Bergmann und Schaefer, Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik, Band 8: Sterne und Weltraum

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Author: Wilhelm Raith

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UVU UVW UVZ UWT UWX UWY UYR

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108

1600

1700

1800 Jahr

1900

Hubble Space Telescope

Mount Wilson (2.5 m - Tel.)

Lord Rosse (1.8 m - Tel.)

Huygens

1

Galileo

102

Herschel (1.2 m - Tel.)

104

Mount Palomar (5 m - Tel.)

106

Auge

Empfindlichkeit bezogen auf menschliches Auge

1010

2000

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103

1400

1600

1700 Jahr

Meridiankreis

Struve Henderson

Bradley 1500

1800

1900

moderner Meridiankreis Hipparcos-Satellit

102

Flamsteed

101

Tycho

10

Ulugh Begh

10-1

Hipparch (etwa 150 v. Chr.)

Genauigkeit (Bogensekunden)

10-2

Photoplatten

10-3

2000

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-3°

[

V1375 (e) V1148 (v1)

V1377 (v1) 42 ly

135 ly 18.6 ly

-4°

V1045 (v1)

1981

V1046 (e0) 1975

S (m3)

1973 42 1977

45

V1378 (1)

-5°

V1101 (v1)

161 ly NU

M43 1982 Großer OrionT (i) nebel 43 θ2

41 θ1 Trapez LP (i) M42 1976

1924

EY (e)

V372 (i)

NV (i) 1980

44 ι

-6° 5h 32m

5h 36m

5h 40m

Amplituden und Typen veränderlicher Sterne

Sternhelligkeiten (V )

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3

4

5

6 7 8 9 10 11

schnell laufende Sterne

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maßstabsgetreu < 5’

5h 28m

< 0.1 mag

0.1 - 1.0

>_1.0 mag

Distanz von Doppelsternkomponenten

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0.3”

planetarische Nebel

3”

30”

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dP c55$<6 xnc

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u2&2552N p(: o(;,&2N wuc

yutv cvec

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T v(55(675,6&+( q%6(59$725,(1 81' d(2%$&+781*67(&+1,.(1 Hornantenne A

A

t

B

t

C

t

D

t

E (b)

t

Paßband-Filter (∆νs) lokaler Oszillator (ν0)

B C

IF-Verstärker

quadratischer Detektor D Tiefpaßfilter (fc) E Aufzeichnungsgerät (a)

c%%P TPSY

u&+(0$7,6&+(6 d,/' (,1(6 g03)>1*(56 )@5 t$',2:(//(1P g5/>87(581*(1 6P v(;7P

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Wechselwirkung (Paarerzeugung)

Höhe (km)

sekundäre Teilchen

10

TscherenkowLicht

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@%5,*%/,(%P f$0,7 7(,/7 (6 '$6 u&+,&.6$/ 921 9,(/(1 $1'(5(1 t$80)$+57352-(.7(1N ',( =81>&+67 (+5*(,=,*(5 %(*$11(1 $/6 6,( '$11 '85&+*()@+57 :(5'(1 .2117(1P k1=:,6&+(1 :$5 '$6 (567( u3,(*(/3$$5 )(57,**(67(//7 81' :85'( )@5 6(,1(1 .5,7,6&+(1 v(67 =8 (,1(5 1(8(1 x$.880Om$/,%5,(581*6$1/$*( ,0 o$56+$// u3$&( h/,*+7 e(17(5 75$163257,(57P f(5 v(67 6,08/,(57( 5($/,67,6&+( t$80%(',1*81*(1 81' =(,*7(N '$M ',( u3,(*(/ ,+5( c1)25'(581*(1 92// (5)@//7(1P c%%P UPVR =(,*7 (,1( n8)7$8)1$+0( ',(6(5 ,0 l$+5( S[[S )(57,**(67(//7(1 c1/$*( J',( 85635@1*/,&+( ./(,1(5( x(56,21 :$5 )@5 ',( g,167(,1Oq37,. *(%$87 :25'(1KP f$6 t?17*(1675$+/(1%@1'(/ :,5' ,0 i(%>8'( 2%(1 /,1.6 (5=(8*7 81' )>//7 1$&+ r$66,(5(1 '(6 WUR 0 /$1*(1 x$.8807811(/6 %(,1$+( 3$5$//(/ $8) ',( ,1 '(5 *52M(1 x$.880.$00(5 %(71'/,&+(1 u3,(*(/P f,( 0$66,9( m$00(5 58+7 $8) 6(,60,6&+ 67$%,/(1 h81'$0(17(1N 80 -('( g56&+@77(581* :>+5(1' '(5 (0371'/,&+(1 o(6681*(1 =8 9(50(,'(1P f(5 v811(/'85&+0(66(5 67(,*7 ,1 '5(, u78)(1 921 S $8) SPX 0 $1P f$6 x$.880 (55(,&+7 SR!W r$P c%%P UPVS =(,*7 6&+(0$7,6&+ ',( v(67.217*85$7,21 '(5 u3,(*(/$125'181* ,1 '(5 m$00(5P f(5 (567( u3,(*(/7(67 :85'( ,0 u200(5 S[[S (5)2/*5(,&+ '85&+*()@+57P k0 n$8)( '(6 c8)%$86 '(6 q%6(59$725,806 :85'(1 '$11 63>7(5 (567 ',( 9(5%/(,O %(1'(1 u3,(*(/ 81' '$11 ',( *(6$07( u3,(*(/$125'181* =86$00(1 0,7 '(1 %(,'(1 k167580(17(1 $8) ',(6( y(,6( *(35@)7P f$ ',( u3,(*(/ (5+(%/,&+(6 i(:,&+7 +$%(1N 0@66(1 6,( :>+5(1' ',(6(5 o(6681*(1 '85&+ %(621'(5( o$M1$+0(1 817(567@=7 :(5O '(1N 80 '(1 g,198M '(5 u&+:(5.5$)7 =8 9(50,1'(51 81' ,+5( :$+5( h250 ,0 6&+:(O 5()5(,(1 t$80 =8 5(35>6(17,(5(1P o,7 ',(6(1 *5@1'/,&+(1 81' /$1*'$8(51'(1 v(676

SWR

U g;75$7(55(675,6&+( q%6(59$725,(1

c%%P UPVS u&+(0$ '(5 x$.880.$00(5 =85 m$/,%5,(581* '(5 e+$1'5$Oq37,.P f,( r)(,/( =(,O *(1 ',( h5(,+(,76*5$'( )@5 0(&+$1,6&+( l867,(581*(1P

:85'( ',( o?*/,&+.(,7 (,1(6 237,6&+(1 h(+/(56N :,( (5 %(,0 j8%%/(Ov(/(6.23 $8)75$7N $86*(6&+$/7(7P f$6 t?17*(12%6(59$725,80 :85'( ,0 l8/, S[[[ *(67$57(7P f(5 c8)67,(* ,1 ',( (//,37,6&+( d$+1 (5)2/*7( ,1 '5(, u78)(1] =81>&+67 ,1 '(5 t$80)>+5(] '$11 )2/*7(1 =:(, d5(113(5,2'(1 (,1(5 $1*(6(7=7(1 ./(,1(5(1 u78)(15$.(7( 81' 6&+/,(M/,&+N )@5 d$+1.255(.785(1N )@1) d5(113(5,2'(1 '(6 ,1 '$6 q%6(59$725,80 (,1*(%$87(1 (,*(1(1 t$.(7(175,(%:(5.6 Jc%%P UPVTKP p$&+ '(0 m$/,%5,(5(1 ,0 q5%,7 81' '(0 d(*,11 '(5 d(2%$&+781*(1 :85'( '$6 q%6(59$725,80 1$&+ '(0 ,1 k1',(1 *(%25(1(1 $0(O 5,.$1,6&+(1 r+<6,.(5 81' p2%(/35(,675>*(5 e+$1'5$6(.+$5 J.85= NNe+$1'5$DDK %(O 1$117P f$6 c32*>80 ,67 SVR RRR .0 J(7:$ SBU '(5 g5'(Oo21' g17)(5181*K 0,7 (,1(5 r(5,2'( 921 XTPW u781'(1P f,(6( d$+1 +$7 *52M( x257(,/( )@5 /$1*=(,7,*( d(O 2%$&+781*(1P o(+5 $/6 ZR @ '(5 d$+1 6,1' )5(, 921 67?5(1'(1 g5'(,19@66(1 81' u75$+/81*6*@57(/1P f$6 (5/$8%7 (,1( :(6(17/,&+ 9(5%(66(57( d(2%$&+781*6675$7(*,( )@5 6&+:,(5,*( 81' /,&+76&+:$&+( |,(/( J=P dP )@5 q%-(.7( 1$+( '(1 g5'32/(1KP w0 i(:,&+7 =8 63$5(1 81' (,1( 0?*/,&+67 +2+( d$+1 =8 (50?*/,&+(1N :85'( '$6 v(/(6.23 :(,7*(+(1' $86 i5$3+,7Oi,(M+$5= *(%$87N '$6 *(5,1*(6 i(:,&+7 0,7 +2+(5 u7(,7*.(,7 9(5%,1'(7N =:(, :(6(17/,&+( x257(,/( )@5 237,6&+( u<67(0(P f$6 g1'O *(:,&+7 :$5 VXTR .*N 185 :(1,* 0(+5 $/6 (,1 f5,77(/ '(6 j8%%/(Ov(/(6.236P f$6 v(/(6.23 %(67(+7 $86 9,(5 r$$5(1 921 3$5$%2/,6&+(1B+<3(5%2/,6&+(1 |(52'85Oj2+/O 63,(*(/1 0,7 (,1(5 $8)*('$03)7(1 k5,',80Oq%(59>&+(P f,( '@11( k5,',806&+,&+7 (5O +?+7 ',( t(9(.7,9,7>7 ,0 t?17*(1/,&+7P f$6 t2+0$7(5,$/ '(5 u3,(*(/ :85'( 921 '(1 u&+277 i/$6:(5.(1 *(/,()(57] '(5 >8M(5( f85&+0(66(5 '(6 *5?M7(1 u3,(*(/6$7=(6 %(75>*7 SPT 0N ,67 $/62 '233(/7 62 *52M :,( '(5 '(6 g,167(,1Oq%6(59$725,806 81' +$7 (,1( i(6$079>&+( 921 S[PT 0TP f,( y2/7(5Oq37,. 0,7 675(,)(1'(0 g,1)$// ,67 ,1 6(,1(5 m216758.7,21 '(0 g,167(,1Oq%6(59$725,80 6(+5 >+1/,&+P f,( (5(.7,9( h/>&+( )@5 '(1 675(,)(1'(1 g,1)$// ,67 (,1( h81.7,21 '(5 y(//(1/>1*( 81' :,5' ,1 c%%P UPV[ J6P c%6&+1P UPVPVK 0,7 '(5 921 g,167(,1N tqucv 81' zooOp(:721 9(5*/,&+(1P d(621'(56 :,&+7,* :$5 ',( *(3/$17( x(5%(66(581* ,0 g1(5*,(%(5(,&+ 2%(5+$/% 921 T .(xP f,( u7$%,/,7>7 '(5 v(/(6.2325,(17,(581* %(75>*7 ,0 o,77(/ RP^^TWN ',( i(1$8,*O

UPV q%6(59$725,(1 ,0 t?17*(1%(5(,&+

SWS

c%%P UPVT c16,&+7 '(6 e+$1'5$ q%6(59$725,806P f,( u211(1%/(1'( ,67 *(?51(7 81' =(,*7 ',( .21=(175,6&+(1 ~5181*(1 '(5 SPT 0 t?17*(1237,.P n,1.6 '$1(%(1 ,67 ',( ~5181* '(5 u7(51.$0(5$ =85 t,&+781*6%(67,0081*P g%(1)$//6 1$&+ 9251( *(5,&+7(7 6,1' ',( 9,(5 f@6(1 '(6 (,1*(%$87(1 t$.(7(175,(%:(5.6P f(5 k167580(1702'8/ %(71'(7 6,&+ $0 g1'( '(5 .21,O 6&+(1 237,6&+(1 d$1.P f$6 q%6(59$725,80 ,67 SW 0 /$1* JpcucBvtyKP

.(,7 ,1 '(5 t,&+781* UR^^P WR @ '(5 g1(5*,( ,0 d5(11381.7 /,(*(1 ,11(5+$/% (,1(6 m5(,6(6 921 RP^^WP u(&+6 q5,(17,(581*6.5(,6(/ J'5(, '$921 6,1' @%(56&+@66,* )@5 63>O 7(5( c86)>//(K %(625*(1 ',( t,&+781*6.21752//( '(6 v(/(6.236P f(5 k167580(1702'8/ (17+>/7 =:(, k167580(17(N ',( :(&+6(/6(,7,* ,1 '(1 d5(11O 381.7 '(6 v(/(.236 %()?5'(57 :(5'(1 .?11(1P k11(5+$/% '(5 /$1*(1 237,6&+(1 d$1. 6,1' =:(, v5$160,66,216*,77(5 $1*(%5$&+7N ',( (%(1)$//6 '85&+ t$',26,*1$/ ,1 '(1 n,&+7675$+/ %(:(*7 :(5'(1 .?11(1P g6 +$1'(/7 6,&+ +,(5 80 (,1(6 )@5 +2+( g1(5*,(1 JjgviKN (17:,&.(/7 921 ePtP e$1,=$5(6 $0 okv 81' (,1(6 )@5 1,('5,*( g1(5*,(1 JngviKN (17:,&.(/7 921 cP d5,1.0$1N utwN w75(&+7P f,( c89?681* ,67 ,1 %(,'(1 h>//(1 (7:$ ZRRP f,( m$0(5$ 9(5:(1'(7 =:(, o,&52&+$11(/Or/$77(1 81' (55(,&+7 (,1( c89?681* 921 RP^^W @%(5 (,1 d/,&.)(/' 921 US^ Jc%%P UPVUKP f$0,7 :,5' (,1 '(7$,//,(57(6 d,/' '(5 .260,6&+(1 t?17*(148(//( *(:211(1P f$6 k167580(17 :85'( ,0 u0,7+621,$1 c67523+<6,&$/ n$%25$725< 817(5 '(5 n(,781* 921 uP uP o855$< (17O :,&.(/7P f$6 $%%,/'(1'( u3(.7520(7(5 9(5:(1'(7 =:(, 257+2*21$/( t(,+(1 921 eefI6N (,1( =85 c%%,/'81* 81' (,1( =85 u3(.7526.23,(P g6 /,()(57 */(,&+=(,7,* c%%,/'81*(1 81' ',( u3(.75$/9(57(,/81* '(5 u75$+/81*648(//(1P f,( 63(.75$/( c89?681* ,67 )@5 +2+( g1(5*,(1 XR " SRRRN 81' )@5 1,('5,*( g1(5*,(1 VR " TRRRP f$6 u3(.75$/*(%,(7 (5675(&.7 6,&+ 921 RPT %,6 SR .(x %(, (,1(5 d,/'$89?681* 921 A S^^P f$6 k167580(17 :85'( 921 '(5 r(116
SWT

U g;75$7(55(675,6&+( q%6(59$725,(1

Röntgenstrahl MCP-Eingang

UV-Photon UV-Abschirmung Photokathode

Röntgenstrahl

MCP-Ausgang

Kreuzdrahtgitter

3100 V 3200 1000 1750 300 Tantal-Abschirmung Kameragehäuse (T itan) AntikoinzidenzAbschirmung

kosmische Strahlen

c%%P UPVU f,( +2&+$89?6(1'( m$0(5$ (17+>/7 =:(, o,&52&+$11(/Or/$77(1 JSR 6 SR &0K] 6,( %(67(+(1 $86 -( X[ o,//,21(1 d/(,*/$65?+5(1N -('(6 SPT 00 /$1* 81' SR =0 f85&+0(66(5P g,1O )$//(1'( t?17*(1675$+/(1 %()5(,(1 g/(.7521(1N ',( '$6 m5(8=*,77(5 $0 d2'(1 '(6 f(7(.7256 75(5(1] '$0,7 :,5' ',( d,/'326,7,21 '(5 u75$+/81*648(//( 0,7 (,1(5 i(1$8,*.(,7 921 RP^^W %(O 67,007 JucqKP

=:(&. ,67 ',( o(6681* 921 v(03(5$7859$5,$7,21(1 921 $86*('(+17(1 t?17*(148(/O /(1N =P dP y2/.(1 921 +(,M(1 i$6(1 ,0 ,17(5*$/$.7,6&+(1 t$80P i/(,&+=(,7,* 0,7 '(5 c%%,/'81* :,5' ',( g1(5*,( '(5 (,1)$//(1'(1 u75$+/81* %(67,007P g6 ,67 0?*/,&+N c8)1$+0(1 ,0 n,&+7 (,1(5 (,1=(/1(1 u3(.75$//,1,( J=PdP 921 g,6(1K =8 0$&+(1P y>+O 5(1' '(5 m$/,%5,(581* ,0 q5%,7 67(//7( 6,&+ +(5$86N '$M ',( eefI6 '85&+ r52721(1 920 x$1Oc//(1Oi@57(/ u75$+/81*66&+>'(1 (5/,77(1 +$%(1P w0 :(,7(5( u&+>'(1 =8 9(50(,'(1N :,5' '$6 k167580(17 3(5,2',6&+ '($.7,9,(57N :(11 e+$1'5$ '(1 u75$+O /81*6*@57(/ '85&+9,(*7P f$6 e+$1'5$ u&,(1&( k167,787( $5%(,7(7 $1$/2* =80 u3$&( v(/(6&23( u&,(1&( k1O 67,787( J6P c%6&+1P UPTPSPXKP g6 :,5' 920 u0,7+621,$1 c67523+<6,&$/ q%6(59$725< ,1 e$0%5,'*(N o$66$&+86(776 *(/(,7(7P g7:$ SWR y,66(16&+$)7/(5 81' v(&+1,.(5 0$O 1$*(1 ',( c86:$+/ '(5 d(2%$&+781*(1N ',( .217,18,(5/,&+( m21752//( '(6 q%6(5O 9$725,806 '85&+ t$',26,*1$/( 921 '5(, d2'(167$7,21(1 81' '(1 f$7(198M 920 q%6(59$725,80 =8 '(1 d(2%$&+7(51P c8&+ ',( w17(55,&+781* '(5 ~5(17/,&+.(,7 (5O )2/*7 921 +,(5P f,( (567(1 d(2%$&+781*6=,(/( :$5(1 %(55(67( 921 u83(5129$( 81' ,+5( f<1$O 0,.N +(,M( i$6( ,1 c..5(7,2166&+(,%(1 80 u&+:$5=( n?&+(5N +(,M( i$6( ,0 k11(5(1 921 i$/$;,(+$8)(1 81' s8$6$5(P x21 %(621'(5(0 k17(5(66( 6,1' $8&+ g0,66,21(1 ,1 ',6.5(7(1 u3(.75$//,1,(1 921 6&+:(5(1 g/(0(17(1 ,0 y(/75$80P x21 d(*,11 '(5 o,66,21 $1 6,1' (,1( t(,+( 921 */(,&+=(,7,*(1 d(2%$&+781*(1 0,7 '(0 j8%%/(O v(/(6.23 (5)2/*5(,&+ .225',1,(57 :25'(1P c%%P UPVV ,67 (,1 *87(6 d(,63,(/ )@5 '$6 c89?681*69(50?*(1 81' ',( g0371'/,&+.(,7 921 e+$1'5$P k0 t?17*(1/,&+7 =(,*7 '(5 m5(%61(%(/ (,1 6(+5 9(56&+,('(1(6 d,/' 920 u,&+7%$5(1P

UPV q%6(59$725,(1 ,0 t?17*(1%(5(,&+

SWU

c%%P UPVV f(5 u83(5129$O%(55(67 ,0 m5(%61(%(/N $8)*(1200(1 921 e+$1'5$P k0 |(17580 527,(57 (,1 r8/6$5 0,7 UR j=P k0 t?17*(1/,&+7 6,1' t,1*( 921 (1(5*(7,6&+(1 v(,/&+(1 %,6 =8 (,1(5 g17)(5181* 921 S /< =8 (5.(11(1P u(1.5(&+7 =8 '(1 t,1*(1 (17:(,&+(1 v(,/&+(1 ,1 (,1(0 u75$+/ J1$&+ /,1.6KP f,( i/2&.(1)250 ,67 (,1( h2/*( '(5 y(&+6(/:,5.81* =:,6&+(1 '(1 .5(,O 6(1'(1 v(,/&+(1 81' '(1 80*(%(1'(1 i$6O 81' u7$8%:2/.(1 ,0 67$5.(1 o$*1(7)(/' '(6 p(%(/6 JpcucBucqKP

UPVPV f$6 zoo p(:721Oq%6(59$725,80 zoo 67(+7 )@5 NNzO5$< o8/7,Oo,5525DD o,66,21 81' ',(6(5 p$0( 6$*7 %(5(,76N :$6 ',(6(6 t?17*(12%6(59$725,80 $86=(,&+1(7\ f,( q37,. %(67(+7 $86 ,16*(6$07 SYV g,1O =(/63,(*(/1N ',( (,1( *52M( u$00(/9>&+( $8)63$11(1 81' '$0,7 ',(6(6 q%6(59$72O 5,80 )@5 ',( c%%,/'81* 6&+:$&+(5 t?17*(148(//(1 81' 63(.7526.23,6&+( w17(568O &+81*(1 35>'(67,1,(5(1P c/6 (,1(5 '(5 NNe251(56721(6DD Jg&.3)(,/(5K ,0 y,66(16&+$)76O 352*5$00 NNj25,=21 TRRRDD '(5 guc 62// zooOp(:721 1(8( c.=(17( ,1 '(5 t?17O *(1$6752120,( 81' ,1 '(5 d(2%$&+781* '(6 +(,M(1 w1,9(56806 6(7=(1 Jc%%P UPVW 81' UPVXK _UR`P u2:2+/ )@5 '$6 u3,(*(/6<67(0 $/6 $8&+ ',( f(7(.725(1 6,1' 1(8( v(&+12/2*,(1 (17:,&.(/7 :25'(1P y,( %(, g,167(,1N tqucv 81' e+$1'5$ 6,1' ',( u3,(*(/ 1$&+ '(0 y2/7(5Ox(5)$+5(1 *()2507P WZ g,1=(/63,(*(/ 921 UR %,6 YR &0 f85&+0(66(5 81' XR &0 n>1*( %,/'(1 .21=(175,6&+ ,1(,1$1'(5*(6&+$&+7(/7 (,1 u3,(*(/02'8/P zoo %(67(+7 $86 '5(, 3$5$//(/(1 v(/(6.23(1N -('(6 ,67 0,7 (,1(0 62/&+(1 u3,(*(/02'8/ $86*(67$77(7P y>+5(1' %(, tqucv 81' e+$1'5$ ',( 9,(5 g,1=(/63,(*(/ $86 '(5 i/$6O .(5$0,. |(52'85 %(67(+(1N (5)25'(57 ',( m203$.7+(,7 '(5 zoo q37,. %(621'(56 '@11( u3,(*(/ 81' '$=8 (,1 1(8(6 j(567(//81*69(5)$+5(1P c8) (,1(1 c%)250.?53(5

SWV

U g;75$7(55(675,6&+( q%6(59$725,(1

c%%P UPVW

f$6 zooOp(:721 t?17*(12%6(59$725,80 JgucBc675,80KP

c%%P UPVX c8)%$8 '(6 zooOt?17*(17(/(6.236 Jn>1*( (7:$ SS 0KP t(&+76 ',( '5(, u3,(*(/O 02'8/(N =:(, '$921 0,7 t(9(.7,216*,77(51 $86*(67$77(7P n,1.6 ',( f(7(.725(%(1( 81' ',( t$',$725(1N ',( ',( m@+/81* '(5 eef6 *(:>+5/(,67(1 JgucKP

UPV q%6(59$725,(1 ,0 t?17*(1%(5(,&+

SWW

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SWX

U g;75$7(55(675,6&+( q%6(59$725,(1

ϕ3

On-Chip Verstärker

Pulse für Signaltransfer

ϕ2 ϕ1

p+ p+ p+ n-Epitaxieschicht (40 Ωcm)

+

+ p p+ Transferrichtung

p+

285 µm

Signalladung

vollständig sensitives Detektorvolumen (n--Si, 2 - 5 kΩcm)

Eintrittsfenster (p+ Rückkontakt)

c%%P UPVY

Depletionsspannung

Detektortiefe

12 µm

n+ Anode

Potentialminimum

Elektronenpotential

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UPV q%6(59$725,(1 ,0 t?17*(1%(5(,&+

SWY

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d(,75>*( '(5 :,66(16&+$)7/,&+(1 k167,787( =8 zooOp(:721P

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SWZ

U g;75$7(55(675,6&+( q%6(59$725,(1

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XMM EPIC (@6 keV)

spektrales Auflösungsvermögen (E/∆ E)

45 40

Chandra ACIS (@6 keV)

35 30 25 20 15 5 0

XMM EPIC (@1 keV)

Chandra ACIS (@1 keV)

10

0.1

Chandra HRC

1

ROSAT HRI 10

ROSAT PSPC

100

räumliches Auflösungsvermögen (FWHM/Bogensekunden)

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EPIC PN+2×MOS Chandra ACIS-I ROSAT PSPC Einstein IPC

2500

effektive Fläche (cm2)

2000

1500

1000

500

0

0.1

1 Energie (keV)

10

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UPW q%6(59$725,(1 ,0 k1)5$527%(5(,&+

SW[

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kosmische Hintergrundstrahlung Antennen

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vvv

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Verstärker

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zu den Detektoren Strahlaufspaltung schwarzer Körper als Referenzeingabe beweglicher Spiegel zu den Detektoren

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0

7 6 5 4

40 1

3 2

Skalenfaktor R /R0

1.0

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0.5

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* 0

0

ΩΛ, E = 1.10 10

20

Zeit t /109 Jahre (H0 = 90 km·s-1 Mpc-1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ω M, O 0.014 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300

ΩΛ, O 1.08 1.50 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.70 0.30

30

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3

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1

1

1

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3

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ΩΛ, O 1.08 1.50 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.70 0.30

2

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2

4

3 1

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10

Friedmann smos Strahlungsko

0

Phasenübergang

t PL log R (cm)

Phasenübergang

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!!

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