Cefaclor - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CEFACLOR A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P...

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CEFACLOR A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cefaclor: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00204-3 1. Cefaclor-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cefaclor. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CEFACLOR ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Cefaclor ......................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CEFACLOR ................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 54 General References ....................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON CEFACLOR ............................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Patents on Cefaclor ...................................................................................................................... 57 Patent Applications on Cefaclor................................................................................................... 63 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CEFACLOR ................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 67 Academic Periodicals covering Cefaclor....................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 71 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 72 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 75 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 77 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 81 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 85 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 91 CEFACLOR DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 93 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 117

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cefaclor is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cefaclor, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cefaclor, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cefaclor. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cefaclor, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cefaclor. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CEFACLOR Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cefaclor.

Federally Funded Research on Cefaclor The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cefaclor. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cefaclor. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cefaclor. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for cefaclor: •

Project Title: CRANBERRY: INTERACTIONS WITH ANTI-INFECTIOUS AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Gail D.; Professor of Pharmacy; Pharmacy; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 06-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Gaining a better understanding of interactions between antibiotics and cranberry juice is of critical importance to a patients with

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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urinary tract infections (UTI). With annual 7 to 8 million office visits for UTIs, addressing this interaction is also of public health concern. Men are less prone to UTIs than women; 20% of women have at least one UTI and a substantial portion have recurrent UTIs. Similarly, children are afflicted with UTIs, albeit at a lower frequency but with the added risk of pyelonephritis and chronic renal dysfunction with undertreatment. The bacterial pathogens in UTI are typically responsive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, quinolones, and the beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins). The cephalosporin antibiotics are especially useful in the cases of resistance to amoxicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and treatment of chronic or recurrent infections. Cranberry juice is widely used to prevent and treat UTI in spite of limited evidence of efficacy. Recent studies have shown that other fruit juices (i.e., grapefruit, orange and apple juice) can alter the bioavailability of drugs. Grapefruit juice inhibits intestinal CYP 3A, significantly increasing the plasma concentrations of drugs that undergo extensive pre-systemic CYP 3A metabolism. The furanocoumarins and bioflavonoids, which are present in these juices and cranberry juice, inhibit intestinal OATP activity and co-administration of grapefruit, orange or apple juice significantly reduced the oral absorption of the OATP substrate fexofenadine, which is a commonly used antihistamine. These findings represent the first example of food-drug interactions involving altered activity of epithelial (i.e., intestinal) drug transporter function. The intestinal absorption of many beta-lactam antibiotics is mediated by peptide transporters (e.g. PepT1) and possibly OATP. Moreover, the renal clearance of several penicillin and cephalosporins involves proximal tubular secretion, which is governed by organic anion transporters (viz. OATs) and peptide transporters (viz. PepT2) at the basolateral and apical membranes of the tubular epithelium, respectively. Since cranberry juice contained bioflavonoids as in the citrus juices and a high content of organic acids (e.g. benzoic acid), we hypothesize that cranberry juice has the potential to modulate the absorption and renal excretion of many beta-lactam antibiotics. This altered transport could lower the urinary concentrations of select beta-lactam antibiotics and the effectiveness of the antibiotic in treating the UTI. The proposed studies are designed to first, determine whether concurrent cranberry juice administration lowers the urinary concentrations of two commonly used beta-lactam antibiotics, amoxicillin and cefaclor, in children. Secondly, to conduct a rigorous study on amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in adult healthy women that will separate the actions of cranberry juice on intestinal absorption and renal clearance of this prototype beta-lactam antibiotic. The in vivo pharmacokinetic studies will be accompanied by a comprehensive series of experiments in vitro that should reveal the precise effects of cranberry juice and its ingredients and metabolites on the individual transporters of concern. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “cefaclor” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for cefaclor in the PubMed Central database: •

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefaclor in the treatment of urinary tract infections and their effects on the urogenital and rectal flora. by Iravani A, Richard GA.; 1986 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180373

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Bacteriologic Efficacies of Oral Azithromycin and Oral Cefaclor in Treatment of Acute Otitis Media in Infants and Young Children. by Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Fliss DM, Leiberman A, Jacobs MR, Craig W, Yagupsky P.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89626

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Comparative efficacies of ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and cefaclor against experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae respiratory infections in mice. by Gisby J, Wightman BJ, Beale AS.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245115

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Comparative efficacy and safety of cefprozil (BMY-28100) and cefaclor in the treatment of acute group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. by Christenson JC, Swenson E, Gooch WM 3rd, Herrod JN.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284298

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Comparative kill and growth rates determined with cefdinir and cefaclor and with Streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae. by Yourassowsky E, Van der Linden MP, Crokaert F.; 1992 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=189223

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Comparison of cefdinir and cefaclor in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. by Drehobl M, Bianchi P, Keyserling CH, Tack KJ, Griffin TJ.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163963

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Comparison of cefprozil and cefaclor for treatment of acute urinary tract infections in women. by Iravani A.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245300

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Comparison of cefprozil and cefaclor pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration. by Barbhaiya RH, Shukla UA, Gleason CR, Shyu WC, Wilber RB, Pittman KA.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171785

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The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Comparison of the antibacterial spectra of cephalexin and cefaclor with those of cephalothin and newer cephalosporins: reevaluation of the class representative concept of susceptibility testing. by Preston DA, Jones RN, Barry AL, Thornsberry C.; 1983 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272818

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Concentration Relationships of Cefaclor in Serum, Interstitial Fluid, Bile, and Urine of Dogs. by Waterman NG, Scharfenberger LF.; 1978 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352516

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Double-blind comparative study of two dosage regimens of cefaclor and amoxicillinclavulanic acid in the outpatient treatment of soft tissue infections. by Pien FD.; 1983 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185396

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Effect of refrigerated storage on cefaclor in Mueller-Hinton agar. by Surprenant AM, Preston DA.; 1985 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271591

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Effects of Amino Acid Alterations in Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs) 1a, 2b, and 2x on PBP Affinities of Penicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Cefditoren, Cefuroxime, Cefprozil, and Cefaclor in 18 Clinical Isolates of Penicillin-Susceptible, Intermediate, and -Resistant Pneumococci. by Nagai K, Davies TA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127189

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In Vitro Activity of Cefaclor Against Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria. by Bach VT, Khurana MM, Thadepalli H.; 1978 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352216

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Loracarbef versus cefaclor in the treatment of urinary tract infections in women. by Iravani A.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245091

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Measurement of Cefaclor and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid Levels in Middle-Ear Fluid in Patients with Acute Otitis Media. by Scaglione F, Caronzolo D, Pintucci JP, Fraschini F.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=182623

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Molecular basis of the efficacy of cefaclor against Haemophilus influenzae. by Picard M, Malouin F.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=284379

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Optimal times above MICs of ceftibuten and cefaclor in experimental intraabdominal infections. by Onyeji CO, Nicolau DP, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188159

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Pharmacokinetics of Cefaclor and Cephalexin: Dosage Nomograms for Impaired Renal Function. by Spyker DA, Thomas BL, Sande MA, Bolton WK.; 1978 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352429

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Pharmacokinetics of Cefaclor in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease and During Hemodialysis. by Berman SJ, Boughton WH, Sugihara JG, Wong EG, Sato MM, Siemsen AW.; 1978 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352452

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Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in renal failure: effects of multiple doses and hemodialysis. by Spyker DA, Gober LL, Scheld WM, Sande MA, Bolton WK.; 1982 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181873

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Pharmacokinetics of Cefadroxil and Cefaclor During an Eight-Day Dosage Period. by Hampel B, Lode H, Wagner J, Koeppe P.; 1982 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185721

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Pharmacological Evaluation of Cefaclor in Volunteers. by Hodges GR, Liu C, Hinthorn DR, Harms JL, Dworzack DL.; 1978 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352480

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Pharmacology of Cefaclor in Normal Volunteers and Patients with Renal Failure. by Santoro J, Agarwal BN, Martinelli R, Wenger N, Levison ME.; 1978 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352368

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Prospective comparison of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefaclor in treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. by Gurwith MJ, Stein GE, Gurwith D.; 1983 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185931

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Single-dose cefuroxime axetil versus multiple-dose cefaclor in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections. by Iravani A, Richard GA.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172627

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Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae type b to cefaclor and influence of inoculum size. by Levin RM, Azimi PH, Dunphy MG.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185688

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Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to Cefaclor and Cephalothin: Laboratory and Clinical Studies. by Gray BM, Hubbell CA, Dillon HC Jr.; 1978 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=352377

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cefaclor, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cefaclor” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cefaclor (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of purpuric drug eruption due to cefaclor. Author(s): Kurokawa I. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 November; 20(5): 393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12431878

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A comparative evaluation of cefaclor and amoxicillin in the treatment of acute otitis media. Author(s): Mandel EM, Kardatzke D, Bluestone CD, Rockette HE. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 September; 12(9): 726-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8414799

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A comparative study of cefaclor vs amoxicillin/clavulanate in pediatric pharyngotonsillitis. Author(s): Haczynski J, Chmielik M, Bien S, Kawalski H, Zawadzka-Glos L, Mierzwa T, Zylka S, Mos M, Szendo-Kita J, Mozejko-Pastewka B, Czarnocki KJ, Rek M. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 March; 9(3): Pi29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12640354

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A comparative study of cefaclor vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in tonsillopharyngitis. Author(s): Haczynski J, Bardadin J, Gryczynska D, Gryczynski M, Golabek W, Kawalski H, Kazmierczak H, Krecicki T, Kubik P, Namyslowski G, Popiel L. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2001 September-October; 7(5): 1016-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11535952

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparative study of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of azithromycin and cefaclor in the treatment of children with acute skin and/or soft tissue infections. Author(s): Montero L. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 June; 37 Suppl C: 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8818853

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A comparative trial of low dose cefaclor and macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin in the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection. Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM. Source: Infection. 1995 March-April; 23(2): 98-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7622272

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A comparison of cefaclor and ampicillin in the treatment of respiratory infection in elderly in-patients. Author(s): Lee GS, Kakati R, Mahmoud IA. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1980; 6(8): 564-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7389388

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A comparison of cefaclor and tetracycline in the treatment of bacterial bronchitis. Author(s): Hurst DJ. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1984; 6(2): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6231104

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A comparison of cefaclor versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination in the treatment of acute urinary infections. Author(s): Rous SN. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1981 February; 125(2): 228-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7009887

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A comparison of cefpodoxime proxetil and cefaclor in the treatment of acute exacerbation of COPD in adults. Author(s): Phillips H, Van Hook CJ, Butler T, Todd WM. Source: Chest. 1993 November; 104(5): 1387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8222793

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A comprehensive review of the clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of cefaclor. Author(s): Sides GD, Franson TR, DeSante KA, Black HR. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1988; 11 Suppl A: 5-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3072086

10

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A controlled trial of cefaclor versus amoxicillin for treatment of acute otitis media in early infancy. Author(s): Berman S, Lauer BA. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1983 January-February; 2(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6340079

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A double-blind comparison of the effects of cefaclor and amoxycillin on respiratory tract and oropharyngeal flora and clinical response in acute exacerbations of bronchitis. Author(s): Trigg CJ, Wilks M, Herdman MJ, Clague JE, Tabaqchali S, Davies RJ. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1991 July; 85(4): 301-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1947367

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A double-blind study comparing cefaclor and amoxycillin in the treatment of respiratory tract infections in general practice. Author(s): Brodie NH, McGhie RL, O'Hara H, O'Hara J, Rahman MK, Valle-Jones JC. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1980; 2(7): 494-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7010383

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A double-blind study of cefaclor and amoxycillin in home and hospital-acquired infections. Author(s): Harrower AD. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1982; 8(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7105818

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A human pharmacology study of cefaclor. Author(s): Glynne A, Goulbourn RA, Ryden R. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1978 July; 4(4): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=690034

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A multicenter trial comparing the efficacy and safety of cefuroxime axetil and cefaclor in pneumonia of adults. Author(s): Yangco BG, Lowe J, Nolen TM, Schleupner C, Tan JS, Anthony W. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1990 September-October; 12(5): 440-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2268867

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A multicentre trial of cefaclor advanced formulation versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute bronchitis. Author(s): Alanis A, Longest KA, Senetar JE, Dere WH. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992; 68 Suppl 3: S24-8, Discussion S29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1287614

Studies

11

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A pharmacological study of cefaclor in the newborn infant. Author(s): Chin KC, Kerr MM, Cockburn F, McAllister TA. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1981; 7(3): 168-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7194171

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A randomized controlled trial of amoxicillin plus clavulanate compared with cefaclor for treatment of acute otitis media. Author(s): Marchant CD, Shurin PA, Johnson CE, Murdell-Panek D, Feinstein JC, Fulton D, Flexon P, Carlin SA, Van Hare GF. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1986 November; 109(5): 891-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3534203

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A randomized controlled trial of cefaclor compared with trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole for treatment of acute otitis media. Author(s): Marchant CD, Shurin PA, Turcyzk VA, Feinstein JC, Johnson CE, Wasikowski DE, Knapp LJ, Tutihasi MA. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1984 October; 105(4): 633-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6384453

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A randomized double-blind controlled trial of roxithromycin and cefaclor in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections in general practice. Author(s): Tilyard MW, Dovey SM. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1992 May-June; 15(4 Suppl): 97S-101S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1617932

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A randomized, observer-blind trial of amoxycillin/clavulanate versus cefaclor in the treatment of children with acute otitis media. Augmentin 415 Study Group. Author(s): Subba Rao SD, Macias MP, Dillman CA, Ramos BD, Kierszenbaum JS, Soliman AE. Source: J Chemother. 1998 December; 10(6): 460-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9876054

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A trial comparing cefaclor with co-trimoxazole in the treatment of acute otitis media. Author(s): Feldman W, Richardson H, Rennie B, Dawson P. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1982 August; 57(8): 594-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7051985

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Acute generalized exanthematic pustulosis induced by cefaclor and acetazolamide. Author(s): Ogoshi M, Yamada Y, Tani M. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1992; 184(2): 142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1498378

12

Cefaclor

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Acute interstitial nephritis and non-oliguric renal failure after cefaclor treatment. Author(s): Pommer W, Krause PH, Berg PA, Neumayer HH, Mihatsch MJ, Molzahn M. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1986 March 17; 64(6): 290-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3713103

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Advances in antimicrobial therapy: extended release cefaclor AF. Author(s): Brumfitt W. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992; 68 Suppl 3: S1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1287611

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Adverse reactions to cefaclor. Author(s): Ackley AM Jr, Felsher J. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1981 December; 74(12): 1550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6458890

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Amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium compared with cefaclor for acute otitis media in infants and children. Author(s): Kaleida PH, Bluestone CD, Rockette HE, Bass LW, Wolfson JH, Breck JM, Ubinger EB, Rohn DD. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 March; 6(3): 265-71. Erratum In: Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987 August; 6(8): 734. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3554125

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Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid versus cefaclor in the treatment of urinary tract infections and their effects on the urogenital and rectal flora. Author(s): Iravani A, Richard GA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1986 January; 29(1): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3524418

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An evaluation of cefaclor in Pakistani children with pharyngotonsillitis. Author(s): Siddiqui SJ, Awan A, Ekangakic A, Stocks JM, Sheikh GA, Ahmad TM, Mian FA, Kanjee S, Sheikh S, Rashid A, Yousfani AH, Talat A, Ahmad M. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 October; 52(10): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12553673

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An open comparative study of azithromycin versus cefaclor in the treatment of patients with upper respiratory tract infections. Author(s): O'Doherty B. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 June; 37 Suppl C: 71-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8818848

Studies

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An open comparative study of the efficacy and safety of sultamicillin versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. Author(s): Biolcati AH. Source: J Int Med Res. 1992; 20 Suppl 1: 31A-43A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1451927

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An open study to compare azithromycin with cefaclor in the treatment of children with acute otitis media. Author(s): Rodriguez AF. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 June; 37 Suppl C: 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8818847

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Anaphylactic reaction to oral cefaclor in a child. Author(s): Grouhi M, Hummel D, Roifman CM. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 April; 103(4): E50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10103342

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Anaphylaxis due to cefaclor hypersensitivity. Author(s): Nishioka K, Katayama I, Kobayashi Y, Takijiri C. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1986 June; 13(3): 226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3537051

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Antibiotic prophylaxis by low-dose cefaclor in children with vesicoureteral reflux. Author(s): Kaneko K, Ohtomo Y, Shimizu T, Yamashiro Y, Yamataka A, Miyano T. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2003 May; 18(5): 468-70. Epub 2003 April 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12736811

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Antimicrobial action of Nitens mouthwash (cetyltrimethylammonium naproxenate) on multiple isolates of pharyngeal microbes: a controlled study against chlorhexidine, benzydamine, hexetidine, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, clarithromycin, and cefaclor. Author(s): Pilloni AP, Buttini G, Giannarelli D, Giordano B, Iovene MR, Montella F, di Salvo R, Colantuono R, Lalli G, Tufano MA. Source: Chemotherapy. 2002 September; 48(4): 168-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218263

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Antimicrobial activities and susceptibility testing considerations of ampicillin, cephalothin, cefaclor, and cefuroxime against invasive isolates of Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Shelton MM, Welch DF. Source: Chemotherapy. 1989; 35(2): 88-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2788068

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Assessment of the susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to cefaclor and loracarbef in 13 countries. Author(s): Bandak SI, Turnak MR, Allen BS, Bolzon LD, Preston DA. Source: J Chemother. 2000 August; 12(4): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10949979

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Association of auxotypes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and susceptibility to penicillin G, spectinomycin, tetracycline, cefaclor, cefoxitin, and moxalactam. Author(s): Noble RC, Parekh MC. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1983 January-March; 10(1): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6221419

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Azithromycin versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute bacterial pneumonia. Author(s): Kinasewitz G, Wood RG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1991 October; 10(10): 8727. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1662636

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Azithromycin versus cefaclor in the treatment of pediatric patients with acute group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Author(s): Cremer J, Wallrauch C, Milatovic D, Braveny I. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 April; 17(4): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9707305

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Bactericidal activities of cefprozil, penicillin, cefaclor, cefixime, and loracarbef against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model. Author(s): Cappelletty DM, Rybak MJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996 May; 40(5): 1148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8723456

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Bactericidal activity of clarithromycin and cefaclor against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Lemmen SW, Anding K, Engels I, Daschner FD. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1994 March; 33(3): 673-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8040139

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Bacteriologic efficacies of oral azithromycin and oral cefaclor in treatment of acute otitis media in infants and young children. Author(s): Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Fliss DM, Leiberman A, Jacobs MR, Craig W, Yagupsky P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 January; 44(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10602721

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Bilateral peripheral corneal edema after cefaclor therapy. Author(s): Platt LW. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1990 February; 108(2): 175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2302098

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Biliary excretion of cefaclor. Experimental and clinical study. Author(s): Brogard JM, Pinget M, Comte F, Adloff M, Lavillaureix J. Source: Chemotherapy. 1982; 28(3): 189-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7094660

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Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of cefaclor 500 mg capsules: quantification of cefaclor using solid phase extraction technique. Author(s): Tutunji M, Jarrar O, Musameh M, Alam SM, Quamruzaman, Dham R. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2001 April; 26(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11350539

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Blinded comparison of cefuroxime to cefaclor for lower respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Schleupner CJ, Anthony WC, Tan J, File TM, Lifland P, Craig W, Vogelman B. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1988 February; 148(2): 343-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3277562

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Bowel flora changes in humans receiving cefixime (CL 284,635) or cefaclor. Author(s): Finegold SM, Ingram-Drake L, Gee R, Reinhardt J, Edelstein MA, MacDonald K, Wexler H. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1987 March; 31(3): 443-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3579262

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Cefaclor advanced formulation versus cefaclor in the treatment of pneumonia. Author(s): Casali L, Voi M, Janssen CJ, Olovich KG, Dere WH. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1992 July-August; 14(4): 570-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1525791

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Cefaclor AF in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Author(s): Derriennic M, Voi M, Thoren LM, Black SA, Dere WH. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992; 68 Suppl 3: S43-6; Discussion S46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1287618

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Cefaclor af versus amoxycillin/clavulanate in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a randomised multicentre study. Author(s): Bandak SI, Bolzon LD, Turnak MR, Johns D, Henle SK, Allen BS. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1999 December; 53(8): 578-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10692750

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Cefaclor AF versus cefaclor in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Grossman RF. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992; 68 Suppl 3: S30-6; Discussion S36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1287616

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Cefaclor AF vs Clarithromycin in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (B3M-PKAJBG). Author(s): Khan S, Javaid A, Ghori RA, Mahmood K, Anwer N, Khan SU, Iqbal ZH, Rahman F, Ullah S, Imran K, Akhter N, Khan MK, Siddqui SJ, Fareed A, Khan MH. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2003 August; 53(8): 338-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14558738

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Cefaclor AF: correlation of microbiology and clinical outcome. Author(s): Thornsberry C. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992; 68 Suppl 3: S10-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1287612

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Cefaclor and cefadroxil: a commentary on their properties and possible indications for use in pediatrics. Author(s): Ginsburg CM, McCracken GH Jr. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1980 February; 96(2): 340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7351610

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Cefaclor and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of otitis media--an alternative view. Author(s): Preston D, Therasse D, Zeckel ML. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1998 November; 178(5): 1547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9780287

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Cefaclor and serum sickness-like reaction. Author(s): Reynolds RD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 September 25; 276(12): 950-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8805721

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Cefaclor as a prophylactic agent for recurrent urinary infections: a comparative trial with macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin. Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM, Walker S, Roberts D. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1992; 18(6): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1478163

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Cefaclor associated with intra-oral ulceration. Author(s): Blignaut E. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1990 April 21; 77(8): 426-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2330529

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Cefaclor compared with amoxycillin acute otitis media with effusion: a preliminary report. Author(s): Bluestone CD, Beery QC, Michaels RH, Zanotti ML, Stool SE, Grundfast KM, Wright CM, Mandel EM. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 42-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=398480

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Cefaclor concentration in pus from abscess caused by odontogenic infection after a single oral administration. Author(s): Akimoto Y, Nishimura H, Omata H, Shibutani J, Kaneko K, Kawana T, Kaneda T, Yamamoto H, Fujii A. Source: General Pharmacology. 1996 January; 27(1): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8742518

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Cefaclor concentration in radicular granuloma after a single oral administration. Author(s): Akimoto Y, Ikeda M, Omata H, Shibutani J, Fujii A, Kaneda T, Yamamoto H, Takato T. Source: General Pharmacology. 1998 August; 31(2): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9688473

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Cefaclor concentrations in human serum, gingiva, mandibular bone, and dental follicle following a single oral administration. Author(s): Akimoto Y, Mochizuki Y, Uda A, Omata H, Shibutani J, Nishimura H, Komiya M, Kaneko K, Fujii A. Source: General Pharmacology. 1992 July; 23(4): 639-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1397970

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Cefaclor in the management of common bacterial skin diseases. Author(s): Finnerty EF, Folan DW Jr. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1979 September; 24(3): 304-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=477398

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Cefaclor in the treatment of acute sinusitis. Author(s): Ekedahl C. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1988; 11 Suppl A: 66-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3072088

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Cefaclor in the treatment of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Maesen FP, Geraedts WH, Davies BI. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1990 September; 26(3): 456-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2228836

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Cefaclor in the treatment of infections of the ears, nose, and throat. Author(s): Federspil P, Bach R. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=548942

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Cefaclor in the treatment of infective exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in cigarette smokers. Author(s): Cazzola M, Franco C, Gioia V, Legnani D, Mancini V, Polverino M, Sevieri G. Source: J Chemother. 1991 August; 3(4): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1779259

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Cefaclor in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections: a review. Author(s): Brown RB. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1988; 11 Suppl A: 54-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3072087

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Cefaclor in the treatment of otitis media with effusion. Author(s): Ernstson S, Anari M. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1985; 424: 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3865493

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Cefaclor in the treatment of skin, soft tissue, and urinary tract infections: a review. Author(s): Verhoef J. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1988; 11 Suppl A: 71-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3072089

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Cefaclor in the treatment of susceptible infections in infants and children. Author(s): Rodriguez WJ, Ross S, Schwartz R, Goldenberg R, Khan W. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=548941

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Cefaclor in the treatment of susceptible infections in infants and children. Author(s): Spencer MJ. Source: Infection. 1979; 7 Suppl 6: 628-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=317814

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Cefaclor in the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis. Author(s): Harrison WO. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 85-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=121455

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Cefaclor induced serum sickness like reaction. Author(s): Sanklecha MU. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 October; 69(10): 921. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12450309

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Cefaclor into the millennium. Author(s): Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM. Source: J Chemother. 1999 June; 11(3): 163-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10435677

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Cefaclor levels in human aqueous humor. Author(s): Axelrod JL, Kochman RS. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1980 April; 98(4): 740-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7369913

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Cefaclor pharmacokinetics and renal impairment. Author(s): Fillastre JP, Leroy A, Humbert G, Godin M. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1980 January; 6(1): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7358611

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Cefaclor reactions. Author(s): Murray DL. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985 November-December; 4(6): 706. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4080599

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Cefaclor revisited. Author(s): Meyers BR. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2000 February; 22(2): 154-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10743978

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Cefaclor safety profile: a ten-year review. Author(s): Hyslop DL. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1988; 11 Suppl A: 83-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3242837

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Cefaclor serum sickness. Author(s): Grammer LC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 April 17; 275(15): 1152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8609672

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Cefaclor serum sickness-like reactions: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Callahan CW Jr, Musci MN Jr, Santucci TF Jr. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1985 July; 85(7): 450-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4044329

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Cefaclor therapy for specific upper respiratory tract infections: pharyngitis, purulent rhinitis, laryngotracheitis. Author(s): Carbon C. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1988; 11 Suppl A: 48-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3072085

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Cefaclor therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Wernstedt L, Berntsson E, Thiringer G. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 56-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=548943

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Cefaclor therapy in uncomplicated cystitis. Author(s): Asvanich K, Fugpholngam V, Srimuang S, Tanphaichitra D. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1997 November; 80(11): 742-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9385773

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Cefaclor treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections caused by Moraxella catarrhalis. Author(s): Oberlin JA, Hyslop DL. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1990 January; 9(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2105479

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Cefaclor uptake by the proton-dependent dipeptide transport carrier of human intestinal Caco-2 cells and comparison to cephalexin uptake. Author(s): Dantzig AH, Tabas LB, Bergin L. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1992 December 9; 1112(2): 167-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1457450

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Cefaclor vs amoxicillin in the treatment of acute, recurrent, and chronic sinusitis. Author(s): Huck W, Reed BD, Nielsen RW, Ferguson RT, Gray DW, Lund GK, ZoBell DH, Moster MB. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1993 May; 2(5): 497-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8118565

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Cefaclor, an alternative to third generation cephalosporins for the treatment of gonococcal urethritis in the developing world? Author(s): Crabbe F, Grobbelaar TM, van Dyck E, Dangor Y, Laga M, Ballard RC. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 December; 73(6): 506-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9582471

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Cefaclor: a decade of experience in acute otitis media. Author(s): McLinn SE. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1988; 11 Suppl A: 35-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3072084

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Cefaclor: summary of clinical experience. Author(s): Kammer RB, Short LJ. Source: Infection. 1979; 7 Suppl 6: 631-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=551092

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Cefaclor-associated serum sickness. Author(s): Boyd IW. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1998 October 19; 169(8): 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9830397

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Cefaclor-associated serum sickness-like disease: eight cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Vial T, Pont J, Pham E, Rabilloud M, Descotes J. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1992 July-August; 26(7-8): 910-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1504397

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Cefaclor--summary of clinical experience. Author(s): Kammer RB, Short LJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=548945

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Cefadroxil compared with cefaclor in the treatment of streptococcal pneumonia in adults. Author(s): ZeLuff B, Catchpole M, Lowe P, Koornhof H, Gentry L. Source: Drugs. 1986; 32 Suppl 3: 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3803252

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Cefdinir versus cefaclor in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Author(s): Leigh AP, Nemeth MA, Keyserling CH, Hotary LH, Tack KJ. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2000 July; 22(7): 818-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10945508

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Cefetamet pivoxil vs cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. Author(s): Furman S, Berkowicz L, Dippenaar J, Hellenberg DA, Montanus MS, Steinberg A, Schall R. Source: Drugs. 1994; 47 Suppl 3: 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7518763

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Cefixime vs. cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media in children: a randomized, comparative study. Author(s): Rodriguez WJ, Khan W, Sait T, Chhabra OP, Bell TA, Akram S, Kohlbrenner VM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 January; 12(1): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8417429

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Cefixime vs. cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media in infants and children. Author(s): Kenna MA, Bluestone CD, Fall P, Stephenson J, Kurs-Lasky M, Wucher FP, Blatter MM, Reisinger KS. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 October; 6(10): 992-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3696840

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Cefpodoxime proxetil suspension compared with cefaclor suspension for treatment of acute otitis media in paediatric patients. Author(s): MacLoughlin GJ, Barreto DG, de la Torre C, Pinetta EA, del Castillo F, Palma L. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 March; 37(3): 565-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9182113

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Cefprozil versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute and uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Cefprozil Multicenter Study Group. Author(s): Iravani A, Doyle CA, Durham SJ, Wilber RB. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1992 March-April; 14(2): 314-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1611652

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Cefprozil versus cefaclor in the treatment of mild to moderate skin and skin-structure infections. The Cefprozil Multicenter Study Group. Author(s): Parish LC, Doyle CA, Durham SJ, Wilber RB. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1992 May-June; 14(3): 458-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1638587

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Ceftibuten versus cefaclor for the treatment of bronchitis. Author(s): Chirurgi VA, Edelstein H, Oster SE, Karp R, Cassano KB, Aiken S, Krumpe P, McCabe RE. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1991 October; 28(4): 577-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1761452

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Cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of uncomplicated UTI: a comparison with cefaclor and augmentin. Author(s): Williams KJ, Hebblethwaite EM, Brown GW, Cox DM, Plested SJ. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1987; 13(2): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3556123

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Clarithromycin and cefaclor suspensions in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. Author(s): Gooch WM 3rd, Gan VN, Corder WT, Khurana CM, Andrews WP Jr. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 December; 12(12 Suppl 3): S12833. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8295814

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Clarithromycin versus cefaclor for the treatment of mild-to-moderate acute bacterial bronchitis. Author(s): Wettengel R, Vetter N, Waardenburg FA. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1993 June; 31(6): 963-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8360133

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Clarithromycin versus cefaclor in lower respiratory tract infections. The Canadian Bronchitis Study Group. Author(s): Fong IW, Laforge J, Dubois J, Small D, Grossman R, Zakhari R. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 1995 April; 18(2): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7788958

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Clinical and bacteriological efficacy of amoxycillin/clavulanate (Spektramox) and cefaclor (Kefolor) in children with recurrent AOM or therapy failure. Author(s): Jacobsson S, Rigner P, von Sydow C, Bondesson G. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1988; 449: 43-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3201955

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Clinical and laboratory studies with cefaclor: efficacy in skin and soft tissue infections. Author(s): Dillon HC Jr, Gray BM, Ware JC. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=548944

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Clinical and pro-host effects of cefaclor in prophylaxis of recurrent otitis media in HIV-infected children. Author(s): Zuccotti G, Dauria E, Torcoletti M, Lodi F, Bernardo L, Riva E. Source: J Int Med Res. 2001 July-August; 29(4): 349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11675909

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Clinical comparison of cefaclor twice daily versus amoxicillin-clavulanate or erythromycin three times daily in the treatment of patients with streptococcal pharyngitis. Author(s): Esposito S, De Ritis G, D'Errico G, Noviello S, Ianniello F. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1998 January-February; 20(1): 72-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9522105

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Clinical comparison of once-daily cefadroxil and thrice-daily cefaclor in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Author(s): Randolph MF. Source: Chemotherapy. 1988; 34(6): 512-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3243093

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Clinical efficacy of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid and cefaclor in acute otitis media. Author(s): Kaprio E, Haapaniemi J, Bondesson G. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1988; 449: 45-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3059751

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Clinical pharmacokinetics of theophylline during co-treatment with cefaclor. Author(s): Jonkman JH, van der Boon WJ, Schoenmaker R, Holtkamp A, Hempenius J. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1986 February; 24(2): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3957498

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Comparative activity of cefixime and cefaclor in an in vitro model simulating human pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Nies BA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1989 June; 8(6): 558-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2504600

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Comparative efficacies of ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and cefaclor against experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae respiratory infections in mice. Author(s): Gisby J, Wightman BJ, Beale AS. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 May; 35(5): 831-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1854164

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Comparative efficacies of erythromycin-sulfisoxazole and cefaclor in acute otitis media: a double blind randomized trial. Author(s): Bergeron MG, Ahronheim G, Richard JE, Riding K, Cron C, Bryer D, Macdonald N, Bouchard M, Young J, Dempsey EE. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1987 July; 6(7): 654-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3302918

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Comparative efficacy and safety of 5-day cefaclor and 10-day amoxycillin treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Author(s): Esposito S, Marchisio P, Bosis S, Droghetti R, Mattina R, Principi N; Short Therapy Study Group. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 July; 20(1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12127708

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Comparative efficacy and safety of cefprozil (BMY-28100) and cefaclor in the treatment of acute group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. Author(s): Christenson JC, Swenson E, Gooch WM 3rd, Herrod JN. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 June; 35(6): 1127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1929253

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Comparative efficacy and safety of cefprozil and cefaclor in the treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Author(s): Christenson JC, Gooch WM, Herrod JN, Swenson E. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1991 October; 28(4): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1761453

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Comparative efficacy and safety of cefprozil versus penicillin, cefaclor and erythromycin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Author(s): McCarty JM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 October; 13(10): 84650. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7889958

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Comparative efficacy of cefadroxil and cefaclor in the treatment of skin and softtissue infections. Author(s): Ballantyne FN. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1985; 7(4): 487-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4016827

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Comparative efficacy of erythromycin-sulfisoxazole, cefaclor, amoxicillin or placebo for otitis media with effusion in children. Author(s): Mandel EM, Rockette HE, Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Nozza RJ. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1991 December; 10(12): 899-906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1766705

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Comparative evaluation of cefuroxime axetil and cefaclor for treatment of acute bacterial maxillary sinusitis. Author(s): Sydnor A Jr, Gwaltney JM Jr, Cocchetto DM, Scheld WM. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1989 December; 115(12): 1430-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2510772

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Comparative in vitro activity of cefixime, cefaclor and loracarbef against urinary pathogens. Author(s): Hamilton-Miller JM, Brumfitt W. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1991; 17(10-11): 517-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1841042

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Comparative in-vitro activity of cefaclor against urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli. Author(s): Webster CA, Curran R, Towner KJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 July; 38(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8858457

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Comparative kill and growth rates determined with cefdinir and cefaclor and with Streptococcus pneumoniae and beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Yourassowsky E, Van der Linden MP, Crokaert F. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1992 January; 36(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1590698

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Comparative pharmacokinetics of cephalexin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, and CGP 9000. Author(s): Lode H, Stahlmann R, Koeppe P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1979 July; 16(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=475366

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Comparative pharmacokinetics of oral ceftibuten, cefixime, cefaclor, and cefuroxime axetil in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Nix DE, Symonds WT, Hyatt JM, Wilton JH, Teal MA, Reidenberg P, Affrime MB. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1997 January-February; 17(1): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9017772

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Comparative study of cefaclor AF vs. cefuroxime axetil in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Haczynski J, Chyczewska E, Grzelewska-Rzymowska I, Malolepszy J, Marcinkowska-Suchowierska E, Milanowski J, Oklek K, Plusa T, Slominski J, Szmygin K, Rek M. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 January; 8(1): Pi1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11782685

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Comparative study of cefaclor and amoxicillin in treatment of urinary tract infection. Author(s): Rotschafer J, Crossley K, Zaske D, Viste R. Source: Urology. 1979 September; 14(3): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=384643

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Comparative study of cefaclor and amoxycillin in the treatment of respiratory tract infections in general practice. Author(s): Jaffe GV, Grimshaw JJ. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1980; 6(8): 569-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7389389

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Comparative study of cefprozil and cefaclor in children with bacterial infections of skin and skin structures. Author(s): Faingezicht I, Bolanos HJ, Arias G, Guevara J, Ruiz M. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1992 November; 11(11): 976-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1454446

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Comparative target site pharmacokinetics of immediate- and modified-release formulations of cefaclor in humans. Author(s): de PA, Brunner M, Eichler HG, Rehak E, Gross J, Thyroff-Friesinger U, Muller M, Derendorf H. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 April; 42(4): 403-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936565

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Comparative treatment trial of augmentin versus cefaclor for acute otitis media with effusion. Author(s): Odio CM, Kusmiesz H, Shelton S, Nelson JD. Source: Pediatrics. 1985 May; 75(5): 819-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4039433

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Comparative trials of cefaclor AF in uncomplicated cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria. Author(s): Hamilton-Miller JM, Iravani A, Brumfitt W, Byers KS, Dere WH. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992; 68 Suppl 3: S60-6; Discussion S66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1287620

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Comparison of cefaclor and amoxycillin in the treatment of urinary infections in a chronic disease hospital. Author(s): Lindan R. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=398483

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Comparison of cefaclor and ampicillin in the treatment of shigellosis. Author(s): Ostrower VG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 82-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=398485

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Comparison of cefaclor and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute otitis media with effusion in children who failed amoxicillin therapy. Author(s): Turik MA, Johns D Jr. Source: J Chemother. 1998 August; 10(4): 306-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9720470

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Comparison of cefdinir and cefaclor in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Author(s): Drehobl M, Bianchi P, Keyserling CH, Tack KJ, Griffin TJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 July; 41(7): 1579-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9210689

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Comparison of cefpodoxime proxetil with cefaclor in the treatment of sinusitis. Author(s): Gehanno P, Depondt J, Barry B, Simonet M, Dewever H. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1990 December; 26 Suppl E: 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2127269

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Comparison of cefprozil and cefaclor for treatment of acute urinary tract infections in women. Author(s): Iravani A. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 September; 35(9): 1940-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1952874

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Comparison of cefprozil and cefaclor pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration. Author(s): Barbhaiya RH, Shukla UA, Gleason CR, Shyu WC, Wilber RB, Pittman KA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1990 June; 34(6): 1204-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2393282

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Comparison of cefuroxime axetil, cefaclor, and amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium suspensions in acute otitis media in infants and children. Author(s): Pichichero M, Aronovitz GH, Gooch WM, McLinn SE, Maddern B, Johnson C, Darden PM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1990 October; 83(10): 1174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2218657

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Comparison of once daily cefpodoxime proxetil suspension and thrice daily cefaclor suspension in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. Author(s): Tsai HY, Huang LM, Chiu HH, Hsueh PR, Lee PI, Lu CY, Chiu TF, Lin HC, Lee CY. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 1998 September; 31(3): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10496153

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Comparison of oral cefpodoxime proxetil and cefaclor in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections. Author(s): Stevens DL, Pien F, Drehobl M. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1993 February; 16(2): 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8467623

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Comparison of the effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of cefprozil and cefaclor. Author(s): Barbhaiya RH, Shukla UA, Gleason CR, Shyu WC, Pittman KA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1990 June; 34(6): 1210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2393283

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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of ceftibuten and cefaclor in the treatment of pneumonia and bronchiectasis. Author(s): McCabe R, Rumans L, Perrotta R, Mogabgab W. Source: J Chemother. 1993 April; 5(2): 124-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8515295

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Comprehensive safety profile of cefaclor AF in respiratory, urinary tract and skin infections. Author(s): Stotka JL, Senetar JE, Therasse DG, Dere WH. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992; 68 Suppl 3: S73-7; Discussion S78-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1287622

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Decreased absorption of cefaclor in short bowel syndrome. Author(s): Nahata MC, Freimer N, Hilty MD. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1983 March; 17(3): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6839944

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Desirable and undesirable immunotropic effects of antibiotics: immunomodulating properties of cefaclor. Author(s): Dabrowski MP, Stankiewicz W. Source: J Chemother. 2001 December; 13(6): 615-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11806622

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Determination of antimicrobial activity of Cefaclor on common respiratory tract pathogens in Pakistan. Author(s): Ahmed A, Hafiz S, Rafiq M, Tariq N, Abdulla EM, Hussain S, Azim R, Siddiqui SJ, Awan A, Khan KZ, Fareed A. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2002 January; 52(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11963587

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Determination of cefaclor and cephradine in serum by ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography. Author(s): Lindgren K. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 January 23; 413: 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3558691

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Determination of cefaclor by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Nahata MC. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1982 March 12; 228: 429-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7076773

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Determination of cefaclor in human plasma by a sensitive and specific liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method. Author(s): Chen X, Zhong D, Huang B, Cui J. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2003 January 25; 784(1): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12504178

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Determination of the etiological organism during acute exacerbations of COPD and efficacy of azithromycin, ampicillin-sulbactam, ciprofloxacin and cefaclor. Turkish Thoracic Society COPD Working Group. Author(s): Umut S, Tutluoglu B, Aydin Tosun G, Musellim B, Erk M, Yildirim N, Vahapoglu H, Yilmaz N, Arseven O, Turker H, Erelel M, Ilvan A, Goylusun V, Yilmaz Kuyucu T, Kosar F, Soysal F, Gur A, Unutmaz S, Ozturk S, Akman M. Source: J Chemother. 1999 June; 11(3): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10435684

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Double-blind comparative study of two dosage regimens of cefaclor and amoxicillinclavulanic acid in the outpatient treatment of soft tissue infections. Author(s): Pien FD. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1983 December; 24(6): 856-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6362559

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Double-blind comparison of cefixime and cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. Author(s): Piippo T, Stefansson S, Pitkajarvi T, Lundberg C. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991; 23(4): 459-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1957129

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Duration of effusion after antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media: comparison of cefaclor and amoxicillin. Author(s): Mandel EM, Bluestone CD, Rockette HE, Blatter MM, Reisinger KS, Wucher FP, Harper J. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1982 September-October; 1(5): 310-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6760146

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Effect of food on cefaclor bioavailability in children. Author(s): Shanker SA, Baird-Lamber J, Cvejic M, Buchanan N. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1983 October 15; 2(8): 372. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6621482

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Effects of amino acid alterations in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) 1a, 2b, and 2x on PBP affinities of penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefditoren, cefuroxime, cefprozil, and cefaclor in 18 clinical isolates of penicillin-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant pneumococci. Author(s): Nagai K, Davies TA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 May; 46(5): 1273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11959556

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Effects of cefaclor, cefetamet and Ro 40-6890 on inflammatory responses of human granulocytes. Author(s): Scheffer J, Knoller J, Cullmann W, Konig W. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1992 July; 30(1): 57-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1429337

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Effects of prophylactic administration of cefaclor on transient bacteremia after dental extraction. Author(s): Hall G, Heimdahl A, Nord CE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 August; 15(8): 646-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8894572

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Efficacy and tolerability of brodimoprim in bacterial otitis media in children. Controlled study versus cefaclor. Author(s): Galetti G, Martini A, Bergamini G, Dallari S, Ghidini A, Mazzoli M, Cantini L, Monici Preti PA. Source: J Chemother. 1993 December; 5(6): 551-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8195856

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Efficacy of cefaclor AF in the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections. Author(s): Schupbach CW, Olovich KG, Dere WH. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1992 May-June; 14(3): 470-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1638588

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Etiology of acute otitis media in childhood and evaluation of two different protocols of antibiotic therapy: 10 days cefaclor vs. 3 days azitromycin. Author(s): Oguz F, Unuvar E, Suoglu Y, Erdamar B, Dundar G, Katircioglu S, Sidal M. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 2003 January; 67(1): 4351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12560149

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Evaluation of cefaclor and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute otitis media. Author(s): Jacobson JA, Metcalf TJ, Parkin JL, Wenerstrom LG, Matsen JM. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=44907

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Evaluation of cefaclor in acute otitis media caused by ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae. Author(s): Schwartz RH, Rodriguez WJ, Khan WN, Brigham L, Ross S. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1982 July; 21(7): 402-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6979453

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Evaluation of cefaclor. Author(s): Derry JE. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981 January; 38(1): 54-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7011003

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Global surveillance of bacterial susceptibility to cefaclor: 1988-1990. Author(s): Preston DA. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1993 January-February; 15(1): 88-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8458058

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High incidence of anaphylactic reactions to cefaclor. Author(s): Hama R, Mori K. Source: Lancet. 1988 June 11; 1(8598): 1331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2897571

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High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of loracarbef, a potential metabolite, cefaclor and cephalexin in human plasma, serum and urine. Author(s): Kovach PM, Lantz RJ, Brier G. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1991 June 14; 567(1): 129-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1918240

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High-pressure liquid chromatography and microbiological assay in the determination of serum levels using cefradine and cefaclor. Author(s): Ullmann U. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol A. 1980; 248(3): 414-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6784388

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Hypersensitivity myocarditis caused by an allergic reaction to cefaclor. Author(s): Beghetti M, Wilson GJ, Bohn D, Benson L. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 January; 132(1): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9470025

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Impact of cefaclor on the normal human oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora. Author(s): Nord CE, Heimdahl A, Lundberg C, Marklund G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987; 19(6): 681-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3441750

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Impact of cefaclor on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Author(s): Bachmann K, Schwartz J, Forney RB Jr, Jauregui L. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1986; 8(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3726927

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In vitro activity and pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in normal volunteers and patients with renal failure. Author(s): Levison ME, Santoro J, Agarwal BN. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=548939

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In vitro activity and serum protein-binding of cefaclor. Author(s): Tally FP, Jacobus NV, Barza M. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1979 March; 5(2): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=429248

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In vitro activity of Ro 15-8074 and Ro 19-5247 in comparison to cefaclor and cefalexin. Author(s): Simon C. Source: Infection. 1987 March-April; 15(2): 122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3596808

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In vitro effect on group A streptococci of loracarbef versus cefadroxil, cefaclor and penicillin V. Author(s): Kamme C, Petersson AC. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993; 25(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8460347

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In vitro susceptibilities of 180 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae to ampicillin, amoxycillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, clarithromycin, and azithromycin. Author(s): Delmee M, Carpentier M, Glupczynski Y, Gordts B, Magerman K, Simon A, Surmont I, Van de Vyvere M, Van Landuyt H, Van Nimmen L, Van Noyen R. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1996; 51(4): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8858889

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In vitro susceptibility of 90 penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci to penicillin G, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, cefixime and imipenem. Author(s): Hupkova H, Trupl J. Source: Folia Microbiol (Praha). 1998; 43(1): 68-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9569631

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Indirect polarographic and cathodic stripping voltammetric determination of cefaclor as an alkaline degradation product. Author(s): Rodrigues LN, Zanoni MV, Fogg AG. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1999 November; 21(3): 497505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10701416

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Influence of amoxycillin and cefaclor on the colonization resistance of oropharynx. Author(s): van Saene HK, Willems FT, Zweens J. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1983; 39: 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6359384

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Influence of cefaclor, phenethicillin, co-trimoxazole and doxycycline on colonization resistance in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Vollaard EJ, Clasener HA, van Griethuysen AJ, Janssen AJ, Sanders-Reijmers AH, Muller NF, Huige PJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1988 November; 22(5): 747-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3145269

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Interpretation of pneumococcal susceptibility tests with cefaclor. Author(s): Preston DA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 June; 37(6): 2115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10383259

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Interrelationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefaclor advanced formulation in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Cazzola M, Di Perna F, Boveri B, Di Marco F, Diamare F, Centanni S. Source: J Chemother. 2000 June; 12(3): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10877516

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In-vitro activity of cefaclor, cephalexin and ampicillin against 2458 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Powell M, Williams JD. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1988 January; 21(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3258594

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Laboratory and clinical studies of cefaclor in Japan. Author(s): Fujii R. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=398486

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Liquid-chromatographic determination of five orally active cephalosporins--cefixime, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cephalexin, and cephradine--in human serum. Author(s): McAteer JA, Hiltke MF, Silber BM, Faulkner RD. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1987 October; 33(10): 1788-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3665031

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Long persistence of IgE antibody to cefaclor. Author(s): Bernardini R, Novembre E, Lombardi E, Pucci N, Rossi ME, Vierucci A. Source: Allergy. 2000 October; 55(10): 984-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11030389

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Loracarbef (LY163892) versus cefaclor and norfloxacin in the treatment of uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Author(s): Hyslop DL, Bischoff W. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1992 June 22; 92(6A): 86S-94S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1621752

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Loracarbef (LY163892) versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute bacterial bronchitis. Author(s): Dere WH, Farlow D, Therasse DG, Ruoff GE. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1992 January-February; 14(1): 41-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1576625

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Loracarbef (LY163892) versus cefaclor in the treatment of bacterial skin and skinstructure infections in an adult population. Author(s): McCarty J, Ruoff GE, Jacobson KD. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1992 June 22; 92(6A): 80S-85S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1621751

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Loracarbef versus cefaclor in the treatment of cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria. Author(s): Iravani A. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1992 January-February; 14(1): 54-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1576626

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Loracarbef versus cefaclor in the treatment of urinary tract infections in women. Author(s): Iravani A. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 April; 35(4): 750-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2069382

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Loracarbef vs. cefaclor in pediatric skin and skin structure infections. Author(s): Hanfling MJ, Hausinger SA, Squires J. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1992 August; 11(8 Suppl): S27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1513609

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Low plasma cefaclor levels in cystectomized bladder cancer patients with various types of urinary diversion. Author(s): Mattioli F, Tognoni P, Corbu C, Martelli A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 February; 58(10): 715-6. Epub 2002 December 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12610750

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Measurement of cefaclor and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid levels in middle-ear fluid in patients with acute otitis media. Author(s): Scaglione F, Caronzolo D, Pintucci JP, Fraschini F. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 September; 47(9): 2987-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12937009

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Meningitis occurring during therapy for otitis media with cephalexin and cefaclor. Author(s): Raucher HS, Murphy RJ, Barzilai A. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1982 August; 136(8): 745-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6980588

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Microbiologic and clinical aspects of a trial of once daily cefixime compared with twice daily cefaclor for treatment of acute otitis media in infants and children. Author(s): Harrison CJ, Chartrand SA, Pichichero ME. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 January; 12(1): 62-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8417428

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Multicenter evaluation of azithromycin and cefaclor in acute lower respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Dark D. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 September 12; 91(3A): 31S-35S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1656740

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Multi-investigator evaluation of the efficacy and safety of cefprozil, amoxicillinclavulanate, cefixime and cefaclor in the treatment of acute otitis media. Author(s): Kafetzis DA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 October; 13(10): 85765. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7889960

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Multinational multicenter controlled trial comparing ceftibuten with cefaclor for the treatment of acute otitis media. Members of the Ceftibuten Otitis Media International Study Group. Author(s): Blumer JL, Mclinn SE, Deabate CA, Kafetzis DA, Perrotta RJ, Salgado O. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1995 July; 14(7 Suppl): S115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7567311

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Nasopharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b: attempted eradication by cefaclor or rifampin. Author(s): Yogev R, Melick C, Kabat K. Source: Pediatrics. 1981 March; 67(3): 430-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6972517

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New insight into the clinical pharmacokinetics of cefaclor: tissue penetration. Author(s): Mazzei T, Novelli A, Esposito S, Periti P. Source: J Chemother. 2000 February; 12(1): 53-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10768516

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New warning about cefaclor and serum sickness in children. Author(s): Phillips R. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1999 June; 28(6): 539. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10399381

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No effect of cefaclor on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Jonkman JH, van der Boon WJ, Schoenmaker R, Holtkamp A, Hempenius J. Source: Eur J Respir Dis. 1985 January; 66(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3979475

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Ocular pharmacokinetics of latamoxef and cefaclor in humans. Penetration into aqueous humor. Author(s): Kitaura T, Tsukiai S, Arai S, Miyake K, Kimura M, Fukuchi H. Source: J Pharmacobiodyn. 1989 January; 12(1): 60-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2724050

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Once-daily cefadroxil versus twice-daily cefaclor for treatment of acute urinary tract infections in children. Author(s): Ginsburg CM, McCracken GH, Petruska M. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1982 September; 10 Suppl B: 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7142094

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Onset of Hemophilus influenzae type-b meningitis during cefaclor therapy for preseptal cellulitis. Author(s): Brady MT, Barson WJ, Cannon HJ Jr, Grossman LK. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1987 March; 26(3): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3493104

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Oral cefaclor for treatment of bronchitis--a comparative double-blind study versus amoxycillin. Author(s): Beumer HM, Veldkamp J. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1982 March; 20(3): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7068283

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Oral pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in Mexican subjects. Author(s): Flores-Murrieta FJ, Aguilar-Cota ME, Granados-Soto V, Medina-Santillan R, Reyes-Garcia G, Herrera JE. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2001; 44: 71-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11797648

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Outcome-oriented managed care comparing efficacies of cefaclor and amoxicillin in acute and recurrent acute otitis media. Author(s): Perry BP, Zieno SA, Yonkers AJ, Moore GF. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1995 December; 74(12): 840-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8556984

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Penetration of amoxicillin, cefaclor, erythromycin-sulfisoxazole, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole into the middle ear fluid of patients with chronic serous otitis media. Author(s): Krause PJ, Owens NJ, Nightingale CH, Klimek JJ, Lehmann WB, Quintiliani R. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1982 June; 145(6): 815-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7200999

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Penetration of cefaclor into bronchial mucosa. Author(s): Marlin GE, Nicholls AJ, Funnell GR, Bradbury R. Source: Thorax. 1984 November; 39(11): 813-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6505987

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Penetration of cefaclor to adenoid tissue and middle ear effusion in chronic OME. Author(s): Ernstson S, Anari M, Eden T, Sundberg L. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1985; 424: 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3865494

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Penetration of cefaclor to adenoid tissue and middle ear fluid in secretory otitis media. Author(s): Eden T, Anari M, Ernstson S, Sundberg L. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1983; 39: 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6580733

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Pharmacokinetic analysis of the effects of different foods on absorption of cefaclor. Author(s): Oguma T, Yamada H, Sawaki M, Narita N. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 September; 35(9): 1729-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1952839

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Pharmacokinetic profile of cefaclor. Author(s): Sourgens H, Derendorf H, Schifferer H. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 September; 35(9): 374-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9314090

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Pharmacokinetic study of cefaclor in chronic maxillary sinusitis. Author(s): Goumas PD, Moschovakis E, Petrikkos G, Giamarellou E. Source: J Chemother. 1992 June; 4(3): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1517808

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Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor AF: effects of age, antacids and H2-receptor antagonists. Author(s): Satterwhite JH, Cerimele BJ, Coleman DL, Hatcher BL, Kisicki J, DeSante KA. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992; 68 Suppl 3: S3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1287615

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Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor and cephalexin: dosage nomograms for impaired renal function. Author(s): Spyker DA, Thomas BL, Sande MA, Bolton WK. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1978 August; 14(2): 172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=697345

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Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in chronic middle ear effusions. Author(s): Lildholdt T, Cantekin EI, Marshak G, Bluestone CD, Rohn DD, Schuit KE. Source: Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl. 1981 May-June; 90(3 Pt 3): 44-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6791562

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Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in infants and children. Author(s): McCracken GH Jr, Ginsburg CM, Clahsen JC, Thomas ML. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1978 November; 4(6): 515-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=711649

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Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in normal subjects and patients with chronic renal failure. Author(s): Bloch R, Szwed JJ, Sloan RS, Luft FC. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1977 December; 12(6): 730-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=931372

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Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in patients with end stage renal disease and during hemodialysis. Author(s): Berman SJ, Boughton WH, Sugihara JG, Wong EG, Sato MM, Siemsen AW. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1978 September; 14(3): 281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=708006

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Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in patients with stable renal impairment, and patients undergoing haemodialysis. Author(s): Gartenberg G, Meyers BR, Hirschmann SZ, Srulevitch E. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1979 July; 5(4): 465-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=489494

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Pharmacokinetics of cefaclor in renal failure: effects of multiple doses and hemodialysis. Author(s): Spyker DA, Gober LL, Scheld WM, Sande MA, Bolton WK. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1982 February; 21(2): 278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7073265

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Pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil and cefaclor during an eight-day dosage period. Author(s): Hampel B, Lode H, Wagner J, Koeppe P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1982 December; 22(6): 1061-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7159069

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Pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil and cefaclor: relationship of concentrations in serum to MICs for common respiratory pathogens. Author(s): James NC, Donn KH, Collins JJ, Davis IM, Lloyd TL, Hart RW, Powell JR. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 September; 35(9): 1860-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1952858

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Pharmacologic and clinical comparison of cefaclor in immediate-release capsule and extended-release tablet forms. Author(s): Cole P. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1997 July-August; 19(4): 617-25; Discussion 603. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9377607

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Pharmacologic studies with cefaclor, a new oral cephalosporin. Author(s): Meyers BR, Hirschman SZ, Wormser G, Gartenberg G, Srulevitch E. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1978 April; 18(4): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=632363

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Pharmacological evaluation of cefaclor in volunteers. Author(s): Hodges GR, Liu C, Hinthorn DR, Harms JL, Dworzack DL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1978 September; 14(3): 454-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=708022

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Pharmacology of cefaclor in normal volunteers and patients with renal failure. Author(s): Santoro J, Agarwal BN, Martinelli R, Wenger N, Levison ME. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1978 June; 13(6): 951-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=677862

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Pharmacy-enforced outpatient drug treatment protocols: a case study of Medi-Cal restrictions for cefaclor. Author(s): McCombs JS, Nichol MB. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1993 February; 27(2): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8439688

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Phase I study of multiple-dose cefprozil and comparison with cefaclor. Author(s): Barbhaiya RH, Shukla UA, Gleason CR, Shyu WC, Wilber RB, Martin RR, Pittman KA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1990 June; 34(6): 1198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2393281

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Presence of ROB-1 beta-lactamase correlates with cefaclor resistance among recent isolates of Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Karlowsky JA, Verma G, Zhanel GG, Hoban DJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 June; 45(6): 871-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10837442

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Prospective comparison of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefaclor in treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Author(s): Gurwith MJ, Stein GE, Gurwith D. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1983 November; 24(5): 716-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6362553

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Prospective randomized study comparing the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin with cefaclor in the treatment of patients with purulent bronchitis. Author(s): Quenzer RW, Davis RL, Neidhart MM. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1990 March-April; 13(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2196149

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Quantitative comparison of adverse reactions to cefaclor vs. amoxicillin in a surveillance study. Author(s): Levine LR. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985 July-August; 4(4): 358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3161007

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Randomized comparative study of ceftibuten versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Kammer RB, Ress R. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1991 January-February; 14(1): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2013204

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Randomized controlled study of clarithromycin versus cefaclor suspensions in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. Author(s): Pavlopoulou J, Leotsacos P, Sereti E, Anastasiou A, Syriopoulou V. Source: J Chemother. 1995 November; 7 Suppl 4: 150-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8904139

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Recurrent and penicillin V-resistant otitis media. A treatment study with amoxycillin/clavulanate and cefaclor. Author(s): Jacobsson S, Rigner P, von Sydow C, Bondesson G. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1988 September-October; 106(3-4): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3140574

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Revised disk diffusion interpretive criteria for cefaclor, loracarbef, cefprozil and cefixime when testing Haemophilus influenzae on haemophilus test medium. Author(s): Doern GV, Jones RN, Gerlach EH, Hindler J, St Amand R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 June; 13(6): 481-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7957268

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Roxithromycin versus cefaclor in lower respiratory tract infection: a general practice pharmacoeconomic study. Author(s): Scott WG, Tilyard MW, Dovey SM, Cooper B, Scott HM. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1993 August; 4(2): 122-30. Erratum In: Pharmacoeconomics 1993 October; 4(4): 286. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10146972

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Roxithromycin vs cefaclor. Author(s): Hughes T, Scott WG, Scott HM. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 1993 November; 4(5): 396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10146876

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Safety and efficacy of cefixime versus cefaclor in respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Dorow P. Source: J Chemother. 1989 August; 1(4): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2809693

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Safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Gotfried MH, Ellison WT. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1992 April 6; 92(4A): 108S-113S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1316059

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Selection of treatment of cefaclor-associated urticarial, serum sickness-like reactions and erythema multiforme by emergency pediatricians: lack of a uniform standard of care. Author(s): Joubert GI, Hadad K, Matsui D, Gloor J, Rieder MJ. Source: Can J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Winter; 6(4): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10601753

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Semi-quantitative analysis of cefaclor in human serum by capillary high performance liquid chromatography/fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Author(s): Sato K, Kobayashi K, Moore CM, Mizuno Y, Katsumata Y. Source: Forensic Science International. 1993 April; 59(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8505030

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Sensitive determination of a beta-lactam antibiotic, cefaclor by liquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection. Author(s): Kai M, Kinoshita H, Ohta K, Hara S, Lee MK, Lu J. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 January 15; 30(6): 176571. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12485718

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Serum and sputum levels of cefaclor. Author(s): Simon C, Gatzemeier U. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=548940

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Serum sickness in a child treated with cefaclor. Author(s): Johnson T, Stern C, Feild C. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1983 July; 80(2): 110. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6225768

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Serum sickness in a paediatric emergency department: the role of cefaclor. Author(s): Parshuram CS, Phillips RJ, Nash MC. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1999 April; 35(2): 223-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10365368

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Serum sickness with cefaclor. Author(s): Lovell SJ, Reid WD. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1982 May 1; 126(9): 1032. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7074502

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Serum sickness-like reaction to cefaclor. Author(s): Isaacs D. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2001 June; 37(3): 298-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11468048

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Serum sickness-like reaction to cefaclor: lack of in vitro cross-reactivity with loracarbef. Author(s): Kearns GL, Wheeler JG, Rieder MJ, Reid J. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 June; 63(6): 686-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9663184

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Serum sickness-like reactions from cefaclor in children. Author(s): Hebert AA, Sigman ES, Levy ML. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 November; 25(5 Pt 1): 805-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1802903

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Serum sickness-like reactions to amoxicillin, cefaclor, cephalexin, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. Author(s): Platt R, Dreis MW, Kennedy DL, Kuritsky JN. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1988 August; 158(2): 474-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3261315

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Serum sickness-like reactions to cefaclor. Author(s): Stricker BH, Tijssen JG. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1992 October; 45(10): 1177-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1474414

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Serum sickness-like reactions to cefaclor: role of hepatic metabolism and individual susceptibility. Author(s): Kearns GL, Wheeler JG, Childress SH, Letzig LG. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1994 November; 125(5 Pt 1): 805-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7965438

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Serum sickness-like syndrome associated with cefaclor therapy. Author(s): Parra FM, Igea JM, Martin JA, Alonso MD, Lezaun A, Sainz T. Source: Allergy. 1992 August; 47(4 Pt 2): 439-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1456417

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Short-course therapy with cefaclor for treatment of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. Author(s): Esposito S, Noviello S, Ianniello F, D'Errico G. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2001 October; 18(4): 341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11691566

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Single oral dose of cefaclor for the treatment of infections with penicillinaseproducing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Author(s): Tupasi TE, Calubiran OV, Torres CA. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1982 June; 58(3): 176-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6805850

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Single-dose cefaclor therapy of urinary tract infection. Evaluation of antibody-coated bacteria test and C-reactive protein assay as predictors of cure. Author(s): Greenberg RN, Sanders CV, Lewis AC, Marier RL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1981 November; 71(5): 841-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7304657

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Single-dose ceftriaxone versus 10 days of cefaclor for otitis media. Author(s): Chamberlain JM, Boenning DA, Waisman Y, Ochsenschlager DW, Klein BL. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1994 November; 33(11): 642-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7859421

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Single-dose cefuroxime axetil versus multiple-dose cefaclor in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections. Author(s): Iravani A, Richard GA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1989 August; 33(8): 1212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2802549

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Single-dose oral treatment with cefaclor for men with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis. Author(s): Lim HB. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1984 December; 39(4): 272-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6400040

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Sparfloxacin versus cefaclor in the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, double-masked, comparative, multicenter study. Author(s): Donowitz GR, Brandon ML, Salisbury JP, Harman CP, Tipping DM, Urick AE, Talbot GH. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1997 September-October; 19(5): 936-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9385482

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Stability and blood level determinations of cefaclor, a new oral cephalosporin antibiotic. Author(s): Foglesong MA, Lamb JW, Dietz JV. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1978 January; 13(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=24410

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Successful treatment with cefaclor of gonococcal urethritis in men. Author(s): Spagna VA, Perkins RL, Prior RB. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1979 July-September; 6(3): 211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=116373

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Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, erythromycin, cefaclor, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Author(s): Doern GV, Chapin KC. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1986 January; 4(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3484692

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Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to cefaclor and cephalothin: laboratory and clinical studies. Author(s): Gray BM, Hubbell CA, Dillon HC Jr. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1978 June; 13(6): 988-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=677865

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Susceptibility of United States clinical trial isolates to cefprozil and cefaclor. Author(s): Kessler RE, Fung-Tomc JC. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1994 February; 18(2): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8062532

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The cefaclor-amoxicillin controversy. Author(s): Le CT, Giebink GS. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1983 May-June; 2(3): 263-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6866792

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The effect of cefaclor on the nasopharyngeal flora in children with chronic OME. Author(s): Anari M, Cederberg A, Ernstson S. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1985; 424: 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3865492

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The efficacy and safety of cefaclor in respiratory infections amongst Pakistani children. Author(s): Najam Y, Walla FL, Iqbal A, Khan MK, Aqil S, Sharif MW, Masood T, Gaba I, Malik BA, Hassan M, Malik S, Hassan S, Bukhari KA, Khawar N, Tarar MA. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2000 September; 50(9): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11043017

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The efficacy of cefaclor vs amoxicillin on recovery after tonsillectomy in children. Author(s): Jones J, Handler SD, Guttenplan M, Potsic W, Wetmore R, Tom LW, Marsh R. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1990 May; 116(5): 590-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2183825

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The pharmacokinetics of the oral cephalosporins cefaclor, cephradine and cephalexin. Author(s): Welling PG, Dean S, Selen A, Kendall MJ, Wise R. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm. 1979 September; 17(9): 397-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=500261

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The use of cefaclor in the treatment of beta-haemolytic streptococcal throat infections in children. Author(s): Disney FA, Breese BB, Francis AB, Green JL, Talpey WB. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=398481

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Theophylline toxicity, acute illness, and cefaclor administration. Author(s): Hammond D, Abate MA. Source: Dicp. 1989 April; 23(4): 339-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2728519

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Therapy of acute bacterial infections with cefaclor in a pediatric population: an open assessment. Author(s): Iancu TC, Sinoff G. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1983 November; 19(11): 998-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6662693

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Therapy with cefaclor: analysis of infections in 189 French patients. Author(s): Masbernard A, Salord JC. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 72-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=398484

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Treatment of acute bacterial bronchitis and pneumonia with cefaclor. Author(s): Mogabgab WJ, Pollock B, Beville RB, Gentry LO, Jemsek JG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=44908

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Treatment of acute bronchitis and pneumonia with cefaclor. Author(s): Mattson K, Renkonen OV, Laitinen L, Nikander-Hurme R. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1979; 55 Suppl 4: 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=398482

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Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis in childhood: a comparative study of amoxicillin and cefaclor. Author(s): Wald ER, Reilly JS, Casselbrant M, Ledesma-Medina J, Milmoe GJ, Bluestone CD, Chiponis D. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1984 February; 104(2): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6363660

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Treatment of acute otitis media of infancy with cefaclor. Author(s): Nelson JD, Ginsburg CM, Clahsen JC, Jackson LH. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1978 October; 132(10): 992-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=31084

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Treatment of beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis with cefaclor or penicillin. Efficacy and interaction with beta-lactamase-producing organisms in the pharynx. Author(s): Reed BD, Huck W, Zazove P. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1991 February; 32(2): 138-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1990041

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Treatment of chronic sinusitis with open drainage and cefaclor. Author(s): Maisel RH, Kimberley BP. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1988 January-February; 9(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3358484

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Treatment of otitis media in children. A comparison between cefaclor and amoxycillin. Author(s): John WR, Valle-Jones JC. Source: The Practitioner. 1983 December; 227(1386): 1805-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6361721

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Treatment of otitis media with cefaclor, a new oral cephalosporin. Author(s): Aronovitz GH. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1980 November; 73(11): 1447-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6969442

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Treatment of sinus empyema in adults. A coordinated Nordic multicenter trial of cefixime vs. cefaclor. Author(s): Carenfelt C, Melen I, Odkvist L, Olsson O, Prellner K, Rudblad S, Savolainen S, Skaftason S, Sorri M, Synnerstad B. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1990 July-August; 110(1-2): 128-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2201163

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Treatment of skin and skin structure infections: a comparative study of Augmentin and cefaclor. Author(s): Parish LC, Aten EM. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1984 December; 34(6): 567-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6394217

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Twice-daily cefaclor therapy. Author(s): Haines ST, Kraynak MA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1994 December; 28(12): 1353-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7696725

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Variable in vitro activity of cefaclor, cephalothin and cefadroxil against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. Author(s): Larsson P, Lincoln K, Lind L, Sandberg T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1988; 20(4): 421-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3057617

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CEFACLOR Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cefaclor. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cefaclor and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cefaclor” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cefaclor: •

Beyond the letter of the law: the US Federal Circuit interprets section 271(g)(1) Author(s): Tsao R, Hurley EA. Source: Nature Biotechnology. 1997 January; 15(1): 86-7. Erratum In: Nat Biotechnol 1997 April; 15(4): 299. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9035112

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Control of c-fos expression in STC-1 cells by peptidomimetic stimuli. Author(s): Murai A, Noble PM, Deavall DG, Dockray GJ. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2000 April 7; 394(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10771030

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High rates of multiple antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae from healthy children living in isolated rural communities: association with cephalosporin use and intrafamilial transmission.

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Author(s): Samore MH, Magill MK, Alder SC, Severina E, Morrison-De Boer L, Lyon JL, Carroll K, Leary J, Stone MB, Bradford D, Reading J, Tomasz A, Sande MA. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 October; 108(4): 856-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11581436 •

Mode of antibacterial action of cefprozil, a new cephalosporin, on Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens and Morganella morganii. Author(s): Nishimoto K, Usui T, Miyake Y, Suginaka H. Source: Hiroshima J Med Sci. 1991 March; 40(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1864765

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Separation and identification of some cephalosporins on impregnated TLC plates. Author(s): Bhushan R, Parshad V. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1996 September-October; 10(5): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879536

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Susceptibility of respiratory strains of Staphylococcus aureus to fifteen antibiotics: results of a collaborative surveillance study (1992-1993). The Alexander Project Collaborative Group. Author(s): Schito GC, Debbia EA, Pesce A. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 July; 38 Suppl A: 97-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8858476

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The effect of four different types of food on the bioavailability of cefaclor. Author(s): Karim S, Ahmed T, Monif T, Saha N, Sharma PL. Source: Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2003 July-September; 28(3): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14527091

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to cefaclor; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Herbs and Supplements Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cephalosporins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON CEFACLOR Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.7 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “cefaclor” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cefaclor, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Cefaclor By performing a patent search focusing on cefaclor, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

7Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on cefaclor: •

Chlorination of cephalexin with chloroperoxidase from Rathayibacter biopuresis Inventor(s): Chen; Yung-Pin (Columbia, SC), Shen; Yong-Qiang (Revere, MA), Wong; Bing L. (Durham, NH) Assignee(s): Biopure Corporation (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 5,695,951 Date filed: December 20, 1994 Abstract: An enzyme preparation that exhibits cephalosporin chloroperoxidase activity is isolatable from a microorganism species of the Rathayibacter genus. This enzyme preparation can convert cephalexin to cefaclor in a single step. A particular, unique microorganism that can provide the cephalosporin chloroperoxidase enzyme preparation is Rathayibacter biopuresis. Excerpt(s): Cefaclor (7-›phenylglycylamido!-3-chloro-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid) is an antibiotic of the cephalosporin class. Its antibiotic activity is effective against a range of bacteria including Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Shigella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aerobacter aerogenes and Salmonella heidelberg. This antibiotic has been synthesized from parent compounds by synthetic organic techniques (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,925,372 and 4,064,343). A common synthetic technique is to protect the 4-carboxylate by esterification, proceed by a series of steps to modify the 3 position so that a sole chloride atom is eventually covalently bound at that position, and then remove the ester protecting group from the carboxylate. In this manner a variety of cephalosporin antibiotics have been synthesized. Another antibiotic in the cephalosporin family is cephalexin (7-›phenylglycylamido!-3-methyl-3-cephem-4carboxylic acid). This antibiotic compound differs from cefaclor by the substitution of a methyl for the chloride at the 3 position. The synthesis of cephalexin is more easily achieved than the synthesis of cefaclor. However, the usefulness of cefaclor as an antibiotic surpasses that of cephalexin. For these reasons, it would be desirable to easily convert cephalexin to cefaclor. Synthetic organic routes can be utilized but, when these synthetic schemes are invoked, several steps are required to achieve this conversion. A simple, one-step process would be more desirable. Certain microorganisms contain haloperoxidases that can halogenate a wide variety of organic compounds (Franssen, M. C. R. et al., Adv. Applied Microbiol. 37:41-99 (1992)). At the present time, these haloperoxidases do not appear to have commercial application as peroxidases. However, their use as halogenating agents has been sought. Despite optimistic predictions for the use of chloroperoxidases and other halogenating enzymes in the production of particular chemicals, the potential for the use of the haloperoxidases for this purpose remains unrealized. The major obstacles to fulfillment of these predictions lie in the narrow pH range of operation for these enzymes, the use of high concentrations of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 which can be toxic to the source of the enzymes, and the short half-lives of the enzyme biocatalysts, to name a few. Most haloperoxidases concomitantly convert a peroxide to water in the course of oxidizing the chloride. Following this process, an enzymatic addition reaction occurs. However, to convert cephalexin to cefaclor, a substitution reaction is required; specifically, the substitution of a chloride for a methyl group. It would be desirable to have an enzyme preparation that not only chlorinates an organic compound but also substitutes a chloride for a methyl group on the organic compound at the same time. It would be especially desirable to

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have an enzyme that performs this substitution reaction at the appropriate position on a cephalexin molecule, thereby producing cefaclor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05695951__ •

Crystalline form of a cephalosporin antibiotic Inventor(s): Da Col; Marco (Bologna, IT), Dall'Asta; Leone (Pavia, IT), Resta; Irene (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Biochimica Opos SpA (Agrate Brianza, IT) Patent Number: 5,589,593 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: The preparation of a novel crystalline cefaclor and the conversion of such a product to cefaclor monohydrate are described. The new intermediate cefaclor is a particular crystalline form and possesses the same antibiotic properties as cefaclor monohydrate. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a novel crystalline form of cefaclor, a process for its preparation and for its conversion to cefaclor monohydrate, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing it as active ingredient. Cefaclor for pharmaceutical use is a monohydrate, namely a compound of formula (A) with a molecule of water of crystallization. The preparation of cefaclor monohydrate, which is not described in the literature, involves a lot of difficulties due to the crystalline form itself of the antibiotic and to the methods for the synthesis of such an active principle, which involve the use of polar aprotic solvents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05589593__

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Long-acting formulation of cefaclor Inventor(s): Kato; Hiroshi (Miyagi, JP), Kawai; Sadao (Osaka, JP), Noda; Kinzaburo (Hyogo, JP), Sakamoto; Teruo (Osaka, JP), Takeda; Toyohiko (Hyogo, JP) Assignee(s): Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 4,713,247 Date filed: May 30, 1984 Abstract: Highly potent long-acting formulation of cefaclor for treating bacterial infections in human or animals, comprising a rapid-release and a slow-release component at a ratio of about 3:7 to about 5:5 by potency of cefaclor, convenient for administration or carrying about. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of pharmaceutical preparations and provides new oral long-acting formulations of a cephalosporin-type antibiotic, cefaclor [3-chloro-7-D-(2-phenylglycinamido)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid monohydrate] (hereinafter referred to as CCL). A long-acting formulation of CCL comprises a rapidrelease and a slow-release component of CCL at a ratio of about 3:7 to about 5:5 by potency of CCL; the former component is formulated to give a maximum blood level of CCL rapidly and the latter within a period of 3 to 7 hours after the administration. The present invention relates to long-acting formulation of CCL (hereinafter referred to as long-acting CCL), more particularly, it relates to long-acting CCL which comprises

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rapid-release component of CCL and slow-release component of CCL: the former component is formulated so as to release the active ingredient immediately after the administration and the latter is formulated into film-coated formulations covered with an enteric-coating film soluble at pH 5.0 to 7.0, preferably at pH 5.5 to 6.5. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04713247__ •

Modified release matrix formulation of cefaclor and cephalexin Inventor(s): Arora; Jagdish (Chaudlgarh, IN), Jain; Girish (Delhi, IN), Sen; Himadri (Haryana, IN) Assignee(s): Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 5,948,440 Date filed: December 17, 1997 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition in the form of a tablet for controlled release of an active ingredient comprises cefaclor, cephalexin, or their pharmaceutically acceptable hydrates, salts, or esters as active ingredient, and a mixture of hydrophilic polymers of different viscosity grades selected from the group consisting of at least one hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and at least one hydroxypropylcellulose. The composition optionally also contains one or more of a water soluble or water dispersible diluent. The quantities of the hydrophilic polymers and water soluble or water dispersible diluent are such that the therapeutically effective active ingredient is released at a rate suitable for twice daily administration of the pharmaceutical composition to human subjects. The tablets may also be coated with a rapidly dissolving water soluble polymeric film coat. In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises about 50% to about 90% by weight of cefaclor, cephalexin, or their pharmaceutically acceptable hydrates, salts, or esters, and about 5% to about 35% of a mixture of hydrophilic polymers of different grades, wherein the hydrophilic polymers comprise about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and about 0.1% to about 20% by weight of hydroxypropyl cellulose. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition of modified release tablets comprising cefaclor or cephalexin, or their pharmaceutically acceptable hydrates, salts, or esters as active ingredient, and a mixture of hydrophilic polymers of different viscosity grades selected from the group consisting of at least one hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and at least one hydroxypropylcellulose. Optionally, the composition also contains one or more of a water soluble and/or water dispersible diluent, wherein the quantities of the hydrophilic polymers and water soluble and/or water dispersible diluents are such that the therapeutically effective active ingredient is released at a rate suitable for twice-daily administration of the pharmaceutical composition to human subjects. Optionally, the tablets may be coated with a rapidly dissolving water soluble polymer film coat. The use of hydrophilic polymers to produce sustained or modified release pharmaceutical compositions is known in the art. For modified release solid dosage forms comprising a drug dispersed uniformly in hydrophilic polymers, release of the drug is controlled primarily by diffusion of the drug, or by surface erosion of the hydrophilic polymers into the surrounding medium, or by a combination of the two processes. Control of the rate of release benefits therapy by producing constant blood levels of the active ingredient and by decreasing the frequency of administration, thereby improving patient compliance to the dosage regimen. The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition of modified release tablets of cefaclor or cephalexin suitable for twice-daily administration to human subjects. Several controlled

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drug delivery system adapted for the delivery of cefaclor or cephalexin are known in the prior art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05948440__ •

Pharmaceutical formulations of cefaclor Inventor(s): Mendizabal; Flavia Arce (Madrid, ES) Assignee(s): Lilly S.A. (Madrid, ES) Patent Number: 5,861,141 Date filed: October 13, 1995 Abstract: Pharmaceutical formulations of cefaclor, suitable for the direct-compression manufacture of dispersible tablets, containing the antibiotic cefaclor in an amount between 35% and 50% by weight of the total weight of the formulation, along with suitable excipients and coadjuvants selected from disintegrators, diluents, lubricants, antiadherents, sweeteners, fragrances and, optionally, flavorings, opacifiers and colorants. Said formulations are suitable for the manufacture of dispersible tablets which disintegrate in less than three minutes in water at 19.degree.-21.degree. C., and are suitable for the treatment of infections caused by bacteria strains sensitive to cefaclor. Excerpt(s): This invention refers to pharmaceutical formulations containing cefaclor suitable for the manufacture of solid pharmaceutical forms for oral administration. In particular, the invention refers to pharmaceutical formulations and dispersible tablets containing cefaclor, and their manufacturing process. Cefaclor or 3-chloro-7-D(phenylglycinamide)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid is a semi-synthetic cephalosporinic antibiotic described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,925,372 and German Patent No. DE 2,408,698 (Eli Lilly & Co.). Its bactericide action is based on its capacity to inhibit cell wall synthesis. Cefaclor is indicated for treatment of infections caused by sensitive strains of numerous organisms, particularly Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Pharmaceutical forms currently available for administration of cefaclor include capsules, retard tablets and suspensions, both in phial and sachet form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05861141__

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Process for isolation of cefaclor after enzymatic acylation Inventor(s): Gardner; John P. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 5,434,259 Date filed: February 5, 1993 Abstract: Provided is a process for isolating cefaclor from an acylation reaction mixture by adding anthraquinone-1,5-disulfonic acid to the mixture. The acid highly selectively precipitates with cefaclor so that isolation and recovery is streamlined. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an industrially advantageous process for the isolation of cefaclor from the enzymatic acylation reaction mixture by precipitating the cefaclor from the mixture as a 2:1 salt with anthraquinone disulfonic acid. An enzymatic process for the preparation of cephalosporins by condensation of an amino acid

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derivative and a 7-amino cephalosporin nucleus is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,816,253. In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/874,257 filed Apr. 24, 1992, now abandoned, an improved enzymatic process for preparing cephalosporins is disclosed, particularly relating to condensing the corresponding 7-amino cephalosporin nucleus with an amino acid. Heretofore, after such enzymatic acylation reaction, the compound of interest, cefaclor, is in a complex environment which contains not only the nucleus but also phenylglycine, D-phenylglycinemethyl ester, and salts thereof. In light of the complexity of this mixture, the cefaclor has been isolated by a series of columns. Of course, this results in loss of product and is also time consuming. In view of the above, what is needed in the art is a process for selectively removing the cefaclor from the complex acylation reaction mixture. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05434259__ •

Process for preparing pharmaceutical bulk material having uniform dissolution Inventor(s): Brown, Jr.; Frank (West Lafayette, IN), Forbes; Robert Alan (Clinton, IN), Kreager; Arlette Faye (Avon, IN), Mullen; Michael Vincent (Fishers, IN), Stephenson; Gregory Alan (Fishers, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 6,596,307 Date filed: October 26, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing cefaclor crystalline bulk material having a dissolution rate in a capsule of.gtoreq.80% in water in 30 minutes. One process route includes reducing the water content of cefaclor dihydrates or bulk material containing cefaclor dihydrate to produce a cefaclor form having a water content.ltoreq.2%. The cefaclor having the lower water content can then be rehydrated to a water content from 3.0 to 6.5% without adversely affecting the dissolution rate. An alternative process includes the addition of at least 0.05% of cefaclor related substances to inhibit conversion of the monohydate to the dihydate form. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/US99/13481 filed Jun. 15, 1999. The present invention relates to a process for preparing a pharmaceutical bulk material having more uniform dissolution in water, in particular, uniform dissolution of cefaclor bulk material. Cefaclor (3-chloro-7-D-(phenylglycinamido)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid) is a semi-synthetic, second-generation, cephalosporin antibiotic. Cephalosporins exert their antibacterial activity by reacting with and thereby inactivating one or more of the penicillin-binding proteins located in the bacterial cell wall. Cefaclor is active against a wide range of commonly found pathogens, including S. aureus,.beta.-haemolytic streptococci pneumonococci, Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. The preparation of cefaclor is described in German Patent No. 2,408,698; U.S. Pat. No. 3,925,372; and Chauvette, R. R. and P. A. Pennington, J. Med. Chem, 18, 403 (1975). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596307__

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Synthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics with immobilized penicillin amidase Inventor(s): Ilhan; Ferhat (Atahesir, DE), Kraemer; Dieter (Mainz, DE) Assignee(s): Unifar Kimya Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. (Istanbul, TM) Patent Number: 6,218,138 Date filed: May 26, 1999 Abstract: Beta-lactam antibiotics are synthesized by reacting an amino-beta-lactam component with a corresponding amino-group-containing acylating side-chain component in the presence of penicillin amidase from E. coli covalently immobilized on support particles. The resulting beta-lactam antibiotic product is solubilized by adding an acid such as sulfuric acid to lower the pH to 1.0 at a temperature in the range of 0.degree. C. to +5.degree. C. The immobilized penicillin amidase is substantially inactivated by the acid. After separating the beta-lactam antibiotic product, the immobilized penicillin amidase is substantially reactivated for reuse in antibiotic synthesis by treatment with a buffer having about a neutral pH. Antibiotics that can be produced include ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, cefaclor and cefadroxil. Support particles that can be used include particles having a macroporous structure and a particle diameter of 10-1000.mu.m, particles having oxirane groups, particles made of a synthetic polymer and inorganic particles such as porous glass particles. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of synthesis of.beta.-lactam antibiotics. It has long been known that beta-lactam antibiotics can be formed from their respective nucleus and side-chain components via enzymatic pathways (C. A. Claridge et al., Nature, Vol. 187;237, 1960). From more recent studies it is known that a betalactam antibiotic, for example amoxicillin, synthesized via enzymatic pathways, has higher purity and accordingly lower toxicity than amoxicillin synthesized by chemical pathways (PCT WO 94/17800). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06218138__

Patent Applications on Cefaclor As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.8 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to cefaclor: •

Pharmaceutical composition for controlled release of an active ingredient Inventor(s): Bhamare, Shailesh Suresh; (Maharashtra, IN), Kandi, Chandrashekhar Shriram; (Maharashtra, IN), Kshirsagar, Rajesh Suresh; (Maharashtra, IN), Sen, Himadri; (Maharashtra, IN) Correspondence: Ladas & Parry; 26 West 61st Street; New York; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20020103181 Date filed: November 30, 2000 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition in the form of a tablet for controlled release of an active ingredient comprises a betalactam antibiotic such as cephalexin, cefaclor or

8

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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their pharmaceutically acceptable hydrates, salts or esters as active ingredient, and a mixture of hydrophilic polymers selected from the group consisting of at least one sodium alginate and at least one xanthan gum as controlled release matrix; and optionally probenecid as an antibiotic adjuvant as either immediate release or controlled release part. The composition may also contain one or more of a water soluble and/or water dispersible diluent, wherein the quantities of the hydrophilic polymers and water soluble and/or water dispersible diluents are such that the therapeutically effective active ingredient is released at a rate suitable for once or twice daily administration of the pharmaceutical composition. Inclusion of probenecid allows reduction in the amount of active incorporated in the hydrophilic polymer matrix but still provides the desired once a day profile. The resulting modified release matrix formulation not containing probenecid may be administered once or twice daily. The resulting modified release matrix formulation containing probenecid may be administered once daily. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition of modified release tablets comprising a betalactam antibiotic or their pharmaceutically acceptable hydrates, salts or esters as the active ingredient, and a mixture of hydrophilic polymers selected from the group consisting of at least one sodium alginate and at least one xanthan gum as controlled release matrix. More particularly the invention relates to pharmaceutical composition of modified release tablets in which the active material is selected from cephalexin, cefaclor or their pharmaceutically acceptable hydrates, salts or esters. The composition optionally comprises probenecid as an antibiotic adjuvant as either immediate release or controlled release part. Further optionally, the composition contains one or more of a water soluble and/or water dispersible diluent, wherein the quantities of the hydrophilic polymers and water soluble and/or water dispersible diluents are such that the therapeutically effective active ingredient is released at a rate suitable for once or twice daily administration of the pharmaceutical composition. Inclusion of probenecid allows reduction in the amount of active incorporated in the hydrophilic polymer matrix but still provides the desired once a day profile. Most drugs used to treat microbial infections are given more than once during a dosage regimen. The objectives during antimicrobial therapy are to maximize blood concentration, preferably several fold higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the particular agent, but to minimize both the risk of toxicity to the patient and of promoting microbial resistance. Although oral administration will be the preferred route, in the case of antibiotics this route is frequently unattractive because of their low or variable oral bioavailability. In addition extremely high plasma concentrations of antibiotics are frequently required to achieve their MIC values towards certain gramnegative bacteria. (Antibiotic and Chemotherapy: Anti-infective agents and their use in therapy, 7.sup.th edition, Ed. by O'grady F., Finch R. G., Lambert H. P., Greenwood D.; Churchill Livingstone, 1997). While many compounds are known to be useful as pharmacologically active substances, some of them have relatively short biological halflife and need to be administered several times a day in order to achieve desired therapeutic effect. However, a decrease in the frequency of administration will not only reduce the burden on the patient but will also increase compliance and thus provide greater therapeutic effect. It can be achieved by controlling the release of active ingredients, so that the effective level is maintained in the blood for a prolonged period of time or by reducing the elimination of the active from the body thereby increasing its concentration in blood resulting in its retention in blood for longer period. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 65

•

Use of doxycycline for treatment of certain skin and mouth ailments Inventor(s): Heesch, Gary V.; (Salt Lake City, UT) Correspondence: Foster & Foster Llc; MR. Lynn G. Foster; 602 E. 300 S.; Salt Lake City; UT; 84102; US Patent Application Number: 20030092682 Date filed: July 20, 2001 Abstract: A method of treating (a) cold sores in and out of the mouth, (b) canker sores, (c) cancer wounds including but not limited to wounds such as those which fail to heal due to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, (d) surgical wounds of all types, (e) diabetes wounds, (f) decubitus ulcers, (g) athletes foot including chronic athletes foot and (h) scarring with doxycycline and/or cefaclor is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the treatment of skin and mouth disorders and, more particularly, to the use of doxycycline and/or cefaclor to eradicate or significantly alleviate certain skin disorders. In the past, it has been difficult and often impossible to eradicate certain skin and mouth disorders, including various types of sores, wounds, skin ulcers, scarring and severe chronic athletes foot and infections. Most often, if not always, treatments of the past have either failed to cure the disorder or only offered temporary relief followed by reoccurrence of the ailment. The skin disorders in question comprise cold sores in and out of the mouth, canker sores, cancer wounds including surgical wounds (which fail to heal due to chemotherapy and radiation therapy), other types of surgical wounds, diabetes sores, decubitus ulcers, sores, scarring and athletes foot including chronic athletes foot. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with cefaclor, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “cefaclor” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on cefaclor. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning cefaclor. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CEFACLOR Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover cefaclor.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on cefaclor is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “cefaclor” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to cefaclor. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “cefaclor” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for cefaclor: •

Ranbaxy says gets FDA approval for cefaclor tablets Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 23, 2003

•

Biochimica, Lilly settle cefaclor lawsuits Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 26, 2000

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IVAX Gets FDA Approval For Cefaclor Capsules Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 28, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “cefaclor” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “cefaclor” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to cefaclor, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “cefaclor” (or synonyms).

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69

Academic Periodicals covering Cefaclor Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to cefaclor. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering cefaclor that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for cefaclor. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with cefaclor. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to cefaclor: Cephalosporins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ancef; Ceclor; Ceclor CD; Cedax; Cefadyl; Cefditoren; Cefizox; Cefobid; Cefotan; Ceftin; Cefzil; Ceptaz; Claforan; Duricef; Fortaz; Keflex; Keftab; Kefurox; Kefzol; Mandol; Maxipime; Mefoxin; Monocid; Omnicef; Rocephin; Tazicef; Tazidime; Vantin; Velosef; Zinacef http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202119.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

75

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cefaclor” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1580 4 779 38 4 2405

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “cefaclor” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cefaclor can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cefaclor. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cefaclor. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cefaclor”:

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Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Gonorrhea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gonorrhea.html Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cefaclor. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cefaclor. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cefaclor. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cefaclor. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cefaclor” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cefaclor”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cefaclor” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cefaclor” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

20

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

21

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

91

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

93

CEFACLOR DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Acylation: The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps

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to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a

Dictionary 95

specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arthralgia: Pain in the joint. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Augmentin: An antibiotic. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH]

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Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bactericide: An agent that destroys bacteria. [EU] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Benzydamine: An analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent used to reduce postsurgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of rheumatic disease and inflammation of the mouth and throat. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH]

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Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, cephalexin derivative. [NIH] Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by betalactamases. [NIH] Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Cefoxitin: Semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. [NIH] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of cephaloridine or cephalothin, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both

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gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. [NIH] Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Cilastatin: A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4. [NIH]

Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clavulanic Acid: Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU]

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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

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Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH]

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Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which

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covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH]

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Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Gyrase: An enzyme that causes negative supercoiling of E. coli DNA during replication. [NIH]

Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH]

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Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with cilastatin, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH]

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Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol,

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and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Maxillary Sinusitis: Inflammation of the maxillary sinus. In most cases it is the result of infection by the bacteria Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. This condition may be acute or chronic. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms

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include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the cephalosporins except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain cephalosporins. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and longterm suppression. [NIH] Norfloxacin: Quinoline-derived synthetic antibacterial agent with a very broad spectrum of action. Oral administration yields highly bactericidal plasma, tissue, and urine levels. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA-gyrase and is used in gastrointestinal, eye, and urinary infections. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the

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chromosomes. [NIH] Office Visits: Visits made by patients to health service providers' offices for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otitis Media with Effusion: Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellowcolored transudate. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penicillin Amidase: An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of penicillin to penicin and a carboxylic acid anion. EC 3.5.1.11. [NIH] Penicillinase: A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]

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Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of

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health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the

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waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Roxithromycin: Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the

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elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Sickness: Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Short Bowel Syndrome: A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of small bowel. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of gonorrhea. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU]

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Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulbactam: A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action. The compound prevents antibiotic destruction of beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus extending their spectrum activity. Combinations of sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully for the therapy of infections caused by organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone. [NIH] Sulfisoxazole: One of the antibacterial sulfonamides generally used for treatment of infections. It is bacteriostatic against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms, but acquired resistance is common. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH]

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Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of

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ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection and prevent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. [NIH] Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination: This drug combination has proved to be an effective therapeutic agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both grampositive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS, but is the drug of choice for urinary infection. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Uricosuric: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting uricosuria (= the excretion of uric acid in the urine). 2. An agent that promotes uricosuria. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective

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vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicoureteral: An abnormal condition in which urine backs up into the ureters, and occasionally into the kidneys, raising the risk of infection. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 6, 93, 106, 108 Abscess, 17, 93 Acremonium, 93, 98 Acute renal, 93, 104 Acyl, 93, 102 Acylation, 61, 93 Adenosine, 93, 114 Adjuvant, 64, 93 Adolescence, 93, 108 Adverse Effect, 93, 112 Aerobic, 6, 93, 104 Aerosol, 93, 113 Affinity, 93, 112 Agar, 6, 93, 100, 104, 109 Algorithms, 93, 96 Alkaline, 35, 94 Alpha Particles, 94, 111 Alternative medicine, 68, 94 Amino Acids, 94, 102, 108, 109, 110, 115 Ampicillin, 6, 9, 13, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 63, 94 Anaerobic, 6, 94, 104, 107 Analgesic, 94, 96 Anaphylactic, 13, 33, 94 Anaphylaxis, 13, 94 Anatomical, 94, 104 Anions, 94, 110 Antagonism, 94, 114 Antibacterial, 6, 54, 62, 94, 98, 104, 107, 110, 112, 113, 115 Antibodies, 94, 103, 104 Antibody, 36, 47, 93, 94, 95, 99, 103, 104, 105, 107, 111, 112 Antigen, 93, 94, 99, 104, 105 Antihistamine, 4, 95 Anti-infective, 64, 95, 98, 107 Anti-inflammatory, 95, 96 Antipyretic, 95, 96 Antiviral, 95, 109 Anus, 95, 111 Aqueous, 19, 39, 95, 96, 98, 100, 101, 105 Aqueous humor, 19, 39, 95, 98 Archaea, 95, 106 Arterioles, 95, 96, 97 Arthralgia, 95, 112 Assay, 34, 47, 95 Asymptomatic, 28, 37, 95

Augmentin, 11, 23, 28, 51, 95 Azithromycin, 5, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 31, 35, 38, 95 B Bacteremia, 32, 95 Bacteria, 6, 47, 58, 61, 64, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 103, 104, 106, 107, 112, 113, 115 Bacterial Infections, 28, 49, 59, 82, 95 Bactericidal, 14, 96, 107 Bactericide, 61, 96 Bacteriostatic, 96, 102, 113 Bacterium, 96, 104, 112, 114 Bacteriuria, 28, 37, 96 Base, 96, 102, 105 Basophils, 96, 103 Benzoic Acid, 4, 96 Benzydamine, 13, 96 Beta-Lactamases, 96, 97, 104, 113 Bioavailability, 4, 32, 54, 64, 96 Biological Transport, 96, 100 Biotechnology, 4, 8, 53, 68, 77, 96 Bladder, 37, 96, 99, 100, 115 Blood pressure, 96, 112 Blood vessel, 96, 103, 104, 105, 110, 112, 114, 115 Blood-Brain Barrier, 96, 107 Body Fluids, 96, 112 Bowel, 15, 97, 105, 112 Brachytherapy, 97, 105, 111 Broad-spectrum, 94, 97, 98, 115 Bronchi, 97, 114 Bronchial, 40, 97, 104, 114 Bronchiectasis, 30, 97 Bronchitis, 9, 10, 16, 18, 20, 23, 24, 27, 36, 39, 43, 44, 50, 97 C Capillary, 45, 97, 115 Capsules, 15, 61, 68, 97, 100 Case report, 97, 98 Case series, 97, 98 Cefadroxil, 7, 16, 22, 24, 26, 27, 34, 36, 39, 42, 51, 63, 97 Cefixime, 14, 15, 22, 25, 26, 27, 31, 35, 36, 38, 44, 51, 97 Cefotaxime, 35, 97 Cefoxitin, 14, 97 Ceftriaxone, 47, 97

118

Cefaclor

Cefuroxime, 6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 35, 42, 47, 97 Cell, 61, 62, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 107, 111, 112, 116 Cell Division, 95, 97, 112 Cellulitis, 39, 97 Central Nervous System, 97, 114 Cephalexin, 6, 7, 21, 27, 33, 36, 37, 41, 46, 49, 58, 60, 63, 64, 97 Cephaloridine, 97, 98 Cephalosporins, 4, 6, 21, 36, 49, 54, 55, 61, 62, 72, 96, 98, 107 Cephalothin, 6, 7, 13, 48, 51, 97, 98 Cephradine, 30, 36, 49, 98 Chlorhexidine, 13, 98 Chronic, 4, 16, 18, 20, 21, 27, 28, 36, 40, 41, 44, 48, 50, 65, 98, 101, 105, 106, 112, 113, 114 Chronic Disease, 28, 98 Chronic renal, 4, 41, 98 Cilastatin, 98, 104 Ciliary, 95, 98, 107 Ciliary processes, 95, 98 Ciprofloxacin, 5, 25, 31, 43, 98 Clarithromycin, 13, 14, 16, 23, 24, 35, 44, 98 Clavulanic Acid, 5, 6, 7, 12, 24, 25, 31, 37, 43, 48, 98 Clinical study, 15, 98 Clinical trial, 3, 48, 77, 98, 99, 101, 107, 111 Cloning, 96, 98 Colloidal, 98, 113 Complement, 99 Complementary and alternative medicine, 53, 55, 99 Complementary medicine, 53, 99 Compliance, 64, 99 Computational Biology, 77, 99 Congestion, 99, 102 Conjugated, 96, 99 Connective Tissue, 97, 99 Contraindications, ii, 99 Controlled study, 13, 32, 44, 99 Cornea, 95, 100 Cryptosporidiosis, 95, 100 Crystallization, 59, 100 Culture Media, 93, 100 Curative, 100, 114 Cyclic, 100, 114 Cystitis, 20, 28, 37, 100 Cytoplasm, 96, 100, 101, 103, 107

D Decubitus, 65, 100 Decubitus Ulcer, 65, 100 Dehydration, 100, 112 Diagnostic procedure, 57, 68, 100 Dialyzer, 100, 104 Diarrhea, 100, 106, 112 Diffusion, 44, 60, 96, 100, 103, 104 Direct, iii, 61, 71, 100, 104, 111 Distal, 100, 110 Diuresis, 100, 114 Dorsal, 100, 102 Dosage Forms, 60, 100 Double-blind, 6, 10, 11, 31, 39, 101 Doxycycline, 35, 65, 101 Drug Interactions, 4, 72, 101 Dura mater, 101, 106, 108 Dyes, 96, 101, 107, 113 E Edema, 15, 96, 101 Efficacy, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 38, 43, 44, 49, 50, 101, 104 Effusion, 31, 40, 101 Electrolyte, 101, 109, 112 Electrons, 96, 101, 111 Electroplating, 101, 113 Empyema, 51, 101 Emulsions, 93, 101 End-stage renal, 98, 101 Environmental Health, 76, 78, 101 Enzymatic, 58, 61, 63, 99, 101, 102, 104 Enzyme, 58, 101, 103, 108, 113, 116 Eosinophils, 101, 103 Epithelial, 4, 96, 101 Epithelial Cells, 101 Epithelium, 4, 101 Erythema, 45, 102, 115 Erythema Multiforme, 45, 102 Erythromycin, 24, 25, 26, 40, 48, 95, 98, 102, 111 Esophagus, 102, 109, 111, 113 Esterification, 58, 102 Excipients, 61, 102 External-beam radiation, 102, 111 Extracellular, 99, 102, 112 Extraction, 15, 32, 102 F Family Planning, 77, 102 Fat, 100, 102, 112 Fertilizers, 102, 113 Fold, 64, 102 Fungistatic, 96, 102

119

Fungus, 98, 102 G Gallbladder, 93, 102 Gamma Rays, 102, 111 Gas, 100, 102, 104, 106, 113, 115 Gastric, 94, 100, 103, 104 Gastric Acid, 94, 103 Gastrointestinal, 98, 103, 107, 113 Gene, 96, 103, 112 Genital, 98, 103, 111, 115 Genitourinary, 21, 103, 115 Gland, 103, 108, 111 Glomerular, 103, 111 Glomeruli, 103, 110 Glomerulus, 103, 107 Glycine, 96, 103 Gonorrhea, 82, 97, 103, 112 Governing Board, 103, 109 Gp120, 103, 109 Gram-negative, 64, 97, 98, 103, 104, 107, 112, 115 Gram-positive, 97, 98, 103, 104, 107, 113, 115 Granulocytes, 32, 103, 116 Granuloma, 17, 103 Gyrase, 103, 107 H Haemodialysis, 41, 103 Half-Life, 64, 97, 103 Haptens, 93, 103, 112 Hemodialysis, 7, 41, 42, 100, 104 Hemolytic, 5, 14, 25, 50, 104 Hepatic, 46, 104 Histamine, 95, 104 Hydrogen, 96, 104, 107, 110 Hydrogenation, 104, 110 Hydrolysis, 96, 97, 104, 108 Hydrophilic, 60, 64, 104 Hypersensitivity, 13, 34, 94, 104 I Imipenem, 35, 98, 104 Immune response, 93, 95, 103, 104, 113 Immunodiffusion, 93, 104 Immunoelectrophoresis, 93, 104 Immunology, 93, 104 Impairment, 19, 41, 104, 110 Implant radiation, 104, 105, 111 In vitro, 4, 14, 25, 26, 34, 35, 46, 51, 104 In vivo, 4, 104 Incision, 104, 105 Infancy, 10, 50, 105

Inflammation, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 115 Inner ear, 97, 105 Inoculum, 7, 105 Inorganic, 63, 105 Insight, 38, 105 Internal radiation, 105, 111 Interstitial, 6, 12, 97, 105, 107, 111 Intestinal, 4, 21, 34, 100, 105, 106 Intestine, 97, 105, 113 Intracellular, 105, 109 Invasive, 13, 105 Ischemia, 100, 105 K Kb, 76, 105 L Large Intestine, 105, 111 Laxative, 93, 105, 106 Lens, 95, 105 Lesion, 103, 105, 115 Lipopolysaccharide, 103, 105 Lipoprotein, 103, 105 Liver, 93, 96, 102, 104, 106 Localized, 93, 105, 106, 109, 115 Lubricants, 61, 106 Lymph, 106, 112 Lymphadenopathy, 106, 112 Lymphatic, 105, 106 M Malabsorption, 106, 112 Malabsorption syndrome, 106, 112 Maxillary, 26, 40, 50, 106, 108 Maxillary Sinus, 26, 40, 50, 106 Maxillary Sinusitis, 26, 40, 50, 106 Meatus, 106 MEDLINE, 77, 106 Membrane, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106, 107, 111 Meninges, 97, 101, 106 Meningitis, 37, 39, 106 Mental, iv, 3, 76, 78, 106, 110, 115 Mental Health, iv, 3, 76, 78, 106, 110 Metabolite, 33, 106 Methylcellulose, 60, 106 Microbe, 106, 114 Microbiological, 34, 106 Microbiology, 11, 14, 16, 25, 26, 29, 32, 35, 38, 43, 44, 48, 96, 106 Microorganism, 58, 106, 108, 116 Molecular, 6, 77, 79, 94, 96, 99, 107 Molecule, 59, 93, 95, 96, 99, 103, 104, 107, 111 Monoclonal, 107, 111

120

Cefaclor

Mononuclear, 103, 107 Moxalactam, 14, 107 Mucociliary, 107, 112 Mucosa, 40, 107 Multicenter study, 47, 107 Myocarditis, 34, 107 Myocardium, 107 N Nausea, 100, 107, 115 Nephritis, 12, 107 Neutrons, 94, 107, 111 Neutrophils, 103, 107 Nitrofurantoin, 9, 17, 107 Norfloxacin, 36, 107 Nucleus, 62, 63, 96, 100, 101, 102, 107, 110 O Office Visits, 4, 108 Ointments, 100, 108 Oropharynx, 35, 108 Otitis, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 47, 50, 51, 108 Otitis Media with Effusion, 17, 18, 26, 28, 108 Outpatient, 6, 31, 43, 108 P Pachymeningitis, 106, 108 Paediatric, 23, 45, 108 Palliative, 108, 114 Pancreas, 93, 108 Paranasal Sinuses, 106, 108, 112 Particle, 63, 108 Pathogen, 105, 108 Pathologic, 104, 108 Patient Compliance, 60, 108 Pediatrics, 11, 13, 16, 28, 33, 34, 38, 39, 46, 47, 50, 54, 108 Pelvis, 108, 110 Penicillin, 4, 6, 14, 26, 32, 34, 35, 44, 50, 62, 63, 94, 108 Penicillin Amidase, 63, 108 Penicillinase, 47, 108 Peptide, 4, 98, 108, 109, 110 Peptide Chain Elongation, 98, 109 Peptide T, 4, 109 Peroxide, 58, 109 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 59, 109 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 100, 109 Pharmacodynamic, 14, 109 Pharmacokinetic, 4, 40, 109 Pharmacologic, 42, 103, 109, 114 Pharyngitis, 5, 16, 20, 24, 25, 26, 50, 109

Pharynx, 50, 108, 109 Physiologic, 103, 109, 111 Plaque, 98, 109 Plasma, 4, 31, 33, 37, 64, 94, 107, 109 Pneumonia, 5, 10, 14, 15, 22, 29, 30, 47, 50, 99, 109, 115 Polymers, 60, 64, 109, 110 Post-traumatic, 96, 109 Potassium, 12, 29, 109 Practice Guidelines, 78, 109 Precursor, 101, 110 Probenecid, 64, 110 Progressive, 98, 110, 111 Prone, 4, 110 Prophylaxis, 13, 24, 107, 110 Protein C, 105, 110, 112 Protein S, 96, 98, 102, 110, 114 Proteins, 6, 32, 62, 94, 95, 99, 102, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114 Protons, 94, 104, 110, 111 Protozoa, 106, 107, 110, 113 Proximal, 4, 100, 110 Public Health, 4, 78, 110 Public Policy, 77, 110 Publishing, 5, 110 Purulent, 20, 43, 110 Pyelonephritis, 4, 36, 110 Q Quinolones, 4, 110 R Radiation, 65, 102, 105, 110, 111, 116 Radiation therapy, 65, 102, 105, 111 Radioactive, 103, 104, 105, 111 Radiolabeled, 111 Radiotherapy, 97, 111 Randomized, 11, 22, 25, 43, 44, 47, 101, 111 Reabsorption, 110, 111 Receptor, 41, 95, 103, 109, 111 Rectal, 5, 12, 111 Rectum, 95, 102, 105, 111 Red blood cells, 104, 111 Refer, 1, 99, 107, 111 Reflux, 13, 111 Regimen, 60, 64, 101, 108, 111 Renal failure, 7, 12, 34, 42, 111 Renal tubular, 110, 111 Resection, 111, 112 Rhinitis, 20, 111 Roxithromycin, 11, 44, 111 S Screening, 98, 111 Secretion, 4, 104, 111, 112

121

Secretory, 40, 112 Segregation, 96, 112 Semisynthetic, 94, 97, 98, 104, 111, 112 Sequence Homology, 109, 112 Serous, 40, 112 Serum, 6, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 30, 33, 34, 36, 38, 42, 45, 46, 94, 99, 112 Serum Sickness, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 38, 45, 112 Shigellosis, 28, 112 Short Bowel Syndrome, 30, 112 Side effect, 71, 93, 112, 114 Sinusitis, 18, 21, 29, 50, 112 Sodium, 64, 111, 112 Soft tissue, 6, 9, 19, 24, 29, 31, 112 Specialist, 83, 112 Species, 58, 101, 107, 112, 113, 115, 116 Spectinomycin, 14, 112 Spectrum, 104, 107, 111, 112, 113 Spores, 105, 113 Sputum, 45, 113 Stomach, 93, 102, 103, 107, 109, 111, 113 Streptococcal, 5, 14, 16, 22, 24, 25, 26, 47, 49, 50, 113 Streptococci, 34, 62, 113 Streptococcus, 5, 14, 25, 27, 53, 58, 61, 106, 113 Subacute, 105, 112, 113 Subclinical, 105, 113 Subcutaneous, 97, 101, 113 Subspecies, 112, 113 Substance P, 102, 106, 112, 113 Substrate, 4, 113 Sulbactam, 31, 113 Sulfisoxazole, 25, 26, 40, 113 Sulfuric acid, 63, 113 Suppression, 107, 113 Suppurative, 97, 113 Suspensions, 23, 29, 44, 61, 113 Systemic, 4, 72, 94, 96, 105, 111, 114 T Tachycardia, 95, 114 Tachypnea, 95, 114 Tetracycline, 9, 14, 101, 114 Theophylline, 25, 34, 39, 49, 114 Therapeutics, 9, 10, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 32, 33, 36, 37, 42, 46, 47, 72, 114 Threonine, 109, 114 Tinnitus, 108, 114 Tissue, 5, 26, 29, 38, 40, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112, 114, 115

Tonsillitis, 16, 26, 114 Tonsils, 114 Topical, 98, 114 Toxic, iv, 58, 114 Toxicity, 49, 63, 64, 101, 114 Toxicology, 78, 114 Toxins, 95, 105, 114 Toxoplasmosis, 95, 114 Trachea, 97, 109, 114 Transfection, 96, 114 Translation, 102, 114 Translocation, 98, 102, 115 Transplantation, 98, 115 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 4, 9, 11, 40, 46, 115 Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination, 9, 115 Tunica, 107, 115 U Ulcer, 97, 100, 115 Ulceration, 17, 100, 115 Uremia, 111, 115 Ureters, 115, 116 Urethra, 115 Urethritis, 19, 21, 47, 48, 115 Uricosuric, 110, 115 Urinary tract, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 37, 39, 43, 47, 96, 97, 107, 115 Urinary tract infection, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 37, 39, 43, 47, 96, 107, 115 Urine, 6, 33, 96, 100, 107, 115, 116 Urogenital, 5, 12, 103, 115 Urticaria, 94, 112, 115 V Vaccine, 93, 115 Vascular, 94, 105, 115 VE, 63, 115 Venules, 96, 97, 115 Vertigo, 108, 115 Vesicoureteral, 13, 116 Veterinary Medicine, 77, 116 Virulence, 114, 116 Viruses, 95, 106, 107, 115, 116 Viscosity, 60, 116 Vitro, 6, 27, 36, 116 Vivo, 116 W White blood cell, 94, 116 Windpipe, 109, 116 X X-ray, 102, 111, 116

122

123

124

Cefaclor

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