

, ,

,

«

».

,

1-2

.

, ,

. . . ,

, .

Ethernet

. 4.12.

,

. , . (

4.13),

.

, 4-

. , .

(

8,

). ,

,

, ,

, . 202

,

,

,

,

,

. SNMP-

(

),

. ,

.

,

(1-3).

.

, , , . , ,

,

,

,

, . ,

–

. « ,

».

( ),

, .

– ,

, . 203

,

,

, . .

,

. ,

, SNMP.

4.3. , .

,

, . .

4.3.1.

, ,

10-30

, .

,

,

,

, – 100

1000

. : ,

(

); , ,

– ,

,

; ,

,

. –

,

, ,

Gigabit Ethernet.

, :

, a FDDI – 500

Ethernet – 1024 , ,

.

, Token Ring – 260 50-100

. , (

,

, 10/N

, , Ethernet

. CSMA/CD

.

N

), ,

. Ethernet,

,

Token Ring

FDDI, 204

,

Ring

, . 4.14 FDDI .

. Ethernet, Token , ,

,

,

. 10

,

Ethernet

,

,

;

. . , ,

,

, . FDDI - 70 %.

60 %,

Ethernet

40-50 %,

Token Ring –

, ,

. ,

30

Ethernet

–

, ,

, . Ethernet

,

. 4.15.

50 %

Ethernet

,

. ,

,

. ,

1, 205

,

,

,

, «

. »,

. ,

Ethernet

, 30 %. Ethernet

30 %. Ethernet

, ,

, , ,

, .

, . , , ,

FDDI

,

.

,

,

,

,

(

,

. 4.16). ,

,

.(

,

,

,

,

.) ,

,

.

–

,

–

(

),

,

,

. , .

. ,

,

, ,

,

, ,

. :

Ethernet –

.

206

. 4.17. .

, .

,

,

(

,

)

. ,

i

j

Cij

,

, =

Cij (

,

). . ,

,

,

, ,

. . , S1, a C s1-s2– , C s1-s2+ Cs2, a

,

S1 .

Cs1 + C ,

s1-s2,

C

s1

– S1 :

,

S1

- Cs2, S2.

,

, = Cs1 + ,

. 4.14

4.15,

, ,

,

.

207

, .

«

»

,

, .

, . 4.17

,

S1

S2,

.

,

,

.

,

, ,

.

,

.

– .

, ,

20 % –

,

80 %

,

50 .

,

50 %

20

80 %,

,

. , .

.

,

. (

),

,

,

. . Ethernet Ring

OS-400, .

. Token

NetWare,

, ,

,

,

–

. ,

. .

.

,

,

,

. . .

.

, .

. :

. ,

.

, , , .

–

. –

–

. – ,

,

,

. ,

–

(bridge) ,

(switch, switching hub). –

90. ,

. 208

–

. . (transparent bridge), (source routing bridge)

:

IEEE 802.1D, IBM ,

Token Ring. «

». Ethernet,

IEEE

802.1D,

. . Source Routing,

Token Ring,

, IBM; ,

,

–

.

,

,

,

(

80

20 %). – .

,

1

. 80-

–

90-

–

,

,

,

–

. ,

. , ,

«

»

:

, ,

.

,

–

,

. , «

»,

–

. – ,

, . . –

,

.

, , ,

,

. ,

–

, 3-5

.

. 1994

,

. , . ,

,

(VLAN),

,

. . , . (remote bridge),

802.1D , ,

, Source Routing

Ethernet Token Ring, FDDI IEEE 802.1 . , « ».

Source Routing. , Ethernet . .

802.1D , 209

. 4.3.2.

, ,

, . ,

,

,

. ,

Ethernet

,

,

FDDI. , .

,

. . ,

. 4.18.

.

1 1

, 2 –

, 2

,

. –

. (promisquous)

, .

, ,

.

,

. ,

. , ,

. 1

2,

,

. ,

.

. ,

1

2 CSMA/CD.

–

2, ,

, .

, :

1 –

1 1.

1, 210

, ,

4

–

. ,

,

,

.

,

1

3, 3.

– –

,

,

1)

(

3)

.

, –

(forwarding)

,

.

,

, .

(filtering).

,

,

,

–

. .

.

, ,

, –

,

.

,

(

, ,

,

). ,

, . ,

,

,

.

–

. , . – . ,

,

. , ,

. , .

(flood). ,

.

, ,

.

. , (broadcast storm).

.

,

,

,

.

,

, – .

,

, ,

.

,

–

. ,

, . . 4.19

. MAC,

. 4.20 System 3000

. SynOptics (

, 211

Ethernet

,

, ).

, .

– LAN – 2

LAN

LAN .

. ,

(Forwarding Table) LAN , , . ,

, ,3

, ,

«+»,

.

«Dispn» – «

»,

,

,

. , .

»

, «Discard» – « .

. ,

,

,

«Dispn»,

«Flood» – »

, .

.

Token Ring . Routing, SR)

FDDI, (Source

, 212

, ,

,

.

«

»,

, , . Source Routing ( , . SR,

. 4.21.

SRRouting Information Field, RIF, . ,

, SR-

)

, . , .

Token Ring

FDDI) , . . ,

(

)

(

,

)

1,

,

(

). , ,

, (I/G) ( ).

1 RIF

RIF ,

, RIF.

. RIF, . ,

MTU. (

MTU

). RIF

,

, . – SRBF (single-route broadcast frame) ARBF (all-route broadcast frame). , SRBF . 4.21 SRBF. , ,

SRARBF

,

,

,

. 3 , ,

,

, ,

,

, ,

. , 213

.

,

, . , SRBF

RIF, «

»

SRBF. , SR-

.

,

.

SRBF SR-

. SRBF

,

. SRBF,

,

. ARBF .

.

SRBF

RIF

(

,

), . ARBF

. ,

.

,

. , (

, ). ARBF

.

. ,

,

. 4.1. – Token Ring.

– ,

,

,

,

.

. , .

.

.

, .

,

SRT (Source Route Transparent),

.

Token Ring ,

.

4.1.

,

–

–

–

214

, –

,

. . ,

. 4.22. ,

.

10

. , .

1 10 10

.

1,

2. 1,

:

10

1 ,

2.

, Ethernet.

2 2

1(

2

2

. 4.22). ,

.

,

, 2,

1.

10 ,

10 ,

2

10

2. 2

10 10

10:

1 2 1,

2

2. .

»

,

( . .).

–

–

, ,

,

. ,

10

,

. ,

,

, ,

. , . , . .

, .

,

, , 215

.

, ,

. ,

. Tree Algorithm, STA), , .

, (Spanning .

,

,

4.3.3. Ethernet

Kalpana

. EtherSwitch,

Kalpana,

1990

.

4.23. 8 Packet Processor).

10Base-T ,

Ethernet –

(Ethernet

,

. SNMP. ,

, ,

. .

8

8

16 – . ,

, . ,

. ,

,

, ,

. , .

216

, ( ).

,

,

. , ,

,

.

, , ,

.

,

,

.

,

. ,

, .

Ethernet

CSMA/CD,

. ,

(

.

4.24).

Kalpana

40

,

.

217

« » («on-the-fly») , 1. 2.

«

» («cut-through»).

,

, (

,

. 4.25). .

( ).

3. 4. 5.

. . (

)

. 6. 7.

. . 2

3

, . ,

. 4,25,

.

218

. . 4.26. , Ethernet

10

,

–

, . , 4x10 = 40

N

– (N/2)xlO

,

.

,

,

,

.

,

, ,

, , 10

20

. 4.26. 3 8,

,

4,

8

.

3 8

4,

, ,

Fast Ethernet. , ,

, (non-blocking)

.

219

–

,

,

.

, ,

,

, , . ,

,

, ,

.

(

)

(

),

,

–

. : Ck = ( Cpi)/2, Ck –

, i-

i

–

,

. –

, , . ,

10

,

,

Ethernet 10 Cpi

,

i

20

.

,

.

,

,

, .

,

– . ,

, Ck = Cpi.

: Ethernet. ,

Ethernet,

,

– .

Ethernet ,

Kalpana,

. , ,

Token Ring

FDDI. . 220

EtherSwitch, . ,

,

, –

,

,

.

,

,

,

. , ,

. ,

, ,

–

, . 4.3.4.

,

.

,

,

, .

,

,

, ,

, Ethernet,

. ,

.

,

. . ,

, , (

, ,

. 4.27).

, , . 20-30 14880

,

,

,

,

.

, Ethernet

.

,

,

7440

.

.

, , 221

. 20

Ethernet

–

10

,

. ,

.

, , ,

,

. ,

, Token Ring

– FDDI –

Ethernet, ,

,

.

,

,

,

.

, EtherSwitch

. Kalpana

,

20

. FDDI-

,

FDDI

200

.

, .

Fast Ethernet

, Gigabit Ethernet

Ethernet

Fast Ethernet.

. ,

CSMA/CD .

,

. , . . , .

, ,

. , ,

, . ,

, ,

,

(«

»)

,

. ,

, , ,

.

Ethernet

14 880 ,

,

.

,

, , , ,

3 22 100

,

.

. 4.28 1,2,4

.

3 20 100

6, 150 %.

, 222

14 880

, .

,

.

,

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(

1600

64 ,

2,2

).

1 . ,

, ,

,

. –

,

.

, , .25 LAP-B,

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» (RNR), HDLC. .25

» (RR)

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, «

, ,

»

.

.25

, ,

. , . ,

. – ,

. . (Ethernet, Token Ring . LLC2,

. ),

, .

LLC (

,

: 1,2

3)

, LLC,

.

.

,

, ,

.

. ,

, 223

. , . Ethernet

Fast Ethernet

. ,

, .

1997 Ethernet.

IEEE 802.3x , LLC2 »

«

LLC2 4 /5 ,

,

, –

LAP-B. »,

.

, ,

.

,

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», ». , Gigabit Ethernet. (1 488 090

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, .

,

,

. ,

, ,

.

ATM .

,

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, .

,

– Gigabit Ethernet.

,

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,

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»

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». ,

.

,

, –

.

– . (backpressure)

, .

jam-

,

, .

(

),

,

, . –

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LSE-1

Ethernet «

2

.

» ,

. 4.29, 9,6

LSE-2, 1

9,1

.

. , 224

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, . 51,2

512

),

, – 50

( ,

. , .

. (frame interleave). ,

, ,

. ,

.

,

,

,

,

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,

.

.

,

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. ,

,

. – . – .

,

.

,

, ,

.

–

, ( )

. –

–

. ,

, , 225

. (Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, Token ,

Ring, FDDI). . ,

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.

:

. , .

4.4. , .

, ,

,

,

. 4.4.1.

,

, . ,

, (

. 4.30).

,

, .

. . ,

Kalpana, – ASIC,

. . , . 3-5,

. . ,

: • •

; ; 226

•

. .

, .

, . 4.31).

( 8

. 4.32. . (tag).

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,

.

, . ,

–

,

–

. ,

, .

– , –

,

, .

– 227

, .

NxN

–

.

, . . 4.33.

,

,

,

. , ,

,

,

,

.

, ,

. ,

. LANNET , ATM

Centillion,

, 48

.

ATM,

.

,

,

,

.

,

,

. ,

,

, , –

,

.

–

.

. 4.34. , . . , . ,

. . 228

, .

N

.

, ,

.

, . . 4.35. (2-12), ,

. ,

,

, .

,

. ,

,

–

,

. ,

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.

, .

: • • •

; ; ,

. .

.

, 229

. «hot swap»,

,

, . . .

,

,

, ,

, ,

. .

, . , ,

, : 200-400

. ,

. , . ,

,

.

4.36.

Cisco

.

Catalyst 3000

280

,

,

,

8x8, . , . Networks

,

28115

Fast Ethernet,

Nortel ,

400

(

. 4.37).

230

, , ,

,

( ). , ,

. 4.4.2.

, -

, . ,

,

:

; ; ; . ,

, . -"

.

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)

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.

,

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. (filtering)

,

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,

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; . ,

. , ,

Ethernet ) 46 Token Ring FDDI, , 29

( , (

, ,

64

. FDDI). , .

, .

,

,

. (

),

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,

, – Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI

. . , ,

,

, ,

. ,

. , . ,

, ,–

,

, .

« –

», 50

5 200

(

. 40

,

).

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, )

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,

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,

. . «

» – «

.

,

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»

»,

, , , . 4.2 4.2.

.

,

. . «

»

232

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) ,

,

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»,

,

, .

,

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,

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,

)

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,

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. ,

,

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. ,

,

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. .

,

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.

,

. , ,

,

. .

,

. , 233

,

. , , ,

.

,

. . , , .

, , ,

( 50-100)

.

, .

,

, . ,

, .

,

, . .

.

4.4.3. , , , . , . Spanning Tree – Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) .

, . ,

,

,

. STA

(

) – Spanning Tree ( . Spanning Tree

), 802.1D,

,

. IEEE .

,

.

STA

–

,

, ,

,

,

. ,

,

234

,

, .

Spanning Tree ,

.

, ,

. Spanning Tree

. (root switch),

. .

. ,

,

(root port) – ( ,

, ). , (designated port) –

, . ,

.

, ( ). . ,

, . 4.38 5

,

. ,

5

.

,

,

. ,

2

,

. .

(

,

)

, ,

.

,

10 , – 6,25. (

. 10

4

,

Token Ring 16

Ethernet STA

, ,

.) , ,

, . ,

– BPDU (Bridge Protocol Data Unit), STA .

235

BPDU

,

FDDI.

,

,

, .

Ethernet

BPDU,

BPDU BPDU

. . STA - 2

.

STA, BPDU - 1

.

.

BPDU , ,

BPDU,

BPDU

,

,

,

,

-

,

– 1

.

.

, . -8 –2

. –8 .

–2

–

.

.

- 2

.

0,5 ,

.

BPDU

, .

– 2

.

BPDU

,

,

.

hello,

BPDU. – 2

. .

,

. BPDU 8 .

,

, 6

.

2

, ,

. .

hello

BPDU

. 236

( ),

0, ,

BPDU.

BPDU, ,

, BPDU, . .

,

4.38

1

,

. , BPDU,

,

BPDU,

. ,

.

,

Ethernet,

2, 10

BPDU

1

,

0,

. , ,

BPDU. )

( – ,

,

.

,

3

, 10 (BPDU 3

1). 20 2,

– 4

3.

.

( ,

, ),

, . ,

,

,

,

,

, .

,

,

. , . 2

2.

2

, –

10

( –

1, –

,

2).

(

),

2. ,

2,

,

2 0(

1).

2

10,

2.

,

, .

.

BPDU, .

, Spanning Tree,

2

4,

. BPDU, ,

BPDU

. 237

,

BDPU

,

.

, Ethernet

FDDI, Fast Ethernet , .

Token Ring

. .

, IEEE 802.1 .

RF

1042,

,

, ,

, .

. Ethernet ,

,

,

FDDI, ,

.

, Ethernet, (

,

FDDI ).

Ethernet) )

Token Ring

FDDI . Ethernet 802.3 ( FDDI

Ethernet.

. Fast

Ethernet ( Token Ring

FDDI Token Ring , –

,

FDDI

Length Token Ring

Token Ring , .

,

,

,

. , . .

,

FDDI

, 1500 Ethernet.

Token Ring

Ethernet

, ,

Ethernet,

FDDI,

,

, . ,

IP,

,

, IP

,

. ( ,

) Token Ring,

FDDI DSAP

SSAP, . FDDI

.

Ethernet II , ,

Token Ring , LLC/SNAP

Ethernet LLC/SNAP.

RFC 1042 LLC/SNAP, Ethernet II. Ethernet II, , Ethernet II,

.

238

. , . . –

,

, , ,

System 3000

. 4.20 –

, ,

,

.

,

, . , NetWare

,

. ,

«

»

IPX, NetWare.

, ,

IPX, ,

,

«

-

»

, . , AND

OR. ,

.

, .

(

)

,

, .

,

,

.

,

,

10

,

. ,

. . ,

,

,

best effort – «

». ,

– .

– , .

,

.

–

?

, . ATM

, RSVP

frame relay TCP/IP.

, .

. 239

,

Ethernet

, .

–

. , .

, ,

–

,

. ,

,

. 3Com. IEEE 802.1 .

802.1Q, .

, Ethernet, .

,

, 3 .

, .

802.1 , . ,

, ,

.

802.1 ,

. 4.4.4. –

– ,

,

. , .

,

,

,

, . (Virtual LAN, VLAN),

–

,

.

,

,

, (

. 4.39).

, ,

–

,

. ,

,

.

, . 4.39

. 3

4

.

,

,

.

3,

4

4

, . ,

,

– ,

3 4. (broadcast domain),

, ,

Ethernet.

,

, ,

IP. . ,

, ,

, ,

. 240

, , ,

. VLAN ,

,

. . 4.40).

(

,

)

,

–

,

. ,

4.2.2. . –

, ,

, .

, ,

,

. , 241

, ,

,

,

.

: , ; . . , ,

– 3-

.

3-

5.

, .

1998

IEEE 802.1Q, ,

,

. VLAN , ,

.

,

,

,

,

, .

,

,

( .

,

. 4.41). ,

,

,

,

1,

,

. ,

–

. – ,

VLAN, ,

,

.

,

, –

. . ,

. .

242

. ,

,

.

. ,

4.42

.

, ,

. , .

,

, . ,

, . .

,

, . , . . , . . . , ,

. «

-

», 243

. ,

–

.

Cisco 802.10, .

, FDDI. . IEEE 802.1Q 3-

, 802.1 . 802.1 , 12 . 4096 802.1p/Q

,

, VLAN,

.

Ethernet 2 .

, , ,

ATM. ,

IP,

,

. ,

,

, ,

. ATM-

.

4.4.5.

,

, . .

,

, . .

,

: ,

.

, .

intranet

,

,

. –

–

,

(

,

,

). – 10, 100

1000

.

,

, 10,100

1000

, .

,

( ,

. 4.43). NetWare,

. ,

10

,

10 . .

, , 244

10

. – ,

. , 100 10

. 100

,

10-30

.

, 100

,

Fast Ethernet. , .

, . . , , . – 2500 210 , Ethernet Fast Ethernet. , 1996 Communications «

, »

Data .

,

,

–

. . (collapsed backbone) –

,

, .

.4.44.

245

, , ,

, , , . ,

Ethernet,

Ethernet, FDDI

Fast

. 4.44 ,

, . , .

.

, , . .

,

,

, (

, 100 ).

,

,

–

. –

. 4.45. ,

,

. FDDI, .

Ethernet, FDDI,

.

246

, . . 100

. .

Gigabit Ethernet . . 4.45

, , .

– ,

. ,

–

. , , . : ,

, ,

. :

,

– «

,

»

.

– Spanning Tree Algorithm. , . , IEEE 802.1 . MTU . ,

, .

-

247

. AND .

802.1

OR.

,

3

,

. (VLAN) , .

, ,

,

,

. . : .

.

1. 2.

? .

3. 4.

backbone? ?

5.

, ,

?

6. 7.

? –

-

,

OSI. , ?

8. 9. 10. 11.

? ? ? ,

, ?

12.

?

,

? 13.

, ?

14.

, Tree,

15.

, ,

• •

( ) ( )

,

Spanning

? ,

,

. 4.46)? ; ; 248

• •

( ) (D)

; .

16. 17.

,

Spanning Tree? , ,

, Spanning Tree,

?

18.

, .

: ?

,

? ?

19.

Windows 95, –

NetWare .

. , ? :

) )

10 10

,

10 10

,

; 1

100

; )

100

,

100

.

20. ( ).

? Ethernet

21. 22.

? ,

? 23.

,

.

,

, ,

?

24.

, ?

25.

? .

26.

,

,

, «

»,

– 27. 28.

, ? ?

: «

– ».

29.

? . 249

5. 5.1. : ; ,

; ,

. ,

,

,

,

,

-

. ,

. 5.1.1. ,

,

, :

.

,

,

. , . , . ,

.

, ,

. ,

,

,

. ,

, ,

,

. ,

. , ,

,

: , .

, , ,

, .

,

,

, ,

. ,

. , ,

,

,

:

,

.

, ,

.

, 250

,

. , . –

,

5.1.2.

.

internetworking .

(internetwork

internet).

,

, (

(subnet),

. 5.1).

. ,

.

,

. ,

.

, Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI ,

,

, Ethernet, Fast

: frame relay, X.25, ISDN. , ,

,

. 5.1. « . ,

, » . ,

.

(X.25, ATM, frame relay), ,

. . (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Fast Ethernet , . , . , ,

.)

251

. . :

(

)

,

. (

IPX/SPX),

,

, .

,

.

IPX/SPX

,

,

,

.

,

TCP/IP. –

.

, ,

.

. ,

,

, ,

. . , , .

,

, .

.

(

,

,

), . ,

, .

,

–

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

, .

,

,

,

,

,

,

. . –

,

. ,

,

,

. , . ,

: , ;

,

, «

–

, »

; –

, ,

,

. 252

, (internetworking). 5.1.3. – . 20

, ; SI, S2.....S20 – , ),

18 (

. 5.2. .

.

: , ,

1 S1,

.

, 1(1), S2,

1(2) –

SI, S2, S3. 1(1)

1(2) 1(3). 1(3) – S3. ,

,

.

,

-

. (

, SNMP-

),

, ,

.

. , , 17,13,7, 6

3.

. 17,12,5,4

,

, 1

.

253

, . ,

. .

, ). , , . 5.2, . 5.1).

. ,

,

,

5.1.

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

,

4

4

1(2) – 1(2) 2(1) – 2(1)

4(1) 4(1) 4(1) 4(1) 4(2) 4(1)

1 0(

) 1 1

0(

) 2 254

Default

M5(l)

4(2)

–

5.1 , ,

, ,

, ( ).

,

,

, . , ,

IP, IPX

.25. ,

. (

,

), ,

. ,

,

,

. ,

.

,

4

,

S6,

,

– 1

2(1), 2.

,

,

,

. ,

,

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– «

» (default). ,

, ,

,

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,

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, ,

default. 5,

S5 ,

5(1).

S5 . , ,

. .

,

. ,

. «

».

, (

).

,

, , .

, (

). . 5.1

. , 1.

, 0,

255

,

. ,

–

. ,

, ,

,

,

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, .

,

. ,

. ,

. 5.2. . 5.2). , .

(

MB –

. S3

5.2.

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Default

1(3) 1(3)

MB MB MB MB MB MB MB

– 3(1) 1(3) 3(1) 3(1)

1 1 0 1 2 2 – ,

,

.

, .

, , .

– .

,

, – ,

, 1

S12,

(

. . 5.3). , 17. .

5.3.

S12 Default

-

0 -

17(1)

. ,

,

. 5.1.4. , 256

.

?

? ,

,

,

. . ).

( , IP, IPX).

(

( , RIP, OSPF, NLSP)

OSI –

. , ,

. .

, ,

.

, ,

. . ,

. .

,

, , ,

, .

,

. , ,

.

. ,

,

,

.

. .

,

,

,

.

,

. , , .

(

)

,

. –

, ,

.

. ,

–

(Source Routing). . . ,

,

. .

, IP . 257

: • • •

(

)

;

; (

)

.

.

, ,

(

,

route .

Unix ,

,

,

Windows NT)

, .

,

, .

,

, .

, . ,

–

.

,

. , ,

. , .

:

, ,

; ,

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(

); ,

, ,

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)

,

.

, ,

. , .

(Time To Live, TTL). ,

,

, :

.

.

, , ,

. ,

Next H

, ,

Resolution Protocol (NHRP).

,

. .

, ,

-

, .

,

, . , 258

,

, :

• •

(Distance Vector Algorithms, DVA); (Link State Algorithms, LSA). , .

.

,

, .

.

, ,

(

)

, .

, . . , , ,

–

,

. , . ,

,

RIP,

– RIP IP,

RIP IPX,

IP,

IPX. , .

,

. »

(

)

, .

,

.

: ,

.

,

,

, HELLO

.

,

,

HELLO

,

. , OSI, OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) Novell.

, System to Intermediate System) NLSP

, RIP-

IS-IS (Intermediate TCP/IP

5.1.5. – (

, , IPX, IP, AppleTalk

DECnet), ,

,

,

. 3

OSI

. 5.3).

259

,

,

,

,

,

,

. , .

–

, Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI. , . V.35, .25), LAP-F (

: LAP-B ( LAP-D (

,

frame relay),

ISDN). ,

,

,

,

,

–

,

Ethernet.

, ,

(

),

,

,

. , (

),

,

,

.

,

, . ,

, 260

. , Ethernet, UTP

. 5.3 : 10Base-T

Token Ring

V.35, .25, ISDN

LAP-F,

10Base-2 LAP-B, LAP-D

frame relay. ,

, ,

. .

.

,

, (

.

, ),

, .

–

.

, ,

,

. –

,

.

,

, .

,

, .

,

, .

, . ,

,

,

,

. ,

, ,

.

, ,

, ,

telnet,

. , ,

.

«

: » (First Input First Output, FIFO), FIFO, (Random Early Detection, . – . , , , . ,

,

RED), , , , .

, ,

, . . , . . . , ,

. , . 261

.

.

, ,

. . ,

, .

. ,

,

,

. .

5.1.6.

.

TCP/IP

. 5.4

,

TCP/IP , . 1996 – 1998

IPX/SPX

Novell,

TCP/IP . TCP/IP.

TCP/IP TCP/IP

4

(

. 5.5).

– ,

.

,

. ,

, . internet,

– (

. OSI)

IP 262

(Internet Protocol). ,

, .

, ,

IP .

IP

,

,

. ,

, (Routing Internet Protocol) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol).

RIP

. ICMP

, ,

,

,

. .

,

, ,

.

–

–

TCP/IP,

. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP

. . TCP , . TCP

– . ,

TCP

. UDP

, IP,

) .

, .

TCP/IP . ,

,

.

, «

»

. ,

, ,

Telnet, FTP, TFTP, DNS, SNMP HTTP.

TCP/IP – :

. , ,

TCP/IP .

, 263

.

,

, .

IP.

, IEEE 802. SNAP – LLC, IP-

RFC 1042 0x0800. LLC/ SNAP . Ethernet DIX. TCP/IP

: Ring, FDDI, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, lOOVG-AnyLAN, « » SLIP , frame relay. , ATM . TCP/IP IP( IP ATM, 1994 ). TCP/IP

IPLLC/ SNAP, Ethernet RFC 1042 Ethernet DIX, Ethernet , Ethernet, Token – .25,

RFC, RFC 1577,

ISO/OSI

TCP/IP

ISO/OSI,

,

, OSI

(

TCP/IP

. 5,6). TCP/IP,

OSI,

,

,

, (

,

. 5.7).

264

TCP/IP

,

. ,

. ,

,

. ,

,

,

, .

,

, , . . ,

TCP/IP 5.8).

(

, TCP

UDP. TCP

. UDP

(

).

– .

, IP. IP TCP/IP

. (

)

, 265

1

, .

(internetwork (subnet),

internet) –

, .

(internetworking). : ,

,

.

–

, . . . ( (

, RIP IPX).

, IP

OSPF) ,

. . , :

,

,

, .

,

, . . , . . TCP/IP.

TCP/IP

4

:

,

,

. OSI

TCP/IP

. , :

telnet, FTP, TFTP, DNS, SNMP, ,

,

,

HTTP. TCP/IP, TCP

,

UDP.

TCP .

UDP . . IP

(RIP, OSPF, BGP IGMP

.

.). ICMP,

ARP. ,

:

– Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI

. ., 266

– .25, frame relay, PPP, ISDN

. .

TCP/IP :

,

,

,

5.2.

,

.

IP-

5.2.1.

TCP/IP

TCP/IP

:

(

), IP-

. TCP/IP

, ,

.

,

,

TCP/IP

.

,

–

. .

, . 11-AO-17-3D-BC-01. ,

,

6 IP .25.

IPX IPX .25.

IP

, .

.

,

,

«

IP-

». ,

.

4

:

,

109.26.17.100. IP. IP-

.

, Information Center, InterNIC), Internet

Internet (Internet Network Internet. InterNIC, .

IP

.

. IP-

IP-

.

.

.

IP-

,

, IP-

,

. .

IP-

.

IP:

), ( : RU – , UK – base2.sales.zil.ru. , , TCP/IP

,

,

( , , SU –

). IP, IPDomain Name System (DNS),

.

DNS5.2.2.

IP-

)

.

.

IP-

4

, ,

, , 128.10.2.30 – 10000000 00001010 00000010 00011110 267

. – ,

.

–

,

.

, 5.9

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IP-

0,

, .

0

,

.) .

1

127

, 224,

, 10, 16

24

, 2, 8

16 777 216

2 216, 110,

.

, 65 536 .

.

.

, 1110,

,

3 126.

.

,

–8 .

256

.

.

D

– multicast.

D, ,

. 11110,

,

.

. . 5.4

, .

5.4.

D

0 10 110 1110 11110

1.0.0.0 128.0.0.0 192.0.1.0 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0

126.0.0 0 191.255.0.0 223.255 255.0 239.255. 255.255 247. 255. 255. 255 ,

–

,

224 216 28 Multicast

–

.

268

5.2.3.

IP-

IP

IPIP-

.

,

,

; ICMP. , , IP-

,

,

. 1,

,

,

. (limited broadcast). ,

,

,

. 192.190.21.0.

192.190.21.255

,

(broadcast). , IP-

.

,

, .

, , ,

8

2. :

256

0

, , 255.

254, 0

255

.

,

98.255.255.255, . IPIP-

,

127. .

127.0.0.1,

«

».

, .

IP-

,

IPloopback. 127.0.0.1 –

127.

127.0.0.0

, 127.0.0.0 127.0.0.3.

. ,

127.0.0.1, IP

, ,

.

IP-

,

IP-

– ,

, .

, , . IP-

- multicast –

,

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

multicast

.

, . .

multicast-

–

«

,

».

, IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) . ,

, ,

.

,

, 269

,

. multicast

, ,

,

, MOSPF (Multicast OSPF,

-

OSPF ). Internet

,

.

( Internet),

Internet

. 5.2.4.

IP-

IP-

, .

185.23.44.206 , , 185.23.0.0,

128-191,

, ,

,

–

– 0.0.44.206. , ? .

–

,

IP-

;

,

IP-

.

, . :

• • •

- 11111111. 00000000. 00000000. 00000000 (255.0.0.0); - 11111111.11111111.00000000. 00000000 (255.255.0.0); -11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000(255.255.255.0). ,

,

, FF.FF.OO.OO 185.23.44.206/16 -

: . ,

16

IP-

16

. IP.

, ,

255.255.255.0, .

IPIP-

185.23.44.0,

185.23.44.206 185.23.0.0,

, 8, 129.64.134.5 255.255.128.0, 129.64.134.5 - 10000001. 01000000.10000110. 00000101 255.255.128.0- 11111111. 11111111. 10000000.00000000 , , , 2 – 129.64.0.0

. :

129.64.134.5 -0.0.134.5. ,

,« » IP, 10000001. 01000000. 10000000. 00000000 -

, ,

,

17 :

129.64.128.0, IP-

.

0.0.6.5. , ,

. » 270

. 5.2.5.

IP,

,

Internet,

. ,

,

,

. IPInterNIC, , InterNIC Internet,

IP-

. .

,

,

,

IP-

. 254

.

,

. ,

»(

. 5.10). ,

,

«

-

, ,

IP-

«

2 Internet,

»,

.

. ,

,

Internet . Internet . , : – 10.0.0.0, – 16 172.16.0.0-172.31.0.0, – 255 - 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.0. TCP/IP IPv6, 16. , IP– (Classless Inter-Domain Routing, CIDR). CIDR IP , , . CIDR « » , . , , (Network Address Translator, NAT). , , ), , . Internet , ). « » IP, , IP. ,

,

. IPv4 .

271

, IP-

.

. , RFC 1631.

.

IP-

5.2.6.

IP-

IP.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) IP. , . DHCP , IP. DHCP-cep IP. , DHCP-

, DHCP . DHCP-

, ,

DHCP-

IP-

. DHCP(lease duration),

, IP-

.

DHCP TCP/IP

.

IPIP-

, . ,

DHCP-

IP. DHCP-

,

, .

DHCP-

IP-

IP-

. DHCP-

.

,

.

IP-

, DHCPIP.

,

. IP-

.

DHCP

TCP/IP, . «

»,

,

IPDHCP-

,

. DHCP .

,

, IP-

,

, ,

DHCP. .

. .

DHCPTCP/IP,

IP, , IP-

DNS, 5.2.7.

, , IP-

, . .

IP-

,

IP, ,

(

. TCP/IP. ) IP-

,

.

, 272

IP. IPResolution Protocol, ARP).

(Address , (Ethernet, Token Ring,

ARP –

FDDI) ( .25, frame relay), , .

. RARP) ,

– IPARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, IP-

, . ARP

,

,

IP

Ethernet. IP. ARP-

IP. ARP

(

IP-

. 5.5).

.

, ARP-

, . 5.5.

ARP-

IP194.85.135.75 194.85.135.70 194.85.60.21

008048 60 08005 21 722 008048 7567

«

»

–«

»

« ,

,

». ,

. ARP, .

. (

.

,

),

ARP-

,

,

. , ARP-

ARP-

. ARP-

,

,

,

IP

IP-

.25,

. ARP

.

,

,

,

ARP-

. IP. ,

IP.

ARP-

. ,

IP

ARP

ARP,

IPARP

.

IP-

ARP,

, (ARP.

),

ARP-

IPARP-

,

, .

,

. IP-

,

ARP273

. ARP. 5.6

. ARP

5.6.

ARP-

(

1 (0x1) 2048 (0x800) 6 (0x6) 4 (0x4) 1 (0x1) 008048 60 194.85.135.75 000000000000 194.85.135.65

)

«

Ethernet.

»

Ethernet

«

1. ARP IP, 080016. 6 , IP–4 . , 2, . IP194.85.135.75 194.85.135.65.

» .

IP Ethernet 1, Ethernet ,

ARP,

,

. , ARP-

IP-

.

IP

IP-

5.7.

(

.)

IP-

IP.(

, Ethernet ARP-

. 5.7 ARP-

, ,

,

.

ARP1 (0x1) 2048 (0x800) 6 (0x6) 4 (0x4) 2 (0x2) OOEOF77F1920 194.85.135.65 008048 60 194.85.135.75

)

, ARPIP194.85.135.75 OOEOF77F1920. , 5.8.

.

ARP( . 5.8). , IPARP.

.

ARP

ARPARP-

194.85.135.65 ,

ARP-

IP194.85.135.75 194.85.135.70 194.85.60.21 194.85.135.65

008048 60 08005 21 722 008048 7567 OOEOF77F1920 274

IP ARP-

ARP IP-

.

IP,

TCP

,

UDP. .

, ARP-

.

5.2.8.

IP-

TCP/IP IP

, IP, ftp://192.45.66.17 http://203.23.106.33

,

. ftp.

Web-

,

,

, . IP-

,

TCP/IP

. ,

,

Novell NetWare, Microsoft Windows . , , . MOSCOW_SALES_2.

IBM OS/2, , :

NW1_1,

mail2,

, ARP.

,

NetBIOS,

.

NetBIOS.

TCP/IP, ,

. .

,

. ,

. ,

, ,

. –

. ,

,

. ,

. , . Windows NT NetBIOS-

Microsoft WINS, IP-

. .

TCP/IP ,

, (

.

5.11). 275

, .

,

(.). . .

, . ,

, . ., ,

. .

partnering.microsoft.com microsoft.com.

.

partnering

,

,

,

,

. 5.11, «ru»,

, . m2.zil.mmt.ru

,

www.ru, mail.mmt.ru .

, .

,

, . ,

(domain).

, wwwl.zil.mmt.ru, ftp.zil.mmt.ru, yandex.ru sl.mgu.ru – ru. . 5.11 sl.mgu.ru, s2.mgu.ru m.mgu.ru. mgu.ru. www.mmt.ru mmt

,

mgu.ru. , mgu.ru

, «

»

ru,

, .

TCP/IP Windows NT, ,

. , .

(subdomain),

, . 276

,

.

mmt.ru

(

,

) mmt.

.

.

,

. ,

, .

.

–

–

:

.

–

,

, . , wwwl.zil – (fully qualified domain name, FQDN) : wwwl.zil.mmt.ru.

. , , ,

IP-

. 201.22.100.33, 14.0.0.6.

,

,

mgu.ru

132.13.34.15, Internet, ,

Internet. Internet

TCP/IP,

InterNIC. .

, ISO 3166. , • com – • edu – • gov – • org – • net –

–

:

( , microsoft.com); , mit.edu); ( , nsf.gov); ( , fidonet.org); ( , nsf.net). ,

(

,

,

. InterNIC

, .

,

ru. DNS IP,

.

Internet hosts. «IP-

, 102.54.94.97 - rhino.acme.com. Internet hosts . , DNS DNS-

« . DNS-

DNS

, . DNS hosts

DNS ,

(Domain Name System, DNS). « – ». , DNSIP. hosts, , ,

e DNS DNS-

– IP-

»,

, –

DNS – IP». DNS-

–

»

.

. .

, .

, 277

. ( , «

,

».)

DNS DNS-

DNSmmt.ru wwwl.zil.mmt.ru, ftp.zil.mmt.ru, mail.mmt.ru mail.mmt.ru, www.mmt.ru, zil. DNS. IP(

.

mmt.ru:

. . DNSDNSDNS-

DNS. .

DNS, InterNIC).

, DNS-

,

,

, IP-

.

, –

DNS.

DNS-

.

,

, .

,

.

.

IP-

DNS,

, .

, ,

,

DNS

. DNSDNS-

.

IP-

:

DNSDNS-

DNS-

;

,

DNS-

,

, ;

DNS-

DNS,

.

,

.,

DNSDNS-

IP-

,

.

. , .

,

. :

DNS-

DNS-

,

,

,

; DNS-

,

;

,

,

,

;

, DNS-

, ; , . .

, ,

. , .

DNSIP. ,

. DNSDNS

, –

.

278

TCP/IP

:

IP-

(

),

. .

IP-

4

.

,

, ,

.

–

. .

,

–

,

.

, ,

.

. ,

, .

–

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,

;

,

IP-

. , ,

Internet,

. IP-

DHCP. IP-

(

)

-

, ARPARPTCP/IP

.

, . , ,

.

,

,

.

,

Internet,

–

.

IPhosts, DNS, – IP-

«

».

5.3.

IP

5.3.1.

IP TCP/IP

(Internet Protocol, IP). . – Intrenet Protocol – , , ,

. , , IP

: , . . .

IP IP IP-

, , – ,

IP

IPIP

. : ,

. ,

IP 279

.

, ,

IP

. TCP/IP IP. .

TCP,

TCP

, IP,

(

,

IPX), , MTU.

,

IP

. ,

.

,

,

,

,

,

. IP-

,

, IP-

. 5.3.2.

IP-

IP-

. (

,

. 5.12). (Version), 4 (IPv4), (IHL) IP.

32-

4

,

20

,

, IP.

6 (IPv6). 4

, 20

(

32-

(IP Options). (Type of Service)

60

. –0(

)

), . (Precedence). –7

). . ,

. :

.

, D (delay)

, ,

R –

–

,

. , .

, , .

.

280

(Total Length) . 65 535 , .

,

2 ,

,

IP-

1500

.

Ethernet, Ethernet. 576

,

, (

). 576

,

, . (Identification)

2

,

. . (Flags) 3 DF (Do not Fragment) MF (More Fragments) . (Fragment Offset)

)

,

. , (

, . 13 ,

MTU.

8

.

.

(Time to Live)

, .

. ;

,

. ,

,

, ,

.

,

,

. .

IP-

. (Protocol) , TCP

UDP,

(Header Checksum) , IP-

, ( ICMP OSPF). RFC «Assigned Numbers».

2

.

), .

- 16

-

16-

. »

,

« .

,

, 281

. IP-

(Source IP Address) - 32 (IP Options)

IP.

(Destination IP Address) .

, ,

.

,

. , ,

,

.

, 32(Padding) 32-

.

,

,

.

IP-

. IP-

,

Ethernet Microsoft Network Monitor. IP: Version = 4 (0x4) IP: Header Length = 20 (0x14) IP: Service Type = 0 (0x0) IP: Precedence = Routine IP: ...0.... = Normal Delay IP: ….0... = Normal Throughput IP: .....0.. = Normal Reliability IP: Total Length = 54 (0x36) IP: Identification = 31746 (Ox7C02) IP: Flags Summary = 2 (0x2) IP: .......0 = Last fragment in datagram IP: ......1. = Cannot fragment datagram IP: Fragment Offset = 0 (0x0) bytes IP: Time to Live = 128 (0x80) IP: Protocol = TCP - Transmission Control IP: Checksum = OxEB86 IP: Source Address = 194.85.135.75 IP: Destination Address - 194.85.135.66 IP: Data: Number of data bytes remaining = 34 (0x0022) 5.3.3.

IPIP

.

. TCP/IP .

,

,

IP-

TCP/IP. ,

Ml

,

. 5.13. , MPR

1 Microsoft Windows NT, (

. 5.9).

5.9. Network Address 127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0

MPR Windows NT Netmask 255.0.0.0 0.0.0.0

Gateway Address 127.0.0.1 198.21.17.7

Interface 127.0.0.1 198.21.17.5

Metric 1 1 282

56.0.0.0 116.0.0.0 129.13.0.0 198.21.17.0 198.21.17.5 198.21.17.255 213.34.12.0 213.34.12.3 213.34.12.255 224.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 255.255.255.255

255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 224.0.0.0 255.255.255.255

213.34.12.4 213.34.12.4 198.21.17.6 198.21.17.5 127.0.0.1 198.21.17.5 213.34.12.3 127.0.0.1 213.34.12.3 198.21.17.5 213.34.12.3 198.21.17.5

213.34.12.3 213.34.12.3 198.21.17.5 198.21.17.5 127.0.0.1 198.21.17.5 213.34.12.3 127.0.0.1 213.34.12.3 198.21.17.5 213.34.12.3 198.21.17.5

15 13 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ml

NetBuilder II

3Com,

,

5.10. NetBuilder# Show – IP AllRoutes Total Routes = 5 Total Direct Networks = 2 Destination Mask 198.21.17.0 255.255.255.0 213.34.12.0 255.255.255.0

Gateway 198.21.17.5 213.34.12.3

5.10.

NetBuilder II

Metric 0 0

Status Up Up

TTL – –

3Com

Source Connected Connected 283

56.0.0.0 116.0.0.0 129.13.0.0

255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0

213.34.12.4 213.34.12.4 198.21.17.6

14 12 1

Up Up Up

– – 160

Static Static RIP

5.11

Ml, Unix.

5.11.

Unix-

Destination Gateway

Flags

Refcnt

Use

Interface

127.0.0.0 Default 198.21.17.0 213.34.12.0 129.13.0.0 56.0.0.0 116.0.0.0

UH UG U U UG UG UG

1 5 35 44 6 12 21

154 43270 246876 132435 16450 5764 23544

loO leO leO le1 leO le1 le1

127.0.01 198.21.17.7 198.21.17.5 213.34.12.3 198.21.1.7.6 213.34.12.4 213.34.12.4

, , «

»,

.

, ,

, . , NetBuilder

, Unix

( MPR). – «Interface»

Address» (

( «Network Address» «Gateway»

NetBuilder

,

«Destination» MPR) Unix «Gateway

, Windows NT),

–

.

Unix-

,

– 1 198.21.17.5, le1

213.34.12.3

1

127.0.0.1. NetBuilder II ,

.

,

,

. 56.0.0.0.

,

. 5.10

, 213.34.12.4. , ,

213.34.12.0.

,

«Gateway»

213.34.12.3 ,

213.34.12.0. . 56.0.0 –

,

213.34.12.3.

,

, . ,

. 284

, «Mask»).

MPR Windows NT (

«Netmask»)

NetBuilder .

, ,

,

. , .

Unix-

, ,

.

,

, ,

. ,

– ,

NetBuilder

.

1

0

MPR

,

, . ,

, .

Unix-

,

, – ,

G

. .

, ,

RIP. ,

, Unix-

.

,

, Unix-

RIP. .

. U – «Status» –

,

. NetBuilder. .

,

, G–

.

,

(gateway). .

D – ICMP.

,

Redirect (

) .

, , ICMP

, .

ICMP

, .

, .

Unix«Refcnt»

,

.

,

. ,

. NetBuilder

«TTL» (Time To Live) .

«Use»

. , .

«Source»

. , .

TCP/IP. , 285

. ,

,

,

. 198.21.17.0,

– default

213.34.12.0 0.0.0.0 NetBuilder

Unix-

MPR Windows NT. ,

,

,

,

.

, .

MPR Windows NT .

127.0.0.0 (loopback),

TCP/IP.

,

127.0.0.0,

IP

,

– (multicast address).

224.0.0.0

IP. ,

, 8

(

,

11

, –

).

,

. , , Unix

route,

Windows NT. .

,

.

,

,

,

. default

. . IP-

,

,

, .

,

,

,

. ,

,

,

.

,

,

OSPF.

RIP

,

.

Windows NT Unix NetBuilder

,

«Source».

. 5.10 – «Static»,

«Connected». ,

.

RIP,

«TTL»

160.

5.3.4. IP-

(

. 5.14)

. ,

,

, ,

IP

. ARP

DNS.

286

cit.dol.ru,

1. 194.87.23.17 (

Etnernet

), Ethernet

FTP 142.06.13.14 (

IP-

> ftp sl.msk.su FTP IP. IP-

. sl.msk.su, . IP-

.

TCP/IP TCP/IP

, IP-

IP

IPsl.msk.su, ):

DNS, IP-

TCP IPcit.dol.ru IPcit.dol.ru IPDNS-

.

– IP-

.

Unix

hosts

/etc. 2.

,

cit.dol.ru

hosts,

142.06.13.14

sl.msk.su , IP-

,

IP

142.06.13.14

sl.msk.su. 3.

IP 142.06.13.14. ,

cit.dol.ru

, (142.06.0.0) ,

(194.87.23.0) .

cit.dol.ru

4.

Ethernet – 194.87.23.1, . ,

, IP, IP

cit.dol.ru

. ,

IPARP,

IPARP. : 287

194.87.23.1

008048

60 008048

60

11.

5.

cit.dol.ru Ethernet,

, :

6.

1

1

Ethernet, 11.

IPIP.

IP .

142.06.0.0

1

135.12.0.11 2. ,

135.12.0.11, 7.

Ethernet , 142.06.13.14

, 1

FDDI.

FDDI .

142.06.0.0 2 2 MTU , 1

IP 135.12.0.11.

1. , Ethernet, FDDI.

IPIP .

ARP. ,

,

FDDI

ARP-

,

.

1

2

IP-

ARP-

:

,

OOEOF77F51AO, 2. ,

FDDI

1 IP-

.

8.

IP ,

IP

2.

FDDI,

IP288

.

:

142.06.0.0

203.21.4.12

2 :

default

203.21.4.12

2.

IP-

203.21.4.12, Ethernet.

3

IP

Ethernet ARP

. IP,

9.

,

.

,

– . ,

142.06.0.0, ARP-

.

Ethernet ,

sl.msk.su. ARP-

3, – 3

IPIP

Ethernet:

10.

sl.msk.su ,

Ethernet, ,

IP.

IP-

, . FTP,

TCP, ,

TCP-

IP-

TCP-

.

IP

, FTP-

.

5.3.5.

, –

. ,

?

,

–

. , , ,

. .

InterNIC

Internet

.

,

,

,

.

,

: 129.44.0.0. ,

0.0.0.1289

0.0.255.254 (

, ).

, , ,

. . ,

. , – 129.44.0.0 (10000001 255.255.192.0 (11111111 , )

, , 00101100 00000000 00000000). 11111111 11000000 00000000). , 18 (

16 (

),

. , : 129.44.0.0 (10000001 00101100 00000000 00000000) 129.44.64.0 (10000001 00101100 01000000 00000000) 129.44.128.0 (10000001 00101100 10000000 00000000) 129.44.192.0 (10000001 00101100 11000000 00000000)

,

(subnet),

0 (00), 1 (01), 2 (10)

3 (11)

. . , .

,

, 255.255.192.0,

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Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) Novell, 80(IDP) Xerox. IPX IP, ( NetWare IPX.

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ID

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,

.

4, 6 ,

,

. 546 ,

.

IPX. .

IPX-

, .

MTU IPX.

,

NCP,

,

. .

IPX5% 15,

, (

(546

30

)

.

, IP-

255

).

, ,

. IPX, a IPX/SPX

Novell IPX/SPX. ,

,

NetWare

. , , ,

NCP, .

10

,

Service Advertising Protocol (SAP). . Novell

, . NetWare

.

4.0

NDS (NetWare Directory Services) , NDS NetWare 3.x ,

NetWare 4.x

,

SAP, .

, 319

»

SAPNovell

NetWare

.

, . NDS

SAP.

NDS

, . NDS. –

Burst Mode

Protocol NLM. IPX-

– Large Internet

Packet NLM. , IPX/SPX, NetWare

.

5.5.3.

IPX IPX

IP.

IPX-

, . IPX, .

IPX (

. 5.20)

5.20.

.

IPX.

IPX

0000010 0000011 000013F4 0000010-008100 30067 00000120 A0000011-C000023300FA 00000033 0000010-008100 30055 «

1 2 1 2 1

0 0 3 2 10

0 0 2 1 5

»

,

»–

«

,

«

,

». Ethernet,

IPX-

. IPX.

IPX-

, ,

–

IPX-

,

. ,

FDDI.

,

FDDI

. IPX-

: -

(ticks). ,

IPX-

. .

IPX,

18,21

.

,

IPXNetWare . , Spanning Tree,

IP-

, ,

,

320

10-

, 10 IPX-

,

.

, IPX576 . Ethernet

1,31 . Ethernet

Ethernet

0,00839

,

64

–

, ,

64

–

2

.

. IPX

.

,

,

,

. , IPX,

10-

.

IPX-

, NLSP. RIP IP. . RIP IP).

,

RIP IPX RIP IPX RIP IPX IPX

60

RIPv2, 30 . .

(

-

IPXRIP IPX I

180 15 (0xF), a , IP.

IPX-

, RIP

.

– 0xFFFF. ,

.

, IPXNetWare

. SAP, SAP( NetWare

. IPX, ,

, ).

IPX,

,

,

SLIST. IPX-

, , 127.0.0.0

. IP-

,

IPX-

, IPX-

.

IPXIPX-

Ethernet. IPX.

4Ethernet,

, NLSP (NetWare Link Services Protocol) IPX.

Novell

: ;

. OSPF

TCP/IP.

,

, ,

SPX; NCP, NDS,

SAP . Novell

, SPX,

IPX.

Novell IPX; , ,

NCP ,

NCP. IPX-

,

, ,

, . 321

, . , , IPX.

. 6

(

,

,

,

.25),

IPX

. IPXRIP IP,

RIP IPX, OSPF

NLSP,

TCP/IP.

5.6. 5.6.1. –

– .

, , – OSPF, NLSP, ,

, IS-IS. ,

.

,

. ,

RISC-

,

. 600-2000

–

, ),

( , . Unix,

,

. ( DECnet),

, IP, IPX

. .

, . .

. (backbone routers) .

, , .

–

, ,

. , , ATM –

SDH

155

622

1/ 1, .

,

12-14. , ,

. Backbone Concentrator Node (BCN)

, «

» (hot swap)

Nortel Networks (

, Bay Networks), Cisco 7500, Cisco 322

12000. .

,

,

. .

,

: 4-5. .

. BLN, ASN

Networks, Cisco 3600, Cisco 2500, NetBuilder II , , .

Nortel

3Com.

,

, .

,

– 64

Ethernet 10 , 1,544 2

. –

, .

. .

, ,

. , Nautika

Pipeline

ISDN, . . Nortel Networks, Cisco 1600, Office Connect

3Com,

Ascend. (

3-

.

) ,

,–

,

, 33,6

10

,

Waveswitch 9000

,

64 . 100 . 3CoreBuilder 3500 3Com, Accelar 1200 Nortel Networks, Plaintree, Turboiron Switching Router Foudry Networks. .

, –

. . . , ( ,

,

– legacy),

,

. ,

Internet, EGP BGP. , ,

. IP, CONS

CLNS OSI,

IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet, Banyan VINES, Xerox XNS. IP RIP, IPX RIP, NLSP, OSPF, IS-IS OSI, EGP, BGP, VINES RTP, AppleTalk RTMP. ,

. – Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Fast 323

Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, lOOVG-AnyLAN – ,

ATM. , .

2-6 52

(serial lines) RS-232, RS-449/422, V.35 ( HSSI, 1/ 1, BRI

),

, ISDN. ,

PRI .

.25, frame relay, ISDN ,

ATM,

. . , ,

, frame relay, ,

, SDH

ATM. :

,

, .

.

, – , , . . , 5

20-30

. , . 3-

,

.

, . . , Internet

.

. , .

–

. . ), ,

.

, OSPF , .

NLSP, . , 324

, . ,

,

,

SNA

. .

(RIP, OSPF, NLSP)

,

,

.

, ,

.

, ,

,

.

, .

. . ,

(policy), , – BGP

BGP.

,

, ,

Internet ).

,

, ,

, (broadcast storm).

BGP.

– .

, 20 %

. ,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

.

, . ,

,

. , ,

NetBIOS, NetBEUI

DEC LAT,

.

. , . , , –

.

brouter (bridge

router). . ,

. , DLSw, IP-

, IP. SDLC

,

NetBIOS IP-

L2TP,

.

, . . .

,

RIP

OSPF, 325

.

,

,

. ,

– .

,

. . , , .

. . NetBuilder

3Com, Catalyst 5000

Routing,

Boundary Cisco Systems.

5.6.2.

«

»

. 70,

. , : . SNMP, ,

,

., ,

,

,

, ,

. –

, ,

,

. , : , .

Ethernet 10

. 5.30. , Token Ring

FDDI, 326

10 . – .

,

,

( (

.

)

).

,

, . .

, , 10 ,

, , 100 10/N

. ,

N–

,

.

, . .

: ,

SNMP, . System 5000 3Com. , ,

Nortel Networks, MMAC-Plus

Cabletron Systems, CoreBuilder 6012

. 5.6.3. –

, 2-

Ethernet

FDDI,

– 3-

,

,

,

IP

IPX.

.

.

(

) .

, . 80/20, %)

(80

, . , ,

. . ,

, ,

, . ,

.

, ,

, ,

. 327

. .

,

Web-

.

,

, push

,

, IP Multicast

,

RSVP.

80/20, Web-

Internet,

,

. ,

. Gigabit Ethernet

. , .

:

,

.

: ,

,

.

,

. ,

,

,

,

,

.

, ,

,

: ,

,

,

, (

:

,

);

;

,

, IP ,

( 255

).

. –

,–

, ,

. 5-7 ,

. 3-

«

3-

»

,

. . ,

,

,

,

. ,

,

.

. 3, . ,

, .

VLAN,

. 328

, . RIP

,

3OSPF, . (VLAN).

,

, .

VLAN

,

, . ,

3-

. LANplex (

CoreBuilder)

6000

2500

3Com. (ASIC), RISC-

CISC-

. ,

ASIC RISC-

,

CISC-

. . CoreBuilder 98 Ethernet

2500, IPCoreBuilder 6000 3

,

, (

) 3Com

. Fast

88

. ,

. , Motorola – CoreBuilder 3500 Nortel Networks. ,

1200

Intel.

3Com, 37 ,

4 ASIC

Accelar CoreBuilder 3500

Accelar 1200 .

.

,

, ,

,

–

. , .

,

IP

IPX,

.

3-

–

,

.

,

, IETF.

,

, .

, Accelar 1200

, . , ,

, –

Nortel Networks,

,

IP3Com, Cisco, Cabletron, Digital, Ipsilon. , ,

, ,

329

.

,

. , . 5.31,

, ,

,

.

, IP-

IP-

,

,

, .

,

,

.

–

, ,

Ethernet, ,

.

, , .

, .

, ,

, ,

. .

– ,

. –

,

,

. . . ,

ARP

. .

, , ARP. , ,

,

, 3SmartSwitch Cisco, NetFlow

. , Cabletron,

IPCatalyst 5000 Cisco 7500 .

, Cisco

330

, , . , , . /ASIC). . :

,

, 3-

–

. :

,

, . , ,

. 3–

/ASIC.

, ,

. , –

,

,

. .

1.

, ?

2. ?

. ?

?

3.

. ?

,

? 4. ? . 5.32

5.

, Windows NT.

. ? • ( ) • ( ) • ( )

,

. ,

. ,

,

Ethernet

Windows NT. , Token Ring?

331

6.

TCP/IP?

? ?

7.

TCP/IP

Internet (

)? 8. 9.

IP? Internet? ?

10. 11.

TCP?

• • • •

( ) 6( ) ( ) 12(D)

• • • • • •

( ) ( ) ( ) (D) ( ) (F)

12.

13. 14.

15.

16.

: , IP-51- 2-10);

.25 ( I VPI/VCI

. ,

?

( , 12, 25012112654987); , 13.34.B4.0A.C5.10.11.32.54.C5.3B.01); ATM. ? . . . . . . IP? ?

? IP-

, Internet? : , , ,D . (A) 127.0.0.1 ) 10.234.17.25 (I) 193.256.1.16 (B) 201.13.123.245 (F) 154.12.255.255 (J) 194.87.45.0 (C) 226.4.37.105 (G) 13.13.13.13 ) 195.34.116.255 (D) 103.24.254.0 ) 204.0.3.1 (L) 161.23.45.305 IP198.65.12.67, – 255.255.255.240. . ? Internet 254 . , ? , ?

.

17.

, ?

18. 19. 20.

?

,

, IP-

?

CIDR?

? IP-

,

? 332

21. 0.0.0.0

0.0.0.0?

22. 23.

? ,

,

,

.

24. ? 25.

,

RIP

OSPF. 26.

? • • • •

( ) ( ) ( ) (D)

; ; ,

,

,

;

.

27.

, ? • ( ) • ( )

IP IP

; , ;

•

( )

IP

, ;

IP .

28.

Novell ?

29.

IPX IP

, .

,

-

,

?

30.

, »?

31.

?

6. (Wide Area Networks, WAN), , , ,

–

,

,

,

. , ,

, , . , .

, . , Internet. . ,

. .

, (service provider), – ,

. (network operator) – ,

,

. ,

. (

, 333

,

Dow Jones

«

»)

.

.

– , .

, . .

, ,

.

, ,

: ,

,

),

,

,

(

(

)

. .,

. .

, – ISDN –

PDH

70-

.

SDH, .

,

,

«

,

»

,

Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN), . B-ISDN

(

)

ATM,

, –

,

-

,

.

6.1. – ,

. (

,

,

TCP/IP,

),

. . 6.1.1.

, . : ,

, ,

,

, ,

,

,

. .

. . . 6.1.

334

,

, ,

,

. , ,

frame relay,

. , ,

,

. ,

«

» , .

,

,

,

, OSI.

, ,

,

. OSI, ,

,

,

. , ,

. Internet.

, ,

Internet,

.

Web-

, ,

, , «

» – chat,

(

, News),

. ( ,

) , , ,

Internet, chat, 335

. Internet ,

.

« Web, – intranet,

» , . , .

Internet

intranet ,

Web,

Internet ,

,

Internet

. –

. , .

, .

(

,

.

,

. 6.2. : S (switch) – , – , R (router) – , MUX (multiplexor) – , UNI (User-Network Interface) – NNI (Network-Network Interface) – . , , – DCE, . ( ) , . ), , – , (cell). , , . frame relay , . , , , , , , .

336

.

,

,

, . ,

, . , ,

, .

, . ,

. – . ), . ,

. :

R

. 6.2. ,

,

MUX, (

).

,

DTE (Data Terminal ( DTE –

Equipment). ), . ,

.

,

(remote bridges), ,

–

.

,

,

,

, ,

(

, IP

, .

IPX) , 337

,

frame relay,

, .

«

» .

,

«

»,

,

,

,

.

, , . »,

«

,

– .

, – , .

«

»

.

, , – frame relay, ATM.

, terminating Equipment), . : DSU/CSU

DTE

DCE (Data Circuit DCE ,

(

)

TDM DTE DCE –

ISDN. ,

Customer Premises Equipment, CPE. ,

,

.

– , . «

(User-to-Network Interface, UNI).

»

, ,

UNI

(

, .25). ,

» (Network-to-Network Interface, NNI), , ,

« .

, «

»,

,

, ,

. «

, »,

, .

NNI ,

, .

DTE-DCE DCE

,

DTE, EIA , 300

. RS (Recomended Standards). .

V CCITT,

(15-20 ,

,

RS-232C/V.24 9600

, ,

),

. .

15

. 338

– ,

115 200

.

. (

),

,

, ( ,

,

),

–

. . 25-

– 9-

. 6.3).

CCITT, EIA, (+V, -V) : 12 15

100».

. DCE.

DTE ,

. ,

TxClk (DTE)

(DCE)

RxClk

. ,

,

RxD. (

, QAM),

. RS-232C/V.24.

-

,

RxD, .

, ,

, (RI,

• • • • • • • •

: RI-1+DSR-1 - DTR-2; DTR-1 - RI-2+DSR-2; CD-1 - CTS-2+RTS-2; CTS-1+RTS-1 - CD-2; RxD-l-TxD-2; TxD-l-RxD-2; SIG-l-SIG-1; SHG-l-SHG-2. «+»

.

.).

. 339

RxD

TxD,

,

,

. RS-449/V.10/V.11 DCE DTE. RS-423/V.10 ( 100 000 10 RS-422/V.ll(X.27) 100 . RS-232C, DTE DCE. V.35 DTE DCE . 15 , RS-232C. .21 .25.

1

. .26) 10 000

100

10

.

10 RS-449 37-

.

. 168

. DTE DTE

DCE

DCE

, .

DCE. «

20

.21 bis, : RS-232C, V.10, V.11 V.35. DTE DCE.

» ,

20

,

.

.

. DTE – 20 . HSSI (High-Speed Serial Interface) , 300

52

DCE

,

(45

), SONET

-1 (52

DCE, ).

. 6.1.2. . 6.2 –

. ,

,

. 2-3

,

,

. ,

,

6.2,

.

. .

, ,

. ,

.

,

,

, • • •

: ; ; . , ,

.

, . 340

(

– leased)

, (

,

,

«

»), .

, . ,

frame relay, ,

,

,

. 6.2.

– , ,

, . 6.4).

( ,

, .25

frame relay. ,

. « », .

, ,

.

.

– 3,1 155

622

SDH

.

– ISDN.

, .

ISDN ,

. , , (FDM(

).

,

), .

,

,

. .

, 341

, ,

, ,

.

FDM-

,

,

,

.

,

,

ISDN

. ,

ISDN

. , , .

, ,

,

,

,

. . ,

,

, ( ).

80, SMDS ,

ATM.

.25

,

– .25. frame relay,

, TCP/IP, Internet, ,

/I , . . 6.1

Internet ,

,

« ,

»

«

,

»– .

6.1.

.25

1,2-64 ,

342

Frame Relay

64 2

, ,

SMDS

1,544-45

, ,

ATM

,

,

1,544-155

, ATM ,

, ,

, 1996

TCP/IP

1,2-2,048

,

, –

Internet,

TCP/IP

5. .

,

SMDS,

, .

48

SMDS (Switched Multi-megabit Data Service) , . 45 53 , , . SMDS IEEE 802.6, , SMDS. SMDS . SMDS

ATM, Bellcore, , SMDS

. ATM, SMDS

, .

,

,

: • •

; . (backbone

wide-area

networks) ,

. ,

. , , (business-critical applications). » .

« ,

. 343

2 IBM,

622

,

IP, IPX frame relay, ATM, X.25

,

SNA TCP/IP.

. 6.5.

, . , . . (telecommuters –

,

),

,

,

,

,

. ,

,

. .25, . , .

, , ,

.

,

, . 344

,

, (

, ). ,

ISDN

–

frame relay. 19,2

64

. Internet.

Internet

,

,

. , , . . (Remote Access Server, RAS). ,

,

.

, . ISDN. . 6.5.

, ,

. ,

(

,

SDH 155-622

), (

, frame relay)

.

(WAN) :

– ,

,

.

,

,

: (

,

),

,

,

,

. : ISDN, BISDN.

,

, , .

,

,

,

,

, .

–

«

»

«

», , –

. , . : -,

-

, .

Internet intranet.

, 345

,

,

: DTE,

,

,

DCE, . :«

» (NNI).

» (UNI)

UNI .

NNI

, . , . ,

. , . ( .25, frame relay, ATM) . . .

6.2. – ,

.

(

),

. –

, . , – FDM

.

TDM.

, ,

. . – G.703. HDLC

,

HDLC

. 6.2.1.

4.

2-

4-

,

,

. – . , (FDM-

),

, : 48

3,1 60

,

12 108

.

,

. . 346

,

,

.

.

. –

.

,

. . ,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.)

1

.

,

. ,

, , . .

,

– –

.

) –

(

. ,

,

. 6.5,

.

, ,

2.

CCITT

V.

: • • •

,

; ; . , ,

(

, 2-

.

), )

(4-

. :

• • •

,

; ;

,

.

,

, –

1200 4-

1200 V.21 –

.

,

,

V.23, ,

300

22-

. .

, .

,

. , .

,

4.

,

. 4V. • •

V.26 – V.27 –

: 2400 4800

; ; 347

• • • • •

V.29 – V.32 ter –

9600 ; 19 200

V.35 – V.36 – V.37 –

48 48-72 96-168

. 60-108

:

; ; .

SDLC BSC V.35.

DTE

HDLC, V.35, V.36 V.37

IBM.

,

, .

,

, 2-

. – 4-

. V:

• • • • • • •

V.22 – V.22 bis – V.26 ter – V.32 – V.32 bis – V.34 – V.34+ – V.34,

1200 2400 2400 9600 14 400 28,8 33,6 1994

; ; ; ; ; ; . ,

.

CCITT

– 1990

.

Motorola, .

V.34 . .

– .

V.34

,

10

,

: (

11

),

,

.

V.21

300

,

. QAM. 2 – V.32 bis. V.34+, V.34.

V.34+ . 8,4

9,8.

3429

,

V.34, a

(

, 33,6 33604).

,

,

V.34

V.34+

V.34+ « »

–

) 9,8 =

30 % ,

.

(3429

V.34+

V.34 ,

V.34.

2V.32, V.34, V.34+

. ,

. (DSP) .

,

, (

, 802.3ab,

, Gigabit Ethernet

5, 348

V.32-V.34+). V.32-V.34+ DTE

.

,

.

. , .

, ,

. , .

.

V.34 ,

.

. 6.6. . 6.6,

2-

(

) .

4-

(

.

. . ,

. 6.6, )

. 6.2.2. , , – TDM,

2. (« » (Plesiochronic Digital Hierarchy, PDH) (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, SDH).

–

«

»,

) – SDH

SONET. PDH 60AT&T

. ,

, .

FDM

12

60

, .

,

, ,

, 349

. 1, ,

(

)

24

.

, ,

1

8000 (Pulse Code Modulation, PCM). 64 . , . – 2, , , . 1,

1 1 6,312 44,736

,

2 1, 2

.

70-

, ,

.

1,

2

,

, , –

,

,

. . IT . , .

( ),

2,048

.

, 8,488 ANSI.

El, E2 .

34,368

–

, – DSn (Digital Signal n).

. 6.2 . 6.2, IT (

)

,

DS-0 DS-1 DS-2 DS-3 DS-4

1 24 96 672 4032

1 24 4 7 6

64 1,544 6,312 44,736 274,176

,

1 30 120 480 1920

1/ 1 1

1 30 4 4 4

64 2,048 8,488 34,368 139,264

. 24-

,

1,544

. ,

24-

.

1 (

,

1,544

)

, .

1,

2 . ,

.

, .

24

64 = 1,536

, 350

8

. 1 . 1

24

, (

1

)

8-

.

, 56

(

,

,

,

. ,). .

, –

,

pax . 1

23

,

24-

,

. ,

–

,

24 56 . » (bit robbing).

« 4-

1 ,

DS-1)

2

DS-1

DS-2 (

12

4-

, .

, ,

DS-3

7

DS-2,

. G.700-G.706. «

».

4

. 2 64

1 30

32. . 64

«

,

,

» (fractional)

(56

)

1/ 1.

1/ 1. . PDH

:

,

. 1/ 1

RJ-48. : HDB3.

1–

1,544/2,048 B8ZS, 1

1

)

. 1800

. 2/ 2 ,

1/ 1. ,

4

. G.703, ,

1.

1. ,

PDH

. . ,

«

»,

– . . .

,

64

, 2, 1.

–

1, PDH

, 351

. « ,

» (back hauling). ,

672

, 1

,

,

2,

64 , «

.

1

», 1.

,

,

,

. PDH . . .

, , , .

,

, . PDH. , , 139

PDH

–

. , – Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, SDH. SONET/SDH Bellcore

«

» – Synchronous Optical NETs, SONET. 1984

.

Tl ANSI. (ETSI)

CCITT

ANSI

,

. , 1-

( ,

,

1-

PDH,

Hierarchy, SDH ( SDH

G.707-G.709), SONET PDH – SDH SONET ,

)

. Synchronous Digital SONET , ,

. ,

SONET/ SDH

.

SDH. SONET/SDH,

SONET/SDH,

. 6.3.

6.3.

SONET/SDH SDH

SONET

352

STM-1 STM-3 STM-4 STM-6 STM-8 STM-12 STM-16

DS-4

STS-1, OC-1 STS-3, OC-3 STS-9, OC-9 STS-12, OC-12 STS-18, OC-18 STS-24, OC-24 STS-36, OC-36 STS-48, OC-48

51,840 155,520 466,560 622,080 933,120 1,244 1,866 2,488

SDH ( , , ) : STM-n – Synchronous Transport Module level n. SONET : STS-n – Synchronous Transport Signal level n, , -n – Optical Carrier level n, . STS . , SONET 51,84 , SDH – 155,52 , SONET. 155,52 , SDH PDH – SDH DS-4, 139,264 . SONET/ SDH STS-1. 155,52 SONET/SDH. SONET SDH, , , STS-3/STM-1. , , : , (add) (drop) , ; ; ; . SONET/SDH . 6.7.

,

SONET/ SDH. (Terminal, ),

Adapter, SA), PDH ( 1/ 1

)

(Service STS-n. (

STS-n 353

SONET/SDH.) (Mutiplexers) STS-n STS-m. «

» (Add Drop Mutiplexers) STS-n, , (Digital Cross-Connect, DCC), ( ), STS-n

,

«

», .

(

).

. 6.7 . ,

–

,

.

,

SONET/SDH. ,

, . , ,

,

«

»,

. 4-

.

,

(photonic), .

NRZ ( ). (section)

. ,

SONET/SDH

,

. .

,

64

192 11110110 00101000, : STS-1, STS-2 .

,

. . . .

(line)

. STS-n , .

, . –

,

. (path – .

) (

) –

.

,

,

1,

STS-n/STM-m. , .

. 6.7, ,

,

,

STS-n

.

-

, .

,

,

»,

,

.

STS-1 ,

. 6.8. n

m

SONET/SDH .

, SDH)

(Virtual Tributaries, VT –

(Virtual Container, VC – SONET). 354

–

, SONET/SDH

51,84

, ,

(

, 1

1,544

).

STS-1

9

90

,

810

.

–

,

3

. .

.

3

9

, .

6

,

, SONET/SDH, ,

.

, , .

, . .

, 1/ 1. (pointers).

, SONET/SDH.

. .

, .

SONET/SDH ( H1,

, . SPE – Synchronous Payload Environment) . SPE . ,

, . STS-1. . 6.9.

,

355

STSn.

1/ 1 STS-n.

,

H1,

. 4,

. ,

24

1,

STS-1. . ,

STS-n

,

,

. ,

.

1 SONET/SDH STS-n.

1,544

, 1,728

.

, ,

«

» .

SONET/SDH

, STS-n.

, ,

.

356

SONET/SDH

. – Automatic Protection Switching, APS. 1:1. ) . . , . , , FDDI . , , FDDI,

. ( ,

1:n, 1:1

. . 6.10),

n

1:1

. 1:1 ,

, –

,

. SONET/SDH

, ,

. ,

. 357

SDH, .

SDH ,

.

, . ,

. , . . 100 %, –

.

frame relay,

. SDH

ATM,

, ,

ISDN.

frame

ATM

SDH

, SDH

, .

ATM .

SDH-

-

, PDH 6.11.

SONET/SDH -

.

.

. 358

SONET/SDH ,

, , .

ATM, ,

,

. SDH «

«

»

», «

1991

» « Andrew Corpdration.

»,

,

,

Andrew

Corporation. 32-, 16. «

Pirelli, , 1000 « TN-1X 1

»

350 »

«

,

. »

«

. » Northern Telecom (Nortel), . » ( )

2 «

8-

SDH

1

«

»,

(155

)– 63

.

,

. .

«

» , .

.

, , SDH (622

, 4-

(622

).

)

. Nortel.

TN-4X

4 NRM (Network 1 4

Resource Manager). . ,

, :

, ;

,

,

.

TN-4X

, .

« «

»

,

»

. :

,

. , .

DSU/CSU

, ( (DSU) 1/ 1,

: ). Channel Service Unit (CSU). DSU RS-232C, RS-449 V.35). DSU

. (

) Data Service Unit DTE (

, , . CSU

359

, ,

,

. .

DSU/CSU (

6.12).

DSU/CSU

, 1/ 1. 64 8-16

( ). 6.2.3.

. ,

, ,

.

,

, –

.

, ,

. , ,

, ,

Ethernet.

, (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI)

.

, .

,

,

,

,

, . , , . ,

, «

»

.

,

,

, ,–

(MTU), IPTCP/IP

(

,

, ). SLIP

SLIP (Serial Line IP)

, TCP/IP.

, 80-

1984

(Rick Adams)

, 4.2 Berkley 360

Unix.

SLIP

Unix

. ,

, SLIP , . ,

SLIP

. SLIP

– (

)

, SLIP SLIP

IP, IP-

,

,

IP-

.

.

END,

, :

END, ,

. END, ESC (DB)

, , ,

SLIP ESC, SLIP ESC

,

DC.

DD.

END. IP-

( SLIP-

. 6.13. –

END, ,

2

SLIP ESC)

.

SLIP

,

IP-

1006

.

SLIP

1500

Berkley Unix, SLIP ( ,

).

.

,

SLIP

SLIP ,

IP, IP.

, SLIP SLIP –

SLIP-

.

. ,

.

SLIP – IP.

, ,

.

SLIP :

. IP

IP, (UDP

TCP)

. , CSLIP

. Compressed SLIP (CSLIP), ,

. 20-

Telnet, Rlogin I 361

20-

TCP3-5 ,

(

40

).

CSLIP

40SLIP

. CSLIP. SLIP IP-

.

,

,

. HDLC HDLC (High-level Data Link Control),

ISO.

, .25, LAP-D – , LAP-F –

HDLC : LAP-B, ISDN, LAP-M – frame relay. HDLC:

, ,

RNR

RR,

3

HDLC –

LLC2. «

HDLC to-Point Protocol, PPP. , . (BER) 10-3,

», Point-

HDLC – HDLC

,

, , BER

(

10-9.

10-8-10-9).

HDLC

. HDLC ( – LAP-M,

HDLC, HDLC). .

–

HDLC

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

TCP/IP

SLIP (Serial Line IP). . HDLC

.

HDLC.

,

frame relay

. , , ,

, .

. :

,

,

,

.

. , .

, ,

, . , 362

,

. . .

, ,

,

,

. ,

, (Link Control Protocol, LCP). ,

, , (Network Control Protocol, NCP). . . (Password Authentication Protocol), CHAP (Challenge Handshake

, Authentication Protocol), .

. . –

–

.

SLIP,

IP-

.25, DECnet, XNS, Banyan VINES

,

LAP-B, ,

IP, Novell IPX, AppleTalk, . NCP.

OSI, ,

, ,

, ,

. DNS,

IP – IPIP-

, IP-

. .

(Control Protocol),

IPCP, IPXCP

. .

. , . . . , .

,

HDLC.

, ISDN, frame relay, .25, Sonet LCP NCP ,

HDLC. MTU 1500

1000

,

,

,

. –

,

,

, ?

, (

.

,

) ,

.

,

, IP-

,

, . HDLC, HDLC. .

HDLC – 03. ,

- TCP, SPX, NetBUEI, NCP

,

. . ,

. 363

,

MLPPP (Multi Link

.

).

, . .

,

, frame relay. 6.2.4.

.

,

,

,

,

. ( ,

DCE, ,

. DSU/CSU.

. 6.14).

,

– RS-232C 1/ 1.

DCE – RS-449

V.35 HSSI.

, RS-449/V.11,

RS-449/V.10,

V.35.

. 6.14

1, DSU/ CSU

RS-449

G.703. G.703,

DSU/CSU ,

,

, ,

.

DCE (

,

) : 4-

2-

. .

(

) . ,

,

.

.

,

, LPC,

(

PPP

). 364

.

. 6.14 IP-

. .

IP-

.

IP-

,

IP-

,

( ,

2IP-

, –

255.255.255.252).

(unnumbered).

.

, ,

(RIP ARP

.

OSPF)

, , (

–

D

DTE, ,

D

).

, ,

. ,

. –

. . ,

50:1

1/50

. .

, ,

, , . , ,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

, 64

9600

. , (

.

).

, 8:1

, , 4:1.

,

DSU/CSU,

, .

(spoofing). ,

, . . «

»

,

. .

,

,

,

. SAP (Service Advertising Protocol –

)

NetWare.

, –

,

.

IPX). – ,

. SAP( ,

, (

IPX, ,

SAP,

split horizon). 365

,

, SAP-

«

.

»,

. ,

SAP-

,

,

,

.

,

,

. ,

,

,

SAP-

,

,

. .

,

, ,

SAP-

,

.

SAP-

,

5

. ,

SAP:

. ,

.

, –

.

«

,

»

, (

HELLO). , .

Unix TCP/IP NetWare, Windows NT, OS/2,

, .

, ,

. NetWare SAP,

– RIP, ,

NetWare, keep alive), . watchdogs

watchdogs ( ,

,

,

. ,

«

5

,

».

15 .

,

,

NetBIOS ( )

–

(

)

20

NameQuery

,

. . –

,

.

,

, ,

. ,

, .

Gandalf,

– .

, .

. 366

.

FDM-

,

– TDM. . : (3100 4-

– ,

–

)

(48 2-

), . –

DCE. ;

• • • • •

, 4-

; 2-

;

, ,

,

; ; .

4. , , 4-

,

2-

, .

V.34+ ,

2-

,

. -

PDH

SONET/SDH. .

– ,

ITU-T.

PDH

. , .

:

PDH (DS-0), (DS-3).

64

2/ 2 (DS-2) ( ITU-T, PDH

)

1/ 1 (DS-1), DS-4

. , . – ,

,

480

.

,

PDH .

SONET/SDH –

. -

(SONET) . PDH -

(SDH), SONET/SDH

10 ,

.

. PDH

SONET/SDH, . , .

».

«

»

(add

and

« drop)

. SONET/SDH . 367

. SONET/SDH ,

. SONET/SDH ,

:

,

. : SLIP, HDLC

. ,

. . DTE, . ,

.

6.3. , . N

–

,

,

Nx(N-l)/2

. ,

. , ,

,

,

. .

,

, ,

–

,

,

, ,

,

.

TDM.

-

, TDM, ,

, . V.90

, .

Switched 56 ( (Intergrated Services Digital Network).

56

) Switched 56

ISDN ,

1. ISDN,

, . ISDN

,

,

,

. ISDN

, –

.

ISDN .

,

), ATM),

9600

, (

B-ISDN ( ,

broadband –

, . 368

,

,

. 6.3.1.

, . Telephone Service), – « (Public Switched Telephone Network) – « . , 9600 , . ,

»,

POTS (Plain Old , PSTN » . ,

,

56 , «

–

». .

«dial-up access». . , .

,

,

,

,

. .

(

, ,

–

, ). . . 3400

300 2-

.

. :

10

10 , , 50 (

,

. –

9–

,

0

. . 50 5

). , ). . , (

).

,

. , ,

. , .

–

,

(FDM),

,

(TDM). ,

, .

(

,

) 369

.

. ,

, .

, . FDM.

,

, , . ,

(

60 12

108

,

)

300

3400

. .

, , (

,

TDM-

). , ( .

),

,

,

231,

( ,

30-

,

).

,

, «

»

,

, .

, : ; 2-

, . ,

,

– .

,

,

–

. CCITT

,

. : • • • • • • • •

V.21 – V.22 – V.22 bis V.26 ter – V.32 – V.32 bis – V.34 – V.34+ –

300

; 1,2

; 1,2 2,4 1,2 2,4 4,8 9,6 14,4 ; 28,8 33,6

; ; ;

; . ,

V.34+,

. . , Hayes

Smartmodem ,

80-

. .

, ATDP. 370

,

RS-

232C. : V.25 , .

V.25bis.

V.25 DTE V.25 bis , RS-232C. DTE,

DTE , V.25/RS-366

,

25,

V.25

V.25 bis

,

, ,

DTE

HayesCCITT

,

V.42.

.

,

, Microcom,

. , V.42 Modems).

V.42 V.42,

,

MNP (Microcom Networking Protocol) 2-4. – LAP-M (Link Access Protocol for MNP 2-4, , ,

LAP-M

MNP-

.

HDLC

,

–

,

, .

– Identification) , , BREAK (BRK) . BREAK

XID

BREAK.

XID (eXchange ,

.

,

. , DTE

.

,

. ,

. CCITT V.42bis

MNP-5 (

1:4,

–

1:8).

. ,

.

,

,

, ,

.

SDC (Synchronous Data Compression) V.90

Motorola. , .

:

56

30-40

.

V.34+. . , .

: . V.34+

33,6

.

–

.

-

,

. 33,6

.

, 56

. 371

, – ,

, . , ,

BRI ISDN,

,

1/ 1.

, . ,

V.90

–

, 33,6 ,

.

V.90 ,

V.34+.

, .

6.3.2.

Switched 56 TDM,

,

– .

,

.

, .

64 ,

-

,

. ,

, , ,

. ,

.

, , .

, . Switched 56, ,

(

,

4-

. – Kilostream)

,

1. ,

DSU/CSU

.

8-

, 56

Switched 56

.

. 6.15. , .

, Switched 56; 56

1/ 1. – 2400

56

. ,

,

.

372

Switched 56 ISDN,

. , .

6.3.3. ISDN – ISDN ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network – , . , ,

) ,

.

,

. Digital Network.

«

IDN – Integrated

» .

1959

.

, ,

–

.

, –

), .

,

(

(

), 70-

.

1 , Western Electric 1976 , G.705, 1984

ISDN

4ESS . IT ,

1980

. I. . .

.

801988

,

ISDN

,

, I

, 1993

ISDN . ISDN

.

1992

. –

80-

,

, , ,

,

, ISDN

ISDN

, .

,

. 373

,

.

ISDN .

5 % ISDN

, .

,

, 1994 - 1995 , ISDN.

ISDN ,

ISDN

–

, . ISDN

(

• • • • • •

(

. 6.16):

); ; ; ; (frame relay); . ,

ISDN frame relay.

,

,

, ,

. ,

,

.

ISDN 64

:

,

9600

,

9600

ISDN

. ISDN,

,

,

, ISDN. DS-0, –

ISDN

frame relay

64 , 32

. 16

.

ISDN ISDN 374

,

. ,

(Customer Premises Equipment, CPE): , ,

( ,

)

NT, ISDN.

: • • •

– D– –

64 16 384

; 64

; ( 0), 1536

( 11)

1920

( 12)

( ) TDM.

, ,

, .

64

ISDN

. ,

(semipermanent)

,

. .25. D

.

,

. .

,

D

. . ,

,

. ISDN . ISDN

–

BRI)

(Primay Rate Interface, PRI). BRI ) D). BRI

( (

(Basic Rate Interface, 64

16 . 144

,

– 192

. TDM,

, 48

.

.

D.

BRI ,

2 250

,

, 4

64

16

D. , . BRI

2B+D,

B+D

D(

). I.430. PRI .

PRI

D –

23B+D.

.

,

.

2,048 PRI

1920

30B+D, 64

1,544 . PRI . D,

, ,

20B+D.

PRI , 24

D,

31. 375

. 3HO+D , 12 (1,920 PRI PRI

H1

2,048 1,544 5HO+D 11 (1,536 D 1 1. 1.431.

) DS-1

. . ) .

ISDN ISDN ,

CCITT (

. 6.17).

,

(reference points) .

. NT1 (Network Termination 1) , CSU,

(Digital Suscriber Line, DSL) NT1

ISDN.

CSU, NT1

ISDN. NT1 ),

.

U ( .

NT1

,

(

ISDN) NT1

,

NT1. , NT1. BRI,

2-

(

).

2B1Q

. 5,5

.

PRI 1

1,

4-

1800 . NT2 (Network Termination 2) , .

(

,

),

: BRI,

(

,

,

D),

TDM, .

NT2

NT1

.

o NT1. 1 (Terminal Equipment 1) BRI PRI. , ISDN. NT2

, S .

,

S

S/T. 376

2 (Terminal Equipment 2) BRI PRI. , ISDN

V.35. (Terminal Adaptor, –

. 4-

1

NT1

. NT2

,

ISDN 4-

, AMI,

, .

2-

BRI

–

. ,

,

1

1,

HDB3. PRI

(

ISDN,

). S/T

, PRI B8ZS

, , RS-232C, .21

100

1000

. 6.18). ,

( ,

1

2+

)

8

NT2

NT1 (

)

( Ethernet,

), )

NT (

.

R, . 6.18, )

1000 . (

100-200 . . 6.18,

).

(

.

.

. 6.18, )

, 25-50 ),

500 NT1,

, 8

1000

4-

(

(

.

,

. 6.18, ).

ISDN ISDN

, ,

–

.

ISDN , ,

,

,

,

,

, ISDN, 377

.

TCP/IP

,

.

ISDN

–

ISDN

. ISDN –

.

ISDN ITU-T E.163.

, ,

.25. 12 .

. 163 .164

55

ISDN ,

ISDN

ISDN

. .

, 15 3

), .

ISDN. .163,

, »

« ,

.164.

«

».

ISDN «

»( 40

ISDN

S.

, 7-095-640-20-00, 7-095-640-20-00-134. , ISDN, .25, ISDN, , .121. ISDN .25 ISDN – .25, D ISO 7498. , AFI (Athority and Format Identifier) . AFI 6

,

,

134, ISDN. .121, .121, ,

,

) . ISO 7498 .

1

,

,

: –

,

,

ISDN; –

,

( );

–

, ATM Forum. IDI (Initial Domain Identifier) – DSP (Domain Specific Part), , IDI AFI:

, AFI ,

. .121-36,

, .

37,

, IDI 24 ISDN

14

,

DSP

. .164-44, ,

IDI

45, 15

,

. 40

DSP

. PSTN

.163 - 42, ,

.

IDI 26

Country Codes) – 38,

43, 12

,

DSP

. ,

ISO DCC (Digital 39, 378

. (

),

IDI

DSP

3

35

. IDI

. ,

DSP. IDI.

IDI

, DSP. ISDN

:

ISDN

, .25. –

,

ISDN

.25, .

ISDN ,

ISDN,

, . ISDN

ISDN (

. 6.19)

:

D

. D

. .25.

D

:

I.430/431,

LAP-D

Q.921,

Q.931, , LAP-D .25. D ISDN 7 (Signal System Number 7, SS7).

.25 –

.25

ISDN

SS7 .

ISDN.

SS7 ,

OSI. SS7

. .

OSI

ISDN , Q.931

, I.430/431.

D.

, .

LAP-D

HDLC .

, ,

LAP-D

– , 379

,

NT1

.

– Q.931,

.

.

.25,

LAP-D

: LLC2)

,

.

,

. ISDN

Q.931

, .

ISDN , ,

ISDN

, :

,

BRI

128 ,

(

), ,

PRI – 2,048 ,

,

. .

BRI ,

PRI –

,

. , ISDN

. – .25, . «

ISDN »

.25.

,

ISDN –

. –

,

frame relay –

frame relay .

, . , ,

D .25,

LAP-D

D. .

ISDN

.25, .25 ( D».

. 6.20). .25

« D

9600

.25 .

380

ISDN .

– ,

. ,

ISDN

,

ISDN – .

,

.

,

– . : , , ,

, . (FDM)

. ,

(TDM) 2-

. TDM, (DSL).

10

,

5

. ,

,

. (FDM) . . Hayes–

V.25

,

V.25 bis. – 381

V.34+, V.90, V.42

V.42 bis.

V.34+ 2LAP-M

V.42 bis –

. HDLC,

VC.42

. HDLC,

SDC

–

Motorola. V.90

, , . 56 . : Switched 56

ISDN. Switched 56 – 4-

, 1/ 1,

56

.

. Switched 56 .

56 – ISDN – . ISDN ,

, (frame relay). UNI

ISDN

– BRI PRI. 2B+D. 30B+D.

BRI –

23B+D

D ISDN:

PRI

, ,

,

, ISDN.

.25,

.25 DSL

ISDN

ISDN 5,5 .

BRI

2-

ISDN .

D

9600

.

, ,

ISDN

,

.

6.4. .

, ,

,

,

, IP

IXP,

. , ( .25, «

frame relay

.25, frame relay « » ATM).

ATM,

» .

6.4.1. ,

, 382

TCP/IP,

. , –

,

. (Switched Virtual Circuit, SVC) (Permanent Virtual Circuit, PVC). , , , ,

–

, .

, – (

,

). (Virtual Channel Identifier, VCI). , , –

VCI , . , –

,

,

VCI. , VCI

. ,

, ,

. .

, . .

– 14-15 8

(

ATM – 20 ,

10-12 , PVC

,

)

.

,

. ,

TCP/IP

.

PVC

. , .

, . .

PVC.

PVC

PVC 64

.25

PVC

,

,

, .

,

,

(

)

. . 6.21. – (

Call Request),

)

(

. 1581120

1581130.

Call Request VCI.

, . , . 383

3

,

4, ,

. Call Request 1581120

1

1581130, . , .

1

IP, ,

VCI 4

.

, «

»,

. ,

RIP

OSPF,

. , .

ATM, .

PNNI,

Call Request

1

3. – . . ,

(

), ,

3.

3 –

4

,

9.

10. . 1 VCI

,

,

4

3,

10. 3–

, 1,

10 4.

, VCI,

. , , ,

.

,

. ,

. 384

. . , – .

, –

. IP-

IPXIP,

. IPX

)

.

, .

,

(

,

,

). , , ATM, 5-10 . IP-switching, ,

– , Ipsilon ATM, .

,

IP5

. IP

. .

,

,

IP-switching

, –

,

. 6.4.2.

.25 .25

.25 ,

. ,

.25 ,

.

Internet

, ,

. –

,

.25

.

.25 « ,

» CCITT

1974

. ,

, .

,

.25, .

.25

.25

.75. ,

. – PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler), , «

. »,

. , 385

. – IP

.

.25 (

(Switches, S),

), (

. 6.22).

,

.

PAD. .

PAD

. PAD

.

PAD .

PAD

, PAD

.25. , RS-232C.

PAD

8, 16

24

. PAD, ,

,

: ,

; ; .25

; ,

, ; ,

,

. .25.

PAD,

.25

. « ,

» PAD

PAD

. .25

,

RS-232. ,

.28 PAD. PAD,

. PAD :

. ,

.25,

PAD, 386

, ,

, ,

PAD ( ,

PAD –

). .25 telnet

Ctrl+P PAD ,

.. , TCP/I . ,

.28

, PAD (

PAD), ,

. .25

.25

,

.25.

PAD

.29, PAD

,

.

.25

, ,

PAD

, .25.

.25 .25

,

) .25 16 .121 CCITT

( .

. .

.25

.25,

.121. International Data Numbers, IDN) 14 . IDN (Data Network Identification Code, DNIC). DNIC , , – , 10 , 10 , . , 1995 – 251. (National Terminal Numbe, NTN). .25. .25 ISO 7498, . ISO 7498 .25 , 36 ( ). , ISDN, .25, . .121 (

, ; .25

(3

) .

.25. , – 250,

1995 DTE

.121 )

37

.25 .25

3

(

. 6.23). .21

–

.21 bis

DSU/CSU, ,

, . HDLC, . : LAP

LAP-B.

.25/3 387

.

,

.

, . LAP-B. , LAP-B , IP,

,

IPX-

,

)

.

LAP-B . LLC2, (

, DCE

. DTE

DTE (

)

– DSAP – 0x01

LAP-B . LAP-B

3, SSAP),

DTE

0x03

DTE

DTE.

( ), ).

) DCE

8 128

( 25/3 (

,

14

DCE (

DCE

)

,

LAP-B.

LAP-B,

.25/3

, . . .25.

Call Request

LAP-B

Call Request

. 6.24.

388

,

, .25.

Q

D

Modulo

. .

Q ,

,

Q

( ).

Q=l

, a Q=0 –

D

.

. .25

–

, .

, D (delivery confirmation)

,

. Modulo

, – 8 128, 01 – 8. (Lodical Group Number, LGN) .

10

128 –

.

,

: • • • •

; (

); );

( . – 12, . (Logjcal Channel Number, LCN)

,

(

) ).

,

,

256.

( .

)

.

,

Call Request

, (

0).

, (

1

1)

,

, N(S)

. N(R). (DA

SA)

.

. 389

Call Request,

– .

,

Call Accepted – « , . .121 ISO 7498.

,

»,

,

. (Facilities length)

(Facilities) . , ( .

, »

« ),

» ,

–

. . : 16,32,64,128, 256,

.25 512

1024 . Call Request ,

128

. . LCN ( ).

VCI, .25

. .25 .

, ,

, .

,

,

250 720,

1,

,

1,

– 250 720, 250 720 26.

250 720 11, ,

, ,

. (

– Call Request –

Data). ,

.

, Protocol

, IP-

,

. . (

)

.25 TCP/IP.

, , . .

, .25

,

, .

, .25

LAP-B

LAP-B,

. .

,

LAP-B

.25, ,

LAP-B

. ,

,

. .25

. (1200-9600

– ,

),

. .25

.

,

, –

. . .25 390

. ,

.25 . 6.4.3.

frame relay –

Frame Relay

, .25,

,

,

, -

. frame relay , .

frame relay 2

.

frame relay .

.

frame relay – .

frame relay ATM, «

frame relay 1988 ,

» (best effort), ISDN 1992-93

. . . frame switching.

I.122, , frame relay frame switching .

frame relay. frame relay . CCITT (ITU-T) Frame Relay Forum T1S1 ANSI. Frame Relay Forum 1990 Cisco Systems, StrataCom ( – Cisco Systems), Northern Telecom Digital Equipment Corporation CCITT ANSI. Frame Relay Forum FRF . FRF frame relay, ITU-T ANSI. , FRF.11 frame relay. Frame Relay Forum , frame relay, T1S1 CCITT. , , frame relay . frame relay Local Management Interface (LMI) – . ITU-T , . Frame Relay Forum ITU-T . , frame switching FRF, FRF , ITU-T, . frame relay, ITU-T/ANSI, Frame Relay Forum, ( ) (SVC). , , , , , , 391

. frame relay .

frame relay ,

,

.

, ,

,

,

.

frame relay frame relay ,

, .25, )

,

frame relay

.25 3-

.

, (core)

LAP-F

frame relay ,

(control).

-

frame relay,

,

.

frame relay

, , ,

.25.

frame relay

.

, ,

,

.25. (

. 6.25)

ISDN,

frame relay ISDN,

frame relay .

LAP-D.

LAP-F ( 1/ 1.

LAP-F core, Q.922 ITU-T)

ISDN, LAP-F

, PVC

.

frame relay LAP-F contol

LAP-F core. LAP-F core, LAP-F control

. frame switching.

ITU-T

D

.

LAP-D, ISDN.

Q.931

Q.933 ( (

ISO 7498), Data Link Connection Identifier – DLCI.

,

Q.931 ISDN), .164 frame relay 392

frame relay LAP-D

Q.931/933,

LAP-F, ,

DLCI. LAP-D,

LAP-F core ITU-T

, LAP-F control.

,

LAP-D,

frame relay

, ,

, frame relay

IP,

. , frame relay

,

RFC 1490,

SNA. frame relay .

frame relay

, . , . Ethernet, Token Riag

, , LAP-F

frame relay FDDI, .

. 6.26.

HDLC,

,

. (Data Link Connection Identifier, DLCI) . DLCI 1 (Extended Address – , 1,

1024 – , ,

10

, ).

1

. DLCI

• • • • • • 976

DLCI 16 , frame relay (ANSI, ITU-T) :

, – 23 DLCI

0– 1-15 – 16-991 – 992-1007 – 1008-1022 – 1023 –

(LMI); ; PVC

SVC; ; ; .

, DLCI.

frame relay 4056

C/R DE, FECN

.

. HDLC

–

«

».

BECN . frame relay 393

(QoS)

. .

frame relay , ,

. .25

TCP/IP

RSVP, Internet.

frame relay

. ,

. CIR (Committed Information Rate) –

, .

(Committed Burst Size) – , Be (Excess Burst Size) – , . , CIR ,

, . ,

: CIR, Be, Be

= Bc/CIR. .

. 6.27.

frame relay

,

ATM. , ,

. . Q.931/933 – .

CIR,

Be ,

,

. , 394

CIR. .

, DE (Discard Eligibility), , .

,

, 1,

, , DE=1

,

. ,

,

,

.

DE, . 6.27 5

,

. ,

.

R

,

CIR.

fl, f2

f3

,

,

DE=0. fl, f2

f3,

f4

, DE=1.

, ,

f4, ,

f5,

,

. frame relay

«

» (Leaky Bucket).

.

(

0,

,

).

,

,

DE=0. ,

DE=1.

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

. ,

.

,

CIR

.

,

. , ,

,

DE=1. ,

. , Be, DE=1,

CIR

. ,

. 6.28 . . CIR, CIR,

Be Be/R, R– frame relay

. . CIR ,

Be.

, 128 1 1,544

1 ,

128

, .

395

.

,

. 6.28

1

2

1 =256

DLCI=136.

2

(

1 )

128 =64

. 256

=512

=128

.

frame relay. , .

, –

. DE-1

,

. frame relay

(

)

. (

, FECN (Forward Explicit

).

Congestion Bit)

. (TCP/IP, SPX

, BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Bit)

.) .

.

BECN ,

frame relay – CSU/DSU. frame relay FECN BECN, RNR .25. (TCP, SPX, NCP . .)

, , . –

,

,–

frame relay . FECN BECN frame relay (Frame Relay Access Device, FRAD)

, DLCI;

Q.931. . frame relay, , : (

. BECN.

D

. 164, X. 121

SETUP,

ISO 7498); ; 396

CIR

; ; .

Be ,

,

PROCEEDING –

CALL

.

,

(

,

,

,

, SETUP

), .

. frame relay

,

.

,

SETUP

. CALL PROCEEDING

.

,

– CONNECT, . . CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE.

, CONNECT CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE, .

.

frame relay frame relay

,

.25.

, .25, frame relay

frame relay.

,

Ethernet.

,

,

,

.

, .

frame realay,

Ethernet, –

frame relay , frame relay.

, TCP

, NCP

.

,

frame relay Ethernet frame relay

, .

.

,

G.703

ISDN. –

-6

10 . frame relay

,

,

. frame realy .

ATM –

2

,

frame relay . ,

, . .

,

,

frame relay frame relay,

,

.

, . – , , ,

, ATM. 397

frame relay ,

FRF.11. . frame relay , PVC

,

1/ 1, frame relay

.

, , Ethernet LAP-F

« FDDI

. frame relay frame relay

FRAD ( frame relay,

».

LAP-F Internet RFC 1490

SNAP .

, frame relay ,

,

,

UNI

FRAD).

,

frame relay SNA, SDLC (

, , IBM). –

, TCP/IP,

,

. ,

. 6.4.4.

ATM

–

,

.

,

, (Asynchronous

. Transfer Mode, ATM) ,

ISDN (Broadband-ISDN, B-ISDN). ATM, , . (

,

)

,

,

, . , . . :

1/ 1,

, SDH STM-n, FBDI. : IP, SNA,

Ethernet, ISDN. – Bell Labs

1968

.

TDM

, .

TDM, STM (Synchronous Transfer Mode), .

,

, , .

. STDM (Statistical TDM), 398

, ,

.

,

. , . ,

,

.

ATM

–

.

,

–

, .

.

,

ISDN ,

.

ATM

, . B-ISDN

,

,

ISDN –

,

,

, ATM

, ISDN –

, 30

,

,

.

ATM

.

ISDN .

ATM

ATM Forum IEEE,

ITU-T

, ,

1993 ATM Forum

ANSI. ATM – , ,

,

. – ,

, . 5-10

ATM

.

, ,

,

.

,

,

ATM

,

,

. ATM ATM

– , .

ATM

20.

ATM

PNNI (Private NNI), . ,

ATM .25,

PNNI. (Virtual Channel Identifier, VCI), .

ATM,

,

,

, ,

,

,

. .,

,

IP-

CIDR. (Permanent

Virtual

Circuit,

PVC) 399

(Switched Virtual Circuit, SVC). – Virtual Path, ATM .

, (Virtual Path

Identifier, VPI) . ATM

,

–

(

)

( ).

ATM (User Network Interface).

UNI UNI

,

,

,

ATM, .

UNI 4.0,

,

,

UNI 3.1.

ATM

. SDH/SONET,

. –

Forum

-3 155 ,

ATM 155

).

.

SDH,

,

5. MMF.

SMF,

-3

622 ATM,

, 4 /5 IBM «cell-based» SDH/SONET.

SDH/ SONET.

1/ 1 – , , SDH/SONET,

ATM -12 (622 , -

, 100

(FDDI) ATM Forum. ,

25 155,52

, , ATM,

, . ATM »

,

,

, .

ATM

, «

». . ,

. –

,

( )

200,

–

20.

, . ,

,

,

,

,

( ) ). . 6.29.

400

. 4500

(

,

,

29

FDDI),

.

,

4500

2 144

frame relay) 18 .

.

, ,

–

. ,

ATM, , ATM

.

– – cell.

48

– 53 –5

,

. ,

ATM

– 24

, (

)

ATM. ATM –

32

,

– 64

.

,

, .

, ,

, , 3

53

. ,

125

.

155

.

, ,

.

–

, .

48

ATM

48

.

, 6

125 .

, ,

,

6

,

–

.

32

4

,

. 64

–

. 48-

32-

10 %, 16 %. ,

.

ATM ,

frame relay.

frame (

relay frame relay

), 401

ATM ,

, 4

, . – service class)

( ATM. ,

,

,

,

, ,

, –

,

, ,

, . –

,

, . ,

,

.

ATM –

(Constant Bit Rate,

CBR)

(Variable Bit Rate, VBR). ,

, .

, ,

ATM

.

, ATM. , : ,

CBR

VBR; ;

,

ATM, – (

). ATM

6.4.

. 6.4.

ATM

– Constant Bit Rate, CBR. . :

. ,

– Variable Bit Rate, VBR. . :

. ,

– Variable Bit Rate, VBR. He . :

. ,

: frame relay, X.25, LLC2, TCP 402

D

– Variable Bit Rate, VBR. He .

.

:

, (IP, Ethernet DNS, SNMP)

X

,

, .

, ATM

,

.

,

,

,

–

,

. , . ATM Peak Cell Rate (PCR) – Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) – Minimum Cell Rate (MCR) – Maximum Burst Size (MBS) – Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) – Cell Transfer Delay (CTD) Cell Delay Variation (CDV) -

: ; ; ; ; ; ; . ,

–

–

,

.

, PCR,

.

.

, .

ATM » - QoS.

« (

RCR, SCR, MCR, MBS), (CLR).

CDV), QoS,

(

. CTD, CDV

D

ATM QoS

ATM

CLR.

, ,

,

. ATM frame relay,

,

.

, , frame relay

.

,

.

,

(

QoS)

, . , .

X, ,

QoS,

. QoS, 403

,

«Best Effort»

. Unspecified Bit Rate, UBR.

– ,

,

ATM .

, UBR

«

»,

,

, . ATM

, (

frame relay, ). ,

ATM

, , . ATM

ATM ATM – . 6.31.

ATM ATM,

6.30,

ISO/OSI ATM ATM

. OSI

.

AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer, AAL) AAL5,

AAL1ATM

ATM

. 404

OSI,

TCP

UDP. (

AAL . 6.31),

.

. AAL

. AAL,

.

ATM AAL

, AAL. . AAL (Segmentation And Reassembly, SAR). , ) AAL , ATM . – Convergence Sublayer, CS. .

AAL ( , (

)

,

ATM, AAL ,

,

,

(

,

), , ( .25, frame relay).

AAL

, AAL.

,

,

AAL

SAR

( ATM)

AAL,

,

ATM

48-

,

.

AAL AAL

. AAL .

,

AAL, –

. ATM

,

.

(

)

,

ATM. AAL1

(Constant Bit

Rate, CBR),

,

,

.

ATM .

,

AAL1

,

47

46

,

ATM 1 . ,

2

. ,

125 ,

, 125x46

.

, .

AAL1 .

AAL2

, ATM,

AAL1, AAL3/4 AAL5. AAL3/4 – , AAL3/4

– (Variable Bit Rate, VBR). ,

. , . 405

,

, –

, . AAL3

AAL3/4

AAL4, .

AAL3 AAL4 AAL5

. AAL4

,

, . frame relay, AAL5

. ,

AAL5

,

. ,

,

D. CBR,

AAL5 . AAL5

,

ATM. . ,

, ATM

L5 . , ATM,

AAL.

(

, ,

) ,

QoS:

,

QoS.

ATM

–

,

–

. , . QoS .

AAL

.

ATM, . ATM

ATM TCP/IP

ATM

,

LAP-F

IP

frame relay.

ATM ,

. , (Virtual Path Identifier, VPI)

ATM ATM

– (Virtual Channel

Identifier, VCI).

ATM ,

,

, (

,

). ATM

,

,

. 6.32.

(Generic Flow Control) . (Vitual Path Identifier, VPI) (Vitual Channel Identifier, VCI) 1 2 , (VPI) (VCI) (Payload Type Identifier, PTI) 3, – ( ,

. . .

406

). , Explicit Congestion Forward Identifier, EFCI – frame relay,

– FECN .

( llLoss Priority, CLP) frame relay – ATM , CLP=0

DE ,

,

, , . CLP=1 –

,

. (Header Error Control,

)

,

. , ,

, . ,

SDH,

ATM, , SONET/SDH

STS-n (STM-n) , 1/ 1),

.

, ATM (

, . 5

, ATM

,

STM-n,

,

ATM, .

, ATM

. SDH

ATM ,

,

.

ATM

VPI/VCI.

ATM . VPI,

– VCI

.

. ,

. ,

. ATM VPI,

VCI, ,

VCI, . ATM

VPI

. , 407

. 6.30.

ISDN – Q.2931, Q.931

,

Q.933 (

. ,

),

, .

Q.2931

SSCOP, SSCOP ATM

, SSCOP .

Q.2931

.

AAL5, SSCOP

Q.2931

ATM UNI 3.1,

UNI 3.0

Q.93B.

Q.2931 UNI 3.0 UNI 3.1,

4.0

Q.93B .

UNI 3.1

UNI ,

UNI 3.1. ,

Q.2931,

)

.

Q.2931 (point-to-point) « ,

« » (point-to-multipoint). ,

»

ATM

,

.

»

«

,

-

. , .

,

–

. ,

,

,

,

),

(

. Q.2931,

, ,

Q.933, , . 20-

frame relay, , E.164,

, ATM ISO 7498. AFI, 8 11

1

.164 (15

),

. IDI – DSP (Domain Specific Part)

. 4

DSP – High-Order Domain Spesifie Part (HO-DSP), , ATM, PNNI, CIDR IP. – End System Identifier (ESI), ATM, -

, , 6 IEEE. 1

, ,

. ATM

,

, IDI DSP 4, 10

2

,

ATM Forum. ISO, HO-DSP

ATM Forum, ,

. ESI

IEEE,

3

,

–

,

. ATM 408

.

ESI, CALL SETUP

,

,

. Q.2931,

,

,

QoS. , .

,

CALL SETUP

,

,

. ATM

ATM

,

(service categories) ATM,

.

AAL. AAL,

, ,

. AAL

. Q.2931

UNI .

ATM

AAL,

,

QoS. AAL

. ATM

,

: CBR – rtVBR –

; , ;

nrtVBR –

, ;

ABR –

, ;

UBR –

, . ,

–

, ATM

, ATM,

AAL. CBR

–

,

.

.

CBR, ,

PCR, ,

QoS:

CTD,

CDV

CLR. – ,

,

, ,

CBR.

, ,

, CLP=1.

. ,

,

CBR 1/ 1,

, CDV, CLP=1. PCR,

64

,

. 409

CBR,

VBR

.

PCR - SCR, ,

: ,

VBR

– MBS.

ATM. PCR,

,

, Burst Tolerance,

CBR,

MBS.

– PCR, SCR MBS. PCR – rtVBR nrtVBR

. ,

,

CLP=1. QoS, . VBR

CLR,

, . QoS ATM – Generic Cell Rate Algorithm, , PCR, CDV, SCR, « », «

, ,

, CTD

CDV. frame relay.

» ,

.

, –

,

. CBR

VBR, .

UBR

,

UBR

«

»

. ,

UBR ,

»

. UBR .

UBR

,

. ,

, QoS,

UBR . ABR

.

UBR

,

. ABR –

ATM, , ,

. CBR PCR.

VBR,

ABR . MCR.

,

, ,

,

. ,

,

PCR,

MCR. , MCR

,

ABR PCR

,a

. ABR .

, 410

,

.

,

,

ABR ,

. CBR, VBR

UBR

. ,

,

CBR

VBR,

, ,

. ABR

, .

ABR MCR),

( .

,

ABR,

RM, Forward Recource Management (FRM), ,

– Resource Management, RM. RM –

, , .

RM – Backward Recource Management (BRM). –

. (

EFCI)

ATM.

, ,

BRM

,

. , , . . BRM,

. MCR,

,

,

.

, ,

, ,

,

. , , . FRM .

,

,

, , (

).

FRM,

BRM .

, ,

BRM, .

, .

FRM .

FRM

BRM

. . ,

ABR , , .

ATM .

ITU-T

ATM Forum 411

QoS,

, ATM

, ,

.

. ,

VBR

,

ABR , .

UBR –

ATM CBR CBR VBR

,

.

ABR, . . ABR,

ATM CBR, VBR

,

ABR. .

BR P R,

, VBR

,

SCR,

ABR

, MCR.

, ABR

CBR

CBR

VBR.

VBR

,

,

ABR

,

. IP

ATM

ATM

, ,

.

frame relay, X.25),

,

ATM , (Ethernet, IP, IPX, , ,

. ATM

.

IP

,

IP

ATM

, .

Classical IP (RFC 1577)

( IP

)

,

,

ATM.

–

Classical. ,

Classical IP,

IP-

–

IP,

ARP. ,

ARP-

. ,

ATM,

,

,

–

Access, NBMA).

NBMA ARP-

,

,

, IP-

ATM ,

relay)

, ,

. ,

,

ATM

ATM .

– » (Non-Broadcast networks with Multiple .25 frame relay. TCP/IP ATM – . . NBMA ( .25 frame , ARP-

, ARP,

, , 412

.

,

,

,

. ATM Classical IP IPLIS

. ATM (Logical IP Subnet, LIS) ( IP,

, .

. 6.33).

, ATM,

ATM.

LIS,

ATM.

Classical IP VLAN ,

VLAN.

ATM , LIS

IP-

. ATM

,

,

. – ATM

,

.

,

ATM

, . – ,

IP–

.

ATM ( PVC)

,

IP,

VPI/VCI ATMARP. , –

,

.

,

LAN Emulation,

. ATM

ATMARP,

.

,

TCP/IP. ATM.

20 , ATMARP, . ,

ATMARP .

ARP 413

ATMARP, IP.

IPATMARP, ATM.

,

ATM-

. ATMARP

,

.

( ARP

).

,

ARP,

ATM.

,

ATMIP-

,

. IP-

ATM

Classical IP

AAL5, ,

CBR, rtVBR, nrtVBR

UBR.

ATM ATM

«

»,

,

,

,

. , ATM.

,

, ,

, ATM, .

, ,

»

ATM «

.

»

ATM

.

,

ATM, ,

Ethernet

,

FDDI,

, .

, IP,

Classical IP,

, , ,

, ,

,

IP

,

,

.

ATM . ATM Forum ),

LANE (

,

LAN emulation,

ATM. .

ATM ,

,

ATM ,

, .

LANE SVC ATM,

. ,

,

ATM,

, .

LANE. , ATM

LAN

, 414

, . , (LAN Emulation Client) ,

. 6.34.

, , LES (LAN Emulation Server). ATM ATM

LE LE . LEC.

LES

ATMLEC, ,

.

LES

,

ATM-

,

LEC

.

LES

LEC

,

. LE

LES

–

,

ATM. ATM

LE ATM, LES.

ATM-

LES

LEC, LEC ATM

, ,

ATM-

,

.

,

ATMSVC

UNI. (

ATM SAR)

, MAC

LEC ATM.

LANE , (Broadcast and Unknown Server). ,

ATM ,

BUS

. . ,

, LES

BUS, 415

LEC

. ,

LES Emulation Configuration Server). LANE , ,

BUS

ATMLE S (LAN

– .

LES

BUS

, .

. IPX, DECnet

LANE ATM ATM. .

. .

, ATM. LANE.

( 3-

,

. ,

ATM Forum – Multiprotocol Over ATM, – IP, Classical IP, 3, , , , , IP) , , 3LANE. ATM

ATM

,

.

, , 20-30 %. ATM

,

,

( 155

ATM

622

),

(

,

), , , , ATM

, PNNI. Gigabit Ethernet. 622 ,

–

ATM .

). , –

ATM –

– 1000 ATM

,

,

,

,

Gigabit Ethernet.

(

,

, .), ATM , Fast Ethernet.

ATM, ATM ,

ATM,

,

,

. ,

frame relay

,

, . ATM –

ATM ATM. IPIP. UUNET –

,

Internet. IP-

ATM SDH,

, ATM

ATM Internet

(

. 6.35).

416

Distributed Networking Associates ,

ATM,

85 % (

IP – 32 %). ATM ,

CBR

, ATM.

ATM

5%

–10 %. SDH, ,

ATM , ATM

. , .

.25, frame relay, SMDS, ATM , TCP/IP

TCP/IP.

,

TCP/IP, . ,

.

,

, TCP/ IP

,

.

. ,

.

, . ,

IP

IPX.

:

, ,

,

.

, . .25 417

.

.25 , . .25 PAD, . .25

, frame relay , LAP-F.

«

».

,

.25, – ,

. frame relay .

frame relay , CIR

. frame relay , ,

, . frame relay , . ATM ,

frame relay.

ATM

,

:

CBR, ,

VBR,

,

. –

PCR,

SCR,

MBS, ,

ATM . SONET/SDH ATM

,

. ,

ATM PDH. , –

B-ISDN,

ISDN.

6.5. , . ,

,

. 4.5.1. –

, ,

,

. ,

, 418

. ,

, ,

,

,

,

,

–

,

, . ,

,

,

.

.

6.36

, : – (1); – (2);

• • • •

– (3); – (4).

Office) ,

, – ROBO SOHO. ROBO (Regional Office/Branch – SOHO (Small Office/Home Office) .

, .

, ,

, .

(remote node). , 419

,

. , , . . .

(

1

Terminal

. 6.36) ( Windows 3.1),

,

rm90

Nortom Commander .

,

VT-100,

.

IBM,

MVS,

PAD, .25,

. ,

,

,

,

–

, . , – DOS, Windows, OS/2, – . , .

,

,

, ,

Windows.

, .

,

. . –

. ISDN

(Plain Old Telephone Service – POTS)

,

, ISDN.

,

, . ,

,

,

ISDN –

, ,

ISDN.

ISDN , , . ,

–

. ,

.25

frame relay, ,

. ,

, .

, .25

,

frame relay ROBO, .

.25 420

PAD,

,

.

, .

,

, ,

, ,

.

ISDN 64

64

,

, frame relay

. , . , .

20-40 ISDN.

40

,

60-80,

frame relay. ,

;

; ,

,

. ATM

frame relay. 6.5.2.

-

–

,

. –

(Remote Access Server, RAS), .

,

,

.

, , ,

.

,

(

),

,

,

,

(

),

. (Communication Server). ,

– ,

.

,

, , .

,

,

.

,

dial-out –

,

. (Remote Access Server, RAS) , dial-in –

, – ,

,

,

. .–

. , .

. . , ,

. 421

. Microsoft RAS, NetWare. dial-in

Connect,

Windows NT,

NetWare ,

dial-out

. dial-in

dial-out

,

. :

,

.

(remote node). (

ISDN)

, . ,

.

,

,

. . ISDN, SLIP,

frame relay LAP-B .25/3

.

.25

, LAP-F

(

frame relay

). ,

,

,

,

,

,

, . NetBEUI. ,

IP, IPX , , – .

,

,

, ,

. 33,6 , 15-20 .

Ethernet, ,

, ,

3% 30 ,

.

, .

.

, . ,

.

, , –

, ,

. Microsoft SQL Server), User Manager for Domains , – WAN-

( ,

, Oracle, Informix, . ,

Windows NT. ,

. , ISDN422

PAD X.25.

,

,

.

, . . IP, IP-

,

, ARP (

. ,

proxy ARP),

IP.

,

NetBIOS

–

, . , ( ), Mac OS, OS/2, Windows 95

. Windows NT Workstation . . ,

.

-

(remote control) ,

access). ,

(terminal ,

,

. , ,

. ,

.

, ,

, (MS-DOS, Windows 3.1, Windows 95/98, , (Unix, IBM VM, IMB OS-400, VAX VMS). , , dBase, Paradox Access. , – ,

Windows NT, OS/2 Warp),

, , . –

,

WinFrame

Citrix. –

.

, ,

,

– .

, , Copy, Remotely Possible

Norton pcAnywhere ReachOut, LapLink for Windows, Carbon Close-Up. –

.

,

,

, . , . ,

telnet 423

Unix, DEC LAT

VAX VMS.

.

,

, . ,

,

. , ,

, :mail Mobile

, Exchange

Lotus,

,

Microsoft). ,

,

, -

.

,

, .

, . .

,

. ,

.

,

,

.

,

, ,

, . , . .

6.5.3.

, .

( ,

,

–

.25)

,

,

–

. , . ,

Internet.

frame relay

,

. – Internet,

Internet

. . ( ,

,

) , 424

, (

. 6.37).

,

, ,

. SLIP Internet

.

.25 , .

Internet

, Internet

,

.25. intranet, .

Internet Internet , – . . .

.

Internet, ,

–

, IPX, NetBEUI,

,

IP-

, Ethernet

. Internet ,

. Internet . Internet

(DSL). (Asymmetric Digital 425

Subscriber Line, ADSL), (SDSL),

(Rate (Very high-speed DSL, VDSL).

Adaptive DSL, RADSL)

– High-speed DSL (HDSL)

1/ 1. 1,544

2,048

2-

4ISDN

. 128

. Internet (

)

Internet ,

2. .

, , »,

« (V.34, V.34+)

. 3100 ,

* DSL

1

–

. * DSL ADSL:

. 6.38

ADSL-

.

,

, , , .

1,5

6

,

«

« »–

» 16

1 .

,

. Internet

, .

,

.

ADSL – ADSLAM. 3100 ,

, ADSLAM. 426

ADSL ISDN

HDSL –

, .

,

, . ADSL-

ADSL POTS

. .

ISDN

HDSL

, 64 , Internet ( Internet

,

. ). ,

,

ADSL, ,

.

*DSL Internet .

,

ADSL-

.

,

– DMT, ,

, *DSL

.

,

.

ADSL

,

short range . ,

, ,

short haul , 2,048

, RAD Data Communications).

Internet

(

,

. –

.

75,

30

–

10

.

. Internet –

Internet,

10

8 SONET/SDH .

UUCP,

80 ATM.

, Internet,

, . ISDN – . (RAS), ,

. ,

, . dial-in (

),

– dial-out. 427

, . , – 4800

9600

. , ,

,

. , Internet, –

Internet

,

. Internet –

1. 2.

*DSL, ADSL.

DSU/CSU? . ,

,

? 500 3.

1

.

,

2-

,

.

?

4. 5.

OSI

? ,

,

1?

6.

, , 100

7. 8. 9.

, 180

?

1 .25

STS-1? PAD? ,

RS-232C,

Ethernet,

,

Ethernet

? 10.

PAD ,

, ?

11.

ISDN

, 2400

9600

,

? 12.

ISDN

, ,

100

512 13.

? ,

TCP ( )

, ,

.25 14. CIR

(

frame relay? frame relay CIR, Be ,

: CIR 428

).

frame relay

,

, CIR?

15. , :

19,2 ATM?

.25, frame relay

. ATM

16.

, ,

? ?

17. ATM,

ATM.

,

VCI ATM.

, ATM? 18.

V.90 V.90.

, , .

?

19.

: B+D, CIR=64

64

ISDN

,

frame relay

?

20.

, NetBEUI

frame relay. ,

,

,

.

?

7. ,

. , . , ,

,

. , , .

.

, . , – , . , VLAN.

,

,

, .

,

,

,

.

7.1. 7.1.1. . 429

, 1989

, SunSoft. SunNet Manager . . :

,

SunNet Manager,

,

,

. :

,

PDH ,

SDH.

,

, ,

. ISO 7498-4, • • • • •

ITU-T X.700 : ;

; ; ; . .

,

, ,

(

(Configuration Management). (Network Element, NE), . ., ),

. . , –

, . (

)

,

.

,

,

, .

,

. ,

,

.

. ( ,

.25,

)

.

, NetSys

, Cisco Systems, (Fault Management).

. , .

,

,

. ,

,

, , (

,

, ).

,

.

. . , – (

). , , 430

. (Performance Management). , , ,

, , . ,

.

(Service Level Agreement, SLA), ( , , , (

).

SLA , ,

, , ,

, ),

( ).

, . (Security Management). )

( .

,

, ,

.

.

, ,

Kerberos,

,

),

. (Accounting Management). – ,

,

. – billing.

, HP OpenView,

,

. OSI ,

– , ,

«

OpenView ,

,

,

,

.

», OSI.

. Cabletron Spectrum,

,

SunNet Manager, HP

, ,

. ,

RADView

RAD Data Communications, MainStreetXpress 46020 , X.700/ISO 7498-4,

Newbridge , , .

. .

(System Management System). . (Configuration Management). . 431

, ,

,

,

,

, . . (Configuration Management). , .

,

, . ,

,

. (Fault Management and Performance Management). ,

,

.

. (

, ,

, ,

).

. , . Microsoft System Management Server (SMS), CA Unicenter, HP Operationscenter

. ,

,

.

, , –

,

–

. OSI . , CA Uni enter TNG

-10 IBM/Tivoli. .

7.1.2. , .

,

. –

,

,

. –

,

,

,

,

. .

, –

(TMN),

, .

Telecommunication Management Network ITU-T, ISO, ANSI ETSI. , 432

.

TMN ),

ITU-T ( .3010.

TMN TMN

,

(

,

, .

),

,

, , ,

.

TMN

( . 7.1). (Network Element layer, NE) – , , – , , , .

– :

,

,

, –

. .

, . FDDI, ISDN, frame relay, SDH. ,

, .

, ,

, , – SNMP

CMIP.

OSI.

–

(network element management layer) – . –

SDH,

. . . . . Bay Networks, RAD View

CiscoView RAD Data Communications . . (Network management layer). ,

Cisco Systems, Optivity

, 433

. . ,

. (Service management layer) – ,

– . ,

,

.

(service

provisioning)

, ,

.

,

,

. . , . .

, frame relay

,

, CIR

,

. (Business management layer) ,

,

.

, . . ( (

),

),

, . , . , .

7.1.3.

,

, . –

. . «

-

»

, 7.2. , ,

. , . ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

.

434

,

.

, . .

, ,

, . , . , . , ,

,

. ,

. , . . , – Management Information Base, MIB. , .

,

,

. MIB,

, ,

.

in-band, out-of-band,

,

,

,

.

,

,

SNMP,

, ,

, in-band.

, FDM, out-of-band.

.25,

,

,

,

,

. out-of-band

, ,

. Network,

TMN , ,

out-of-band. , .

, ,

.

, . -

, 435

Internet

SNMP

ISO/OSI –

CMIP.

, ,

, , ,

. .

, ,

.

, , ,

,

.

,

,

. ,

,

, .

«

-

» . -

,

, (

. 7.3). . , .

, ,

,

, , .

,

. ,

,

, 436

. 7.3. ( . 7.5).

. 7.4)

–

,

.

.

. . , , ,

,

, ).

, ,

.

, ( ), .

«

».

. . (MIB) , ,

, . , , 437

«

».

,

, . TMN ,

TMN

.

, «

», – ,

, . HP OpenView, SunNet Manager

Sun Soltice, Cabletron Spectrum,

IMB/Tivoli TMN10. ,

, ,

Unix Windows NT, MS Word, Oracle . . – SNMP CMIP,

, .

,

,

,

. (API)

. ,

API, . , . Configuration Management),

( (

Fault Management). , Network Node Manager, , , ,

HP OpenView . .

, .

–

,

.

,

, .

,

, , .

Optivity

Bay Networks HP OpenView

Trancsend SunNet Manager.

3Com,

,

, ISO/ITU-T

.

Telecommunication Management Network (TMN), . «

-

».

, – Management Information Base, MIB. , –

. 438

, –

. TMN

. . , .

7.2. 7.2.1. «

-

»

: ; « « «

-

»; »; -

»; , ; ,

MIB; ), ,

(

, ;

(

), ,

, . , «

-

».

, . – SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), ISO/ITU-T, CMIP (Common Management Information Protocol). , SNMP, , ISO/ITU-T – , ITU-T. , SNMP, ISO/ITU-T . 7.2.2.

Internet,

, CMIP

SNMP SNMP,

SNMP,

:

ASN.1 (

MIB ISO 8824:1987,

; SNMP – ITU-T X.208); MIB (MIB-I, MIB-II, RMON, RMON 2), 439

ISO. . SNMP Internet

.

SNMP MIB ,

, ,

. ITU-T, ,

CMIP, SNMPATM

ADSL,

SNMP – ,

SNMP , MIB (private)

.

SNMP

. .

, TCP/IP, IPX/SPX. SNMP , MIB (Management Information Base). MIB SNMP, MIB I MIB II. . MIB, ( ,« »). ( ) , ,

, SNMP , ,

MIB. SNMP –

,

,

,

MIB . ,

SNMP

, . . ,

,

. SNMP SNMP –

«

»,

,

,

.

– .

Get-request . GetNext- request ( request

) Get-response GetNext-request. Set Set ,

. SNMP

Get. . , –

VLAN ,

. . SNMP

,

Set

.

, ,

, .

,

, ,

. Trap 440

. SNMP v.2

GetBulk, . SNMP MIB

Ha SNMP.

MIB-I

MIB-II,

RMON MIB. ( , MIB

MIB MIB

MIB

),

. MIB-I MIB-I (RFC 1156) System –

.

114

,

MIB-II. .

8 (

,

,

). Interfaces – , Address Translation Table – , ARP). Internet Protocol – , IP). ICMP – , TCP – , UDP – , UPD). EGP – , Protocol, Internet (

(

,

,

).

IP (

IP-

,

, ICMP.

TCP ( UDP (

,

TCP-

), , Exterior Gateway ).

, , 1992

10

,

MIB-II (RFC 1213), , , 10. . 7.6 – System ( if). SysUpTime , SysObjectID – ).

-I (

TCP/IP. 185)

MIB-II. Sys)

Interfaces (

,

441

ifNumber

, , ifType

if Entry .

ifAdminStatus Ethernet.

, ,

,

ifType –

,

.

.

, rfc877-x25, ethernet-csmacd, iso88023-csmacd, iso88024-tokenBus, iso88025-tokenRing . . ifMtu – , . ifSpeed – (100 Fast Ethernet). ifPhysAddress – , Fast Ethernet . ifAdminStatus – : up – ; down – ; testing – . ifOperStatus – , , ifAdminStatus. ifInOctets – , , , SNMP. ifInUcastPkts – , . ifInNUcastPkts – , . ifInDiscards – , , , , . ifInErrors – , . , , , . MIB-II, Ethernet, , , . MIB – RMON MIB, Ethernet, , . SNMP MIB MIB ,

SMI – Structure of Management Information. IpAddress

SMI 4

.

– 0

(

,

Counter,

32

2 -1. ASN.1, , ).

,

MIB ISO

SNMP ,

SMI IP, PPP

Ethernet,

ASN.1 ,

,

,

. , ,

.

,

, 442

,

ASN.1, MIB, , ,

. ASN.1

ASN.1, . , .

,

ASN.1

, –

. ., , . ASN.1, ,

, ,

,

C++.

,

.

ASN.1 SNMP. ASN.1

OSI, CMIP. MIB

,

– 1,

RFC, MIB SNMP

, SNMP. 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1. SNMP MIB ISO. Internet «Assigned Numbers» ( Protocol IP, . .). ISO,

, ,

,

,

,

,

, , 7.7.

ISO . ISO, ITU

,

ISO ( org). (Departament of Defence, DoD), , ISO, .

SysDescr

SNMP

, . 7.7

,

.

ISO-ITU.

, Internet MIB mgmt.

–

dod-internet, , , , .

, .

, MIB

: 443

iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib, private (4) Cisco, Hewlett-Packard . . CMIP TMN. , , , , iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib.system, ISO, MIB,

: 1.3.6.1.2.1. ,

MIB-I

,

MIB-II . System – 1.3.6.1.2.1. . 7.8.

SNMP SNMP

,

SNMP

.

UDP, .

,

TCP,

, TCP

,

SNMP .

SNMP

TCP/IP. UDP ( OSI –

.

SNMP SNMP

,

TCP), 4, CNLS, .

,

Novell

NetWare 3.11,

, Bay Networks) IPX. SNMP,

IP,

SNMP

SNMP

.

, SNMP

ASN.1

, . SNMP (community), , , (Protocol Data Unit, PDU). SNMP

:

(version), ,

, . ASN.1

:

SNMP-Message ::= SEQUENCE { version INTEGER { version-1 (0) }. 444

community OCTET STRING, SNMP-PDUs ANY } PDU, SNMP: SNMP-PDUs ::= CHOICE { get-request GetRequest-PDU, get-next-request GetNextRequest-PDU. get-response GetResponse-PDU, set-request SetRequest-PDU. trap Trap-PDU, } , GetRequest-PDU GetRequest-PDU ::= IMPLICIT SEQUENCE { request-id RequestID. error-status ErrorStatus. error-Index Errorlndex, variable-bindings VarBindList }

.

SysDescr ( 30 SEQUENCE 04 String A0 getred 02 INTEGER

PDU

. :

SNMP RequestID – 4), ErrorStatus ErrorIndex – 0. VarBindList – ASN.1 null. SNMP, 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1). 29 len=41 06 len=6 1C len=28 01 len=1

02 INTEGER 70 p 02 INTEGER 00 Status

,

01 len=1 75 u 04 len=4 02 INTEGER

GetRequest-PDU. ( , , «

00 vers=0 62 b 05 — 01 len=1

-

6C i AE requested ID 00 error

».

69 i 56 —

63 c 02 —

index 445

30 SEQUENCE 2B 1,3 05 null

0E len=14 06 6 00 len=0

30 SEQUENCE 01 1

0C len=12 02 2

06 objectid 01 1

08 len=8 01 1

01 1

00 0

,

30 ( SEQUENCE ( ). (41 ). 1 , SNMP v.l, a 1 SNMP v.2). ) 6 public. GetRequest-PDU. To, Get-request, SNMP, ASN.1), a Getrequest-PDU, ). 0. , – 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1.0 null.

SNMP ( string (

4,

), – community ( – 28

.

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RMON MIB SNMP MIB.

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, . .

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, .

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, . ,

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Filter – Packet Capture – Event –

. . . ,

,

,

Hosts

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200

Token Ring. 10 , 446

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(

Token Ring. TCP/IP). .

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, RMON.

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History

. , .

. etherStatsOctets –

(

), ).

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(

). ,

. etherStatsMulticastPkts – . etherStatsCRCAlignErrors – ) 64 1518

, ,

(

, (FCS error).

(alignment error)

etherStatsUndersizePkts –

,

,

64

,

. etherStatsOversizePkts – 1518 , etherStatsFragments –

, .

,

, ,

etherStatsJabbers –

64

.

, ,

etherStatsCollisions – etherStatsPkts640ctets – . etherStatsPkts65to1270ctets – 65 127 . etherStatsPkts128to2550ctets – 128 255 . etherStatsPkts256to51lOctets – 256 511 . etherStatsPkts512tol0230ctets – 512 1023 . etherStatsPktsl024to15180ctets – 1024 1518 . , , Fast Ethernet.

(

1518 Ethernet. )

. 64

(

)

(

)

(

)

(

)

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)

RMON, Ethernet , History ).

(

( Filter),

. ,

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. 447

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,

,

. . ,

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.

», community string , , . SNMP v.2

, ,

, ,

.

UDP ( SNMP) ,

(

trap) .

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CMIP

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.) .

,

HP OV Telecom DM TMN, TMN

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SNMP

SNMP,

. 7.2.3.

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OSI – OSI Management Framework – 7498-4: Basic Reference Model, Part 4, Management Framework.

ISO/IEC ,

. ISO/IEC 7498-4

. . . . . . 7.1, .

ISO

, .

SNMP, . 7.9, (Management Protocol) Management Application Entities, SMAE). OSI

(Systems SMAE .

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.

SMAE

.

448

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. – notifications.

, ,

X .

,

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,

• .

X

,

. ,

X

.

. Internet

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. ,

,

, OSI

. SMAE,

. ,

,

. OSI

.

OSI

,

, ,

,

.

,

,

. OSI. , .

OSI

(Application Context, AC). AC .

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OSI ,

OSI), TCP/IP.

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, (

)

. ,

ftp, telnet

NCP, ,

, .

OSI 449

. ACSE (Association Control Service Element). . . RTSE (Reliable Transfer Service Element).

(

,

)

OSI (shared). , .

, ROSE (Remote Operations Service Element). ( CMIP, OSI

, RPC).

, ,

ROSE

.

, OSI N-

:

,

.

N-

,

,

. OSI, . .

,

OSI

. N. .

N-

,

OSI.

N-

,

. , 1 ,

IEEE (SMT

FDDI),

2.

N,

. ,

STM-n

,

SDH,

, N-

. N-

OSI.

N-

OSI . , . .

,

.

–

OSI .

. (instance)

–

.

OSI

.

–

,

.

, ,

, VLAN,

,

, . .

, MIB

,

, Management Information Base (MIB). ,

MIB OSI . . MIB 450

, . ).

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, ,

,

,

CMIP .

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, .

.

OSI

,

MIB,

.

. pa ,

.

,

, .

,

.

, . OSI knowledge)

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SNMP

, ). . ,

. .

OSI

. . ISO 10164-16.2

.

,

. ,

,

,

. (Repertoire Knowledge)

, ,

.

. .

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. (Instance Knowledge) ,

.

, .

OSI .

. (Inheritance Tree),

. . .

,

).

OSI 451

,

MIB Internet.

, ,

,

,

, .

OSI

ISO ( MIB-I, MIB-II, RMON MIB ,

SNMP).

,

, ,

,

,

private. (Containment Tree). . . « Ethernet» ,

,

»

«

», .

«

« «

»,

Ethernet» »

«

», .

(naming tree) OSI (Relative Distinguished Name, RDN),

. :

(Distinguished Name, DN), (Full Distinguished Name, FDN), (Local Distinguished Name, LDN).

,

. , RDN,

, ,

,

interface_a

.

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, RDN-

, FDN

,

,

,

. RDN-

,

–

,

, ,

. . ) :

. 7.10. 1, , repeator, switch

interface,

corpmax-slotes, 14. RAS, .

,

. ,

1,

1. 1. 2 1.

452

OSI (Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects – ISO 10165-4. GDMO (templates) – . (PACKAGES), . , , , . .

GDMO ), , PACKAGE ,

,

, .

, –

,

. .

,

. GDMO

. ASN.1. ASN.1, GDMO

SNMP, CMIP

ASN.1. GDMO . Definition of Management Information (DMI, ISO/IEC 10165-2:1991) Generic Management Information (GMI, ISO/IEC CD 10165-5:1992) MIB GDMO. MIB ISOInternet MIB II, MIB. , DMI , , ,– , . System Network, , . 1992 – (ISO/IEC 10737-1 ISO/ IEC 10733). GDMO. – ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, ETSI, X/Open, , , SunSoft, Hewlett-Packard, Vertel, ISR Global. TMN .3100, . OSI ISO – Sun, Hewlett-Packard, IBM . ., , ISO . 453

, OSI

IETF Internet,

. CMIP

CMIS

,

, CMSIE (Common Management ,

, CMSIE ,

Information Service Element).

– CMIP. , CMIS (Common Management Information Services). CMIP CMIS CMIS – ( ). , , M-CREATE

. CMSIE, .710

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,

(

),

,

: ;

M-DELETE ; M-GET ; M-SET ; M-ACTION . : M-EVENT_REPORT –

. CMISE

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.

GET M-GET, M-

, ,

. (filtering)

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,

.

: ,

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,

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(

0)

; ,

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.

. , =, >=, <=, >, <

. .

. 454

: «

».

,

,

,

.

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,

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, M-GET, M-SET, M-CREATE

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. .

,

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,

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.

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,

, ,

, , .

. SNMP

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, ,

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, ,

,

. ,

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,

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,

,

, ,

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). CMIP

, .

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, ,

, .

: (OSI), CMIP.

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,

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SNMP

. ,

: ; , ; SNMP UDP (

) 455

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set

; trap, ,

,

.

MIB

Internet

,

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: MIB-I – RMON MIB

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Ethernet

Token

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, – Internet

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ISO/ITU-T

.

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, , ,

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. OSI, ,

,

.

7.3. ,

, .

,

–

. . , . , .

–

.

– :

, ,

. . , ,

,

, . , ,

, ,

. ,

,

. 7.3.1. ,

, . 456

,

MIB SNMP

CMIP. ,

. (Embedded systems). , ,

,

. , . Ethernet, ,

«

. SNMP-

»

, ,

. (Protocol analyzers). , . , , –

. , . . . : ,

,

. .

,

,

. Spectrum

, Sniffer

Cabletron

Network

General. . . :

,

,

. (

) . –

, . . , ,

,

. . . . .

,

:

,

. 7.3.2. 457

, ,

,

Notebook, . (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Fast Ethernet). . , ,

, , –

. – promiscuous mode.

»

, ,

,

, HTTP, IPX, NCP, NetBEUI, DECnet ,

,

IP, TCP, ftp, telnet,

. . , ,

,

. . (

) ,

. ,

,

,

. ,

. ,

SNMP

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, . . , .

,

. ,

. .

– .

,

:

, .

, ,

. . ,

,

. , . ,

,

. , , . Windows NT Microsoft. SMS, Windows NT Server, 4.0 ( Network Monitor SMS , Network Monitor Agent, Server, . Network Monitor ( ) , ). Network Monitor .

Network

Monitor

). Windows NT ,

458

7.3.3.

. , .

,

,

. ,

.

–

,

,

,

, . 7.3.4. –

:

,

NEXT, .

,

, ,

, ,

,

,

. ( .

.)

,

, » (Time

«

Domain Reflectometry, TDR).

, . (

). .

, . (Nominal Velocity of Propagation, NVP)

.

.

NVP , .

– . –

, . ,

,

,

,

. 7.3.5. , , ,

,

. ,

, . , , ,

.

, . 459

, . . ,

.

.

, . :

,

,

. Ethernet .

, .

.

, .

, NEXT • • •

100 :

,

,

.

; 150

; 100

.

.

(Nominal Velocity of Propagation, NVP) (User Defined cable type) «

. »

. –

,

,

. 460

« . (

Ethernet

: Link Test

»

, 10BASE-T).

, .

,

«

» .

.

– (utilization),

,

.

,

.

. ,

Ethernet (Short frames). 64 (short),

. ,

,

,

.

– ,

«

» (runts),

. . (Jabbers).

,

,

1518

. , . ,

(Bad FCS) . –

,

,

,

, .

, , .

. (ghosts)

. ,

– 10101011.

72

,

. . . . ,

, . 0,01 %,

, , 1

10 000. 461

, ,

. , . Ethernet. (Local Collision). ,

,

. ,

. .

(Remote Collision). (

,

). (10Base-T, 10Base-FL/FB, 100Base( ).

, TX/FX/T4, Gigabit Ethernet), , .

,

64 64

, (Late Collision). Ethernet

( ).

. , . ,

64

.. ,

,

, , . , . 5 %.

(

20 %)

.

. , . (Top Sendes) . . . (Top Receivers) . ,

. (Top Broadcasters) , . 462

(Traffic Generation) . , . , IP-

. IPX-

,

–

.

. .

,

TCP/IP, Novell NetWare, NetBIOS

Banyan VINES. , ,

, . ICMP,

TCP/IP

, .

IP Ping, NetWare Ping

NetBIOS Ping.

7.3.6.

,

,

,

. SNMP

,

, ,

.

,

,

. , ,

, .

,

, –

,

, .

, . , .

, SNMP. ,

.

,

, . ,

, 463

RMON MIB RMON Token Ring, , .

. Ethernet ,

, ,

RMON

, RMON,

. 9

RMON MIB. RMON

Ethernet,

,

.

, .

VLAN ,

SNMP ,

.

,

,

HP Open

View. .

,

802.1Q

. .

,

,

,

,

. , . ,

, , .

. ,

, .

,

,

,

,

,

. , «

»

,

.

. .

, . ,

,

. ,

. .

,

-

, , 464

(

),

. .

1. Ethernet

,

,

? 2.

TMN ?

3.

,

NetWare

%)

(3

Ethernet

. , ,

0,5 ,

20 ,

30 .

Ethernet 58 , 1500

Ethernet ,

. 4. ? 5.

,

RMON MIB,

MIB

?

6.

SNMP, trap, , community string, CMIP

, 7. 8. 9. 10.

,

? ? ? ?

, .

5

?

.

, , ,

,

:

50 % , , ,

–

. ,

,

. 90–

10

100

, .

90-

,

,

–

Gigabit Ethernet ATM. . lOOVG-AnyLAN,

1995

,

,

Data Communications International .

25 ATM,

90-

,

.

, ,

.

,

ATM 465

, , .

, . ,

, 80–20 % –

,

,

, ». . .

« Internet,

, ,

, «

» 50 % –

,

, .

, 5

10

,

,

–

,

,

. ,

. ,«

»

,

,

, ,

, .

lOOVG-AnyLAN. ,

.

,

,

, lOOVG-AnyLAN

. ,

. ,

, . IP-

. IP-

(NetFlow, Fast IP «

. .)

– »

,

– . , , ,

.

,

,

,

,

, «

»

.

,

. 1

3.

,

,

,

, . 8. 9. 12. 13.

–

–

. .

,

, 5, 7,12,13.

16.

,

, D.

11, 12, 15, 16, 17. OSI

5, 6. ,

, D,

, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8,

, 466

. 17. 18.

OSI

. (

, )

(

, ).

. 20. 21. 22. 24. 25. 26.

. IEEE. TCP/IP, Internet , . , .

DoD.

Microsoft ,

NetBIOS/SMB. .

,

IPX/ SPX

,

Novell.

,

,

2 1. 2. 3.

. . . TDM, 2.

4.

.

0,33 6,6 0,24 5. 8. - 001,

- 0001,

, 48 10. 11. 12.

.

10,24 102,4 8

0010 0100 1010 0101 0111 1101 0010 1011 0100 0110 0. , : - 1, - 01, D - 00001, F - 00000. 35 . ASCII 128 . , , 6 3 , , .

. ,

.

. 13.

–

. 3

2. 3. 4.

. , ,D–

. ,

–

,. .

5. 7. 9.

1Novell 802.3; 3-

. - 802.3/LLC, 802.3/802.2, Novell 802.2; 2- Ethernet DIX, Ethernet II; 4-

10.

- Raw 802.3, – Ethernet SNAP. :

, ,

, IPX,

.

, , 467

,

,

. 11.

, (jabber)

. link test.

13. . 14.

,

,

. 15. 16. 19.

. . .

22. 23.

,

DAS

DAC

.

,

, .

24. 25. 26. 28.

. . , D, . . 4

2.

+ + + + ++

3.

-+ -+ ++ -

+ -

, .

5.

,

, – . FDDI – .

6.

,

,

,

7.

–

SNMP, , .

9. 10. 11.

. . .

12.

– (

, ,

. »

, ,

)

, .

13.

. 468

14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

,

.

. . ,

. ,

,

,

,

(

) .

. 19.

,

, .

NetWare

.

22.

– –

, 24. 26.

802.3 .

. ,

,

. 5 4. 5. 7. 8. 9.

. (

, , Windows NT IP, ICMP, RIP, OSPF, ARP IP

,

, ).

. . ,

. 10.

, ,

11. 12. 13.

,

.

, , , D. , F. 232.

IP0,

31

2

31

,

50 %

. 10,

30 .

12,5 % 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

, IP-

,

25 %

,

. , , , F, I, J, , L. – 14. – 255.255.255.0. – 255.255.255.252.

– 198.65.12.64, 255. 64,

, RIP-2, OSPF .

19.

: .

20. 21. 22.

–

.

,

IP-

, IP-

.

.

:

, , ,

, .

24.

–

,

,

, ,

,

, 469

, 26. 27. 30.

.

D. . . 6

1.

, –

2. 3.

DSU/CSU

. 1.

1 ,

20 % .

4. 5.

– ,

,

.

1

.

, . 6.

:

PRI

ISDN,

; PRI 1

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(

ISDN, 1,

)

; frame relay.

28. . , Ethernet

. ,

, 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

telnet,

, Hayes-

«

.

.

.25

D».

( .25 – 16

)

, frame relay – 8. ,

,

.

,

DE=1,

, 16.

.

ABR. .

17. 18. 20.

VPI. 33,6

. NetBUEI frame relay. 7

1. 2. 3.

. . NetWare , ,–

NCP.

4. 5.

. , .

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

. ,

.

. . ,

. 470

1.

: .

;

. . .

.–

2. 3. 4. 5.

: , 1989. : Fast Ethernet. .

.:

,

, . - BHVIP/IPX

, .

. . . , 1990. . .

. . ; , 1998. . . .

.

.–

,

.–

, .

.

;

.

.:

, . .–

.:

, 1990.

.:

,

1998. 6.

. , 1998. Internet. .

7. 8. 9. 10.

.: BHV – TCP/IP.

;

,

. .

.–

,

11. 12. 13. 14.

.–

». SDH. . . Windows NT

.: , 1999. Networking Essentials. ,

,

. –

.:

, 1998. . – BHV– , 1997. .– , 1998. . . .;

.

., 1998. .

.

.–

.

,

.

.– .

,

.–

– ;

15. 16.

.

, 1998. «

, .

.

.

;

.

, 2-

, 1998. ,

(

.:

; 70-058).

, 1999.

MCSE (+CD-ROM). .– , 1997. . (+CD-ROM). - MicrosoftPress,

. ,

1998. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0; , 1997. Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0. , 1997.

.

1;

. .

.: – BHV – .

.: - BHV -

-

; . . – .: » «Channel Trading Ltd.», 1995. Emerging Communications Technologies, 2/e, Uyless Black, Prentice Hall Professional, 1997. Telecommunications for Managers, 3/e, Stanford H. Rowe, Prentice Hall, 1995. Data and Computer Communications, 5/e, William Stallings, Prentice Hall, 1997. ISDN and Broadband ISDN with Frame Relay and ATM, 3/e, William Stallings, Prentice Hall, 1995. Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems, Fred Halsall, Adisson-Wesley, 1996. Internetworking with TCP/IP: Principles, Protocols, and Architecture, Duglas E. Comer, Prentice Hall, 1995. TCP/IP Network Administration, 2/e, Craig Hunt, O'Reilly & Associates, 1998. Computer Networks, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Prentice Hall, 1996. . .

, . . ,

, . . .

. . . 066333 23.02.99. 471

. . . 54,6.

.

02.02.01. 10 000 « , .

196105,

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70 100'/16 2856.

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197110,

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., 15.

....................................................................................................................................................... 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 4 .......................................................................................................................................... 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 6 1. .................................................................... 6 1.1. ................................................................... 6 1.1.1. ................................................................................................ 6 .................................................................................................................. 6 – ....................................................................................... 7 ................................................................................................................... 8 ............................................................................................................................ 8 ............................................................................. 9 ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.1.2. – ............................................. 11 ....................................................................................................... 11 ...................................................................................................................... 11 ............................................................................................................................. 12 ................................................................................................................... 13 1.1.3. ........................................................... 14 1.1.4. ............................................................................... 14 .................................................................................................................................................... 17 1.2. .............................................................................................. 17 1.2.1. ................................................................... 17 1.2.2. ............................................................ 19 1.2.3. ......................................................... 21 1.2.4. ..................................................................... 22 ................................................................................................................ 23 ........................................................................ 24 ........................................................................................................................ 26 1.2.5. Ethernet– ......................................................... 28 1.2.6. .......................................................... 29 ........................................................................................................... 30 ........................................................................................................... 31 1.2.7. ............................................................................................................................ 35 .................................................................................................................................................... 36 1.3. « » .............................................................. 37 1.3.1. . . . ........................................... 37 1.3.2. OSI.................................................................................................................................... 40 472

1.3.3.

OSI....................................................................................................................... 42 ............................................................................................................................... 42 ................................................................................................................................. 43 ...................................................................................................................................... 44 ........................................................................................................................... 45 ................................................................................................................................. 46 .................................................................................................................... 46 ............................................................................................................................... 46 ........................................................................................... 46 1.3.4. « »........................................................................................................ 48 1.3.5. .................................................................................................... 49 1.3,6. .................................................................................................................. 50 1.3.7. .................................................................. 52 OSI .................................................................................................................................................. 52 TCP/IP............................................................................................................................................. 53 IPX/SPX.......................................................................................................................................... 54 NetBIOS/SMB................................................................................................................................. 55 .................................................................................................................................................... 56 1.4. ............................................................................................................ 56 1.4.1. , ........................................................... 56 1.4.2. .................................................................................... 57 1.4.3. ........................................................... 58 .................................................................................................................................................... 59 1.5. , ............................................................................................... 60 1.5.1. .................................................................................................................................. 60 1.5.2. ............................................................................................................................... 61 1.5.3. ..................................................................................................................... 62 .................................................................................................................................................... 63 1.6. , ............................................. 64 1.6.1. ..................................................................................................................... 64 1.6.2. .......................................................................................................... 66 1.6.3. ........................................................................................... 67 1.6.4. ................................................................................................................................. 67 1.6.5. ............................................................................................... 68 1.6.6. .............................................................................................................................. 69 1.6.7. .............................................................................................................................. 69 .................................................................................................................................................... 69 ................................................................................................................................. 70 2. ........................................................................................... 71 2.1. ......................................................................................................................................... 72 2.1.1. ......................................................................................................................... 72 2.1.2. ............................................................................................................... 73 2.1.3. ........................................................................................................ 74 ................................................................................... 74 .................................................................................. 75 , ......................................... 77 ............................................................................................................. 79 ........................................ 81 .................................................................................................. 82 2.1.4. ........................................................................................................................ 83 ................................................................................. 84 ..................................................................................... 85 ............................................................................................................................ 86 ............................................................................................................... 86 .................................................................................................................................................... 88 473

2.2. 2.2.1.

2.2.2.

2.2.3.

2.2.4. 2.2.5. 2.3. 2.3.1. 2.3.2.

2.3.3. 2.3.4.

2.3.5. 2.4. 2.4.1.

2.4.2.

2.4.3.

3. 3.1, 3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.2. 3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.3. 3.3.1.

......................................................... 89 .................................................................................................................. 89 ................................................................................................................ 90 .......................................................................................................... 90 ................................................................................................................. 92 .................................................................................... 92 ....................................................................................... 93 ........................................................... 94 ...................................................................................... 94 ................................................................................................................ 95 ................................................................................................................................. 95 2 1Q...................................................................................................................... 95 .............................................................................................................. 96 ................................................................................................................................... 96 .................................................................................................................................... 96 .............................................................................. 98 ........................................................................................ 101 .................................................................................................................................................. 101 ................................................................................. 102 ............................................................................................................ 103 ..................... 103 ........................................................................................... 104 ........................................................................................................ 105 ................................................................................................. 106 ................................. 106 ............................................................................................ 108 ............................................................................................................. 108 .............................................................. 109 .................................................................................................................... 111 .................................................................................................................................................. 112 ......................................................................................................................... 113 ................................................................................................................... 114 ................................................... 115 .......................................................................... 116 ................................................................................... 118 FDM TDM WDM..................... 118 ................................................................................................................... 119 ........................................................................................................... 119 ......................................................................... 121 ..................................................................... 121 .............................................................................................................. 123 .................................................................................................................................................. 124 ........................................................................................................................ 125 .......................................................................................... 125 ........................................................................................ 125 ............................................................... 125 IEEE 802.x .............................................................................................. 127 .................................................................................................................................................. 129 LLC (802.2) .................................................... 130 LLC.................................................................................................. 131 LLC. LLC2 ...................................... 131 .................................................................................................................................................. 133 Ethernet (802.3) .............................................................................................................. 134 CSMA/CD........................................................................................................... 134 .......................................................................................................................... 135 474

..................................................................................................................... 135 .......................................................................... 137 3.3.2. Ethernet ..................................................................... 139 3.3.3. Ethernet ........................................................................................ 140 802.3/LLC ..................................................................................................................................... 141 R w 802.3/Novell 802.3 ................................................................................................................ 142 Ethernet DIX/Ethernet II................................................................................................................ 143 Ethernet SNAP .............................................................................................................................. 143 Ethernet ............................................................................... 143 3.3.4. Ethernet................................................................................ 144 10Base-5 ................................................................................................................................ 144 10 Base-2 ............................................................................................................................... 147 10 Base-T ............................................................................................................................... 148 Ethernet..................................................................................................................... 150 .................................................................................................................................... 151 Ethernet 10 ...................................................................... 151 3.3.5. Ethernet ......................................................................... 152 PDV............................................................................................................................................ 153 PVV............................................................................................................................................ 154 .................................................................................................................................................. 155 3.4. Token Ring (802.5)......................................................................................................... 156 3.4.1. ...................................................................................... 156 3.4.2. ....................................................................... 156 3.4.3. Token Ring....................................................................................................... 158 ................................................................................................................................................... 158 ............................................................................. 158 ........................................................................................................... 160 3.4.4. Token Ring ............................................................................ 160 .................................................................................................................................................. 161 3.5. FDDI .............................................................................................................................. 162 3.5.1. ...................................................................................... 162 3.5.2. FDDI............................................................................................ 164 3.5.3. FDDI ...................................................................................... 165 3.5.4 FDDI....................................................................................... 166 3.5.5. FDDI Ethernet Token Ring ........................................................... 167 .................................................................................................................................................. 168 3.6. Fast Ethernet lOOVG-AnyLAN Ethernet................................................ 169 3.6.1. Fast Ethernet .......................................................................... 170 100Base-FX – , .................................. 172 1 OOBase-TX UTP Cat 5 STP 1, ..................... 172 100Base-T4 – UTP Cat 3, ............................................ 173 3.6.2. Fast Ethernet ..................... 174 DTE-DTE.............................................................................................. 174 Fast Ethernet, ....................................................... 175 3.6.3. 100VG-AnyLAN ................................................................................ 177 .................................................................................................................................................. 179 3.7. Gigabit Ethernet............................................................................... 180 3.7.1. ............................................................................................... 180 3.7.2. 200 ....................................... 182 3.7.3. 802.3z ................................................................. 182 .......................................................................................................................... 182 ............................................................................................................................ 183 ........................................................................................................................ 183 3.7.4. Gigabit Ethernet 5 ................................................................................ 183 .................................................................................................................................................. 184 475

4. 4.1. 4.1.1. 4.1.2. 4,1.3. 4.1.4. 4.2. 4.2.1.

4.2.2.

4.3. 4.3.1.

4.3.2.

4.3.3. 4.3.4.

4.3.5. 4.4. 4.4.1.

4.4.2.

4.4.3.

4.4.4. 4.4.5.

........................................................................................................................ 185 .................... 187 ............................................................................................ 187 ................................................................................................... 187 .................................................................. 189 ..................................................................... 191 ............................................................................ 192 .................................................................................................................................................. 193 ................................................................................................. 193 ....................................................................................................................... 193 ................................................................................... 193 ...................................................................................................... 194 ............................................................................................................................ 195 .................................................................... 195 .............................................................................................................................. 197 ............................................................................................................... 198 ......................................................................................... 198 ....................................................................................................... 200 SNMP ............................................................................. 201 ..................................................................................... 202 .................................................................................................................................................. 203 ........................................... 204 ........................................................... 204 , ........................................................... 204 ................................................................................ 206 ......................................................................... 208 ........................................................................................................... 210 .................................................................................................. 210 .............................................................................................. 212 , ....................................................................... 215 .................................................................................................. 216 ........................................................................ 221 ....................................................... 221 .............................................. 222 ........................................................ 224 .................................................................................................................................................. 225 ............................................ 226 .............................................................. 226 ........................................................................... 227 .............................................................................................................. 228 ................................................................................................. 228 ......................................................................................................... 229 ........................................................................................ 229 , ........................................ 231 .................................................................................. 231 « » ........................................................................................ 232 ..................................................................................................................... 233 ........................................................................................................................... 234 .................................................................................. 234 Spanning Tree ................................................................................................... 234 ........................................................................................ 238 ........................................................................ 238 .......................................................................................................... 239 ..................................................................................................... 240 ................................................ 244 476

5. 5.1. 5.1.1. 5.1.2. 5.1.3. 5.1.4. 5.1.5.

5.1.6.

5.2. 5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.2.3. 5.2.4. 5.2.5. 5.2.6. 5.2.7. 5.2.8.

5.3. 5.3.1. 5.3.2. 5.3.3.

5.3.4. 5.3.5.

5.3.6. 5.3.7.

5.4. 5.4.1.

....................................................................................... 244 ..................................................................................... 245 ..................................................................................... 246 .................................................................................................................................................. 247 ........................................................................................................................ 248 ......................................................... 250 .......................................... 250 ........................................................................................ 250 internetworking .............................................................................................................. 251 ......................................................................................................... 253 ........................................................................................................ 256 .......................................................................................................... 259 ........................................................................................................................... 260 ................................................................................................................ 261 .................................................................................................. 262 TCP/IP.................................................. 262 TCP/IP ............................................................................................ 262 ................................................................................................ 262 ................................................................................................................................. 263 ............................................................................................................................. 263 ............................................................................................................. 263 TCP/IP ISO/OSI............................................... 264 .................................................................................................................................................. 266 IP......................................................................................................................... 267 TCP/IP......................................................................................................... 267 IP....................................................................................................................... 267 IP........................................................................................................................ 269 IP......................................................................................... 270 IP............................................................................................ 271 IP....................................................................... 272 IP.......................................................................... 272 IP............................................................................... 275 ............................................................................................. 275 DNS.............................................................................................................. 277 .................................................................................................................................................. 279 IP ....................................................................................................................................... 279 IP ............................................................................................... 279 IP.................................................................................................................... 280 IP........................................................................................... 282 ....................................................................................... 284 ....................................................................... 285 ................................................................................. 286 .................................................................................. 289 .................................................................................. 289 ........................................................................................... 292 CIDR........................................................ 295 IP........................................................................................................... 298 TCP......................................................................... 300 .................................................................................................................................................... 301 ............................................................................................................................... 302 ........................................................................................................................................... 302 TCP.................................................................................. 303 .................................................................................................................................................. 304 IP............................................................................................. 305 Internet..................................................... 305 477

5.4.2.

RIP.................................................................................... 307 .................................................................................................. 307 2– ............................................................................... 308 4– , , .................................................... 309 5– RIP................... 309 RIP....................................................... 310 RIP ................................................................ 313 5.4.3. « » OSPF .......................................................................................... 313 .................................................................................................................................................. 316 5.5. Novell........................................................................ 317 5.5,1. IPX....................................................................................... 317 5.5.2. IPX.................................................................................................... 318 5.5.3. IPX.................................................................................................. 320 .................................................................................................................................................. 321 5.6. ................................................................................................................ 322 ....................................................................................................... 322 5.6.1. ......................................................................................................................... 322 .............................................................. 322 .................................................................. 323 ................................................. 324 5.6.2. .............................................................................. 326 5.6.3. ................................................ 327 ............................................... 327 ...................................................................................................................... 328 3.............................................................. 328 ...................................................................................................................... 329 .................................................................................................................................................. 330 ........................................................................................................................ 331 6. ........................................................................................................................... 333 6.1. .................................................................................................... 334 6.1.1. ................................................................. 334 ............................................................................................ 334 ....................................................................................... 335 .................................................................................................................. 336 DTE-DCE ......................................................................................................................... 338 6.1.2. .............................................................................................................. 340 ............................................................................................................................. 341 ............................................................................................ 341 ............................................................................................ 342 .................................................................................................... 343 .................................................................................................................................................. 345 6.2. ............................................................................. 346 6.2.1. ................................................................................................. 346 .................................................................................................. 346 ...................................................................................... 347 6.2.2. .................................................................................................... 349 PDH........................................................................ 349 SONET/SDH................................................................ 352 ............................................................................................ 358 DSU/CSU ....................................................... 359 6.2.3. ............................................................ 360 SLIP ...................................................................................................................................... 360 HDLC................................................................................................................ 362 ........................................................................................................................................ 362 6.2.4. ................................ 364 478

.................................................................................................................................................. 366 6.3. ............................................................ 368 6.3.1. ..................................................................................................... 369 ....................................................................................... 369 ............................................................ 370 6.3.2. Switched 56 ......................................................... 372 6.3.3. ISDN – .................................................................................... 373 ISDN ........................................................................................ 373 ISDN .................................................................................................. 374 ISDN............................................................ 376 ISDN....................................................................................................................... 377 ISDN............................................................................................. 379 ISDN .......................................................................... 380 .................................................................................................................................................. 381 6.4. ............................................................... 382 6.4.1. ................... 382 6.4.2. .25..................................................................................................................................... 385 .25 ..................................................................................................... 385 .25 ........................................................................................................................ 387 .25................................................................................................................... 387 6.4.3. Frame Relay......................................................................................................................... 391 ................................................................................................... 391 frame relay................................................................................................................. 392 ..................................................................................................... 394 frame relay.......................................................................................................... 397 6.4.4. ATM......................................................................................................................... 398 ATM ............................................................................................... 399 ATM.......................................................................................................................... 404 AAL ...................................................................................................................... 404 ATM...................................................................................................................................... 406 ATM ................................................................. 409 IP ATM.................................................................................................. 412 ATM ...................................... 414 ATM......................................................................................................... 416 .................................................................................................................................................. 417 6.5. ............................................................................................................................. 418 4.5.1. .................................................. 418 ....................................................................................................... 419 .............................................................................................................. 419 .............................................................................................. 420 6.5.2. ............................................................................................................ 421 .................................................................................................................................... 422 ................................................................................. 423 ..................................................................................................................................................... 424 6.5.3. ......................................................................... 424 ............................................................................................. 424 Internet ...................................................................................................................................................... 425 .................................................................................................................................................. 427 ........................................................................................................................ 428 7. ....................................................................................... 429 7.1. ........................................................................ 429 7.1.1. .............................................................................. 429 7.1.2. ................................................................... 432 7.1.3. ................................................................................... 434 479

–

7.2. 7.2.1. 7.2.2.

7.2.3.

7.3. 7.3.1. 7.3.2. 7.3.3. 7.3.4. 7.3.5.

7.3.6.

....................................................................................................................... 434 ................................................................................. 436 ....................................................................................................................... 438 .................................................................................................................................................. 438 ......................................................................................................... 439 ..................................................................... 439 SNMP ..................................................... 439 SNMP............................................................................................................. 439 SNMP .............................................................................................................. 440 SNMP MIB .......................................................................................................................... 441 SNMP MIB .............................................................................................. 442 SNMP.................................................................................................................... 444 RMON MIB.................................................................................................................. 446 SNMP............................................................................................................... 448 OSI......................................................................................................... 448 ............................................................................................................................ 449 , ...................................................... 450 .................................................................................................. 450 .............................................................................................. 451 ................................. 451 ..................................................................................... 453 CMIP CMIS ........................................................................................................... 454 SNMP CMIP................................................................................................. 455 .................................................................................................................................................. 455 ........................................................................................... 456 ....................................................................... 456 ............................................................................................................ 457 .................................................................................................................. 459 .................................................................................................... 459 .................................................. 459 ...................................................................................................................... 459 ........................................................................................... 460 ................................................................................................................... 461 .............................................................................................................. 463 ........................................................... 463 ..................................................................................................................... 463 ...................................................................................................... 464 .................................................................................................................................................. 464 ........................................................................................................................ 465 .................................................................................................................................................. 465 ................................................................................................................................................. 466 .................................................................................................................................. 466 1................................................................................................................................................... 466 2................................................................................................................................................... 467 3................................................................................................................................................... 467 4................................................................................................................................................... 468 5................................................................................................................................................... 469 6................................................................................................................................................... 470 7................................................................................................................................................... 470 ......................................................................................................................... 471 ................................................................................................................................................. 472

480

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