Atlas of Comparative Sectional Anatomy of 6 invertebrates and 5 vertebrates

~ SpringerWienNewYork

Geza Zboray- Zsolt Kovacs- Gy6rgy Kriska . Kinga Molnar- Zsolt Palfia

Atlas of Comparative Sectional Anatomy of 6 invertebrates and 5 vertebrates

SpringerWien NewYork

Dr. Geza Zboray . Dr. Kinga Molnar- Zsolt Pallia Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science Eotvos t.orand University, Budapest, Hungary

Dr. Zsolt Kovacs Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, Savaria Campus University of West Hungary, Szombathely, Hungary

Dr. Gyorqy Kriska Section for Methodology in Biology Teaching, Faculty of Science Eotvos t.orand University, Budapest, Hungary

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks. Product Liability:The publisher can give no guarantee for all the information contained in this book .This does also refer to information about drug dosage and application thereof. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consult ing other pharmaceutical literature. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement , that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

© 2010 Springer-VerlaglWien

Printed in Austria SpringerWienNewYork is part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.at

Typesetting: Camera ready by the authors Print ing : Holzhausen Druck & Medien GmbH, 1140 Vienna, Austria Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN: 12704408

With 411 figu res partly coloured

Library of Congress Control Number: 2010929491

ISBN 978-3-211 -99762-8 SpringerWienNewYork

OPENING RECOMMENDATION

A universal goal of science is "to explain the complex visible by some simple invisible" as Jean Perrin, Nobel laureate physicist, put it. In other words, we try to find the rule that gov erns what we see and what we experience. We have an insatiable desire to explain the world around us, perhaps because it is advantageous to reduce uncertainties in our future. A prerequisite to understanding our world is recognising, identifying and classifying living organisms that we use, we fear or we simply marvel at. At first sight the only common thing that connects an earthworm, a cockroach and a rat is that they all move, apparently voluntarily, and from this we can safely assume that they are animals. This is a pleasing simple rule because it is also visible. When we look inside these animals, at first sight there are few, if any, common features to explain their forms. Only when we learn to differentiate and recognise organs may we find the simple rules that they are all equipped to exchange materials with the external world and are equipped and programmed to generate offspring. In the last thirty years, spectacular progress has been made in developmental biology revealing how these forms and organ systems come about. The same sets of genes control the formation of body parts with similar functions but different designs from vertebrates to insects and other animals. By expressing or activating these master genes it is possible to grow an eye on the leg of an insect, or to grow muscle or liver cells in a dish from undifferentiated stem cells. For example, the gene Pax-6 governs eye formation in all bilaterian animals studied. The set of Hox genes, coding for eight homeotic proteins contain a conserved DNA binding homeobox domain, was discovered in the fruit fly as responsible for the orderly sequence of body parts from head to the tip of the abdomen. Homologous clusters of Hox genes govern the formation of the orderly segmental development of the vertebrate body including our brain together with its insatiable desire to explain the world. Still, the student looking for order and homologies in different animals needs to find out what is where. The authors of this atlas help us to recognise these simple rules of composition in all the commonly studied animals, by taking us on a wonderful journey through their bodies. One species of six clades of invertebrates (the large roundworm of pigs, Ascaris suum; the common earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris; the swan mussel, Anodonta cygnea; the edible snail, Helix pomatia; the North American crayfish, Orconectes limosus, and the giant cocroach, Blaberus giganteus) and one species of five vertebrate classes (the common carp, Cyprinus carpio; the edible frog, Rana esculenta; the red-eared terrapin, Trachemys scripta elegans; the chicken, Gallus domesticus, and a laboratory strain of the black rat, Rattus rattus) are shown in photographs of unique whole body section series. The animals were fixed in order to preserve the positions of the organs, then sectioned by various methods to display the relationships of different body parts in several planes. Beautifully presented full size graphics, on facing pages to each photograph, explain what we see in the photographs. The atlas comes with digital illustrations providing stereoscopic views of the specimens. This atlas is of immense 5

help to those who want to learn or teach how the common body parts such as the musculature, digestive system, the circulation, the gills and lungs and the reproductive organs are located in response to the changes in body shape. Of course, the atlas is only a guide and not a replacement for dissecting the animals and identifying the organs in situ. That is exactly what I did a long time ago without the aid of an atlas, as a first year biology undergraduate at Lorand Eotvos University, under the guidance of my teacher, the first author Dr Geza Zboray in Budapest where these specimens were prepared recently. As we marvelled the "endless forms most beautiful" as Sean B. Carroll expressed it in his book of the same title, we learned not only to recognise body parts and the relationships of systems from the earthworm to the rat, but also the rigour of observation and accurate recording. This atlas provides a great example how simple preparations can teach us so much about the animal and its representation. Today, as a neuroscientist and microscopist, remembering my roots, it is a special honour for me to warmly recommend this book to all those interested in the living world.

Peter Somogyi, FRS, FMedSci Professor of Neurobiology The University of Oxford

6

15. February 2010

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We have got valuable supporting comments and advice from our highly regarded colleagues: Dr. Eva Fekete, professor, University of Szeged, Faculty of Science, Szeged, Hungary; Dr. Katalin Halasy, professor, Szent Istvan University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; Dr. Gabor Ho1l6si, associate professor, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science, Debrecen, Hungary; Dr. Erzsebet Hornung, associate professor, Szent Istvan University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; Dr. Janos Kovacs , professor emeritus, Eotvos Lorand University, Faculty of Science, Budapest, Hungary. We are grateful for their true helpfulness, and for their confidence in our efforts and work. We gratefully remember the late Dr. Janos Vajda professor (Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary), who gave valuable pieces of advice when we started this work. For their useful recommendations and technical assistance we are grateful to Dr. Gabor Juhasz (Eotvos University, Faculty of Science, Research Group of Proteomics, Budapest, Hungary), and to Tamas Torok (University of West Hungary, Savaria Campus, Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, Szombathely, Hungary) . We are grateful to Dr. Mikl6s Sass professor (Eotvos Lorand University Faculty of Science, Budapest, Hungary) for supporting our efforts, and reading the manuscript. We thank Mrs. Zsolt Pdlfia (Sarolta Sipos) (Eotvos Lorand University Faculty of Science, Budapest, Hungary) for the editorial work and related corrections of the text. The text was translated into English by Dr. Orsolya Szab6-Salfay. We thank Dr. Attila L. Kovacs associate professor (Eotvos University, Faculty of Science, Budapest, Hungary) for carefully reading and improving the manuscript. We are grateful for Dr. Peter Somogyi, Fellow of the Royal Society, Professor of Neurobiology, MRC Unit Director (UK) for his preface. The authors also wish to extend special thanks to Dr. Claudia Panuschka and Mag. Karim Ernst Karman, editors of the Springer Press who provided their expretise to assist and promote our work. We are also grateful to our family and loved ones for their patience and support.

The Authors

In February, 2010.

7

THE AUTHORS

Dr. Geza Zboray assistant professor Eotvos Lorand University, Faculty of Science Department of Anatomy, Cell- and Developmental Biology Budapest, Hungary Dr. Zsolt Kovacs PhD associate professor University of West Hungary, Savaria Campus Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences Department of Zoology, Laboratory of Neurobiology Szombathely, Hungary Dr. Gyorgy Kriska PhD assistant professor Eotvos Lorand University, Faculty of Science Section for Methodology in Biology Teaching Budapest, Hungary Dr. Kinga Molnar PhD assistant professor Eotvos Lorand University, Faculty of Science Department of Anatomy, Cell- and Developmental Biology Budapest, Hungary Zsolt Palfia MSc biol.-eng., lecturer Eotvos Lorand University, Faculty of Science Department of Anatomy, Cell- and Developmental Biology Budapest, Hungary

8

CONTENTS

Introduction to the atlas The structure of the atlas Materials and methods Anatomical abbreviations

I NVERT EBRATES

The The The The The The

The The The The The

(Invertebrata)

roundworm of pigs (Ascaris suum) earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) swan mussel (Anodonta cygnea) roman snail (Helix pomatia) spiny-cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus) giant cockroach (Blaberus giganteus) VERTEBRATES

17 25 41 53 73 95

(Vertebrata)

carp (Cyprinus carpio) edible frog (Rana esculenta) red eared slider (Iracbemys scripta elegans) domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) laboratory rat (Rattus rattus)

Index

11 11 12 15

115 141 169 193 227 273

9

INTRODUCTION TO THE ATLAS

Studying 0.5-1 em thick, unstained slices of different fixed animal carcasses by the unaided eye, with a magnifying glass or a dissecting stereo microscope (sectional anatomy) might be of great help in supporting traditional anatomical studies, in gaining true and detailed spatial perception. The sectional anatomic approach is useful also, because it provides information that is usually lost between the dimensions of normal anatomic (dissectional) and histologic (microscopic) dimenSIOns. Our Atlas and the CD supplement show this very dimension by means of photographs of the original specimens, by figures with their labelled drawings, and 3D (anaglyph) photos. The Atlas is adjusted to the requirements of higher education. Primarily it is aimed at supporting the material of the practical courses in comparative anatomy by showing the individual organs in their original and natural position, thereby deepening the knowledge to achieve a better understanding of the functional anatomy. In our Atlas many photographs reveal the internal structure of certain organs in such detail that helps a better understanding of the histological structure and related functions . The CD supplement can be used for the purposes of both higher- and secondary education. Using the Atlas and the CD together allows both individual anatomical studies and, at the same time, checking the gained knowledge. Our work may thus help students of biology, would be researchers and teachers alike, just as well as students of veterinary medicine. We also hope that medical practitioners and agricultural specialists having an interest in comparative anatomy might also benefit from it. The Atlas presents fully developed, adult animals of species usually studied in compar-

ative anatomy, if their size allowed us to employ our methods of sectioning. In the case of the domestic fowl, we worked on 2-3-week old, sexually immature specimens due to the size of the available sawing device. Our Atlas does not include species with too small size (e.g. the green hydra or Dugesia gonocephala - planaria) and intends to provide a general overview of the sample animals' anatomy without going into monographic details.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATLAS

The first part deals with the materials and methods applied. The second one is the list of abbreviations. These parts support all chapters on the selected sample animals which are divided in the following way. The first two pages show a radiogram-like illustration of the undissected body of the species under scrutiny, to visualize the localisation of internal organs and contours. The picture on the left shows the organs seen through the imaginarily "transparent" body wall, while the one on the right shows the various section planes. The figures showing the organs provide general information without details. We highlighted the contours of organs that are required to identify the sectional planes of the specific body slices indicated in the second page. Following the first two pages come the figures (drawings and photographs) of the sections themselves. The location of sections made from male and female animals is shown in one figure. This makes it possible to line up the sections made from different animals, and to illustrate the relative position and sequence of the specific organs. The first page also indicates the sex of the animals next to the number of the figure, 11

when it can be determined based on the genital organs in the specific section plane. The indication of the section planes is only approximate, since all sections shown could not be prepared from the same animal. This is the reason why sometimes differences may occur e.g. in the colour and the position of the organs. This is particularly true for the Roman snail, because the internal organs are found in rather different positions when the animal is coming out of its shell. To make all organs well recognizable on the photographs of the sections, only the drawings are labelled. Short captions provide information on the sectional plane of the specimens seen on the photographs and on the direction of the view (e.g. anterior, posterior, lateral). An arrow placed at the end of the figure legends shows the right side of the specimens. The drawings indicate only those structures that can be clearly identified on the photographs. The Atlas ends with an index, which includes the English version of anatomical expressions, so that those who are not familiar with the words primarily of Latin and Greek origin may orient themselves in the figures. For labeling, we mainly used the original, Latin style nomenclature. We attached no reference list to the Atlas. The Atlas is the result of the collective work of five authors. Preparation of anatomical specimens and identification of their details was performed by Dr. Geza Zboray (Eotvos Lorand University, Faculty of Science, Department of Anatomy, Cell- and Developmental Biology, Budapest, Hungary) and Dr. Zsolt Kovacs Ph.D. (University of West Hungary, Savaria Campus, Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, Department of Zoology, Szombathely, Hungary). The photographs were taken and the CD supplement was compiled by Dr. Gyorgy Kriska (Eotvos Lorand University, Faculty of Science, Section for Methodology in Biology Teaching, Budapest, Hungary) . The figures and their captions were drawn and prepared by Dr. Kinga Molnar (Eorvos Lorand University, Faculty of Science, Department of Anatomy, Cell- and 12

Developmental Biology, Budapest, Hungary). The editorial work, photography-related computer work, and the compilation of the index was performed by Zsolt Palfia (Eorvos Lorand University, Faculty of Science, Department of Anatomy, Cell- and Developmental Biology, Budapest, Hungary) . The two latter colleagues played an important role in eliminating certain mistakes and in solving certain problems.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fixing invertebrates 5-6% aqueous formaldehyde solution (hereafter formalin) was used for fixing the carcasses. Over-anaesthetised animals were immersed in formalin, and processed further after a period of 2-3 weeks. We ensured that the volume of the fixation liquid was at least ten times as much as the volume of the carcass to be fixed, to prevent potentially distructive dilution of the fixative by water in the carcass. In the case of the spiny-cheek crayfish and the giant cockroach the fixing compound would have only slowly penetrated the cuticle, so we injected formalin into the inside of the body by a syringe equipped with small gauge injection needle in several sessions, and in small amounts per session to avoid damage to the internal organs. A similar method was used for the Roman snail, where both the body and shell cavities were filled up with formalin before the animal was immersed in the fixing solution. Fixing vertebrates The vertebrate carcasses were also immersed in 5-6% formalin solution after formalin had been injected into their body cavity. We again ensured the volume of the fixative liquid to be several times bigger than the body's volume to be fixed. For animals with larger body sizes the fixation period was usually one month, but turtles, were fixed for at least two months due to their thick "armour" and hardly penetrable skin.

The body cavity of the laboratory rat - as 1-2 ern thick sections were prepared of the that of all other mammals - is more divided vertebrates with an electrical motor bandthan the body cavity of the so-called non- saw. Before sawing, fixed bodies were frozen mammalian vertebrates. We, therefore, care- /embedded in ice in a deep freezer at approx. fully filled up the right and the left thoracic -25°C to have organs and organ parts stay in cavity, as well as the abdominal cavity with place while sawn, and not to let them become formalin separately. smudged or pressed. Any kind of DIY (do not injure yourself) band-saw is suitable for this work, provided that the carcasses can be placed on its table. It Specimens prepared with razor blade Approx. 5-10 mm thick sections were made is recommended to use a wood industrial with razor blades of the large roundworm of band-saw blade, because its rather rare teeth pigs, the earthworm, certain parts of the Ro- do not get blocked with body-parts. Carcasses on the table of the saw were pushed forman snail, and the head of the cockroach. Bodies were cut with a single "pull", as far ward with a speed of approx. 0.5-1 ern/sec, as it was possible, while being manually fixed depending on the size of the specific species. To move the bodies towards the band-saw in a dissection plate or Petri-dish. Since we were interested in section sur- blade, we used a billet to protect our hands. faces, we did not aim to produce thin sec- Sections taken off the table of the saw were tions. By the relatively thick sections we put in a plastic container and brought under could prevent displacement of organs or or- a stereo microscope, where they were wetted. gan-parts, or occasional falling out of organs After the sections warmed up to room temand organ-parts from their place while the perature, pieces of tissue and tissue debris were removed from their surface with a waspecimens were moved. After a few weeks of fixation in formalde- ter-jet. The water-jet (distilled water) was hyde-solution, the original colour of organs brought to the surface of the specimen covchanges, however, individual structures re- ered with water through an injection needle main clearly recognizable, and thus, in gener- of medium thickness, from a syringe. While the section was cleaned, distilled waal, they could be studied without any staining. The only exception was the large round- ter was replaced several times in the containworm of pigs. In this species both the body er. wall and the internal organs are of the same white-greyish colour. Therefore, separation Photography of the details was insufficient, thus staining Cleaned sections were placed in clear water section-surfaces (e.g. with toluidine blue, what we used) prooved to be useful. of ambient temperature to prevent bubble When staining, the colour of sections im- formation that would interfere with photogmersed in the dye solution should be checked raphy. To provide a background that matches often, to avoid overstaining. We used 0.5% the photograph, it is practical to use a darktoluidine blue solution. To prepare this stain grey or a sandy coloured paper under the the solution was heated up twice to boiling, transparent or semi-transparent containers. and then used in a 1/1 00 dilution. The pH A flashlight and a white casting light was used was adjusted to approximately 5. opposite to it for illumination. The two pictures (right and left side) that were necessary to produce the stereoscopic (3D) illustration, were made by changing the Preparation of sawn specimens Nearly 0.5 em thick sections were made of position of the specimen the following way: the swan mussel, the Roman snail, the spiny- for the first and the second picture the left cheek crayfish and the giant cockroach, and side and the right side of the container was 13

raised by 0.5 cm, respectively. To create the stereo image we used the anaglyph technique. The 3D pictures displayed on the computer monitor or by projectors provide the three-

dimensional spatial experience with a pair of red-cyan eye-glasses. An anaglyph picture that is also included in the CD supplement is shown below.

Saggital section from the Roman snail (Helix pomatia L.) - 3D photo (Th e picture provides a three-dimensional experience only if watched with th e provided pair of eye-glasses.) The basis of our stereoscopic vision is that with our right and left eye we see object s and parts of objects in different angles, despite the significantly overlapping field s of our vision. In order to produce a stereophoto, two ph otographs (a stereophoto-pair) are taken of the specimens to be shown with a few degree of difference in the visual angle. The commonest method to visualize a stereophoto pair is the anaglyph procedure based on the law of com plementary colours. During thi s, by recolouring th en overla pping the picture-pairs, a picture is obtained that pro vide s a stereosco pic experience when watched through an adequate (anagl yph) colour-filtering pair of eyeglasses. This technique looks back to an almost 150 year old history, but enjoys its heyd ay nowadays because computer technology is availabl e for anyone. In practice, it is th e pictures that can be wa tched through a pair of redcyan glasses that are mo st com mo nly widespread, becau se th ese can be used well also in the case of coloured objects, if the y do not contain flaming red or cyan details. The 124 stereo photos in th e CD-ROM supplement of our atlas do not contain details of such colours, so the viewe r can see stereo photos of th e photographed details when these ar e disp layed on a computer monitor or w he n projected.

14

ANATOMICAL ABBREVIATIONS

a. aa. aff. ant. art. comm. corp. dext. dors. duct. eff. ext. for. ggl. ggU. gl. gU. info into lat.

arteria arteriae afferens anterior, -ius articulatio commissura corpus dexter, -tra, -trum dorsalis ductus efferens externus, -a, -um foramen ganglion ganglia glandula glandulae inferior, -ius internus, -a, -um lateralis, -e

lig. ligg. m. mm. med. n. nn. nucl. plex. post. proc. r. rr. SIn. sup. tr. v. vv. ventr.

ligamentum ligamenta musculus musculi medialis nervus nervi nucleus plexus posterior, -ius processus ramus ramr sinister, -tra, -trum supenor tractus vena venae ventralis

15

THE ROUNDWORM OF PIGS ASCARIS SUUM (Goeze - 1782)

pharynx -

-

-

-

----__f,

mesenteron - --

-

-

-

-

-

----';-';.

organa genitalia feminina

hindgut

- -- - - - - -_f_'_

Figure 1/A. Position of the main organs of Ascaris suum in the animal. Viscera as seen through the imaginarily "transparent" body wall. Dorsal view. (--+)

18

Figure 2.

anterior view

Figure 3 .

anterior view

Figure 4 .

9

anterior view

Figure 5 .

d

anterior view

Figure liB. Dorsal view of Ascaris suum with viscera seen through the "transparent" body wall; with labels identifying the position and the view of the presented transversal sections. (-+)

19

muscle cells. arms

dorsal nerve cord

dorsa l line

cuticula wall of the pharynx

cavum pharyngis

lateral line

body cavity

body cavity

muscle cells. non-contractile portion

muscle cells. contractile portion ventra l line

Figure 2. Transversal section of a female worm. The section was made with razor blade through the pharynx. Surface staining with toluidine blue. Anterior view. (_)

dorsa l line

dorsa l nerve cord

cuticula

arms

lateral line

body cavity

lateral line excretory organ

muscle cells. contractile portion

muscle cells. non-cont ractile portion ventra l line

Figure 3. Transversal section of a female worm. The section was made with razor blade in the region of the midgut. The internal part of muscle cells almost entirely fill in the body cavity. Surface staining with toluidine blue. Anterior view. (_) 20

dorsal line

muscle cells. non-cont ract ile portion

cuticula hy poder mis

ovariurn

muscle cells. contractile portion

lateral line excretory organ

mesenteron

uterus with eggs

oocytes. nuclei

vent ral line

Figure 4. Transversal section of a female worm. The section was made with razor blade, at the plane of the uterus. Several eggs can be seen in the uterus. Surface staining with toluidine blue. Anterior view. (.-)

muscle cells. arms

cuticula ~

hypodermis

~

ductus ejaculatorius

late ral line testis/ ductus deferens '

excretory organ

muscle cells. contractile portion

musc le cells. non-contractile porti on ventral line

ventral nerve cord

Figure 5. Transversal section of a male worm. The section was made with razor blade at the plane of the ejaculatory duct . (*The applied method does not allow for determining if the testis or the deferent duct can be seen at the level of the transverse section.) Surface staining with toluidine blue. Anterior view. (.-)

22

THE EARTHWORM LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS (Linne - 1758)

ggl. cerebrate

pharynx

vesicula seminalls

ingluvies

gaster

mesenteron

clitellum

meta nephridia supra intestinal / dorsal blood vessel

Figure 6/A. Position of the main organs of Lumbricus terrestris in situ (above). Dorsal view of the visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" body wall. (-+) Figure 6/B. Dorsal view of Lumbricus terrestris with visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" body wall (on the right). Numbers and lines indicate the plane of demonstrated sections. (-+)

26

Figure

13'11

Figure 14.

anterior view

Figure 7. - - - - - -- - - -

Figure 8 . - - - - - -- - - -

poeterior view

Figure 9 . - - - - - - - - - -

anterior view

Figure 15. Figure 10. - - -- - - - - -

postericr view

Figure 11. - - - - - -- - -

posterlor view

Figure 12.

medial view

II

medial view

Figure 12. - horizontal eectlon at; the plane above the midgut, dorsal view Figure 15. - horizontal section at the plane of the alimentary canal, ventral view

27

cuticula

ggl. cerebrale

epiderm is

connectivum circurnpharyngeale

mm. dilatatores pharyng is

pharyngeal epithelium body wall. circular musc le layer cavum pharyngis

body wall. longit udinal muscle layer

mm. pharyngis

blood vesse ls

Figure 7. Transversal section of the earthworm through the cerebral ganglion and the pharynx. Razor blade section. Anterior view. (+-)

coeloma

body wall. longitudinal muscle layer

dorsal wall of t he pharynx

mm. dilatatores pharyng is

pharyngeal epithelium

f--=====-_ cavum pharyng is coelcma --------'.:~ ventral wall of the pharynx

supraneural blood vessel

section of the ventra l nerve cord (ganglion)

subneura l blood vessel

segmental nerve

Figure 8. Transversal section of the earthworm through the pharynx. The dorsal wall of the pharynx is a large muscular mass. Razor blade section. Posterior view. (-+)

28

epiderm iS supra intestina l blood vessel

cuticula metanephridium

body wall, circu lar muscle layer body wall, longitudinal muscle layer • heart-

receptaculum se minis

.hea rt"

- - - - ---#"'.'.=

(longitudinal sec tion)

oesophagus

ves icula seminalis

dissepimentum

eublnteettnal blood vesse l body wall, longit udinal musc le layer

ventral nerve cord

Figure 9. Transversal section of the body through the seminal receptacles. Razor blade section. Anterior view. (+-)

epidermis supra intestinal blood vessel

body wall, ci rc ular musc le layer body wall. longit udinal musc le layer

coeloms

seminal vesicle and s perm rosettes

oesophagu s

lime crystal esophageal (Morren's) gland

lateral set a, fo llicle sem inal vesicle, sperm reservolre

dissepimentum

sublnteettnal blood vesse l

part of the ventral seta

ventra l nerve cord

subneural blood vesse l

Figure 10. Transversal section of the body through the esophageal (Morren's) gland, the seminal vesicle and the sperm reservoir. Section made with razor blade. Posterior view. (-+) 30

cuticula

epidermis c1itell i body wall. circular muscle layer

supraintesti nal blood vessel

body wall. longit udinal muscle layer

coeloma

~_ _- - - - - --

mesenteron

~.------------

dissepiment um -...~:::=:::::==:::i

typhlosoliS

intestinal epithelium intest inal content

subinteetlnal blood vessel

paraneural blood vessel

subneural blood vessel

vent ral nervecord

Figure 11. Transversal section of the body through the midgut. The intestinal cavity is filled with intestinal content. Section made with razor blade. Posterior view. (-+)

cuticula

body wall

coeloma

disse plmenta

chloragogen cells

mesenteron

s upraintestinal blood vessel

meta nephridia

meta nephridia

Figure 12. Horizontal section of the body behind the clitellum. Dorsal view of the ventral part of the body. (.1.) 32

w

.j::.

seminal vesicle. sper m reservoirs testis

metanephrid ium

disscpimenta

cavum pharyngis

ggl. subpharyngeale

oral cavity

mout h

prostcm ium

nerve bundles of proand peristomium

rT'

ggl. cerebrate

Figure 13. Sagittal-longitudinal section of the anterior third of the animal. The anterior end of the body is slightly elevated. Razor blade section.

oesophagu s

ingluvies

diverticulum oesophagi

W 0\

intestinal content

typhlosoliS ingluvies

body wall. circular and longitudinal muscle layers

gastric wall

oesop hagus seminal vesic le (sperm reservoire)

ggl. subpharyngeale

peristomium

ventral nerve cord (ganglion)

.heart"

mouth

oral cavity

prostomium

and peristomium

nerve bundles of pro-

cavum phary ngis

''r-r=

dorsal wall of the pharynx

Figure 14. Sagittal-longitudinal section of the anterior part of the earthworm. The ventral nerve cord can be followed at some length. The lumen of the crop and the gizzard are distinctly visible.

s ubintestinal blood vesse l

clitellu m

dissepimenta

w

00

gastric wall

ingluvies

diverticulum oeso phagi

esophageal (Morren's) gland

sern lrus

receptaculum

.hearts"

meta nephridia

.~

prosto mium

oral cavity

wall of the phary nx

Figure 15. Horizontal section of the anterior part of the earthworm made by razor blade. Ventral view of the dorsal half of the body. (j)

intestinal epithelium

typhlosolis

THE SWAN MUSSEL ANODONTA CYGNEA (Linne - 1758)

m.adductor anterior

concha

hepatopancreas foot gaster mesenteron

labial palp

hingeplate ligamentum

cor

mantle skirt

branchia

kidney

m.adductor posterior rectum dorsal siphon ventra l siphon

Figure 16/A. Position of the main organs of Anodonta cygnea in the animal. Right side view of the body after the removal of the right half of the shell and the mantle. The outline of some viscera can be seen through the right gills.

42

Figure 22 .

Figure 17.


Figure 18.

posterior view

Figure 19 .


Figure 20. - - - - - - - -- - -

posterior view

ventral view

Figure 21. - mediansagittalsection, medial view

Figure 16/B. Right side view of Anodonta cygnea after the removal of the right half of the shell and the mantle. Labeling indicates the location and view of the presented sections.

43

~ ~

"""

mantle skirt

'C'":"rl:

_

6'l. -e-'

~

foot

mm.pedales

"'i--

ventriculus (gaster)

muscle layer

mantle. pallial

pallial line

tra nsverse muscle fibers of the foot

ductus hepatopancreat icus

sinus

hepatopancreas

Anterior view. (+-)

Figure 17. Transversal section of th e bod y through the stomach, th e midgut appendix (hepatopancreas) and th e anterior part of th e foot made by saw.

cavumpallil

gonad

labial palps

pallium

lateralis

s inus pedalis _

ductus hepatopancreaticus principalis

(gaster)

ventriculus <,

periostrac~ m

ostracum ,

hypostracum

I

/

\' U

=~

foot

mm. pedales

pallial line

t ransverse muscle fibers of t he foot

interlamellar j unctions

interlamellare

cavum

dextra

branchia medialis

/ hepato pancreas

nor

aorta ante .

Th e other side of th e previous sectio n (figur e 17). Posterior view. (-t)

Figure 18. Transversal section at the level of th e middl e portion of th e foot.

labial~

palps

\

ligamentu m

~~

pallium - - -- --

gonad

typhlO5Ole of the midgut

slnletra

~:.:~~

ostracurn

perioet racum

..j::.

0\

mm.pedales

p:;f

atrium cordis

sinus

mantle. pallial muscle layer

transverse muscle flbersof the foot

pallium

cavumpallii

concha

ggl. visce ra Ie

m.adductor posterior

mantle s kirt

mant le. pallial muscle layer

right outer gill full of larvae (gloc hidia)

branchia medialis d extra

exhalant channel leading to the dorsal siphon and Its connection with the epibranchlal space

cavumpallii

Figure 20 . Transversal section at th e level of the posterior adducto r muscle (female anim al; saw cut). Posterior view. (--+)

cavum interlamellare

cavum palili

canalis epibranchialis

afferens

sinus branchlalis

"urinary bladder"

ventriculus cordis

Figure 19. Transversa l sectio n of the animal (female) at th e plane of th e heart and th e kidn ey (organ of Bojanus) , made by saw. Th e outer gills are full of glochidia. See also figure 20. Anterior view. (+-)

lateralts d ext ra

branchia

mantle skirt

t~

----

pallium

conc ha - -

I

kidneys (organa Bojani)

canalis epibranchialis

"urina ry bladder"

t y phloso le of the hindg ut

cavum pericard ii

"'"

00

hypostracum

concha~

pallium

ventra l siphon

ggl. viscera Ie

cavum epibranchiale

mant le s kirt

mesenteron

aorta ligamentum anterior '

gonad

Figure 21. Mediansagittal section of the body (saw cut).

branchiae sinist rae

ventriculus cordis

foot

ggl. pedale

oesophagus

labial palp

mouth

m.adductor anterior

v,

o

branchia lat . sinist ra

branchia med. gonad elnlet ra

sinus

m. adductor anterior

m. ret ractor pedis anterior sinist ra

cavum pallii pallium

concha

Figure 22. Horizontal section at the level of the adductor muscles (saw cut). Dorsal half of the bod y in ventral view. (j)

sinus branchlalis efferen s

sinus branchlalis afferens

kidney (organum Bojani)

m.adductorposterior

pallium

THE ROMAN SNAIL HELIX POMATIA (Linne - 1758)

long horn

phary nx

penis vest ibulum

oesophagus

flagellum gil. mucosae

gaster

pulmo :'~'.-'. "

:'~\'

:..

"

,

.,

rectum ureter secundum

shell

cor kidney

apex

Figure 23/A. Position of the main organs of Helix pomatia in situ (above). Dorsal view of the visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" wall of the body. (-+)

Figure 23/B. Dorsal view of Helix pomatia with the visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" wall of the body (on the right). Labeling indicates the location and view of the presented sections. (-+)

54

Figure35.

Figure 24.

posterior view

Figure 25.

anterior view

Figure 26.

posterior view

Figure27.

posterior view

Figure 28.

posterior view

..,,.

Figure29.

anterior view

Figure 30. ~

right view

right view

right view

Figure 31. - horizontal section of the body at the plane of the genital aperture. dorsal view Figure 35. - hor izontal section of the body at the plane of the genital aperture. ventral view

55

muscular body wall

eye

transition from pharynx to esophagus long horn (retracted) pharynx n. tentaculans primus

b~~~-----body cavity

short horn (retracted) common gonopore

mm. phal')'ngis

foot

lumen glandulae pedalis

Figure 24. Transversal section of the head in the region of the pharynx and retracted eyes. Razor blade section. Posterior view. (-+)

muscular body wall

oesophagus connective tissue eheat

long horn

~E::::'~~~=;---- ductus glandulae eallvaris

nerve

vestibulum

--------li~2::

buccal cavity. muscular wall

raziula sac . dorsal wall short horn (retracted) common gonopore

radu la in the raziula sac

-

protractor muscles of the buccal mass

Figure 25. Transversal section of the anterior part behind the head in the region of the pharynx and the esophagus. Razor blade section. Anterior view. (-)

56

muscu lar body wall

muscles

long horn (retracted) flage llum

penis ductus deferens

wall of the vagina

long horn (retracted)

. ~~~~itJ=:::::::::::::=;:='- cavum vaginae

ggl. cerebrate

cavum bursae teloris

connectivum clrcumpharynqeale oesophag us ------------~~

wall of the bursa teloris

ductus glandulae salivarie

nerve (section) raziula sac, dorsal wall

duct. deferens

sinus pedalis

foot

gl. pedalis

lumen glandulae pedalis

Figure 26. Transversal section of the anterior part behind the animal's head in the region of the pharynx, penis and deferent duct . Razor blade section. Posterior view. (-+)

ostium ducti deferentis \

penis

gil. mucosae

muscu lar body wall

eplphallus

long horn (retracted)

long hor n (retracted) wall of the vagina

duct. glandulae salivaris oesop hagus

connectivetissue sheat

cavum

----l'f::c--...;;..:~ ;

/ - - - - - ; ::k-- - - - - bursae tel oris

connectivum clrcu mpharyngeale

gil. mucosae

radula sac, dorsal wall

wall of the bursa teloris

glands of the

foot

sin us pedales

foot

gl. pedalis

Figure 27. Transversal section of the anterior part of the animal in the region of the genital organs. Razor blade section. Posterior view. (-+) 58

gil. mucosae muscular body wall gil. mucosae

duct. gl. eahvane Spiculum amoris long horn (retracted) body cavity

transition from esophagus to crop

bursa telorls

muscle bundle nerve of a subesophageal ganglion

foot

ductus deferens ggl. suboe50phageale gl. pedalis

ductus glandulae pedalis

Figure 28. Transversal section of the anterior part of the animal in the region of the esophagus, dart sac and finger shaped (mucous) glands. Razor blade section. Posterior view. (-+)

diaphragma

cavum pallii

pulmo pallium rr. venae pulmonalia glands of the mantle skirt

spermcviductue. pars uterica

glands of the mantles irt ductus bursae

duct. gl. ealivaris ...

----=---

~!-__

copulatrix

gil. mucosae

crop

spermovtductus. pars proetatica

sperrnovtductue, pars glandularis

r. m. colurnellarle

sinus pedali5

r. m. colurnellaris

duct. gl. pedalis

gl. pedalis

nervi

foot

Figure 29. Transversal section in the region of the mantle cavity, the lung, the salivary glands and the spermoviduct. Razor blade section. Anterior view. (.-)

60

gl. hermaphroditica (ovcteetr e) rectum ductus hepatopsncreat tcus pr imary ureter

hepatopancreas mm. columellares

spermoviductus,

_~

gl. albuginea

pars uterica mesenteron

ductus hermaph roditicus

spermovlduc tus, pars prostatlca wall of the visceral sac gl. albuginea

ductuli hepatopancreatici intest inal content

shell

ductus hermaphroditicus

Figure 30. Section of the snail shell and visceral sac inside (made by saw). In the sections of the midgut appendix predominates the picture. Anterior view. (.-)

retractor musc les of the buccal mass

buccal mass cavum ori e

ostium sinus pedalis

protractor muscle s of the buccal mass foot

~~~.f---_

penis

vestibulum mm. traneversa lee

vagina nervi

ggl. suboesophageale

ductus deferens

Figure 31. Horizontal section of the body in the region of the pharynx, above the genital aperture. Razor blade section. Dorsal view of the ventral part of the body. (,1.)

62

0\

..f;.

1'.

t, I 1'- ,\

bursa copulatrix

kidney

pericardium (surface)

pulmo

ductus bursae copulatrix

spermoviductus. pars proetatlca

bursae copulatrix

diverticulum ducti

spermoviductus. pars uterica

duct. bursae copulatrix

pallium

gl. eahvarts. acini

foot

\' , I~

~

"\\ ~ ,, ~.

."

crop

mantle skirt

mm. retractores phary ngis

oviductus

duct. bursae copulatrix

duct. gl. pedalis

mouth labium lateraIe

\

penis

radula sac. dorsal wall

connectivum circumpharyngeale

ostium bursae telorie

opening of the mucous gland (filled with secretion)

Figure 32. Mediansagittal section made with razor blade.

pulmo

0\ 0\

shell

kidney

,,~~

nervi ggl. suboe50phageale

mm,columellarcs

duct. bursae copulatrix

spermoviduct us

ret ractor muscles of the buccal mass

gl. pedalis

proctractor muscles of the buccal mass

radula, odontophore

lateral wall of the oral cavity

left long horn (partly withdrawn)

ggl. cerebrale

Figure 33. Parasagittal section of the body made by saw. The figure primarily shows the subesophageal ganglion and nerves emerging from it.

wall of the visceral sac

rect um

secondary ureter

ductus hermaphroditicus

gl. hcrmaphroditica (ovotestis)

cavum columellae

ductus hermaphroditicus

mesente ron

gl. albuginea

w. pulmonales

00

0\

"\~.: -:.

I. :-- ~ .

bursa copulatrix

I crop

hepatopancreas

diaphragma

mm. columellares

body cavity

mantle skirt

/~/ . . _~

_

radula sac. dorsal wall

radula. odontophorc

maxilla

gl. pcdalis

retractor muscles of the buccal mass

duct. gl. pedalis

ggl. suboesophageale

,. .J"-

site of infolding of the long horn

hemolymph vessel connecting to the pedal sinus

'~~ .' ~ ~_ ~

:t:~

:~ _ /~

long horn (retracted)

Figure 34. Parasagittal section of the body made by saw. The salivaryglands are seen through the wall of the crop.

trabeculae carneae ventriculi cordis

kidney

ductus bursae copulatrix

caecum

spermoviductus

diverticulum ducti bursae copulatrix

rr. venae pulmonalis

v. pulmonalis

spermoviductus. pars uterica

salivary gland duct. gl. salivarie (seen through the transparent gastric wall) oesophagus

pallium

'-J

o

mm. columellares

ductus gl. salivaris

oesophagus

retractor muscle of the long horn

flagellum

muscular body wall bursa teloris . vagina

-ffl

vestibulum

oral cavity buccal mass

body cavity

protractor muscles of the buccal mass

mouth

maxilla

short horn (retracted)

Figure 35. Horizontal section of the body above the pharynx and the bursa teloris, in the region of the genital aperture. Razor blade section. Ventral view of the dorsal half of the body. (j)

gl. salivaris

gil. mucosae

THE SPINY-CHEEK CRAYFISH ORCONECTES LIMOSUS (Rafinesque - 1817)

chela antenna II antennula

legs

ggl. cerebrate urinary bladder ventriculus

hepatopancreas ovarium branchlae

cor

hindgut

telson

Figure 36/A. Position of the main organs of Orconectes limosus in situ (above). Dorsal view of the visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" wall of the body. (-+) Figure 36/B. Dorsal view of Orconectes limosus with the visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" wall of the body (on the right). Labeling indicates the location and view of the presented sections. (-+)

74

Figure 45.

9

Figure 37.

posterior view

Figure 38.

anterior view

9 Figure41. cS Figure40. 9 Figure 42. cS Figure43. cS

posterior view

Figure 39.

Figure 50. Figure 49.

anterior view posterior view posterior view pasterior view

Figure44. - - - - - - - -

anterior view

medial view

d' - horizontal section of the body at the plane of the stomach- hepatopncreas. dorsal view d' - horizontal section at the plane of t he gastrointestina l tract. ventral view Figure 49. d' - a magnified section of Figure 47 Figure 48. d' - horizontal section at t he plane of the cerebra l ganglion above the hindgut. ventral view Figure 46. Figure 47.

Figure 50.

- horizontal section at the plane of the excretory organ. dorsal view

75

eye sta lk

anterior muscles of the stomach

carapax

endophragmal skeleton

oculus composltus

cerebral nerves

--=======J~::::7 ggl. cerebrale (surface of section)

coxal tubercle of the antenna II.

Figure 37. Transversal section of the animal head made by saw. Posterior view. (-+)

carapax mastax

cardio-pyloric valve

cavum ventriculi. pars card iaca

dens medialis { denteslaterales

compressing pad: chitin setae and muscular wall

hypodermis

m. mandibularie

hepatopancreas. lobus anterior endophragma

sinus visceralls ........:~=:=--------';:T--- endophragma

__

'V~='""'-;;;;~~~~~-I-

sinus sternalis

gill chamber branchiostegit

(carapax)

branchia

ggl. suboesophageale

coxopodit

muscles of the thoracalleg

Figure 38. Transversal section at the height of the cardia made by saw. Anterior view. (+-)

76

a. cephalica medialis hypodermis

wall of the ovary

oocytes mm. t horacoabdom inales dorsales (mm. tensoree abdom inis)

gill chamber

branchtosteqtt

mesenteron ------J.~

~~i1t====- axis branchlae

ductus hepatopancreaticus

branchial fi laments

hepatopancreas

mm . thoracoabdomina les ventrales (mm. flexo ree abdomi nis)

vent ral nerve cord

a. subne uralls

coxopod it

muscles of the t horacal leg

bas ipod it

Figure 39. Transversal section of the thorax in the region of the ovarium made by saw. Posterior view. (-+)

hypodermis

cavum cordis

sinus perica rd ialis mm. thoracoabdomtnales dorsales (mm . tenscres abdom inis)

canalis branchiocardialis

mesenteron

branch lostegtt

t he place of an oocyte that has fallen out

hepatopancreas ---------t~~~~~~

• ductus - - - hepatopancreatlcus

mm. thoracoabdom inales ventrales (mm. fle xores abdominis)

endophragma

muscles of t he t horacal leg

sin us ventra lis

basipodit

co xopodit a. subneura lie

ventral nerve cord (connectivum)

Figure 40. Transversal section of the thorax in the region of the caudal part of the ovarium made by saw. Posterior view. (-+) 78

a. cepha llca medialis branchiostegit mm. thoracoabdcmmalee dorsales (mm. tensoree abdom inis) mm . t hora coabd ominales do rs ales (mm . ten sores abdominis)

gill chamber pleurit -

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - I=

mm. thoracoabdominales ventra les (mm . flexores abdominis)

ax is branch iae _ _-----lr.lir~ si nus visc eralis si nus branchlales

------~~~}" vent ral nerve cord (gangl ion)

muscles of t he t horacalleg

a. subneuralis

Figure 41. Transversal section at the plane of the testicles made by saw. Anterior view. (+-)

hypoderm is

cavum cordi s

ligg. sus penso ria cordis wall of the heart si nus per icardialis

mm. thoracoabdornlnalee dorsales (mm . tensoree abdominis)

ducti defe rentes sept um pericardia Ie

hepatopancreae

hindgut

ductus

hepato pancreatlcus branchial filaments (transverse sections) mm. thoracoabdomlnales ventrales (mm. flexores abdommte)

sinus ventralis muscles of the thoracalleg

ventral nerve cord basipodit

coxopod it

Figure 42. Transversal section at the plane of the heart made by saw. Posterior view. (-+) 80

sinus pericardta lle mm. thoracoabdom inales dorsales (mm. tensoree abdominis)

duct us defe rens branchiostegit

~'I"b~~+~;_--- septum pericard lale

hindgut -------!i'-::!=1*~~ ~~~~~~ pleurit

-------~~\.io=~p

sinus visceral is

-t-~~~~~-----

------!!i~~~'=--;;;-..

hepatopancreas

mm. thoraco abdom inales vent-alee (mm. fiexo res abdom inis)

basis branchiae _-===~~¥:\

"~;:=:~"'"-.,,'7-...::..;~...- - - - -

musc les of the thoraca l leg

sinus ventralis

ventra l nerve cord. connectivum (transverse section)

a. subneura lis

Figure 43. Transversal section at the plane of the posterior wall of the heart made by saw. Posterior view. (--+)

tergit hypodermis a. abdo minalis dorsalis

a. segmentalis hindgut -

--

ventra l nerve cord

-/-~~~~~

------J~--~~~~~~

sinus visceralls

~~~\-

~~'\-------

mm. abdom inales ventra les

a. subneuralis

stern it

abdom inal legs

Figure 44. Transversal section of the abdomen made by saw. Anterior view. (+-)

82

~

00

telson

Figure

ventral nerve cord

excretory organ. labyrinth

excretory organ. urinary bladder

anterior muscle of the stomach

maxillopodium III.

mastax

45. Sagittal section of the body made by saw.

basipodit

segmental nerves

cor

mm. thoracoabdominales ventrales (mm. flexores abdominis)

sinus visceralie

mm. abdominales ventrales

mm. abdominales dorsales

septum pericardia Ie

sinus pericardialis

hepatopancreas ovariurn

00

0\

uropodium

telson

a. sternalis (transverse section)

canales branchiocardiales

branchiostegit

excretory organ. labirynth

connectivum circumoesophageale

exhalant channel of the gill chamber

mm. maxillares

Figure 46. Horizontal section of the body. Dorsal view of the ventral half of the body made by saw. (!)

mm. abdominalcs ventralee

hindgut

mm. thoracoabdominales ventralee (mm. flexoresabdominis)

mm. arthropodii thoracales (i.-v.)

00 00

duct. hepatopancreat icus centra lis

antenna

m. ma nzilbularie

mastax

labyrinth

excretory organ.

~antennula

exhalant channel of the gill chamber

mesenteron

Figure 47. Horizontal section of the body. Ventral view of the dorsal half of the body made by saw. (i)

mm. thoracoabdom inales ventrales (mm. flexoresabdom inis)

mm. thoracoabdominales dorsales pleurit (mm. tensores.abdominis)

\0

o

ventriculus.

maetax

Figure 48. Horizontal section of the body. Ventral view of the dorsal half of the body made by saw. (j)

cerebral nerves

ggl. cerebra Ie

connectivum circumoesophageale

m. mandibularis

ventriculus. pars cardiaca

exhalant channel of the gill chamber

I

pars pylorica. compressing pad branchiae

branchiostegit

ductus deferens

hindgut

pyloric valve

m. manzilbularie

:::~~~~- mastax

(denteslateroles)

hepatopancreas

mesenteron

filter press

Figure 49. A magnified part of figure 47, which reveals details of the stomach. Ventral view of the dorsal part of the body. (t)

sinus branchialee

m. mandibularls

et mm. maxillares

mm. abdornlnalee

ventrales

mm. dilatatores oesophagi et ventriculi

<

connectivum clrcumceeophaqeale

excretory organ, labyrint h excretory organ. urinary bladder

a. sternalis

hepatopancreas

exhalant channel of the gill chamber

Figure 50. Dorsal view of the ventral half of the body. Part of a saw made horizontal section. (,I.)

92

93

THE GIANT COCKROACH BLABERUS GIGANTEUS (Linne - 1758)

head

pronotum

oesophagus

elytrum (forewing)

metathcrax

antenna

ingluvies

legs

mesenteron

rectum cercus

Figure 51/A. Position of the main organs of Blaberus giganteus in situ. Dorsal view of the visceral organs as seen through the body wall. (--+)

96

Figure 64.

0

I Figure52. Figure53.

anterior view posterior view

Figure54. - - -- - -

posterior view

Figure55. Figure56.

posterior view anterior view

9

anterior view

Figure57.

anterior view

Figure 58.

Figure59.

9

posterior view

Figure61.

0

anterior view

Figure 60.

9

posterior view

medial view

a - horizontal section at the plane of the digestive tract. ventral Figure 63.a - horizontal section at t he plane of the digestive tract, dorsal Figure 62.

view

view.

Figure S11B. Dorsal view of Blaberus giganteus with visceral organs seen through the body wa ll. The position and view of each of the demonstrated sections is indicated. (-+)

97

t racheae corpus cardiacum pharynx

I

m. mand ibularie

"'00'" compos ttue hypopharyngeal muscles

~~~.",,.....

fat body

e eletal mm. abductores maxillae

elements

- --+- -

s tipes ----+---~.

palpus maxlllarl s (stump)

maxilla

pronotum

ma ndibula

lacmta

palpus labialis

{ galea glossa

hy popharynx

coxa

Figure 52. Vertical section of the head in the region of the mouth parts (razor made section). Anterior view. (+-)

trachea

aorta

pars intercerebralis

muscles of the mouth parts hemolymph (congealment)

lobus opticus

oculus compositus

ggl. cerebrate

nn.optici

connectivum circumpharyngeale

------------oesophagus

fat body m. mandibularis s eleta l elements

labrum

denticles of mandible

Figure 53. Vertical section of the head at the plane of the mouth parts and behind the cerebral ganglion, slightly more caudal as compared to the previous plane of section (razor made section). Posterior view. (-+) 98

paraaortic tracheal trunk

aorta ingluvies

longitudinal muscleof the thorax ventral nervecord

tracheae

Figure 54. Transversal section of the thorax at the level of the wings made by saw. Posterior view. (-+)

paraaortlc tracheal trunk

aorta

paraaorttc tracheal trunk

tergit

cavity of the crop

lateral tracheal trunk

late ral trachea l trunk

pleurit

fat body

wall of the crop

paraneuraltracheal trunk

ventral nervecord trochanter

sternit

Figure 55. Transversal section of the metathorax at the level of the crop, made by saw. Posterior view. (-+)

100

diaphragma

cor

alary muscles

tergit

ostium proventriculi lateral tracheal trunk

latera l tracheal trunk

pleurit

dentes proventriculi sternit

ventral nerve cord

wall of the crop

Figure 56. Transversal section of the abdomen at the transition between the crop and anterior proventricle, made by saw. Anterior view. (..-)

paracardlal tracheal trunk

cor

caeca

diaphragm and alary muscles

colon mesenteron mesenteron lateral t racheal t runk

------~

fat body

mesente ron Malpighian tubules colon

sinus perineuralis

ventral nervecord

colon

Figure 57. Transversal section of the abdomen, made by saw. Anterior view. (..-) 102

paraaoruc tracheal trunk

aorta

paraaortlc trachealtrunk ingluvies

sinus perivisceralis

terg it

dorsal segmenta l trachea late ral tracheal trunk

latera l ~=-"""~----- tracheal

trunk

m. dorsovent ralis

wall of the genital pouch yolk granules

Figure 58. Transversal section at the level of the last pair of legs made by saw. There are embryos in the genital pouch. Anterior view. (.-)

cor colon fat body

lateral tracheal - - - - trunk pleurit

ootheca oviductus!ovarium' oculus composltus

wall of the genital pouch embryo

sternit

wall of the ootheca

Figure 59. Transversal section of the abdomen with the genital pouch and embryos within made by saw (*the plane of section is in the ovary -oviduct transition). Posterior view. (-+)

104

gil. rectales

rectum

tergit

trachea l trun

sinus perivieceralts

stigmae

units of the fa lse internal skeleton

units of t he false internal skeleton egg in the vagina

eter nit

Figure 60. Transversal section of the caudal part of a female animal's abdomen made by saw. Posterior view. (-+)

gl. acceseoria

colon / rect um'

lateral tracheal trunk

te rgit. rim

----------'fttf~;:-:-' pleurit

cercus

cercus phallus (penis)

stylus sternit

Figure 61. Transversal section of the caudal part of a male animal's abdomen made by saw. (*The applied method does not allow for any distincion as to whether the colon or the rectum can be seen in the plane of the section.) Anterior view. (+-)

106

>-"

o

00

supraanal plate

paramer

cercus

hind wing

Malpighian tubules

caeca

ingluvies

elytrum (forewing)

m. dorsoventralis

Ventral view of the dorsal half of the body. (t)

Figure 62. Horizontal section of the body at the level of the digestive tract made by saw.

fat body

colon

oesophagus

.....

.....

o

mm. dorsoventrales

caeca

inaluvies

proventriculus

stomodeal valve (ventriculus)

second leg

mm. thoracales

~

flagellum

~ ~P"' }

caput

antenna

chitin rods fi xing the pronotum

Figure 63. Horizontal section of the body at the level of the digestive tract made by saw. Dorsal view of the ventral half of the body of the animal seen on the previous figure 62. (!)

rectum

gl. rectahs

subgenital plate

testis

gl. acceesoria

testis

colon

Malpighian tubules

......

......

N

~

ductus ejaculatorius

colon

mesenteron

caeca ingluvies

legs

mandibula

labrum

frons

vertex

. ,,,"",

.neck"

----~

mm. longit udinales thoracis

Figure 64. Parasagittal section of a male animal's body made by saw.

subgenital plate - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

cercus

supraanal plate

rectu m

hind wing

THE CARP CYPRINUS CARPIO (Linne - 1758)

bulbus olfactonus

telencephalon mesencephalon cerebellum medulla oblongata

) branch ia bulbus arteriosus ventriculus sinus venosus

•

\. medulla spinalis vesica fellea

vesica natatoria (swim bladder) lobi renales

pinnae abdominales

j

vesica natatoria (swim bladder)

J

pinna dorsalis

I

,•

j-

•

pinna caudalis

,J pinna analls

'l /J .'

'" .

Figure 65/A. Position of the main organs of Cyprinus carpio in situ (above). Right lateral view of visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" body wall. Figure 65/B. Lateral view of Cyprinus carpio with visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" body wall (to the right), with the position and view of demonstrated transverse sections ind icated.

116

Figure78 . Figure79 .

Figure76. FigureTl.

I Figure66.

posterior view

)

Figure67.

\

Figure 68. Figure69.

\;

Figure 70.

Figure71.

0

Figure72. <.(

anterior view

anterior view

posterior view anterior view

\ posterior view

~

•

I

'"

posterior view

It

I

J

Figure73 . <.(

/

Figure74.

,/

posterior view

,J

,/

anterior view

I

ventra l view

dorsal view

Figure 75 . - mediansagittal sect ion. medial view Figure 78 . - horizontal section of the head. dorsa l view Figure 79. - hori zontal sect ion of the head. dor sal view

117

00

,....

,....

!e

~ ~

~

p~

.

blood vessel

.,

skin

musclee of the mandibular apparatus

and the Inter maxilla

muscle s of the maxilla

muscles around the hyoideum bone

~

N A

'\.--

ectoethmoideum

valve of the nasal pit

olfactory mucosa

intermeningeal adipose tissue

aff

=

frontale

infra orbitale

blood vessels of the maxillary region

lens cryst.alltna

orbital adipo se tissue

parasphenotdcum

intermeningeal adipose tissue

Anterior view. (.-)

Figure 67. Transversal section of the head in the region of the eyeballs.

hyoideum

a. branchia lis

truncus arteriosus

hyoideum

quad ratum

(n.V./2)

n. maxillaris

retina

cornea

_

tr. olfactoriue

dilatator muscles of the oropharyngeal cavity

Figure 66. Transversal section of the head in the region of the oral cavity and nasal pits. Posterior view. (-.)

muscles of the mandibu lar apparatus

hyoideum

quadratum

entopterygoideum

lacrimate

vomer

nasal pit

mesethmoideum

skin parietale

pteroticum

intermeningeal adipose tissue

torus longitudinalis valvula cerebelli

ventriculus tertius diencephalon

ggl. nervi vagi branchial branch of the vagus nerve

blood vessel on the skull base

space between the skull base and the palatal mucosa

rad ix aortae palatal cartilage plate

palatal mucosa pharynx

gill raker

gill arch

aa. branchiales hyoid apparatus

blood vessel

primary lamellae of the gill

operculum gill chamber

truncus arteriosus

gill chamber. opening

midsagittal septum isolating muscles of the pectoral fins

pinna thoracalis muscles of the pectoral girdle

Figure 68. Transversal sectio n of the head at the transition from t he oral cavity to the pharynx. Anterior view. ( +-) 120

red musc les of the dorsal fin

septum sagittaIe

connective t issue septum foramen magnum

epaxial muscles Weberian opening medulla sp inalis / medulla oblongata

septum horizontale

baeloccipltale. corpus

hypaxial muscles

aorta descendens -----:M~-,--.."=.;-_,;;;;j~~:-_.!!.

proc. pharynq eus

upper pharyngeal tooth dens pharyngeal is

atrium

head kidney

--------t~---'----';-r.~~

~i_------

sinus venosus

opercu lum

ventricul us

pinna t horacalts

red musc les of the pectora l fin

v. hepatica septu m t ransversum

hepar

Figure 69. Transversal section of the body in the region of the lower pharyngeal teeth and the heart. Posterior view (-+) 122

muscles of the dorsal fin

myomere

septum sagittale

epaxial muscles a. interspinalis medulla s pinalis osWeberi

corpus vertebrae

septum horizontals

aorta descendens v. cardlnalis post . dext . -------~'!..f------~~

v. subcardinalis dextra

processus 'D'"S~iS=$~------'-i------- pharyngeus

m.osels

'5'~;t-~~----J.~---__ pharyngealis

ligament s of t he swim bladder

ductus

~??~~~~~---4----- pneumaticue

head kidney

v. subcareilnalle sinlstra

septum transvereurn

midg ut

..duodenum" lien

branches of t he celiacomesenteric artery and the vagus nerve

midgut

muscles of the pectora l fin

Figure 70. Transversal section of the body in the region of the head kidney. Anterior view. (.-) 124

muscles of the dorsa l fin

eeptum eagtttate

~

myomers

epaxial muscles medulla spinalis arcus neuralls

corpus vertebrae

v. cardinal is posterior sinistra

n. lateralis

sept um hcrizonta le hypaxial muscles ------I~~~'-=-, tendon of the strecthing muscle of the swim bladder

_ _- - - - - - - organum lateraIe opisthonephros

aorta descenden s

peritonea l

ves ica

fat pad

----'-'~---~l-------- natatoria

testis

v. subcardlnalie

l-.:..--~: ~-------- testis

sintst ra

v. subcardinalis

vesica fellea -------~----7

dext ra

radix mesenterii ductus pneumatlcue

midgut

lien ..duodenum-

midgut hepar mesenterial fat depos ition midgut

muscles of t he abdominal fin

Figure 71. Tran sversal secti on of the bod y in the region of the ante rio r part of th e swim bladder. Posterior view. (-+) 126

pinna dorsalis

muscles of the dorsal fin

septum sag ittale

myosepta

epaxial muscles medulla sp inalis

arc us neura lls n. lateralis

organum

septum horizontale

lateraIe

aorta descendens

vesica natatoria

opisthonephros. lobus lateroventralis

ovariu m -----------:~---'-'-~~

E'~---~+_------- ovarlum

peritoneal adi pose t issue midgut -=--------+;;:o.--~ hepar

hepar

v. hepatica

pelvic girdle

~

pinna abdornlna lle

Figure 72. Transversal section of the body in the region of the caudal part of the swim bladder. Posterior view. (-+) 128

W

i---'

o

hind gut

ovariu rn

haemalls

arcus

vcaudalie

a.caudalie

sept um horizontale

arc us neuralis

proc. spmosue dorsalis

myosepta

Figure 73. Transversal section of the tail root and from the caudal end of the body cavity. Posterior view. (-+)

rneeenterial adipose t issue

h;" '",~

ovariu m

opisthonephric duct

hypaxial muscles

corpus vertebrae - - - - - - --:

epaxial muscles

sept um sagittale

muscles of the dorsal fin

pinna dorsalis _ _ _ _ _ _ _

"

I. .;.

hypaxial muscles

•

~I

..

.............

I

1

.~

dorsalis

....... proc. splnosus ventralis

- - haemalle

arcus

septu m horizontale

_ _ arcus neuralis

Figure 74. Transversal section of the tail. Anterior view. (+-)

~

"

j

t:l~ " =~~.": ~ J

~~

corpus vertebrae

spinalis

medulla

,

---' myosepta

.:

~~ P= .P;~~

'-V

~- ~

m"OCI ~ ~

epaxial

sagitta le ~

sept um

myomere

......

W

tv

oscoccygis

opisthonephric duct

epaxial musculature

midgut

dorsal fin with rays

columna vertebralis medulla spinalis

venosus

Figure 75. Median sagittal section of the body.

septum transversum

oesophagus .duodenum"

upper pharyngeal tooth

vesica fellea

pterygophores

eupraocclptta te

v. card inalis comm.

ventriculus

a, branchialis aff.

hyoid apparatus

bulbus arteriosus

atrium

dentale

oral cavity

hyoideum

dens pharyngealis

cardiac valve

n~

bulbus olfactorius

cavumcranii (intermeningeal adipose tissue)

tr. olfactorius

n.opticus

,...

w

.j>.

pinna caudalis

myosepta

c1eithrum and cleithral muscles

branchiostegal membrane

head kidney

septum transvsrsum

v. hepat ica (intrahepatic section)

midgut

sinus

Figure 76. Horizontal section of the body in the region of the swim bladder and the heart. Ventral view of the dorsal half of the body. (i)

opisthonephros. lobus ventrolateralis

opisthonephric duct

hypaxial musculature

opisthonephros

portio cran lalls

vesica natatcria.

atrium

hyoid bone apparatus

muscles of the

floor of the oral cavity

truncus arteriosus

tendinous end of the cieithral muscle fixing and moving t he cleithrum

......

W 0'\

chorda dorsa lis

opisthonephric duct

costae branches of the celiacomesente ric artery and of the vagus nerve

fellea

vesica pinna thoracalis

lien

..duodenum"

Dor sal view of the ventral half of the body. (~)

Figure 77. Horizontal section of the body in the region of the heart, liver and spleen.

myosepta

aa. et w . intercoetalee

=""J-

midgut

branchia

bulbus arteriosus

truncus arteriosus

pericardlum

gill raker

sinus venosus

atrium

coracoideum

septum t ransvereum

cleithrum

00

UJ

......

ventriculus quartus

intermaxilla

mm.operculi

intermeningeal adipose tissue

sclera

_ _ retina

prooticum

exooccipitale

muscles of the pharyngeal bone

I------=--'

muscle fixing the hyomandibulare

clrcularie

_",~==--"'-_=-=..~':~--\-- ductus semi-

l ~ operculum

~

., ,\

lens - cryst.alllna

cornea

iris

chorioidea

argentea et

olfactory mucosa

mesethmoideum

Figure 78. Horizontal section of the head in the region of the brain. Dorsal view of the ventral half of the body. (-+)

lobus vagalis

tuberculum - - impar

mesencephali -

ventriculus

nasal pit

maxilla

t=:

~ ._

basioccipitale

!s:

.

-

operculum

ggll. nervi vagi

ggl.nervi glossopharyngei

lateralis

m.rectus

sclera

tendons attached to the pectoral girdle

'(

':..'\-

eye fundus

cornea

m. rectus medialis

barbe l

Figure 79. Horizontal section of the head in the region of the skull base and the eyes. Dorsal view of the ventral half of the body. (-+)

branchlae c

parasphenoideum

orbital vessels

olfactory mucosa

maxilla

intermaxilla

THE EDIBLE FROG RANA ESCULENTA (Linne - 1758)

"3

<.l

0 III

'" '" m "3

ot>

t'
ot>

I::

t'
~

t'
I::

~ ot> t'
0

III

E E t'
<-

'"

0

<.l

E

"3 c,

~ t'
o "iii ~

E

'"

"C

~

0

I::

I::

~

~

I

III

III

'" '" ot> § ot> "C

"3

~

(5

I::

0 ~

..s::: c;

'" '" ~ o

I::

E

~ ~

ot>

~

'"

<.l

.!l! "3

~ ~

E

III

I::

~ "5-

t'
1':11 e~

"3

ot> t'
~

~~

c...

I': c,

'"

III

"~ <.l

E

~

0

<.l

III 0

III

Figure SO/A. Position of the main organs of Rana esculenta in situ. Dorsal view of visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" body wall. (i )

142

W

..... .j::>.

:!l

0

~

::r

M

~

_.

l::l

0

'"' ~

::l

(1)

(1)

fJ)

fJ)

~

fJ)

::l

~

'"'

::r (1)

M

~

'<

0-

o

0-

M~

(1)

'::l"'

~

::l fJ) "0

~

-q

:::;~

0•

(1)

~ ::r

f"lOQ

::l ::: '"' 0- 0

_.

M _ . ::r

'"' (1)

~

fJ)

::l

a. o

f"l

(1)

fJ)

(1)

O-OQ

'"' :ll

-

~

fJ) M

::l

fJ)

(1) S <: _. o

0-

o.......

~

~

(D ....

<: ~

O-~

_.

::l ~

~

::l l::l

o~. -::0 c. ~ o ~

"0

::r(D (D ~

...., :S .

fJ)

'~ "'

o o

~

00

~

~

~.

Figure 99.

Figure9 8 .

«-

."'' '

" '\

J

~

<,

anterior view

posterior view

posterior view

anterior view anterior view anterior view

anterior view posterior view

anterior view posterior view posterior view anterior view

poste rior view

anterior view

Figure 101.

- dorsal view of the horizontal sect ion at t he plane of the acet abulum

Figure 10 0 -9 - vent ral viewof the horizontal section at t he plane of the acet abulum

?

)

J- L7 <,

J')

medial view

ventral view of the horizont al section through t he eyeballs and the spinal cord

0 - dorsal view of the horizont al section through t he larynx and the stomach

Figure9 4. (]

<;( Figure 9 3 . <;(

Figure92.

Figure 89. Figure 90. <;( Figure 9 1. <;(

Figure 87. Figure88.

Figure 83. Figure 84. Figure85. Figure86.

Figure 82.

Figure 81.

Figure 95. (] Figure 96..97.

nares bulbus oculi

palpebra superior

olfactory mucosa

cavum

~~L------- oropharynqeurn

lingua

skin

floor of the oropharyngeal cavity

saccus submaxillaris

Figure 81. Transversal section of the head through the oropharyngeal cavity. Anterior view. (+-)

frontopa rteta le det ached retina

te lencephalon

stratum pigmentosum retinae palpebra superior

cornea

iris nictitating membrane

lens crystallina squamosum

parasphenoideum J?~=f"';-~~!!!k-------.

palatal mucosa

pterygoideum

choana

maxilla

maxillary teeth vomerine teeth

palatum inter maxillary teeth

Figure 82. Transversal section of the head through the eyeballs. The retina is detached from the choroid at several points. Posterior view. (-.) 144

ventriculus lateralis

paraphys is

ventricu lus tertius telencephalon

saccus craniodorsalis

thalamus

orbitosphenoideum

eyeball. pigmented posterior segment

m. temporahs

n. opticus

~_ _-

- - - -- - - - --r-,;:...,.........~................-~~

-

- - squamosum

m. masseter - -- - -- --:;;;oilii

paras phenoideum

palatal mucosa

dentale

mucosal folds of the oro pharyngeal cavity skin mucosa of t he floor of the oropharyngea l cavity

m. hyoglossus

hyoideum

Figure 83. Transversal section of the head through the forebrain and the oropharyngeal cavity. Anterior view. (+-)

frontoparieta le

paraphysis recessus inf undibuli ventriculi tertii

telencephalon

hypothalamus

------~'i-'---.;---!.L--.,.,...;~:,l . ;-;"~.,;.>-_........

m. masseter - -

-

-

-

~~

_

n. opticus

--,!!!L-e....:> para spheno ideum

external muscles of the eyeball

r. palatlnalis (n. VII.)

palatal mucosa dentale angle of the mouth . fat pad

cavum oropharyngeum

saccus eubrnaxlllarie

m. submaxlllarie

m. geniohyoideus m. hyoglossus

Figure 84. Transversal section of the head through the diencephalon. Posterior view. (-+)

146

frontopanetale

hypophysis

meninges

gg!. prooticum

__

l.~"i"

membrana tympani

--- -_--..4

m.masseter --

canales eemlclrcu lares

",-;:~,,,,,",,-,,,,,,

~;'~~

cavum tympan i

~

ventriculus mesencephali

~~~#I;'P
~~~~

-~---=----*~.-T------- palatal mucosa

choana

dentale

vomer ine teeth

cavum oropharyngeum

m. submax lllari e

lingua

Figure 85. Transversal section of the head in the region of the midbrain, and middle and inner ear. Posterior view. (-.)

frontoparietale

hypophySiS

medulla oblongata

prooticum co lumella membrana tympani ~

cavum tympani tuba auditiva

- parasphenoideum - --

-------.i~~~~-

-

t uba auditiva

palatal mucosa muscles of the mandibular apparatus

floor of the oropharyngeal cavity, mucosa

aditus laryngis

m. eubmaxillaris

Figure 86. Transversal section of the head in the region of the midbrain, and middle and inner ear, slightly more caudal as compared to figure 85. Anterior view. (+-) 148

medulla spinalis

plexus venosus vertebralis

arcu s vertebrae

m. longissim us dorsi

saccus craniodorsalis processus transversu s

m. dorsalis scapulae suprasca pula

______ m. dorsalis

branches of spinal nerve

~

n. vagus --------~rJr--...:.,."--..;,..,..~~

scapu lae

~--------- oeso pha g us

f---.,..-......,-'~ ~IIIIIIIIIII--- body cavity

scapula plexus brachialls

lary ngeal muscles

n. glossopharyngeus

glomus caroticum

articulatio humeri

caput humer i

cavitae artlcularls epicoracoideum

aditus laryngis

coracoideum

Figure 87. Transversal section of the anterior part of the body at the plane of the larynx and the shoulder joint. Anterior view. (+-)

proc .transversus

medulla spinalis

arcus vertebrae

radix dorsalis

glandular fold. poison glands

for. intervertebra le

ggl. spinale plexus

--:.:o

,...-~\.- ------------- brachialis

"1l::F"'-;"'--:--':-<-""","~..."....,"""";~5iE-----------

scapu la

-------;;;;~

oesophagu s

''TC:'---til~---__ n. hypo glossus

rima

~'::::,rotiwm ~ on to t he carotid artery

thoracohumeral muscles

plica vocalis

1

'd cora COl eum

arcus aorta e

Iig. vocate

epicoracoideum

saccus lary ngot rachealis

Figure 88. Transversal section of the anterior part of the body in the region of the larynx and the shoulder joint. Posterior view. (-+) 150

truncus sy mpat htcue

proc . sptnosue

medulla s pinalis

arcus vertebrae

lime sac around the s pinal ganglion muscles of t he back

proc. t ransversus arc us aortae

m. transversum, pars vertebralis corpus vertebrae

--I"'=~=:i~;-'----'--~r~~~~~!l1i,

lung:

oesophagus

alveolus and thel airway __ centra

~~~~~~~+~~~:I'~~; -.:"'--~,........-----

hepar

atrium dextrum

et

------;=--'------i==="'-',--'-:...'-'.-~.

~~~"'""''---;~~---.......,;----- slnietrum

bulbus cordis et valvulae sem llunares

- - - - - - humerus

m. t ransversus abdomin is

cavum per icardi i

ventriculus

per icard ium

thoracohumeral muscles

Figure 89. Transversal section of the body in the region of the heart and the lungs. Anterior view. (+-)

medulla spinal is

plexus venosus vertebralis

corpus vertebrae suprascapula m. dorsalis scapulae

ovidu ctus oesophagus corpus ad iposum - - - - - _-!!Il<.. ,e.~:---

pulmo ---_::;;;='=";:;

saccu s

lat.

humerus

hepar

v. cava posterior hepar sinus venosus thoracohumeral musc les

Figure 90. Transversal section of the body in the region of the venous sinus and the stomach. Anterior view. (+-)

152

I

plexus venosus vertebralie

rami dorsales n. spinalis

medulla spinalis

arcus vertebrae

~~~~~i1~~..!~..~. ../

corpus vertebrae

m.longissimus dorsi

/

~ midgut

saccus

,,"",""o~li, corpus adiposum

""""'::::::::===- -~h~-~

vcut anea magna

humerus

~

hepar saccus abdominalis

ventriculus

sternum

thoracchurneral muscles

Figure 91. Transversal section of the body in the region of the liver and the stomach. Anterior view. (+-)

urostyl

m. longissimus dorsi

vertebra sacralls

canalis vertebra lis

rr. dorsa les n. spinalis

ilium

ren sinister ovarium~

saccus lat. rr. venae cutaneae magnae

I

I

-

v.cava "~~~""';;=~i""-i:-e;;;;;';<""'--~ii.7'r------- posterior

f

corpus adiposum

ovarium

saccus abdominalis

v. abdominalis

m. rectus abdominis

Figure 92. Transversal section of the body in the region of the ovaries, stomach and the oviducts. Posterior view. (-+) 154

m. longissimus m. coccygeosacralis

uroetyl

aorta descendens

dorsi

ilium

v. portae rents

ren sinister

=-::i:l

w. renales

oviductus

corpus adiposum ...",.------~~T'---r-

posterior

~"'"'""=,~~========~- oviductus ovariurn

eaccus laterahs ----~"'.l

:<:++--- - - --

midgut

ovarlurn

lien transition from pylorus to duodenum

m. pectoralis. pars abdom inalis

duodenum

v. abdominal is

m. rectus abdominis

midgut

Figure 93. Transversal section of the body in the region of the ovaries, kidneys and oviducts. Posterior view (-+)

m. longiss imus dorsi

urostyl

aorta descendens

nn. plexus lumbosacra hs

ilium

ren dexter oplstonephrlc duct

cisterna magna

peritoneum

v. portae renis

midgut gl. suprarenalis saccus lateralis duodenum -

-

- - --

~'=-

~~~~=--,-====-:i=:5~f--------

testis

--"o-7-'i:i

m. transversus abdominis

mesenterium

m.obliquus abdominis externus

gaster

rectum

midgut

linea alba

v. abdomina lis

m. rectus abdom inie

Figure 94. Transversal section of the body through the kidneys and the testicles. The position of the stomach can largely vary depending on the status of the animal. Anterior view. (+-)

156

.....

v,

00

,

vesica urinaria

m. rectus abdominis

pelvlc muscles

pubiS

ischium

ilium

anus

cloaca

saccus craruodorsalts

inscriptio tendlnea

saccus abdominalis

medulla spinalis

sinus venosus

atrium

dorsi

m. longissimus

rr. dorsalcs nn. splnalee

ventriculus

gaster

columna vertcbralie

Figure 95. Mediansagittal section of the body.

pancreas

hcpar

plexus lumboeacralie

...

vomcr

cavum nasi

cavum oropharyngcum

palatal mucosa

telencephalon

chiasma opticum

m. submaxlllarie

lingua

rnerrtomandtbula

.~. ~ ~--'"~~~ . - ~~~ ,.~~ intermaxilla

cerebellum

rami dorsales m. longissimus

arcus vertebrae

nn. sp inales

cerebellum telencephalon

dorsi plexus lumbosacralis corpus vertebrae

cavum nasi

gaster v.cava posterior

lingua

sinus

venosus - - - - i :...~,,-,~-"";iiiioi&"'" hepar

mentomandibula

----1~~\~~~~

v. hepatica

~ 'iI'----

m. rectus abdom inis ---L':"-"!l~~j;

outer lingual muscles and muscles of the floor of the oropharyngeal cavity

saccus abdominalis

pericardium

intermaxilla

saccus submaxlllaris

plica vocalis

m. pectoralis

m. submax illaris

Figure 96. Mediansagittal section of the head and the anterior part of the body.

arcus vertebrae

oesophagus

gaster

cavum

v. cava posterior

oropharyngeum

hepar

larynx

------~,....,.;

plica vocalis

v. hepatica -------r-.=9:''--~~~1Il'"

truncus arteriosus and it s valves

m. rectus abdom inis - -- - ......-

m. pectoraliS

saccus abdom inalis

inscriptiOtendinea

pericardium

crypta

sternum

atrium slnistrum

Figure 97. Mediansagittal section of the body. Transition between the oropharyngeal cavity and the esophagus, part of the heart and the liver. A magnified part of the figure 96.

160

N

0\

.....

. '. - -

lien

pubis

pubica

saccus femoralis

SymphYSiS~

vesica urinaria

rec tum

m. iliacus internus

m. tensor fasciae latae

•

corpus adiposu m

midgut

hepar

saccus lateralie

gaster

spinal nerve branches into the skin

pulmo dexter

pulmo sinister

oesophagus

plexus brachialis

saccus vocalis

m. dorsalis scapulae

Figure 98. Horizontal section of the body through the larynx and the stomach. Dorsal view of the ventral half of the body. (~)

testis

~

corp us adiposum

cartilago arytenoldea

aditus laryng is

lingua

cavum orophary ngeum

cavum nasi

palatal mucosa

tuba audltlva

>-"

.4

13\

oviductus

proc. transversus

urostyl

oviductus

plexus lumboeacrahs

medulla spinalis

plexus brachialis

ggt. prooticum

canalis centrahs

quartus

cerebellum ,

\

te ctum opticum

ventriculus mesencephall

prooticum (Iabyrynthus)

ventriculus

Figure 99. Horizontal section of the body through the eyeballs, brain and the spinalcord. Ventral view of the dorsal half of the body. (i)

lime sac around the spinal ganglion

conus terminalis

ventnculue lateralle

n.opticus

frontoparietale

fissura longitudinalis

telencephalon

sclera

retina

lens crysta llina

ventriculus tertius

tha lamus

m. transversus abdo minis

ovarium

m. obliqu us abdom inis ext. m. iliacus internus m. pectineus

m.cruralls

m. tensor f asciae lat ae

saccus femoralis epip hysis distalis femori s

coxae

.r:

articulatio genus

capsula

artlcularis

n. ti bialis -------t~---,~..e

m. plantaris longus

symphysis pubica rn. qracills major

m. ti bialis an terior longus

m.g racilis

saccus

minor

interfemorahs

Figure 100. Horizontal section of the body. A portion of the abdominal cavity with the sagittal section of the hind limb. Ventral view of the dorsal half of the body. (+-)

gaster

vesica

m. transversus abdominis

cavum thoracoabdomlnale m. iliacu s int o

saccuslateralis ilium

acetabulum

saccus femoralts

- - -- - __.,.#_

m. cruralis

-----""='~-

epiphysis proxlmalls femoris

ca put femoris

sym physis pubica

/

m. gracilis major

-"'Cv-.;, --

ischi um

- - - fe mur

pubis

Figure 101. Horizontal section of the body. Section of the hip joint and the femoral head. Dorsal view of the ventral half of the body. (-+)

166

THE RED EARED SLIDER TRACHEMYS SCRIPTA ELEGANS (Wied - 1839)

(

bulbus olfaetorius

"\, --

mesencephalon medulla oblongata

)

telencephalon cerebellum

-'~!( ·t

~.

oesophagus/ trachea

acromion scapu la

--

pulmo

atrium

V

gaster

ventriculus lien

carapax ovarium

! ilium

ren

<,

....... ~

'"'\ ....,

r: <:.: I .<

r<:

Figure 1021A. Position of the main organs of 'Trachemys scripta elegans in situ (above). Dorsal view of the visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" body wall. (-+) Figure 1021B. Dorsal view of Trachemys scripta elegans with visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" body wall (to the right) . Labeling indicates the location and view of the presented sections. (-+)

170

Figure 120.

I Figure 103. - - - - - - - - - - -

(

anterior view

anterior view Figure 104. anterior view Figure 105. -

' -\.,- \..

'i • " \,> Figure 106.

_

..

posterior view

Figure 107. - - -

anterior view

Figure 108 . - -

posterior view

Figure 109.

posterior view anterior view

Figure 110.

posterior view posterior view

anterior view

posterior view

medial view

Figure 115 . <:2

- horizontal section et t he level of the head and t he neck. vent ral view

Figure 116 .

-

Figure 117.

- horiz ont al section of the head et the level of t he chias ma opticum and the mesencephalon. ventra l view

Figure 118 .

-

Figure 119 .

- hori zontal section of the head et the level of th e nasal cavity. the eyeballs and th e brain. vent ral view

horizont al section of t he head at the level of t he head and the neck. do rsal view

hor izont al sect ion of the head et t he level of the nasal cavity. the eyeballs and the brain. do rsa l view

171

frontale

telencephalon chorio idea septum interorbitale

detached retina lens crye tallina

m. rectus medialis

cornea ------------7--'.~'I: iris -----------~~~

_ --

-

-

-

-

- --

-

septum nasi ductus

r--- - - ---_ nasopharyngeus

horny sheaths

maxilla choana palatlnum cavum oropharynqeum dentale apex linguae m. mylohyoideus

skin

Figure 103. Transversal section of the head through the eyeballs. Anterior view. (+-)

parietale

sinus sag ittalis sup.

s kin

mm. ternpora lee

mesencephalon : te ctum opticum et aq uaeductus cereb ri

cavum tympani

prooticum

---------t~'i;t~:A~

· ~r---....:::::::::::.-

labyrint hus

quadratum

branches of the inter nal carotid artery arodof the external jugular vein

basisphenoideum cavum oropharyngeum

floorofthe oropharyngeal cavity, mucosa

floor of the oropharyngeal cavity. muscles trachea

cartilago lary ngis

Figure 104 . Transversal section of the head in the region of the mesencephalon and the oropharyngeal cavity. Anterior view. (+-)

172

arcus vertebrae

medulla spinalis

corpus vertebrae

v. jugulariS dextra

a.caroue a. carotts comm. dextra

cervica l fascia

loose subcutis (buffer space)

layer of the neck cutaneous muscles

buffer space trachea

oesophagus

Figure 105. Transversal section of the neck. There are so-called buffer spaces in several parts of the animal, thus also in the neck to ensure head and neck retractability. Anterior view. (.-)

arcus vertebrae

medulla spinalis

discus lntervertebralis carapax , spongy part

scapula

nn. spinales

thoracohumeral muscles

v.jugularis dextra

v.jugularis

scapula

sinistra

m. retractor capitis colli

procoraco ideum plastron

bronchi principalee

oesophagus

a. carotte comm. dext.

m. subcoracoideus

Figure 106. Transversal section of the body in the region of the shoulder girdle. Posterior view. (-+) 174

axial muscles

medulla spinalis

corpus vertebrae

pleuraha (..c osta ') carapax rn. retractor capitiS colli arcus aortae sln., pars descendens

a, pulmonalis dextra

pulmo sinister hepar ----:,.--,.~h-~_

~==-~----~~=~iJ.~_

'" truncus pulmonalis

bronchus principalis sinister

oesophagus muscles of the shoulder girdle

arcus aortae dexter. pars ascendens

thymus

a, carotie a, subclavla sin. comm. dext. et sin.

coraco ideum

arcus aortae sinister. pars ascendens

Figure 107. Transversal section of the body in the region of the lungs, large cardiac vessels and the liver. Anterior view. (+-)

axial muscles

medulla spinalis

proc. transversus

pleuraiia (zoeta")

m. retractor capitiS colli

arcus aortae dext. pars descend ens arcus aortae sin. pars descendens

a. pulmonalia dextra carapax

transition from esophagus to stomach

a. pulmonale -~~~ et v. pulmonalis einistra

hepar

hepar

atrium dextrum

atrium elnlstrum

m. pectoralis

plastron

arcus aortae

truncus brachiocephalicus

Figure 108. Transversal section of the body in the region of the atria, the lungs and the stomach. Posterior view. (-.)

176

medulla spinalis

arcus aortae dext ..pars descendens pulmo sinister

lymphatic vessel

lien v. cava posterior pancreas

arcus aortae sin..pars descend ens

duodenum

midgut hepar

midgut

gaster

----r-----'''''''~~~

vesica fel lea

hepar

w . centrales et lobuli hepat ls branch of the celiacomesenteric tru nk

m. pectcralis

ventriculus

pericardium

cavum peritonei

plastron

Figure 109. Transversal section of the body in the region of the cardiac chamber, the liver and the gall-bladder. Posterior view. (-+)

pulmo dexter

v. cava posterior

aorta descendens

medulla spinalis

m. retractor capitis colli

bronchus principalis

oesophagus pulmo sinister

lien

truncus coeliaccmesentericus

hindgut

midgut

radix

"'-L-.l,-- - - - mesenterii pancreas

;~~~~p.......,.--~,---

--------..,...-~-~---"'i~~

vesica fellea

gaster

ext raperttonea l adipose tissue

hindgut duodenum m. pectcralis

mesenterial vessels

w . abdominales

pancreas

plastron

Figure 110. Transversal section of the body. The figure shows organs seen on the previous section. Anterior view. (+-) 178

aorta

medulla spinalis

descendens

pulmo sinister

m. retractor capitis colli

ductus thoraclcus

midgut

carapax

hepar gaster

skin

cavum peritonei

mm. abdominales vesica urinaria

w. abdominales

peritoneum

Figure 111. Transversal section of the body in the region of the caudal part of the lungs and the urinary bladder. Posterior view. (-+)

ureter

ren sinister

v. portae rente

v. cava posterior ductus thoractcus

testis

rectum

midgut

loose

"""=i~;;::::::::::~f:====l

~l.--~~~-:---- subcutis

skin

vesica urinaria mm. abdominales

v. abdominalis

peritoneum plastron

pubiS

pelvic muscles

Figure 112. Transversal section of the body in the region of the testicles and the urinary bladder. Posterior view. (-+)

180

aorta ren dexter

descendens

medulla sp inalis

m. ret ractor capit is colli

v. rena hs sinist ra

v. renalls dextra

ureter cavum peritonei

v. abdominalis (dors al section)

carapax

a. ischiadica

extra peritoneal fa t -pad

J:.---~---- duct. thoracicue ~~_

rectum

_ ~=~---- ova ri u m

~~~~;.i*~~:;fi

cloacal urinary bladder

fat pads mm. abdominalee plast ron a. femora lis

ori fice of the pelvic muscles urinary bladder

v. femoral is

peritoneum

Figure 113. Transversal section of the body in the region of the rectum, the kidneys and the pelvic girdle. Anterior view. (-)

processus transversus vertebrae sacralls

medulla spinalis

cor pus vertebrae

carapax hip musc les ilium

ad ipose tissue (pigmented)

lateral skin fold

pubiS penis

symphysis anterior

corpus fibrosum penis plastron pelvic muscles

Figure 114. Transversal section of a male animal's body in the region of the pelvic girdle. Posterior view. (-+)

182

~

>-' 00

midgut

pancreas fellea

vesica

hepar

gaster

,

vhepanca

a.et v pulmonalis

bronchus princ ipalis

a. subclavia sinistra

humerus

v. brachialis

adipose tissue

medulla spinalis

membrana tympani

cavum tympani

primary palate

vomer

choana

horny sheat h

Meckel's cartilage

articulatio mandibularis

v.j ugularis externa

m. retractor capitis colli

oesophagus

a. s ubclavla dextra

arcu s aortae dexter

Figure 115. Horizontal section of the body through the head and the neck. Ventral view of the dorsal half of the body. (j)

carapax -plastron connection (cut through)

mesenterium

hind leg

of the

muscles

rectum

cloaca

ovarium

cloacal urinary bladder

femur

n. Ischiadicue

carapax

lary nx

proc. epinoeus atlantis

vertebrae cervicales

cavum cropharynqeurn

lingua

Mec el's cartilagc

in the dental bonc

m. retractor capitis colli. pars cervicalis

plastron

adituslaryngis

Figure 116. Horizontal section of the head and the neck. Dorsal view of the ventral part of the body. U)

medulla oblongata

ventriculus tertius I

retina lens crystallina

atlas

retrobulbar adipose t issue

epidural blood -~====j:::::::::==~r: vessels ~~~7----

concha nasalis maxilla

m. retractor capitis colli

I ductus semlcircularie

I

cavum et membrana tympani m. masseter med. et lat.

m. rectus medialis discus nervi optici

Figure 117. Horizontal section of the head and the neck in the region of the optic chiasm and the midbrain. Ventral view of the dorsal part of the body. (i) 186

cavum tympani

thalamus

hemispherium cerebri

lens crystaliina

n.opticus

palpebra inferior retina

cerebellum

chorioidea maxilla

medulla oblongata

ventriculus

quartus

_ _ _ cavum nasi

------concha nasalis

prooticum

auris interna

septum nasi

mm. ternporalee

m. rectus medial is

folded skin of the nec (the head is partly withdrawn)

palpebra inferior

equarnosum

panetale

nictitating membrane

gl. lacrirnalis

frontale

Figure 118. Horizontal section of the head in the region of the nasal cavity, the eyeballs and the brain. Dorsal view of the ventral part of the body. (J,.)

radiatto optlca

ventriculus tertius

thalamus

hemlsphenum cerebri

lens crystallina retina palpebra inferior

mesencephalon

chorioldea maxilla

cavum nasi ventriculus quartus (roof)

prooticum septum nasi mm. temporales

folded skin of the neck (the head is partly withdrawn)

m. rectus medialis retina cornea squamosum

parietale

frontale

gl. lacrimalis

Figure 119. Horizontal section in the region of the nasal cavity, the eyeballs and the brain. Ventral view of the dorsal part of the body. (i)

188

.....

\0

o

cauda

cloacal urinary bladder

cara pax

pubiS

ureter

vesica urinaria

gl. eupra renahe

rectum

ao rta

vent riculus

pulmonales

trunci

v. cava posterior

descendcn s

Figure 120. Sagittal section of the body.

gaster telencephalon

co mm.

discus intervertebralis

medulla spinalis

buffer space

oesophagus

lary nx

horny sheat hs

cavum nasi

gaster

bronchus pr incipalis

hypophysi S hypothalamue

THE DOMESTIC FOWL GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS (Linne - 1758)

.:»;

.r--

--' \ r - --

)

telencephalon cerebellum atlas

-

--

comb beak

trachea

oesophagus

t hymic lobes bursa Fabricii

ingluvies

/

lien pars glandularis ventriculi pars muscularis ventriculi

atrium carpo metacarpus ventriculus

':::::..

'

sternum

........

II

Figure l2l/A. Position of the main organs of Gallus domesticus in situ (above). Lateral view of the visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" body wall. Figure l2l/B. Lateral view of Gallus domesticus with visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" body wall (to the right) . The position and view of demonstrated sections are indicated.

194

Figure 125. - anterior view

Figure 124. - anterior view

Figure 126. - anterior view

Figure 123. - posterior view Figure 122. - anterior view Figure 148. ventral view

Figure 139. 9 .140. anterior view Figure 141. anterior view

Figure 147. ventral view Figure 137. and 138. Figure 136. anterior anterior

Figure 142. posterior view

view

9

view

Figure 128. anterior view

Figure 145. ventral view

Figure 146. ventral view

I

,/

/

Figure 134..135. posterior view

Figure 129. posterior view

--

Figure 13 0 . posterior view

Figure 133. posterior view

Figure 132. posterior

Figure 131. anterior view

view

Figure 1439 - mediansagittal section through the entire body. medial view Figure 144.

- mediansagittal section of the head. medial view

195

......

0\

\0

lingua

comb

wattle

~ . -~

hyoideum

wattle

ahsphe -

.i

cornu hyoidei

dentale

mm. pterygoidei

m. tcmporal is

veins

~ n . o p tic uS

superior

m. rectu s

noideum

Posterior view. (-+)

orcpharynqeum

cavum

pteryaoideum

noideum

para sphc -

retina - -

lens cryetallina

chias ma op ticum

bulbus olfactorlus

Anterior view. (+-)

hyoideum

Meckel's cartila ge

dentale

quadratojugale

sinus infra orbitalis

vomer

frontale

Figure 123. Transversal section of the head in the region of the forebrain, the eyeballs, the oropharyngeal cavity and the wattles.

naeale

Figure 122. Transversal section of the head in the region of the nasal cavity and the oropharyngeal cavity.

muscle s of the floor of the oro pharyngeal cavity

choana

palatlnum

palpebra superior et inferior

septum nas i

.......

00

\0

hyoideum

'\

larynx

1 artlculare

cornu hyoidei

~

p,.'

pterygo idcum

skin

radix linauae

Figure 125. Transversal section of the head in the region of the midbrain, external auditory meatus, and the oropharyngeal cavity. Anterior view. (+-)

cornu hyoidei

m. tcmporalls

basi sphenoideum

canalis serniclrcularts

tectum mescnccphali

diencephalon

hypophySiS

~ quadrate-

~ -

sinus sagitt
tegmentum mesencephali

diploe

frontale

chiasma opticum

tropucue

telo-diencephalic and telo-mesenccphalic neural pathways

fissura longitudinalis

Figure 124. Transversal section of the head in the region of the forebrain, optic chiasm, and the larynx. Anterior view. (+-)

cartilagines laryngis

oropharyngeum

cavum

papillae palatinalcs

poralis

m.tem-

mm. ptery- ~~ goidei

parasphe noideum

orblta, caudal wall (tangential section)

telencephalon

frontalc

s inus 5agittalis superior

N

o

o

porus

oesophagus

~

tegmentu m

tectum opticum

substantia grisea centralis

telencephalon

trachea

~=--

baslsphenoideum

proc . medialis anqulans

~

cornu hyoidei

~

.: - :-.

~mesencepha li

sinus sagittalis superior

Figure 126. Transversal section of the head in the region of the midbrain, the auditory meatus, the trachea and the esophagus. Anterior view. (+-)

vein

prooticum

ac uet icue exter nus

er meatu s

front ale

fissura longitudinalis

palatum

hyoideum

sinus sagittalis superio r

v.jug ular is einiatra

vagus nerve (section)

cornu hyoidei

m. depressor mandibulae

duc tus se rntclrcularis lateralis

pons

auricu la cerebelli

corpus cerebelli

Figure 127. Transversal section of the head in the region of the cerebellum, the hindbrain and the inner ear. Anterior view. (+-)

cavum oropharyn geum

externa

a.ca roue

basisphenoideum

duc t i scmiclrculares

diploe

parietale

nuchal musc les

tendons (tranesected) skin m. cutaneus

v.jugu laris elnlstra

feat her-

arcus vertebrae cervicalis

follicles

oesophagus

medulla

~~~"--"""",-=-'-'--c4&~--------spinalis ~~=;:=f:::;:;:~~:::;::=!~B7==-

aa.et w. vertebrales

v.jugu iaris dcxtra

t rachea connect ive t issue septum

proc. ccetotranevereariue proc, coetarius m. longus colli

a, carotie communis dextra et slnietra

corpus vertebrae cervicalls

Figure 128. Transversal sect ion of the neck. The jugular veins are asymmetric. Anterior view. (.-)

m. biventer cervicls

medulla spinalis v.jugularis dextra

n. sp inalis

proc . coste transvereariue

v.jugu laris sinistra

corpus vertebrae cervica lis

~~~_ _- -

ingluvies

---,?g{:,-J~~~""S~f--~;~

featherfolliclcs

thymic lobe

fora men costotranevereariurn root of the neck. fat pad

m. longus colli a. carotle communis dextra et slnlstra

trachea

Figure 129. Transversal section of the neck in the region of the crop . Posterior view. (-+)

202

vertebra thoracalis

muscles of the back

medulla spinalis

a. vertebralls

tendon of the supracoracoideal musc le

foramen ccstotra nsverearlum

caput humeri

cartilago artlcularis ------i~~

cartilago articularis

articulatio humeri

v.jugulariS einietra

coracoideum

m. longus colli thymic lobe

m.supracoracoideus

m. pectoralis trachea

furcula

a. carot.e communis dextra et elnletra

transition from esop hagus to crop

Figure 130. Transversal section of the cranial part of the body in the region of the shoulder joint . Posterior view. (-+)

m. lat issimus dorsi

capitu lum costae

vertebra t horacahs

medulla spinalis

articulatio vertebrocoetalls

scapula humerus

thoracohurneral muscles

m.longus colli

ulna

a. carotie communis dextra

lI:-=~'-----=-

carpo -

metacarpus

m. ste rnocoracoideus

oesophagus

external syringeal musc les coracoideum

m. su pracoracoideus

m. pectoralis

cartilago articularle

sternum

trachea

Figure 131 . Transversal section of the body near the sterno-coracoideal joint. Anterior view. (+-) 204

0\

o

N

corpu s sterni crista sterni

m, pectoralis

m. supracora coideus

ventriculus dexter

aortae

arc us

anterior dext ra

v, cava

__ v. eubclavla

ventrebronchi

pulmo dexter

scapula

vertebra t horacalls

medulla spinalis

Figure 132. Transversal section of the body right next to the sternocoracoideal joint and in the region of the large cardiac vessels. Posterior view. (-+)

coraco ideum

bronchus principalis .-------1 Sinis te r

phagus

oeso-

m. longus colli

processu s transversu s

processus eplnoeue

:':':-:-..;;..: :oiI'

cr ista eter ni

I

corpus sterni

~

" .::.;!

jedUlia spinalis

scapula

hepar

ventriculus dexter

pericar dium

at rium dextrum

pulmo dexter

aorta thoracica

Figure 133. Transversal section of the body in the region of the atria and the chambers. Posterior view. (-+)

m. pectoralis

'~':'

m. supracoracoideus

ventriculus sinister

costae ,,/

pulmonales

mm. coeto-

costa

tuberculum cost ae

m. latissimus dO\i

processus epinosus

00

o

IV

'F-

medulla s pinalis

crista sterni

corpus sterni

w . hepatlcae

hepar

mm . intercosta les

mrn.costopulmonales

a, coeltaca

abdominalis

aorta

ren dexter

corpus vertebrae lurnbalie

Figure 134. Transversal section of the abdominal cavity part of the body in the region of the glandular stomach, the liver lobes, and the apex of the heart. Posterior view. (-+)

m. supracoracoideus

ventriculus sinister

hepar

1311. s ubmucosae

gil. muco sae

ventric ulus. par s glandularis

costa

section

ileum, ta ngential

pulmo sinister

13131. spinale

proc. s pinos us

hepar

I'

aorta abdo mina lis ovari um

ileum

ventriculus s in.

costa

air sac

abdominal

ducts to the

131. s upra renalt s

vv. hepatlcac

hepatle

lobuli

v.cava posterior

a. coenaca

ventricu lus. pars glandularis

.~"~-~

ilium

aorta abdom inalis

Figure 135. Part of figure 134 (above). Posterior view. (-+) Figure 136. Transversal section of the body (part) in the region of the suprarenal gland and the glandular stomach (below). Anterior view. (.--)

costa

jejunum

ren dexter

gil. mucosae

~ _ -:'"'_ "':..

~,

.,

"11..;:J.

pulmo sinister

IN

co rpus vertebrae (syn sacrurn)

gil. s ubmucos ae

costa

costales

mm. inter-

ventriculus. _ pars glandu laris

costalis

articulatio inter -

la terobro nch i

pulmona lcs

mrn. coste-

tv

o

>-'

...:'1..'1

cr is ta s ter ni co rpus s tern i

processu s spi nos us

m. pectoralis

lien

abdom inal wall. muscles

chymu s

pars musculari s

ventriculus.

costa,

rectum

ren sinister

proc essu s eterni

ilium

aorta abdomi nalis

Figure 137. Transversal section of the body in the region of the ilium, the kidn eys, the genital tract, the bending intest inal canal, the muscular stomach (gizzard), and the liver. Anteri or view. (+-)

pancreattcus

ductus

fe llea

ves ica

terica anterior

v. mesen -

pancrea s

ileum

medulla s pinalis

v. coccygeomesenterica

saccus abdorninalle

rec t um, initial part

ren si nister

fis su ra mediana anterior

corpus vertebrae

centrah s

canalis

arc us vertebrae

caeca , proximal thin sect ions

proce ssu s epinoeue

Figure 138. A part of figure 137. Th e renal lobes and the sections of their vascular system, as well as the vertebral canal and the spinal cord are outlined. Anterior view. (+-)

v. rcnali s dexter

lobuli rents

cornu anteriue

medulla spinal is

cornu poeteriue

s ulcus medlanus posterior

N

.....-

N

r; -j;j,

m. pectoralis

dextra

v. renalls

renis dextra

v. portae

nalis

ilium

j ej unum

medulla spinalis

mm. coccygeales

rectum

glycogen body

jejun um slnlstra

v. renalle

ureter elnlstra

v.coccygeomesenterica

rents slnlstra

v. portae

sinister

ren

corpus vertebrae

radix dors alis nervi spinalis

skin wit h feather-follic les

Anterior view. (+-)

m. eupracoracoidsus

ventriculus. pars muscu laris

cavttae artlcula ris

sections

caeca. t hin

v. femora lls

v. coccygeomesente rica

coxae

articulatio

ilium

radix dors alis nervi spina lis

(gizzard). Anterior view. (+-)

crista steml

.=:

synsacrurn

Figure 140. A part of figure 139. The figure is dominated by the glycogen body, the spinalcord, the synsacrum, and the kidney sections .

~'

glycogen body

Figure 139. Transversal section of the body in the region of the lumbal part of the spinal cord, the glycogen body, the kidneys, and the muscular stomach

hepar

ileum

j ejunum

j uvenile oviduct

j ejunum

rectum

ren dexter

aorta abdominalis

medulla spinalis

~

......

N

. ' ,. - .•

~

duodenum

,

jej unum

isc hium

rectum

ventriculu s. pars muscularis

fibula

muscles of the thigh

t unica muscularis

sacc us abdom inalls

pubis

obturatorta

membrana

v. renalie

v. coccygeo mesenter ica

sy nsac rum

abdominal wall. muscles

... If

=, ' ;: CT.. c,--.....,

~ 'Z;7 • =~ . , " :~(. ", _ ~

:so'

skin with feather -fo lllclce

Figure 141. Transversal section of the body in the region of the kidn eys and the cranial par t of the muscular stomach (gizzard). Anterior view. (+-)

duodenum

patella

koilin layer

jejun um

caecum

mesenterium

jejunal sec ti ons

membran a ilioisc hiad ica

ren dexter

ilium

ad ipose tissue

pancreas

os coccygi s

duodenum

caeca. proxima l thin sect ions

ileum

res idual vitell ine sac wit h yolk

jejunum (part with wide lumen)

pubis

ischiu m

cavum sacci abdominalis

cloaca

burs a Fabricii

Figure 142. Transversa l section of the body in the region of the uropygial gland and the caudal part of the muscular stomach (gizzard). Posterior view. (-+)

v. pancrcaticoduodenalis

ventriculus. pars muscularis

tibiotarsue

f ibula

abdomin al wall. muscles

tertca

v. meeen-

jejunum (part with tight lumen)

coccygeal muscl es (of rect ri ces)

,....

N

0\

synsacrum

ventriculus. pars muscularis

caecum (wide lumen section)

duodenum

ileum

pancreas

duodenum

jejunum (wide p a r t s ) - · ...,

anus

jejunum

gl. uropygii

bursa Fabricii

atrium

coracoideum

muscles of the neck

Figure 143. Sagittal section of the body.

sternum

oesophagus .

ventriculus

gl. supra renalle

oesophagus

larynx (tangential section)

adipose tissue around the crop m. supracoracoideus

proc. medialis angularis

lingua

conchae nasales

bulbus oculi

corpus vertebrae cervicalis

cerebellum

00

tv .....

m. longus colli

corpus vertebrae cervicalis

cervl cal ls

processus spinosus vertebrae

axis

trachea

medulla spinalis

atlas

pons

Occipitale

hypothalamus wattle

frontale

..

-" _ _ '

~-,

~'

.~

lingua

......

..-.

~

naeales

conchae

comb

septum inte rorbitale

bulbus olfactorius

cavum oropharyngeum

thalamus

_~ ~_ ,.- -"]I:

te lencephalon

Figure 144. Sagittal section of the head and neck.

basisphenoideum

arborvitae

oesophagus

par ietale

N N

o

~~~ -

~ ~~.

caput femoris

v. femoral is

a. iliaca syn sacrum

ren sin.

ulna

columna vcrtcbralts

pulmosin.

costae

costae

humerus

coracoideum

scapula

medulla spinalis

thymic lobes

articulatio humeri

tendon of the supracoracoldeal musc le

furcula

truncus eympathlcus

muscles of the wing

m. pectoralie

Figure 145. Horizontal section of the body through the lungs, the kidneys and the bursa Fabricii. The head and a part of the neck were removed before the section was made. Ventral view of the dorsal part of the body. (i)

aorta abdominalis

foramen ilioischiad icum

a. ischladlca

arcus hypogastricus

bursa Fabricii

coccygeales

vertebrae

featherfollicles

rnesenterlca

v. coccygeo -

ren dexter

musc les of the thigh

tv tv tv

duodenum

jej unum a. et v. femoralle

caecum

ventriculus. par s muscular ls

femur

a. et v. femora lls

ventriculus. par s glandulari s

v. cava posterior

sternum

r. .....

coracoideum

m. pectoralis

cris t a ster ni

m. supracoracoideus

ventriculus dexter

ventriculus siniste r

Figure 146. Horizontal section of the body in the region of the heart, the liver, the muscular stomach (gizzard), and the glandular stomach. Ventral view of the dorsal half of the body. (j)

coecum

abdominal wall. muscles

jejunum

saccus abdominalis

j ej unum

muscles of t-he t-high

cornea

n.opttcue

chiasma opticum

tectum mesencephali ventriculus tertius

nictitating membrane chorioidea

auricula cerebelli

sclera

pedunculus cerebe llari s medius

concha nasalis

corpu s cerebelli

nasale

comb septum interor bit ale

m. complexus major

retina. partly detached

canalis sernicircularis lateralis tempora le.pars squamosa lens crystallina

pecten

m. masseter

cavum tympani

Figure 147. Horizontal section of the head in the region of the optic tract, the pons, the midbrain, and the labyrinth . Ventral view of the dorsal part of the head. (!)

retina . partly detached

radiatio optica

cornea

tectum mesencephali

chorio idea

canalis semlclrcularie

sc lera

pons

septum interorbitale

f rontale

medulla oblongata

------:::ft'---L

comb

atlas

m. rectus medialis

m. complexus major

retina. partly detached

cornu hyoidei

labyrinthus

palpebra superior lens cryetallina

palpebra inferior

m. rectus late ralie

m. depressor mandibulae m. masseter

porus acusucue externus

Figure 148. Horizontal section of the head in the region of the eyeballs, the pons and the medulla oblongata. Ventral view of the dorsal part of the head. (!) 224

THE LABORATORY RAT RATTUS RATTUS (Linne - 1758)

bulbus olfaetorius

arcus zygomaticus

telencephalon cerebellum medullaspinalis

atlas axis

clavicula

scapula

cor

pulmo

gaster

ren colon transversum ovarium

patella

ilium

cornu uteri caecum

ischium

Figure 149/A. Position of the main organs of Rattus rattus in situ (above). Dorsal view of the visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" body wall. (-+) Figure 149/B. Dorsal view of Rattus rattus with visceral organs as seen through the "transparent" body wall (to the right). The position and view of demonstrated sections are indicated. (-+)

228

Figure 187. Figure 150 . Figure 151. Figure 152. Figure 153. Figure154. Figure 155.-158. Figure 159. Figure 161. Figure 160 ..162. Figure 163. Figure 166.

Figure 167. Figure168. Figure 169.

"

Figure 186.

II

9

........

anterior view anterior view

........

anterior view

........ ........ ~

-----

/

...........

/

---

'-

~

./

Figure 170.

anterior view anterior view see below posterior view ante rior view see below posterior view

posterior view anterior view posterior view anterior view

Figure171.

anterior view

Figure 172.

posterior view

Figure 173.

anterior view

Figure 174.

anterior view

Figure 175.

posterior view

Figure 182. Figure 176. Figure 183. Figure 177. Figure 184. Figure 178. Figure 179. Figure 180. Figure 181 .a Figure 185. Figure181.b

9

a 9 a9 a ~ a aa

\

/ !

,

/

j

posterior view

J

I

\,

a

Figure 181.c

t

anterior view posterior view

=-

/

---------.. -

posterior view anterior view anterior view posterior view posterior view

---..........

posterior view

/'

~

9

anterior view posterior view

I medial

posterior view

view

Figure 155.. 157.. 160., 163. - posterior view Figure 156.,158.,162. - anterior view Figure 164. r: horizontal section of the head at the plane of the brain and ora l cavity; dorsal view Figure 165. - horizontal section of the head t hrough the foramen magnum and the bulla tympani. ventral view Figure 188.- hor izontal section through the nasal septum, the lacrimal glands and the inner ear, dorsal view Figure 1899 - horizontal section at the plane of the eyeballs and the vagina, dorsal view

229

cavum nasi

nasals

septum nasi

ethrnoturl7inali;

-========~~~:==:::=

follicles

'~:==:::=======:::==- sinusofhairs the

substantia ebumea

whisker pad

substantia adamantina

dentes incisivi

Figure 150. Transversal section of the head at the level of the nasal cavity and the root of the incisors in the intermaxilla. Anterior view. (+-)

cavum nasi

nasals

septum nasi ethmoturbinalia

organum vomeronasale (Jacobson's organ)

~----- follicles of the

---------='=~'--;-!;~,::;;o.==~

sinus hairs

-~=-:---"--'-~"'-,:~~~~~~~ ------- palatum durum

labium superius

dens incielvue

gingiva

labium inferi us

Figure 151. Transversal section of the head in the region of the nasal cavity, the nasal septum, and the mandibular incisors. Anterior view. (+-)

230

nasale septum nasi

ethmoturbinalla rnaxilkrturbinalia

maxilla

m.rnaeseter profundus septum nasi. pars cartilaqlnea ---------<:~~

skin

==~~

m. masseter

superftclalls

-

vomer palatum durum

buccal fat pad

rad ix dentis incisivi

symphysis mandibulae

mandibula

floor of the oral cavity

Figure 152. Tran sver sal section of th e head in the region of th e nasal cavity, the nasal septum , and the oral cavity . Ante rior view. (+-)

bulbus olfactorfue

ethmoidale. lamina perpend icularis

gl. Harderi

lens cryatallina

palpebra inferior

m. rectus

lateral ls ductus nasopharynqeue

arcus zygomaticus

~1:;;~~~~=:"";~--------

m. mas seter profundus cavum oris - --

~~==-~~~~="

-7iSi

..

maxilla

~------ palatum

durum maxillary molar

oris

mandibular molar

m.rnaeseter superfitialis

mandlbula

dens incis ivus

m. digastricus

m. mylohyo ideus

symp hysis mandibulae

Figure 153. Transver sal sectio n of the head in th e region of th e nasal cavity, th e eyeball, the oral cavity and the tongue. Ant erior view. (+-) 232

telencephalon

frontale

bulbus olfactonus

v. faclalte

n.opticus ductus na50pharyngeus

m. temporalis n. maxillaris

(n. V.l2) cavum oris

maxilla arcus zygomaticus

ramus mandibulae

~~~u!~~~~-,.;=~~c-;;;;:---;.--

---:=r:':"-~----;'-:-~~~:=

maxillary molar mandibular molar

radix linguae dens incisivus

m. digastricus

m. genioglossus

m. mylohyoideus

v. lingualis

Figure 154. Transversal section of the head in the region of the olfactory bulb, the frontal part of the hemispheres, and the oral cavity. Anterior view. (+-)

parietale

fissura longitudinalis

cortex telencephali

rad iatio corporis callosi caudoputamen

ventriculus latcralis

commissura anterior

m. temporalis temporale

n. maxlllar is

n.optlcue

(n. V.l2)

mm. pterygoidei palatinum m. masseter

ductus naeo pharyngeus

~~~~-=~~~~~

_-------ci~~--;.,.~~~

~.~~~ ~=--~==--------- palatum durum

profundus ramus mandibulae

rad ix dentis mclaris

m.masseter superficialis radix linguae dens incisivus

v. lingualis

v. facialis anterior

Figure 155. Transversal section of the head in the region of the hemispheres, the corpus callosum and the organs of the oral cavity. Posterior view. (-+) 234

nucl. habenular is

s inus sag ittalis superior

pariet ale

gyrus dentatus rad iatio corporis calloei

cortex telencephali

cornu Ammon is (hippocampu s)

ventriculus

latera lis m. temporalis

m. temporalis temperate _ _ articulatio tempore -

rnandibularis

----~~~"""'~11----_thalamus tempora ls. --'7.",=~,,-!-_

---------iF~7.<,,=: :"\"

_

fossa mandibu laris

cornu inferius ventriculi

late ralls

proc . condyloideus

extraorbital lacrima l gland

lobus temporalis

cavumoris

n. rnaxtllaris (n. V.l2)

ductus nasopharyngeus

hypothalamus

Figure 156. Transversal section of the head (part) in th e region of the forebrain and the diencephalon. Ant erior view. (+-)

plexus chorioideus ventriculi lateralis

parietale

gyrus dentatus radiatio corporis callosi

striae medullarcs t halami

cornu Ammonis (hippocampus)

tempora le m. temporal is m. tempo ral's

__---~~~~~~~ I-----

cortex telencephali articulatio temporo- ------I=~~~~~

t halamus

temporals. fossa mand ibulari s

mand ibularis proc . condyloideus

tropticue

lobus temporalis

mm. pterygoidei ventriculus tertius

m. masseter capsula inter na ductus nasopharyngeus

bas isphenoideum

hypothalamus

n. max lllaris (n. V.l2)

Figure 157. Transver sal section of the head (part) in the region of the thalamus , the hypothalamus and th e nasopharyngeal duct . Posterior view. (-.) 23 6

paril::tall:: colliculus anterior

f issu ra longit udinalis

si nus sagittalis

substant ia grisl::a

superior

cent ralia

radiatio corporis callos i

tectum mesencephal!

cornu A mmoni s

aquaeduct us ---------j~~~~~~=-;!:-=;;;r----~

(hippocampus)

cerebri

tegmentum

mesencephall crus cerebri n. maxil lari e

(n.VIZ) si nus s igmoidcus

hypophysiS. pars nervosa

duct,nasopharyngeus

pharynx

bas isphenoid eum

cavum tympani

Figure 158. Transversal section of the head (part) in the region of the midbrain, the hypophysis, and the tympanic cavity. Anterior view. (_)

tectum rnesencephal!

corpus pineals

substant ia grisl::a

cent ralis

aquaeeuctue cerebri

radiatio corporis calloet m. temporalis

substanti a nigra

tegmentum

meeencephah

n. maxillarie

crus cerebri

(n.V.l2)

hypophysiS. pars nervosa -----~~"""~~~~

hypophysis. pars di stal is

basis phl::noid eum _-~~~~-"'7~~~ mm. pterygoidei -

branc hes of the external jugular vein

-== '--"

angu lus mand ibulae

sinus sigmoidl::us

ductus na50pharyngeus

aurie into

palatum molle m. mylohyoidl::us

v.juqu larie ext,

m. masseter m. d igas t ricus

nodue lymp hattcus

pharynx

n. vagus

Figure 159. Transversal section of the head in the region of the midbrain, the occipital lobes of the forebrain and the hypophysis. Posterior view. (-+) 238

parietale

corpus pineale

tnterparietale

telencephalon

aquaeductus cerebri

pons

colllculus posterior

auricu la

para flocculus temperate n. fac ialis - -

~

+~_~~~~=

meatus acusticus externu s

membrana tympani ductus sem icircularis

cochlea

membrana tympan i

occipitale. pars basilar is

cavum tympani

I

sulcus basilaris

ve t ral deep axial musc les

Figure 160. Transversal section of the head (part) in the region of the mesencephalic tectum , the occipital lobes, th e pons and th e inn er ear. Posterior view. (-+)

hsrnlsphsnum cerebelli

vermis cerebelli

interparietale

auric ula

m, temporalis occipitale, pars bas ilaris

ventriculus quartus floccu lus pons

skin bulla tympani

--------;~~~~~ii~

bulla

1-- - - - - tympani

extraorbital lacrimal gland branc hes of the external j ugular vein

gl. parous

ventra l deep axial musc les

ductus nasopharyngeus

m. eternomastolseue

v. facialis anterior

nodi Iymphatici

epiglottiS

gl. submandibularis

nodus lymphaticue

v.j ugulari s

a. caroue commun is

interna

Figure 161. Transversal section of the head in the regi on of the brain, th e tympanic bulla, and the larynx. Anteri or view. (+-) 240

,

I

/'

herruepherium cerebelli

interparietale

vermis cerebelli

ventriculus quartus

dorsal axial muscles m. cervicoauricula ris m. temporahe

para fl occulus

labyr inthus os seus

meatus

meatus __----~--~~=5~ acusticus externus

b..-L-----~ acusticus

externus

membrana tympani

n. cochlearis

malleus

branch of the fac ial vein bulla tympan i

cavum tympan i

Figure 162. Transversal section of the head (part) in the region of the cerebellum, the medulla oblongata, the tympanic bulla and the labyrinth . Anterior view. (+-)

auricula

inter parieta le

vermis cerebelli

ventriculus quartus et plexus chorioideu s

m. temporalis

hemispherium cerebelll tempora le

meatus acusticus externus

parafloccuius ----~==:i

d------ flocculus ~~~~",-=,

medulla oblongata

w . fac iales

occip itale

OccipitaIe. pars baellaris pyram is

fissura mediana anterior

ventral deep axial muscles

Figure 163. Transversal section of the head (part) in the region of the cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata. Posterior view. (-+) 242

tr. opticus

vlablalie

hypothalamus

maxiliar)' molars

auricula

mandibular molars

hemispherium cerebri

mesencephalon bucca aquaeductus cerebri

verm is

~~======- mandibular incisors

cerebelli ---------,,~~_--+-;.,;.,=+-""-.

squama occ ipitalis

lingua

m. temporalis

tempora le

r. mandibulae

mm. pter)'goidei

duct. naso phar)'ngeus

m. masseter profundus

m.masseter superfitialis

Figure 164. An almost horizontal section of the head in the region of the brain and the oral cavity. Dorsal view of the ventral half of the head. (J.)

meatus acueticue externus

malleus

aUriCUla~ m. cervicoauricularis

membrana tympani

bulla tympani

ventra l deep axia l muscles

--.....,;:~_._..:;....

corpus mandibu lae

Occipitale, pars lateralis medulla oblongata canalis centralis

~~:=,.------

--------;lS'l;::.;;r=~

symphysis mandibulae

lig. atlantoocc ipitale

lingua

mandibu la

dorsal axial muscles

m. masseter superfttlalts muscles of the back. superficial layer

extraorbital lacr imal gland

sinus sigmoideus

mm. pter)'goidei

duct. naso pharyngeus

m.maseeter profundus

Figure 165. Horizontal section of the head in the region of the foramen magnum, the medulla oblongata, and the tympanic bulla . Ventral view of the dorsal half of the head. (t)

244

medulla spinalis

arcus atlantis

proc. spinosus atlantis

m. trapezius

dorsal axial muscles

auricula

rad ix dorsalis et ventralis nervi spinalis

superficial muscles of the bac ggl. spinale

nerve in intervertebral foramen corpus -------~=-:~~~~9~$"'" axis

subcutis. adipose tissue n. vagus

ventral deep axial muscles

vv. faciales

trachea

m. sternohyoideus

a. carotls comm. et v.juqu laris interna

Figure 166. Transversal section of the neck through the atlas, the esophagus, and the trachea. Posterior view. (-)

intermuscular adipose tissue

m. trapezius

dorsal axial muscles canalis centralia

arcus vertebrae

fissura medlana

anterior plexus venosus vertebralls

linea epiphysealis

caput humeri ventral deep axial muscles oesophagus

trachea

v. jugularis externa

vagina carotica

Figure 167. Transversal section from the cranial part of the body near to the shoulder joint. Posterior view. (-) 246

arcus

vertebrae

scapula

,"",cs"" "! A

medulla spinalis

corpus adiposum .

m.cutaneus

m .trapezfue

dorsal axial muscles

n. spinalis ventral deep axial musc les

muscles of the fore limb

humerus

vet a. brachlalis

n. radia lis

v.j uguiar is

externa

m. pectoralis

n. ulnaris

cartilago costae (first rib)

humer us

Figure 168. Transversal section from the cranial part of the body caudal to the shoulder joint. Anterior view. (+-)

scapula

m. cutaneus

cor pus adiposu m lnterecapulare

m. trapezius dorsal axial musc les

thoracohumeral muscles

proc .transversus costa

ventral deep axial musc les

capit ulum

costae corpus

vertebrae

cos ta

~==----~~----~=-:::::==2~

oesophagus -----~j--,-..;,;-"-='~~~z;:~

aorta

descendens

------~"......,'---"'~~~.,=-~~::~ humerus

v. cava anterior sinistra n. phrenicus mediast inum thymus

a.etv. mm. pectorales

rnammarla

v. cava anterior dextra

n. phrenicus

Figure 169. Transversal section of the body in the region of the rostral part of the thoracic cavity, the trachea, the esophagus and the thymus. Posterior view. (-+) 248

medulla spinalis

arcus vertebrae

proc. spinoeue

m. cut aneus

m. t rapezius

dorsa l axial muscles

v. hemiazygos corpus vertebrae

oesophagus bronchus principalis sin.

bronchi lobares

a. pulrnonahe sinlstra

v. pulmonalis elntetra

a. pulmonalis dextra

-=-

atrium slnietrum mm. intercostales

ventriculus sinister

sternum

atrium dextrum

cartilago costae

ventriculus dext.

mm. pectorale s

Figure 170. Transversal section of the body through the atria and the lungs. Anterior view. (+-)

medulla spinalis

arcus vertebrae

m. cutaneus

m. t rapezius

dors al axial muscles

proc. t ransversus

capit ulum costae

corpus

v. hemiazygos

vertebrae

ductus thoracicue

v.azygos

n. vagus

aorta

thoraclca bronchus oesophagus

"-_;----~~------- mm. inter-

ccstales

----------:i~-=--------'-'"-7='~;;

v. cava

posterior--------.q~~-~;----="

lobi pulmonis dextri

vasa coronaria

vent riculus sinister sternum

pericardium

mm. pectorales

Figure 171. Transversal section of the body in the region of the cardiac chambers. Anterior view. (+-) 250

arc us vertebrae

med ulla spi nalis

proc. spinosus

m. t rapezius

r.roc.transversus

capitulum costae

dorsal axial muscles

m.cutaneus

corpus vertebrae branch of the thoracic duct

abdominalis aorta

-----~~--,~~-=:~~i~~~~i~

oesophagus -------~~~~~~ ijiiF,~~=-~...,.---~~-----

lobi hepatie

v. cava

posterior skin

w. hepat icae

costae

diaphragma. pars muscularis

mm. intercostales

vv. interlobulares

m. rectus abdominis dexter

sternum

Figure 172. Transversal section of the body in the region of the liver, the diaphragm , the esophagus and the aorta. Posterior view. (-)

medulla spinalis

arcus vertebrae

dorsal axial

muscles m.cutaneus

aorta abdominalis

ventriculus. pars oesophagica

paraaorttc adipose

tissue

fundus ventriculi

subcutle. adipose tissue

v. cava post.

----....;",,~--..,..,...=;=-=.:!......:;-~~_

i!..~~=:::.-""~~-;--;-~,...:-:--'---.;...--- oesophagus

cavum

peri tonei _ _---4~~~..;,:~\,

mesentenal adi pose tissue

diaphragma

cavum pleurae

r

mm. intercostales

/

y

costae

m. obliquue abdominis ext . vv. lnterlobulares

sternum

m. rectus abdominis dexter

Figure 173. Transversal section of the body in the region of the hepatic lobes, the stomach, and the posterior vena cava. Anterior view. (.-)

252

aorta abdorninalis

corpus vertebrae

medulla sp inalis

dorsal axial musc les

m. iliopsoas muscles of the iliac region

truncus sympat hlcus ret roperi toneal adipose t i!>sue

peritoneal adipose tissue

gl. e prarena lls:

corteX.--=====~=::==~~=;-6~=~~~

lien

medulla

ren dexter ----F+--~~~~~~~-

lobus hepatis

vcava posterior

corpus ventricul i

lobi hepatts

chymus

/

duodenum

rnobhquus abdom inis externus

m. rectus abdom inis dexter

nodus ly rnphatlcus m. transversu s abdom inis

mobliquue abdom inis intem us linea alba

w. lnteriobulares

pancreas

v. mesenterica

Figure 174. Transversal section of the body in the region of the kidneys, and the right adrenal gland. Anterior view. (-)

corpus vertebrae

cauda equina

proc . spinosus

aorta

proc . transversus m. iliopsoas

abdom inalis retroperitoneal adipose t issue

v. cava posterior ren dexter

cortex

papilla.

pancrea s

et medulla -------'i:~~___,,!~;-?_=_i" renis colon descendens

lymph node

and

--"~~7=

mesenterial vessels

m. transversus abdom inis

inteetinurn tenue

m.obliquus abdom inis lntem us lobus hepatis

m. rectus abdominis

linea alba

lnteetinum tenue

Figure 175. Transversal section in the region of the hilum of the left kidney, and the terminal conus of the spinal cord. Posterior view. (-+)

254

m. iliopsoas

ilium

sacrum

cauda equlna

dor sal axial muscles

v. cava posterior

aorta abdominalis

ureter

subcut is. adipose t issue

~

- - - - ureter

- ~~~---

cavum peritone i

-!--';-'----;o=;~~-p.~~

caecum

ten ue

inte stinum te nue

m. transversus abdominis

m.obliquus abdominis inte rnus

meeenterlat adipose tissue

Figure 176. Transversal section of the caudal part of the body in the region of the cauda equina. Anterior view. (+-)

branches of the lumbosacral plexus

ilium

sacrum

cauda equina

proc. spinosue

dors al axial muscles

m. iliopsoas

mm.glutei

v. iliaca dextra

--------L

m. biceps femoris vesicula

/

seminalis-------1~-~~""---'_'_~'__~_ji coagulat ing gland

intestinum tenue

-==---~O:;--,-'.".....--____::__'_O-'-~b...

vesicula eemtnalle m. transversus abdominis

muscles of the th igh

epiphysis distalis femoris

m.obliquus abdominis externus

prcstata

m. obliquus abdominis internus m. rectus abdominis

vesica urinaria

clot

fat tissue

Figure 177. Transversal section of the caudal part of the body in the region of the urinary bladder and the seminal vesicle. Anterior view. (+-) 256

sacrum

cauda equlna

m. iliopsoas

mm. sacrococcygeales mm.glutei

ilium

rectum

v. femora lis dextra muscles of the iliac region and the thigh

femur - - - -- -- --::-OL..,'7'-'vesicu la _ _

-----~E;~d--'c',..,......,1f~~~~ ~~~

""""~~~"--~-'-';~te--_ _ m. transversus

seminalis

abdomini s

v. femoralis einlst ra rn.obliquus abdomin is externus

prostata

vesica urinaria

m. obliquus abdom inis inter nus

Figure 178. Transversal section of the caudal part of the body in the region of the rectum, the prostate, the seminal vesicle and the urinary bladder. Posterior view. (-+)

rnlllopsoae

mm. sacrococcygeales

mm.g lutei

caput femoris ligg. rectum femur

_--~'--"~'--------- artlculares

--------~-Hf-;;~--~;~~~~~~ .

-----------:i-f-.,:.-~-'-----c- :

~_:_,:.::____-----"~~----~;,=-------

prostata

~----"'~--.'+-"""""'~~--\--';---- m. t ransversus

abdom inis muscle s of the t high

m.obliquus abdomin is tnternue

duct. deferens

m. rectus abdomin is

duct. deferens

Figure 179. Transversal section of the body in the region of the hip joint, the rectum, the prostate, and the inguinal canal. Anterior view. (.-)

258

muscles of the iliac region

tendon s of t he sacrococcygeal muscles oe sacrum tendon s of the sacrococcygeal muscles ilium _

mm.g lutei

------.:~

-".,...",~'-'-~:~~~~~.~.

rectum - vesica

urina ria--------~~=--~-='-~'+-~"-=~;~"

~ rn.cutaneue

fossa poplitea

symphysis pubica ductus deferens

muscles of the thigh

radix penis

m. plantaris longus a. et v. teetlcularis

fibula

gl. bulbourethralls

urethra masculina

05

penis

v.dorsalis penis

glans penis

canalis inguinalis

Figure 180. Transversal sectio n of th e body in the region of the hip area, th e rectum, th e urinary bladder and the penis. Ante rior view. (+-)

tail - - - ----..=:..:..,::::==--- - - ':I.~~;.--

m. cremaster

cauda epididymis

caput epididymis ---$~= testis

---~~

tubuli seminiferi testis

scrotum

A)

urethra

penis

septum scroti

septum scroti

mascul ina

tendons of the sacrococcygeal muscles

corpus vertebrae caudalts

Figure 181. Tran svers al sectio ns of the caudal part of the body. A) Structures of the cranial part of the scrotum; B) The scrotum with the testicles and the epididymis; C) Structure of the tail root. Posterior view. (-+) 2 60

,

cauda equlna

proc . s pinos us

dorsal axial muscles

m. i1 iopsoas

corpus vertebrae lurnbaks

musc les of the iliac region

aorta abdominal is

v. cava post.

branches of t he ovaria l vein

duodenum pancrea s

Graa fian fo llicle colon descendens

mesenterial ad ipose t issue branches of the meeenterial vein

~~=:~~~=~F=====::::::=;;;-- mtesttnum ~

tenue

m. transversus abdo minis m.obliquue abdom inis externus

m. obliquus abdominis lntern ue

v. mesentenca

linea alba

m. rectus abdom inis

cavum peritanei

Figure 182. Transversal section of a female animal's abdominal cavity in the region of the ovaries. Posterior view. (-+)

ilium

branches of the lumbosacral plexus

sacrum

proc.

cauda equlna

splnosue

m. iliopsoas muscles of the iliac region

vcava posterior

a.et v illaca sinistra nodus Iy mphaticus -

cavum peritanei -

_ _ -'"

cornu ------~'_l_~-'='~~~=~'tiOiill . . . ...uteri sinist ru m

-

~----~~-

=:::=:-...---,--"$-- - - - - rectum

~-=7~""--'-4'--_

_

lnteetinum tenue

caecum m. transversus abdom inis m. obliquus abdomin le externue

m. obliquus abdomin is linea alba

m. rectus abdom inis

rnesenterial ad ipose t issue

lnternue

Figure 183. Transversal section of a female animal's abdominal cavity in the region of the uterine horns and the ovary. Posterior view. (-+)

262

a. et v. caudalis

sacrum

cauda equina

dorsal axial musc les

m. iliopsoas

mm. sacrococcygealee

ischium m.cutaneus v.i1iaca sinistra

v. rectalls rectum

muscles of the thigh

femur --------::;~~-,...~~~. .

•

tibia. proximal epiphysis

abdominal muscles

mesentertal adipose tissue

m. rectus abdominis

pelvis minor

a. et v. uterina

Figure 184. Transversal section of the caudal part of a female animal's body in the region of the rectum and the uterine body. Posterior view. (-+)

vcaudalls

os sacrum

cauda equina

proc. spinosue

muscles of t he iliac region

mm.glutei

ischium rectum vagina

fossa

~~ /lbUla

poplitea ~

k~\/

V(

t ibia

m. plantaris longus canalis inguinalis

pubis

m. rectus abdominis

vesica urinaria

membrana cbturatoria

Figure 185. Transversal section of a female body in the region of the ischium, the rectum, the urinary bladder and the vagina. Posterior view. (-+) 264

N ~ o-,

.'1iiI -

_-o---.J" ' .

duodenum

m. iliopsoas

vertebrae lurnbales. proc essus spinosus

vent riculus

v. hepatica

diaphragma

cor

proc essus epmoeue

vertebrae cervicales.

aortae

arcus larynx

trachea

axis

communis

nuchal muscles

dentes incisivi

piriformis

apertura

sep tum nasi

bulbus olfactorius

Figure 186. Sagittal section of a female body. Towards the caudal direction the section plane slightly moves away from the mediansagittal plane .

a.coellaca

~

- . ~~ _. .

nodus Iym phat icus

rnesentertal adipose tissue

abdominal musc les

corn u uteri

ostium vaginae

pubiS

vagina

corpus uteri

rect um

canalis vertebralls

corpus vertebrae

discus intervertebralis

atlas

occipitale

frontale

arborvitae

corpus callosum

canalis centralls

n.opticus

bulbus olfactoriue ethmoturbinalia

axis palatum durum

oesophagus

naris dens lnclslvus labium superius lingua

gl. submandibularis

lymphatrcus corpus sphenoidei

hyoideum

rugae palattnae

m. geniohyoideus

palatum molle

radix dentis incisivi

labium inferius

Figure 187. An almost mediansagittal section of the head.

membrana tympani

et rnaileus

meatus acuettcus externus

ventriculus tertius

hemispherium cerebri

m. tempora lis

m.masseter

cavum tympani whisker pad cochlea incisivi

septum nasi pons

concha nasa lis

nuchal muscles follicles of the sinus hairs

temperate. pars petromastoidea crus cerebri

hypothalamus

frontale

gl. Harderi

Figure 188. An almost horizontal section of the head (part) in the region of the nasal septum, the lacrimal glands, and the inner ear. Dorsal view of the ventral part of the head. (~)

268

tv '-I

o

caecum

lien gaster

hepar

colon hepar transversum

duodenum pulmo

costae

bronchue lobarie

diaphragma. pars muscularis

I

vcava post.

sinus sigmoideus

n. opticus

conchae nasales

septum nasi

cavum nasi

bulbus oculi

sinus hairs

extraorbltal lacrimal gland t horacohumeral muscles

scapula

Figure 189. H orizontal section of a female bod y. Th e lungs, as in the majority of specimens, are significantly dark er than the surrounding areas. Dorsal view of the ventral part of the body. (1)

femur

mesenterium

INDEX

The numbers in the index refer to the figures, not to the pages! Roman numerals identify th e cranial nerve to wh ich to nerve in question, belongs. The name of the bones are given in short form (for example femur), instead of the long form (as femoris).

abdomen - Blaberus 59 acetabulum - Rana 101 - Rattus 179 acromion - 'Iiachemys 102/A adipose tissue - - , intermeningeal Cyprinus 66-68, 75, 78 aditus - laryngis Rana 83, 86, 87, 95 , 98 - - Trachemys 116 airway - , central Rana 89 alisphenoideum - Gallus 123 alveolus - (in: pulmo) Rana 89 angulus - mandibulae Rattus 159 annulus - fibro sus Rattus 187 antenna - Blaberus 51/A, 63, 64 - Orconectes 36/A, 45-48 antennula - Orconectes 36/A, 47, 48 - , rami Orconectes 45, 48 anus - Gallus 143 - Rana 95 aorta - Blaberus 53-55, 58 - Rattus 189 - abdominalis Gallus 134-140, 145 - - Rattus 172-1 76, 182 - ant. Anodonta 18,21 - ascendens Rattus 169 - descendens Cyprinus 69 -72 Rana 92-94 - - Rattus 169 - - Trachemys 110-113 ,120 - thoracica Gallus 133 - - Rattus 170, 171

apertura - piriformis Rattus 186 apex - (shell) Helix 23 /A - linguae Rana 96 aquaeductus - cerebri Gallus 148 - - Rattus 158-160, 164 - - Trachemys 104 arbor vitae Gallus 144 - - Rattus 187 arcus - aortae Gallus 132 Rana 88-90 - - Rattus 186 - - 'Iiacbemys 108, 115, 120 - - , pars ascendens Trachernys 107 - - , pars descendens Trachemys 107-109 - atlantis Rattus 166 - haemalis Cyprinus 73, 74 - hypogastricus Gallus 145 - neuralis Cyprinus 71 -74 - zygomaticus Rattus 149/A, 153, 154, 188 - vertebrae Gallus 13 7 Rana 87-89, 91, 96, 97 - - Rattus 167-1 73 - - Trachemys 105, 106 argentea - Cyprinus 78 arteria/arteriae (see also artery) arteria - abdominalis dors. Orconectes 44 - brachialis Rattus 168 - branchialis Cyprinus 67, 75 - carotis communis Gallus 128-131 - - - Rattus 161, 166, 186 - - - Tiachemys 105-107, 120 - - ext. Gallus 127 - - into Rattus 159 - caudalis Cyprinus 73 - - Rattus 183, 184 - - Trachemys 114 - cephalica Orconectes 39, 41 273

arteria (continued) - coeliaca Gallus 134, 135 - - Rattus 186 - femoralis Gallus 146 - - Tracbemys 113, 115 - iliaca Gallus 145 - - Rattus 177, 183 - interspinalis Cyprinus 70 - ischiadica Gallus 145 - - Trachemys 113 - mammaria Rattus 169 - pectoralis Rattus 169 - pulmonalis Rattus 170 - - 'Irachemys 107, 108, 115 - renalis Rattus 175 - segmentalis Orconectes 44 - subclavia 'Irachemys 106, 107, 115, 120 - subneuralis Orconectes 39-41, 43, 44 - testicularis Rattus 176, 180 - uterina Rattus 184 - vertebralis Gallus 13 0 arteriae - intercostales Cyprinus 77 - branchiales Cyprinus 68 - interspinales Cyprinus 75 - vertebrales Gallus 128 artery (see also arteria/arteriae) - , celiacomesenteric (branches) Cyprinus 70, 77 - , internal carotid (branches) Trachernys 104 - , sternal Orconectes 46,50 articulare - Gallus 124, 126 articulatio - coxae Gallus 139 , 145 - - Rana 100 - genus Rana 100 - humeri Gallus 145 - - Rana 87, 88 - - , cartilago Gallus 130 - - , meniscus Gallus 130 - intercostalis Gallus 135 - mandibularis 'Iiachemys 115 - temporomandibularis Rattus 156, 157 - vertebrocostalis Gallus 131 atlas Gallus 121/A, 144, 148 Rana 80A Rattus 149 /A, 186, 187 Tracbemys 117 - , processus spinosus Rattus 166 - , - - 'Iiachemys 116 atrium (in: heart) Cyprinus 69, 75-77 Gallus 121A, 133, 143 Helix 34 Rana 89, 95-97 Rattus 170 Trachemys 102/A, 108, 120

274

atr ium (continued) - cordis Anodonta 19,21 (in: respiratory system) - Blaberus 62 auricula - Rattus 160, 161 , 163-166 - cerebelli Gallus 12 7, 147 auris - into Rattus 159 - - Trachemys 118 axis (epistropheus; in: skeletal system) - Gallus 144 - Rattus 149 /A, 186, 187 - , corpus Rattus 166 (in: respiratory system) - branchiae Orconectes 39, 41, 42 barbel - Cyprinus 76, 79 basioccipitale - Cyprinus 79 - , corpus Cyprinus 69 basipodit - Orconectes 39, 40, 42, 45 basisphenoideum Gallus 125-127, 144 Rattus 157-159 Trachemys 104 beak Gallus 121/A, 143, 144 - angle Gallus 122 blood vessel/vessels (see also vessels) - - , dorsal Lumbricus 6/A - - , epidural Tracbemys 117 - - , paraneural Lumbricus 11 - - , parietal Lumbricus 11 - - , pelvic 'Irachemys 113 - - , renal Cyprinus 72 - - , subintestinal Lumbricus 9-11, 14 - - , subneural Lumbricus 8, 10, 11 - - , supraintestinal Lumbricus 6/A, 9-12 - - , supraneural Lumbricus 8 body - cavity Ascaris 2, 3, 5 - - Helix 24, 28, 32, 34, 35 - - Rana 87 - wall Lumbricus 7-15 - - , muscular Helix 24-28, 35 Bojanus organ (see kidney) branchia/branchiae (see also gill) branchia - Anodonta 16/A - Cyprinus 65/A, 77 - Orconectes 38-43 -lat. (outer gill) Anodonta 19,22 - med. (inner gill) Anodonta 18-20, 22 - , axis Orconectes 39, 41, 42

branchia (continued) - , basis Orconectes 43 branchiae - Anodonta 21, 22 - Cyprinus 67, 76, 79 - Orconectes 36/A, 46-48 branchial filaments - - Orconectes 39 , 42 branchiostegal membrane - - Cyprinus 76 branchiostegit - Orconectes 38-43, 46-48, 50 bronchusJbronchi bronchus - Rattus 171 -lobaris Rattus 189 - principalis Gallus 13 2 - - Rattus 170 - - Trachemys 107, 110, 115, 120 bronchi - lobares Rattus 170 - principales Trachemys 106 - pulmonales Trachemys 108 bucca - Rattus 164 bulbus - arteriosus Cyprinus 65 /A, 75, 77 - cordis Rana 89 - oculi Gallus 143 - - Rana 80/A, 81 - - Rattus 189 - olfactorius Cyprinus 65A , 75 Gallus 123, 144 Rana 80A Rattus 149/A, 153, 154, 186, 187 Trachemys 102/A, 120 bulla - tympani Rattus 161, 162, 165, 189 bursa - copulatrix Helix 32,34 - - , ductus Helix 29, 32-34 - Fabricii Gallus 121/A, 142, 143, 145 - teloris Helix 26-28, 32, 35 - - , ostium Helix 32 caecum/caeca Blaberus 57, 62-64 Gallus 137-139, 141-143, 146 Helix 34 Rattus 149/A, 176, 183, 189 canalis/canales canalis - branchiocardialis Orconectes 40 - centralis Gallus 138 - - Rana 99 - - Rattus 165, 167, 187 - epibranchialis Anodonta 19 , 20, 22 - inguinalis Rattus 179, 180, 185

canalis (continued) - semicircularis Cyprinus 68 - - Gallus 125, 148 - -lat. Gallus 147 - vertebralis Rana 92 - - Rattus 186 canales - branchiocardiales Orconectes 46 , 50 - semicirculares Rana 85 capitulum - costae Gallus 131 - - Rattus 169, 171, 172 capsula - articularis Rana 100 - into Rattus 157 caput - Blaberus 63 - epididymis Rattus 181/B - femoris Gallus 145 - - Rana 101 - - Rattus 179 - humeri Gallus 145 Rana 87 Rattus 167 Trachemys 106 carapax - Orconectes 37,38,41 - Trachemys 102/A, 106-108, 111, 113-115, 120 carapax-plastron connection - - Trachem ys 115 cardio-pyloric valve (in: stomach) - - Orconectes 38 carp stone (see ph arynge al tooth, upper) carpometacarpus - Gallus 131 cartilage/cartilages (see also cartilago/cartilagines) - , laryngeal Trachemys 104 - , palatal (plate) Cyprinus 68 - , Meckel's Gallus 122 - , - Trachemys 115, 116 cartilago/cartilagines (see also cartilage/cartilages) cartilago - articularis Gallus 131 - - (femur) Gallus 139 - - (vertebra) Gallus 131 - ar ytenoidea Rana 87, 98 - costae Rattus 168-171 - , articulatio humeri Gallus 130 cartilagines - laryngis Gallus 124 cauda - Tracbemys 115, 120 - epididymidis Rattus 181/A - equina Rattus 175-180, 182-185 caudoputamen - Rattus 155 cavitas - articularis Rana 87 - - Gallus 139 275

cavity (see also cavum) - , buccal Helix 25 - , oral (see also cavum oris) , Cyprinus 66, 67, 75 - , - Helix 32, 33 - , - Lumbricus 13-15 - , - (floor) Rattus 152 - , oropharyngeal (see also cavum oropharyngeum) - , - Rana 81, 83, 86 - , - Trachemys 104 cavum (see also cavity) - abdominale Cyprinus 73 - columellae Helix 33, 34 - cordis Orconectes 40 , 42 - cranii Cyprinus 75 - epibranchiale Anodonta 21 - interlamellare Anodonta 18-20 - laryngis Gallus 144 - medullare femoris Gallus 139 - nasi Gallus 122 Rana 95 , 96, 98 - - Rattus 150-152, 187, 189 - - Trachemys 117-120 - oris (see also cavity, oral) - - Helix 31, 32, 35 - - Rattus 152-154, 156, 186 - oropharyngeum (see also cavity, oropharyngeal) Gallus 122-125, 127, 143, 144 - - Rana 81, 84, 85, 95, 97, 98 - - Trachemys 103,104,116,120 - pallii Anodonta 17-20, 22, - - Helix 29,30,33,34 - pericardii Anodonta 19, 21 - - Gallus 133 - - Rana 89, 95, 96 -peritonei Rattus 173, 176,182,183 - - 'Iiachemys 109, 111, 113 - pharyngis Ascaris 2 - - Lumbricus 7, 8, 13-15 - pleurae Rattus 171-173 - thoracoabdominale Rana 101 - tympani Gallus 147 Rana 85, 86 - - Rattus 158, 160, 162, 165 , 188 - - 'Irachemys 104, 115, 117, 118 - ventriculi, pars cardiaca Orconectes 38 cercus - Blaberus 5l/A, 61, 62, 64 cerebellum Cyprinus 65/A Gallus 12l/A, 143 Rana 80/A, 95, 96, 99 Rattus 149/A, 186 Trachemys 102/A, 118, 120 chaeta - Lumbricus 13 chela Orconectes 36/A

276

chiasma - opticum Gallus 123, 124, 144, 147 Rana 83, 95 - - Rattus 164, 188 - - Tiachemys 117, 120 chitin setae - - Orconectes 38,49 chloragogen cells - Lumbricus 11, 12, 14, 15 choana Gallus 122 - Rana 82, 85, 98 - 'Irachemys 103, 115, 120 chorda - dors. Cyprinus 77 chorioidea Cyprinus 78 - Gallus 147, 148 - 'Irachemys 103, 118, 119 cisterna - magna Rana 94 clavicula - Gallus (see furcula) - Rattus 149/A cleithrum - Cyprinus 76, 77 clitellum - Lumbricus 6/A, 14 cloaca Gallus 142, 143 - Rana 95 - Trachemys 115 cochlea - Rattus 160, 162, 188 coeloma - Lumbricus 7-12 colliculus - ant. Rattus 158 - post. Rattus 160 colon - Blaberus 57, 59, 61-64 - ascendens Rattus 182 - descendens Rattus 175, 182 - transversum Rattus 149/A, 186, 189 columella - Helix 33, 34 - Rana 86 columna - vertebralis Cyprinus 75 Gallus 145 - - Rana 95 comb - Gallus 12l/A, 122, 123, 144, 147, 148 commissura - ant. Rattus 155 - post. Gallus 144 compressing pad - - Orconectes 38, 48 - - , chitin setae Orconectes 38

compressing pad (continued) - - , muscular wall Orconectes 38 concha/conchae - Anodonta 16/A, 17, 19-22 (see also shell) (in: respiratory system) - nasalis/nasales Gallus 122, 143, 144, 147 - - Rattus 188, 189 - - Trachemys 117-119 connectivum - circumpharyngeale Blaberus 53 - - Helix 26, 27, 32 - - Lumbricus 7 - circumoesophageale Orconectes 45, 46, 48, 50 - , ventral nerve cord Orconectes 43 conus - terminalis Rana 99 - - Rattus 175 cor - Anodonta 16/A Blaberus 56, 57, 59 Helix 23/A Orconectes 36/A, 45 (see also heart) Rana 80/A Rattus 149/A, 186 coracoideum Cyprinus 68, 77 Gallus 130-132, 143 , 145, 146 Rana 87,88 Trachemys 107 cornea Cyprinus 67, 78, 79 Gallus 147, 148 Rana 82, 99 Rattus 153 Trachemys 103, 117-119 cornu - Ammonis (hippocampus) Rattus 156-158 - anterius (in: medulla spinalis) Gallus 138 - hyoidei Gallus 123-127, 148 - inferius ventriculi lat . Rattus 156 - posterius (in: medulla spinalis) Gallus 138 - uteri Rattus 149/A, 183, 186, 189 corpus/corpora corpus - adiposum Rana 90-93, 98, 99 - - infrapatellare Gallus 139 - - interscapulare Rattus 168, 169 - axis (in: skeletal system) Rattus 166 - basioccipitale Cyprinus 69 - callosum Rattus 187 - - , radiatio Rattus 155-159 - cardiacum Blaberus 52 - cerebelli Cyprinus 75, 78 - - Gallus 127, 147 - fibrosum penis Trachemys 114 -linguae Rattus 152 - mandibulae Rattus 165 - pineale Rattus 159, 160

corpus (continued) - sp henoidei Rattus 187 - sterni Gallus 132-134, 137 - uteri Rattus 184, 186, 189 - ventriculi Rattus 174 - vertebrae Cyprinus 70-74 Gallus 136, 138, 140 Rana 87-91, 96, 97 Rattus 167-175,186,187 Trachemys 105, 107, 114 - - caudalis Rattus 181/C - - cervicalis Gallus 128, 129, 143, 144 - - lumbalis Gallus 134 - - - Rattus 182 corpora - quadrigemina Rattus 187 cortex - telencephali Rattus 155-159 costa/costae Cyprinus 76, 77 Gallus 132-136, 143, 145 Rattus 169-1 73, 189 'Irachemys (see pleuralia) - , capitulum Gallus 131 - , - Rattus 169, 171, 172 - , pars sternalis Gallus 137 - , pars vertebralis Gallus 137 - , tuberculum Gallus 133 coxa - Blaberus 52 coxal tubercle of the antenna II. - Orconectes 37 coxopodit - Orconectes 38-40, 42, 45 crista - sterni Gallus 132-134, 137, 139, 146 crop (see also ingluvies) - Blaberus 55, 56 crus - cerebri Rattus 158, 159, 188 cuticula Ascaris 2-5 - Lumbricus 7- 12

dens/dentes (see also teeth/tooth) dens - incisivus Rattus 151 , 153-155, 187 - - , radix Rattus 152, 186-188 - med. (in: mastax) Orconectes 38 - molaris, radix Rattus 155 - pharyngealis (lower pharyngeal tooth) Cyprinus 69, 75 dentes - proventriculi Blaberus 56 -laterales Orconectes 38, 49 - molares (see molars) - incisivi Rattus 150, 186 (see also incisors) 277

dentale Cyprinus 75 Gallus 122, 123 Rana 81, 83-86 Trachemys 103 denticles - of mandible Blaberus 53 diaphragma Blaberus 56, 57 - Helix 29, 32-34 - Rattus 173, 186 - , pars muscularis Rattus 172, 189 diencephalon - Cyprinus 68 - Gallus 125 diploe - Gallus 125, 127 discus - intervertebralis Gallus 143 - - Rattus 186 - - Trachemys 106, 120 - - , annulus fibrosus Rattus 187 - - , nucleus pulposus Rattus 187 - nervi optici Gallus 147, 148 - - - Trachemys 117 dissepimentum/dissepimenta - Lumbricus 9-15 diverticulum - ducti bursae copulatrix Helix 32, 34 - oesophagi Lumbricus 13, 15 dorsal line - - Ascaris 2-5 duct (see also ductus/ducti) - , opisthonephric Cyprinus 73, 75-77 - , - Rana 94 - , thoracic (branch) Rattus 172 ductuli - hep atopancreatici Anodonta 22 - - Helix 30 ductus/ducti (see also duct) ductus - bursae copulatrix Helix 29,32-34 - - Fabricii Gallus 143 - deferens Ascaris 5 Helix 26, 28, 31, 32 - - Orconectes 43, 46-49 - - Rattus 179, 180 - - , ostium Helix 27 - ejaculatorius Ascaris 5 - - Blaberus 64 - glandulae pedalis Helix 28, 29, 32, 34 - - salivaris Helix 25-29,34,35 - hepatopancreaticus Anodonta 17 - - Helix 30 - - Orconectes 39, 40, 42 - - centralis Orconectes 47,49 - hermaphroditicus Helix 30,33 - nasopharyngeus Rattus 153-159, 161, 164, 165 Trachemys 103 278

ductus (continued) - pancreaticus Gallus 13 7, 141 - pneumaticus Cyprinus 70, 71, 75, 76 - semicircularis Cyprinus 78 - - Rattus 160 - - Trachemys 117 - - lat. Gallus 127 - thoracicus Rattus 171, 173 (see also thoracic duct) - - Trachemys 111-113 ducti - deferentes Orconectes 42 - semicirculares Gallus 127 duodenum Cyprinus 70, 71, 75-77 Gallus 137-139, 141-143, 146 Rana 93, 94 Rattus 174, 182, 186, 189 Trachemys 109, 110, 120

ectoethmoideum - Cyprinus 66 egg - (in the vagina) Blaberus 60 elytrum (forewing) - Blaberus 51/A, 54, 62 , 64 embryo - Blaberus 58, 59 endophragma - Orconectes 38, 40 endophragmal skeleton - - Orconectes 37, 38 entopterygoideum - Cyprinus 66 epicoracoideum - Rana 87, 88 epidermis - Lumbricus 7-10 - clitelli Lumbricus 11 epididymis - Trachemys 112 - , cauda Rattus 181/A - , caput Rattus 181 /B epiglottis - Rattus 161, 187 epiphallus - Helix 27, 33 epiphysis - distalis femoris Rana 100 - - - Rattus 177, 178 - proximalis femoris Rana 101 epistropheus (see axis) epithelium - , intestinal Lumbricus 11, 15 - , pharyngeal Lumbricus 7, 8 esophageal (Morren's) gland - Lumbricus 10, 15

ethmoidale - , lamina perpendicularis Rattus 153 ethmoturbinalia - Rattus 150-153, 187, 188 Eustachian tube (see tuba auditiva) excretory organ - - Ascaris 3-5 - - , labyrinth Orconectes 45-48, 50 - - , urinary bladder Orconectes 45,50 exhalant channel - - Anodonta 20, 21 - - Orconectes 46-48, 50 exooccipitale Cyprinus 78 eye Helix 24 - fundus Cyprinus 79 - stalk Orconectes 37, 47 eyeball - , external muscles Rana 83, 84, 99 facies - articularis quadrati 'Irachemys 116 fascia - , cervical Trachemys 105 fat body - - Blaberus 52-60, 62, 63 feather - follicle Gallus 128, 129, 145 femur Gallus 139, 146 Rana 101 Rattus 178, 179, 184, 189 Trachemys 115 -, caput Gallus 145 -, - Rana 101 - , - Rattus 179 -, cavum medullare Gallus 139 -, epiphysis distalis Rana 100 -, - - Rattus 177, 178 - , - proximalis Rana 101 fibula - Gallus 141, 142 - Rattus 179, 180, 185 filaments -, branchial Orconectes 39, 42 filter press - - Orconectes 49 fin - rays Cyprinus 75 -, dorsal Cyprinus 75 -, - (red muscles of) Cyprinus 69 -, pectoral (red muscles of) Cyprinus 69 fissura -longitudinalis Gallus 124, 126 - - Rana 99 - - Rattus 155-158 - mediana ant. Gallus 13 8

fissura (continued) - - - Rattus 162, 163, 167 flagellum - Blaberus 63 - Helix 23 /A, 26, 27, 33, 35 flocculus Rattus 161, 163 foot Anodonta 16/A, 17-19,21 Helix24-29,31-34 - , transverse muscle fibers of Anodonta 17-19 foramen - costotransversarium Gallus 129, 130 - ilioischiadicum Gallus 145 - intervertebrale Rana 88 - magnum Cyprinus 69, 75 - , costotransversal Rattus 167 - , intervertebral Rattus 166 forewing (see also elytrum) - Blaberus 51 /A, 54 , 62, 64 fornix - Rattus 187 fossa - poplitea Rattus 180, 185 - rhomboidea Rattus 162 frons - Blaberus 64 frontale Cyprinus 67, 75 Gallus 123-126, 143, 144, 148 Rattus 153, 154, 186-188 'Iracbemys 103, 118, 119 frontoparietale - Rana 82, 84-86, 99 fundus - ventriculi (in: stomach) Rattus 173 furcula (clavicula) - Gallus 130, 143 , 145 galea - Blaberus 52 ganglion/ganglia ganglion - cerebrale Blaberus 53 Helix 26,33 - - Lumbricus 6/A, 7, 13, 14 - - Orconectes 36/A, 37, 45, 47, 48 - nervi glossopharyngei Cyprinus 79 - - vagi Cyprinus 68, 79 - pedale Anodonta 21 - prooticum Rana 85 , 99 - spinale Gallus 134 - - Rana 88 - - Rattus 166 - suboesophageale Helix 28, 31, 33, 34 - - Orconectes 38 - subpharyngeale Lumbricus 13, 14 - viscerale Anodonta 20, 21 279

ganglion (continued) - , ventral nerve cord Lumbricus 8, 14 - , - - - Orconect es 39, 41 , ganglia - Orconectes 40 - ner vi vagi Cyprinus 79 - thoracales Orcon ectes 45 gaster (see also ventriculus) Ano do nta 16/A, 17, 21 H elix 23/A, 28, 29 , 32-34 Lumbricus 6/A, 15 Rana 90, 92 , 94-9 8, 100, 101 Rattus 149/A , 189 Trachemys 102/A,109-111, 115, 120 gastric wall - - Lumbricus 14, 15 gastrolith - Orconectes 48 genital pouch - - Blaberus 58, 59 gill/gill s (see also br anchia/branchiae) - arch Cyprinus 68 - chamber Cyprinus 68 - - Orcon ectes 3 8, 39, 4 1, 4 6--48, 5 0 - rak er Cyprinus 68 , 77 - , full of larvae (glochidia) Ano do nta 20 - , inner (see branchia med.) - , interlamellar junctions Anodonta 18 - , lamellae of Cyprinus 68 - , oute r Anodonta 20 (see also branchia lat.) gmgiva - Rattus 151 girdle - , pelvic Cyprinus 72 gland/glands - of the foot Helix 27 - of the mantle skirt H elix 29 - , coagulating Rattus 177 - , esophageal (Morren's) Lumbricus 10, 15 - , ex traorbital lacrimal Rattus 156, 161, 165, 189 - , mucous (opening) H elix 32 - , pedal (orifice of the) Helix 33 - , poison Rana 88 , 89 - , salivary Helix 32, 34 gland ula/glandulae glandula - accessoria Blaberus 61, 63, 64 - albuginea H elix 30 , 33 - bulbourethralis Rattus 180 - H arderi Rattus 153 , 188 - hermaphroditica (ovotestis) Helix 30, 33 - lacrimalis Trachemys 11 8, 119 - paroti s Rattus 161 , 166 - pedal is Helix 26- 29, 32- 34 - - , ductus Helix 28,29, 32 ,34 - - , lumen Helix 24,26,27 - rectalis Blaberus 63 - salivaris Blaberus 62 Helix 33,35

280

glandula (continued) - - , ductus Helix 25-29, 34 , 35 - sublingualis Rattus 161 - submandibularis Rattus 161 , 166, 187 - supra renalis Gallus 136, 143 - - Rana 94 - - Rattus 174 - - , cortex Rattus 174 - - , medulla Rattus 174 - th yre oidea Trachem ys 120 - uropygii Gallus 142, 143 glandulae -lacrimales Rattus 189 - mucosae H elix 23A, 25, 2 7-29, 32, 35 - - (in: ventriculus) Gallus 134, 135 - rectales Blaberus 60 - sublinguales Rattus 159 - sub mucosae (in: ventriculus) Gallus 134, 135 glandular fold - - Rana 88, 89 glans - penis Rattus 180 glochidia (in gill) - An odonta 20 glomus - caro ticum Rana 87, 88 glossa - Blaberus 52 glycogen body - - Gallus 139, 140, 143 gonad - An odonta 17-1 9, 21 , 22 gonopore - , common H elix 24 ,25 ,35 Graafian follicle - - Rattus 182 gyrus - cinguli Rattus 157 - dentatus Rattus 156, 157 Harder's gland see glandula Harderi head kidney - - Cyprinus 69, 70, 76, 77 heart/h earts (see also cor) - Lumbricus 9, 13- 15 - Orconectes 42 ,43 hemispherium - cerebelli Rattus 161-1 63 - cerebri Rattus 164, 188 - - Trachemys 11 8, 119 hep ar Cyprinus 69- 72, 75-77 Gallus 133, 134, 13 6, 139, 141, 143 , 146 Rana 89-92, 95-98 Rattus 186, 189 Trachemys 107-111, 115 , 120 - , lobuli Gallus 135 - , - Trachemys 109

hepar (continued) -, lobus/lobi Gallus 137 -, - Rattus 172-175 hepatopancreas - Anodonta 16/A, 17, 18,21,22 - Helix 30, 32-34 - Orconectes 36/A, 39-43, 45-50 -, lobus ant. Orconectes 38 hind wing - Blaberus 62, 64 hindgut - Ascaris 1/A Cyprinus 73 - Orconectes 36/A, 41-44, 46-49 - 'Irachemys 110 hinge plate - Anodonta 16/A horn - , long Helix 23/A, 24-28, 31-34 - , short Helix 24,25,35 horny sheats - - Trachemys 103, 115, 120 humerus Gallus 130, 131, 145 Rana 87-91 Rattus 168, 169 'Iracbemys 115 - , caput Gallus 145 -, - Rana 87 -, - Rattus 167 - , - 'Irachemys 106 hyoid apparatus - - Cyprinus 68, 75 hyoideum Cyprinus 66, 67, 75 - Gallus 122-125, 127 Rana 83 - Rattus 186, 187 - Trachemys 104 - , cornu Gallus 123-127, 148 hypodermis - Ascaris 2-5 - Orconectes 38-40, 42-44 hypopharynx - Blaberus 52 hypophysis Cyprinus 75 Gallus 124 Rana 85, 86, 95 Rattus 187 'Irachemys 120 - , pars distalis Rattus 158, 159 - , - nervosa Rattus 158, 159 hypostracum - Anodonta 17,21 hypothalamus - Gallus 144 Rana 84, 95 - Rattus 156, 157, 164, 188

hypophysis (continued) - Trachemys 120 ileum - Gallus 134-139, 141, 143, 146 ilium Gallus 136-141 Rana 80/A, 92-95 Rattus 149/A, 176-180, 183 Trachemys 102/A, 114 incisors (see also dens incisivus) - , mandibular Rattus 164 infraorbitale - Cyprinus 67 ingluvies (see also crop) Blaberus 51/A, 54, 58, 62-64 - Gallus 129 - Lumbricus 6/A, 13-15 inscriptio - tendinea Rana 95, 97 interlamellar junctions - - (in: gill) Anodonta 18 intermaxilla - Cyprinus 75, 78, 79 - Rana 95, 96 intermeningeal adipose tissue - - - Cyprinus 66-68, 75, 78 interparietale - Rattus 160-163 intestinum - tenue Rattus 175-177, 182, 183, 186, 189 intumescentia - cervicalis Rana 99 - lumbalis Rana 99 iris Cyprinus 78 Rana 82 Trachemys 103, 117 ischium Gallus 141, 142, 145 Rana 95, 101 Rattus 149/A, 184, 185

Jacobson's organ (see organum vomeronasale) jejunum - Gallus 136, 139-143, 146 jugale - Gallus 122

kidney/kidneys - Anodonta 16A, 21 - (organum Bojani) Anodonta 19,22 - Helix 23/A, 30, 32-34 koilin layer (gizzard) - - Gallus 141, 142 281

labium - dorsale Helix 32 - inferius Rattus 151, 186, 187 - laterale Helix 32 - superius Rattus 151, 187 labrum - B/aberus 53, 64 labyrinth (see a/so labyrinthus) (in: excretory organ) - Orconectes 45,46-48,50 (in: inner ear) - Gal/us 148 labyrinthus (see a/so labyrinth) (in: inner ear) Rana 86, 99 - 'Irachemys 104 - osseus Rattus 162 lacinia - B/aberus 52 lacrimal gland - - , extraorbital Rattus 156, 161, 165, 189 lacrimale - Cyprinus 66, 78 - Gal/us 122 lamellae - of the gill Cyprinus 68 larynx Gal/us 124, 143 Rana 97 Rattus 186, 187 Trachemys 116, 120 lateral line - - Ascaris 2-5 laterobronchi - Gal/us 135 leg/legs - B/aberus 51A, 59, 64 - (second) B/aberus 63 - Orconectes 36/A, - , abdominal Orconectes 44,45 lens - crystallina Cyprinus 67, 78 Gal/us 123, 147, 148 Rana 82, 99 Rattus 153 Trachemys 103, 117-119 lien Cyprinus70, 71, 76, 77 Gal/us 121/A, 137, 138, 143, 146 Rana 80/A, 93, 95, 98 Rattus 174,175,189 Trachemys 102A, 109, 110 ligaments - of the swim bladder Cyprinus 70 ligamentum/ligamenta ligamentum - Anodonta 16A, 18-21 - atlantooccipitale Rattus 165 282

ligamentum (continued) - vocale Rana 88 ligamenta - articulares (hip) Rattus 179 - suspensoria cordis Orconectes 42 lime - crystal Lumbricus 10 - sac around the spinal ganglion Rana 89, 99 linea - alba Rana 94 - - Rattus 174-176,182,183 - epiphysealis Rattus 167 lingua Gal/us 122, 123, 143, 144 Rana 81, 84, 85,95,96,98 Rattus 151, 164, 165, 186, 187 Tracbemys 116, 120 - , apex Rana 96 - , - Trachernys 103 - , corpus Rattus 152 - , outer muscles Rana 96 - , radix Gal/us 125, 127 - , - Rattus 153-155 - , raphe Rattus 155 lobuli - hepatis Gal/us 135 - - Tracbemys 109 - renis Gal/us 138 lobus/lobi lobus - ant. hepatopancreatis Orconectes 38 - hepatis Gallus 13 7 - - Rattus 172-175 - opticus B/aberus 53 - pulmonis Rattus 170, 171 - temporalis Rattus 156, 157 - vagalis Cyprinus 78 lobi - renales Cyprinus 65/A lung - Rana 89 - entry/inlet Rana 97 lymph node (see a/so nodus lyrnphaticus) - - Rattus 175 lymphatic vessel - - 'Iracbemys 109

malleus - Rattus 162, 165, 188 Malpighian tubules - B/aberus 57, 62-64 mandibula B/aberus 52, 53, 64 - Orconectes 45 - Rattus 152-154, 165, 189 - , angulus Rattus 159

mandibula (continued) - , corpus Rattus 165 - , ramus Rattus 154, 155, 164 - , symphysis Rattus 152, 153, 165 mantle skirt - - Anodonta 16A, 17-21 - - Helix 29, 32-34 - - , pallial muscle layer Anodonta 17, 19,20 mastax - Orconectes 38, 45, 47-49 - , dens med. Orconectes 38 - , dentes laterales Orconectes 38, 49 maxilla - Blaberus 52 - Cyprinus 78, 79 - (jaw) Helix 31, 32, 34, 35 Rana 81, 82, 85 - Rattus 152-154, - 'Irachemys 103, 117-119 maxillopodium - Orconectes 45 maxilloturbinalia - Rattus 152 meatus - acusticus ext. Gallus 126 - - - Rattus 160-163, 165, 188 Meckel's cartilage - - Gallus 122 - - Ttachemys 115, 116 mediastinum - Rattus 169 medulla - oblongata Cyprinus 65A, 69, 75, 78 Gallus 148 Rana 86, 96 Rattus 163, 165 'Irachemys 102A, 117, 118, 120 - reni Rattus 175 - spinalis Cyprinus 65A, 69-75 Gallus 128-134, 136-141, 143-145 Rana 80A, 87-91, 95-97, 99 Rattus 149A, 166-174, 186, 189 'Irachemys 105-115, 120 - - , cornu anterius Gallus 138 - - , - posterius Gallus 138 membrana - ilioischiadica Gallus 141 - obturatoria Gallus 141 - - Rattus 185 - tympani Gallus 125 Rana 80A, 85, 86 - - Rattus 160, 162, 165, 188 - - Trachemys 115, 117 membrane - , branchiostegal Cyprinus 76 - , nictitating Gallus 147 Rana 81 - - Trachemys 117, 118

membrane (continued) - , peritrophic Blaberus 57 meninx/meninges menmx - primitiva Cyprinus 78 meninges - Rana 85 - Tracbemys 104 meniscus - , articulatio humeri Gallus 13 0 mentomandibula - Rana 95, 96 mesencephalon Cyprinus 65A Rana 80/A Rattus 164 Trachemys 102/A, 104, 117-119 mesenterium Gallus 141 Rana 94 Rattus 175, 189 Trachemys 109, 115 mesenteron Anodonta 16/A, 19, 21 Ascaris 1/A, 3, 4, 5 Blaberus 51/A, 57, 63, 64 Helix 30, 32-34 Lumbricus 6/A, 11, 12, 14, 15 Orconectes 39, 40, 47, 49 mesethmoideum - Cyprinus 66, 78 metanephridium/metanephridia - Lumbricus 6/A, 9, 12, 13, 15 metathorax - Blaberus 51/A midgut Cyprinus 70-72, 75-77 - Rana 91-95, 98, 101 - 'Iiachemys 109-112, 115, 120 modiolus - Rattus 161 molars - , mandibular Rattus 153, 154, 164 - , maxillary Rattus 153, 154, 164 Morren's gland (see esophageal gland) mouth - Anodonta 21 - Ascaris 1/A - Helix 32, 35 - Lumbricus 13, 14 mucosa - , olfactory Cyprinus 66, 78, 79 - , - Rana 81 - , oral Cyprinus 67 - , oropharyngeal Rana 96 - , - cavity Rana 83, 86 - , - - Trachemys 104 - , palatal Rana 82-86, 95, 96, 98 283

muscle - cells, arms Ascaris 2, 3, 5 - - , contractile portion Ascaris 2-5 - - , non-eontractile portion Ascaris 2-5 - fibers of the foot, transverse Anodonta 17-19 muscle/muscles muscle - of the long horn, retractor Helix 35 - of the short horn, retractor Helix 24 - of the thorax, longitudinal Blaberus 54 - , fixing the hyomandibulare Cyprinus 78 - , outer pharyngeal Helix 25,27 muscles - of the abdominal fin Cyprinus 71 - - - - segments Orconectes 45 - of the back Gallus 13 - - - - Rana 89 - - - - Rattus 186 - - - - , superficial layer Rattus 165, 166 - of the dorsal fin Cyprinus 69-73 - of the eyeball, external Rana 83, 84, 99 - - - - , - 'Irachemys 120 - of the oropharyngeal cavity Gallus 122 - - - - - Rana 96 - - - - - 'Iiachemys 104 - of the forelimb Rattus 168 - of the hind leg Trachemys 115 - of the hip region Tiachemys 120 - of the hyoid bone apparatus Cyprinus 76 - of the iliac region Rattus 174, 176-178, 180, 182, 183, 185 - of the mandibular apparatus Cyprinus 66 - - - - - Rana 86 - of the maxilla and intermaxilla Cyprinus 66 - of the maxillar apparatus Cyprinus 67 - of the mouthparts Blaberus 53 - of the neck Gallus 143, 145 - - - - Rattus 189 - of the pectoral fin Cyprinus 69, 70, 77 - - - - girdle Cyprinus 68 - of the pharyngeal bone Cyprinus 78 - of the shoulder girdle Trachemys 107 - of the stomach Orconectes 45 - of the thigh Rattus 178-180, 184, 185, 189 - of the walking leg Orconectes 38 - , abdominal Gallus 137, 141, 142, 146 -, - Rattus 184, 186 - , alary Blaberus 56, 57 - , axial Rana 99 - , - Rattus 160-163,165-177, 182-184 - , - Trachemys 107, 108 - , buccal Helix 35 - , cleithral Cyprinus 76 - , coccygeal Gallus 142 -, cutaneous Trachemys 105 -, dorsal axial Rattus 162, 165-177, 182-184 -, epaxial Cyprinus 69-74 - , external syringeal Gallus 131 - , - 'Irachemys 114, 120

°

284

muscles (continued) - , hypaxial Cyprinus 69, 71, 73, 74 - , hypopharyngeal Blaberus 52 - , laryngeal Rana 87 - , neck Gallus 143, 145 - , nuchal Gallus 128, 143, 144 - , - Rattus 186, 187 - , outer lingual Rana 96 - , pelvic Rana 95 - , - Trachemys 112-114 - , segmented axial Rana 99 - , thigh Gallus 141, 145, 146 - , thoracohumeral Gallus 130, 131 - , - Rana 87-91 - , - Rattus 167-169, 189 - , - Trachemys 106 - , ventral deep axial Rattus 160, 161, 163, 165-169 musculature - around the hyoid bone Cyprinus 66 - , epaxial Cyprinus 75 - , hypaxial Cyprinus 75, 76 musculus/musculi musculus - adductor ant. Anodonta 16/A, 21, 22 - - post. Anodonta 16/A, 20, 21, 22 - biceps femoris Rattus 177 - biventer cervicis Gallus 129 - cervicoauricularis Rattus 162, 165 - coccygeosacralis Rana 93 - columellaris Helix 29 (see also mm. columellares) - complexus major Gallus 147, 148 - cremaster Rattus 181/A - cruralis Rana 98, 100, 101 - cutaneus Gallus 128 - - Rattus 168-173,175-180,183-185 - depressor mandibulae Gallus 127, 148 - digastricus Rattus 153-155, 159 - dors. scapulae Rana 87, 90, 98 - dorsoventr. Blaberus 58, 62 - genioglossus Rattus 154 - geniohyoideus Rana 84 - - Rattus 187 - gracilis major Rana 100, 101 - - minor Rana 100 - hyoglossus Rana 83, 84, 95 - iliacus into Rana 98, 100, 101 - iliolumbalis Rana 92 - iliopsoas Rattus 174-179, 182-184, 186 - latissimus dorsi Gallus 131, 133, 134 -longissimus dorsi Rana 87, 90-96 -longus colli Gallus 128-132, 143-144 - mandibularis Blaberus 52, 53 - - Orconectes 38, 46-50 - masseter Gallus 147, 148 - - Rana 83-85 - - Rattus 152-155, 157, 159, 164-165, 188, 189

musculus (continued) - - Trachemys 117 - maxillaris Orconectes 46, 48 - mylohyoideus Rattus 153, 154, 159 - - Trachemys 103 - obliquus abdominis ext. Rana 94, 98, 100, 101 - - - - Rattus 173-179, 182, 183 - - - into Rattus 174-179, 182, 183 - pectineus Rana 100 - pectoralis Gallus 130-134, 137, 139, 143, 145, 146 Rana 95-97 - - Rattus 168 - - Trachemys 108-110 - - , pars abdominalis Rana 92, 93 - plantaris longus Rana 100 - - - Rattus 180, 185 - pterygoideus Rana 84 - rectus abdominis Rana 92-97 - - - Rattus 172-179, 182-185 - - lat. Cyprinus 79 - - - Gallus 147, 148 - - - Rattus 153 - - - Trachemys 117 - - med. Cyprinus 79 - - - Gallus 148 - - - Trachemys 103, 117-119 - - sup. Gallus 123 - retractor capitis colli Trachemys 105-113, 115-117, 120 - - pedis ant. Anodonta 22 - - - post. Anodonta 21, 22 - - penis Helix 28, 33 - sternocoracoideus Gallus 131 - sternohyoideus Rattus 166-168 - sternomastoideus Rattus 161 - sternothyreoideus Rattus 167 - subcoracoideus 'Iracbemys 106 - submaxillaris Rana 84-86, 95, 96 - supracoracoideus Gallus 130-134, 137, 139, 143,146 - temporalis Gallus 122-126 - - Rana 83, 84 - - Rattus 154-159, 161-164, 188, 189 - tensor fasciae latae Gallus 13 9 - - - - Rana 98,100 - tergocoxalis Blaberus 54 - tibialis ant. longus Rana 100 - transversus abdominis Rana 89, 94, 98, 100, 101 - - - Rattus 174-179,182,183 - transversum, pars vertebralis Rana 89 - trapezius Rattus 166-173 musculi - abdominales Trachemys 111-113 - - dorsales Orconectes 44,45,48 - - ventrales Orconectes 44-46, 50 - abductores maxillae Blaberus 52

musculi (continued) - arthropodii Orconectes 39-43 - - thoracales Orconectes 46-48, 50 - coccygeales Gallus 140 - columellares Helix 30, 33-35 - - , rami Helix 31 - costopulmonales Gallus 133-135 - coxales Blaberus 54 - dilatatores oesophagi Orconectes 50 - - pharyngis Lumbricus 7, 8 - - ventriculi Orconectes 50 - dorsoventrales Blaberus 62, 63 - flexores abdominis (see mm. thoracoabdominales ventrales) - glutei Gallus 136-140, 142 - - Rattus 177-180, 184, 185 - intercostales Gallus 134, 135 - - Rattus 170-173,189 - longitudinales thoracis Blaberus 64 - mandibulares Blaberus 64 - maxillares Orconectes 46, 48, 50 - operculi Cyprinus 78 - pectorales Rattus 169-171 - pedales Anodonta 17-19 - - Helix 32, 33 - pharyngis Helix 24 - - Lumbricus 7 - protractores radulae Helix 25,31,33,35 - pterygoidei Gallus 123, 124 - - Rattus 155, 157, 159, 164, 165 - retractores pharyngis Helix 32 - - - Lumbricus 13, 14 - - radulae Helix 31, 33, 34 - sacrococcygeales Rattus 178-181, 184, 185 - temporales Trachemys 104, 118, 119 - tensores abdominis (see mm. thoracoabdominales dorsales) - thoracales Blaberus 62, 63 - thoracoabdominales dorsales (mm. tensores abdominis) Orconectes 39-43, 47 - - ventrales (mm. flexores abdominis) Orconectes 39-43, 45-47 - transversales Anodonta 18 - - Helix 31 - ventriculi anteriores Orconectes 37 myomers - Cyprinus 70-74, 76, 77 myosepta - Cyprinus 70-74, 76, 77 naris/nares - Rana 81 - Rattus 187 nasal pit - - Cyprinus 66, 78 - - , valve of the Cyprinus 66 nasale - Gallus 122, 147

285

nasa le (continued) Rana 80A Rattus 150-152, 187 neck Blaberus 64 nephridioporus - Orconectes 45 nerve cord - - , dorsal Ascaris 2, 3 - - , ventral Ascaris 5 - - , - Blaberus 54-57, 64 - - , - Lumbricus 8-11,14 - - , - Orconectes 39-45 - - , - (connectivum) O rconectes 43 - - , - (ganglion) Lumbricus 8, 14 - - , - (ganglion) O rconectes 39, 4 1 nerve/ nerves - bundles of pro- and peristomium Lum bricus 13,14 - of a subesophageal ganglion He lix 28 - , cere bra l Orconectes 37, 48 - , cervical (II.) Rattus 166 - , segmental Lumbricus 8 - , spinal Rana 87, 88 - , - (branches) Rana 87, 98 - , vagus (branches) Cyprinus 68, 70, 77 - , - Gallus 127 nervus/nervi nervus - coch learis Rattus 160, 162 - facialis (n. VII.) Rana 84 - - Rattus 160 - glossopharyngeus Rana 87 - hypoglossus Rana 88 - intercostalis Rattus 169 - ischiadicus Trachemys 115 - lat. Cyprinus 71, 72 - maxillaris Cyprinus 67 - - (n.V/2) Rattus 154-159, 164 - opticus Cy prinus 75, 79 Gallus 123, 147 Orconectes 37 Rana 83, 84, 99 Rattus 154, 155, 187, 189 'Irachemys 117, 118, 120 - phrenicus Rattus 169 - radialis Rattus 168 - spinalis Gallus 129 - - Rattus 168, 170, 173 - - , radix do rs. Rana 88 - - , - - Rattus 166 - - , radix ventr. Rana 88 - - , - - Rattus 166 - - , rami dorsales Rana 91, 92, 95, 96 - tentacularis primus Helix 24 - - secun dus He lix 25 - tibialis Rana 100 - ulnaris Rattus 168 - vagus Rana 87 286

nerv us (continued) - - Rattus 159,166,171 nervi

- cerebrales Orconectes 37, 48 - optici Blaberus 53 - spinales Gallus 145 - - Trachemys 106 nictitating membrane Gallus 147 - - Rana 81 - - Trachemys 117, 118 nodus lymphaticus / nodi lymph atici Rattus 159, 161, 174, 175, 183, 186, 187, 189 nucleus - habenularis Rattus 156 - pulpos us Rattus 187 occipitale - Gallus 143, 144, 147 - Rattus 163, 187 - , pars basilaris Rattus 160-163 - , pars lat. Rattus 165 oculus - compositus Blaberus 52, 53, 59 - - Orconectes 37,47,48 odontophore (carti lage core) - Helix 32-34 oesophagus - Anodonta 21, 22 Blaberus 51/A, 53, 62 Cyprinus 75 Gallus 126, 128, 131 -133, 143, 144 Helix 23/A, 25 -27, 34, 35 Lumbricus 9, 10, 13-15 Orconectes 45 , 50 Ra na 87-91, 97, 98 Rattus 166-173, 187 Trachemys 102/A, 105-107, 110, 115, 120 olfactory mucosa Cyprinus 66, 78, 79 - - Rana 81 oliva - Rattus 162 oocytes - Ascaris 4 - Orconectes 39, 40 - 'Irachemys 115 ootheca - Blaberus 58, 59 operculum - Cyprinus 68, 69, 76, 78, 79 opisthonephric duct - - Cyprinus 73, 75-77 - - Rana 94 opisthonephros - Cyprinus 71, 72, 75-77 ora l cavity (see cavity, oral)

oral mucosa - - Cyprinus 67 - - 'Irachemys 104 orbitosphenoideum - Cyprinus 67 - Rana 83 organum/organa - Bojani Anodonta 19, 22 (see also kidney) - genitalia feminina Ascaris l/A -laterale Cyprinus 71, 72 - vomeronasale (jacobson's) Rattus 151 oropharyngeal cavity (see also cavity, oropharyngeal) - - , floor Rana 81, 86 - - , - 'Irachemys 104 - - , mucosa Rana 83,86 - - , - Trachemys 104 - - , mucosal folds Rana 83 - - , muscles Gallus 122 - - , - Rana 96 - - , - 'Irachemys 104 os - coccygis Cyprinus 75 - - Gallus 142 - - Rana 80A - cruris Rana 100 - penis Rattus 180 - Weberi Cyprinus 70 ostium - bursae teloris Helix 32 - ducti deferentis Helix 27 - proventriculi Blaberus 56 - sinus pedalis Helix 31 - vaginae Rattus 186 ostracum - Anodonta 17, 18 otolith - Rana 86, 99 - 'Irachemys 117 ovarium (see also ovary) - Ascaris 4 Blaberus 59 Cyprinus 72, 73 Gallus 136 Orconectes 36A, 40, 45 Rana 80A, 92, 93, 100 Rattus 149A, 182 'Irachemys 102A, 113, 115 ovary (see also ovarium) - Trachemys 115 - , immarure Gallus 143 - , wall Orconectes 39 oviduct - , immature Gallus 139 oviductus Blaberus 59 Helix 32 Rana 90-93, 99 Ttachemys 113 ovotestis (see glandula hermaphroditica)

palatal cartilage - - plate Cyprinus 68 palatal mucosa Cyprinus 68, 75 - - Rana 82-86, 95, 96, 98 palate - , primary Trachemys 115 - , secundary Trachemys 115, 120 palatinum Gallus 122 - Rattus 155 - Trachemys 103 palatum - Gallus 127 - Rana 81, 82 - durum Rattus 151-153, 155, 187 - molle Rattus 159, 186, 187 pallial -line Anodonta 17-19 - muscle layer Anodonta 17, 19, 20 pallium Anodonta 17-22 - Helix 29, 30, 33, 34 palp/palps (see also pal pus) - , labial Anodonta 16A, 17, 18,21 palpebra/palpebrae palpebra - info Gallus 122, 148 Rana 82 - - Rattus 153 - - Tracbemys 118, 119 - sup. Gallus 122, 148 Rana 81, 82 - - Rattus 153 - - 'Irachemys 118 palpebrae - Gallus 147 - Trachemys 103, 117 palpus (see also palp/palps) - labialis Blaberus 52 - maxillaris Blaberus 52 pancreas Gallus 137, 139, 141, 143 Rana 92, 95 Rattus 174,175, 182, 186, 189 Tracbemys 109, 110, 115, 120 papilla/papillae papilla - reni Rattus 175 papillae - palatinales Gallus 124 paraflocculus - Rattus 160, 162, 163 paramer - Blaberus 62 paraphysis - Rana 83, 84 - Trachemys 120 parasphenoideum - Cyprinus 67, 68, 79

287

parasphenoideum (continued) - Gallus 123, 124 - Rana 82-86 parierale Cyprinus 68 Ga llus 127, 144 Rattus 155 -160 Trachemys 104, 118, 119 pars intercerebralis - Blaberus 53 patella - Gallus 141 - Rattus 149/A pecten - Gallus 147 pedunculus - cerebe llaris info Ratt us 162 - - medius Gallus 147 pelvic girdle - - Cyprinus 72 pelvis - minor Rattus 184 penis - (see also phall us) Blaberus 61 Helix 23A, 26-28, 31-33 - Rattus 181/A - Trachemys 114 - , corpus fibrosum Trachemys 114 - , glans Rattus 180 - , os R attus 18 - , radix Rattus 18 pericardium Cyprinus 77 Gallus 133, 135 Helix 32 Rana 89, 96, 97 Rattus 171 Trachemys 109 periostracum - Anodonta 17, 18 peristomium - Lumbricus 13, 14 peritoneum - Rana 94 - Trachemys 109, 111-113 peritrophic membrane - Blaberus 57 pessulus - Gallus 132 phallus (see also penis) - Blaberus 61 pharyngeal tooth - - , lower (see dens pharyngealis) - - , upper (carp stone) Cyprinus 69, 75 pharynx Ascaris 1A Blaber us 52 Cyprinus 68, 69

°

288

°

pharynx (continued) Helix 23A, 24, 27 - Lumbricus 6A - Rattus 158, 159, 165 - , wall Ascaris 2 - , - Lumbricus 8, 13, 14, 15 pinna/pinnae pmna - abdominalis Cyprinus 72, 75 - ana lis Cyprinus 65A, 74, 75 - caudalis Cyprinus 65A, 75, 76 - dors. Cyprinus 65A, 72 , 73 - thoracalis Cyprinus 68, 69, 77 pinnae - abdominales Cyprinus 65A planum nasolabiale - - Rattus 188 plastron - 'Irachemys 106, 108-110, 112-11 4, 116 pleura - 'Iracbemys 109 pleuralia - 'Irachemys 107, 108 pleurit - Blaberus 55-61 - Orconectes 40-43, 47, 48 plexus - brachialis Rana 87, 88, 98, 99 - chorioideus ventriculi lat . Rattus 157 - - - - Tracbemys 119 - - - quarti Rana 95 - - - - Rattus 163 - lumbosacralis Rana 94-97, 99 - venosus vertebralis Rana 87,90,91 - - - Rattus 167 - , lumb osacral (branches) Rattus 177, 183 plica voca lis - Rana 88, 96, 97 poison glan ds Rana 88, 89 pons Gallus 127, 144, 148 Rattus 160, 161, 186, 188 porus - acusticus ext. Gallus 125, 126, 148 praesphenoideum - Rattus 155, 189 processus/processa processus - condyloideus Rattus 156, 157 - costarius Ga llus 128 - costotransversarius Gallus 128, 129 - medialis angularis Gallus 126, 143 - pharyngeus Cyprinus 69, 70 - spinosus Gallus 132-134, 136-138 - - Rana 89 - - Rattus 167, 170, 172, 174-180, 182, 183, 185

processus (continued) - - atlantis Rattus 166 - - - Trachemys 116 - - do rs. Cyprinus 73, 74 - - ventr. Cyprinus 73, 74 - - vertebrae cervicalis Gallus 144 - - , ver tebrae cervicales Rattus 186 - - , - lumbales Rattus 186 - sterni Gallus 13 7 - transversus Gallus 132, 133 Rana 87-90, 99 - - Rattus 169,171,172,175 - - Trachemys 108 - - vertebrae sacralis Trachemys 114 processa - spinosa vent ra lia Cyprinus 76 - transversi Trachemys 120 procoracoideu m - Trachemys 106 pronotum - Blaberus 51A, 52, 62, 64 prooticum Cyprinus 68, 78 Gallus 126 Rana 85, 86, 99 Trachemys 104, 118, 119 prostata - Rattus 177-179 prostomium - Lumbricus 13-15 proventriculus - Blaberus 56, 63 - , osti um Blaberus 56 pteroticum - Cyprinus 68 pterygoideum - Gallus 123, 124 - Rana 82,83 pterygophores - Cyprinus 75 pubis Gallus 141, 142 Rana 95, 98, 101 Rattus 180, 185, 186 Trachemys 112-114, 120 - , symphysis Rana 98, 100, 101 - - Rattus 180 - , - ant. Trachemys 114 pulmo Gallus 121/A, 132-135, 143, 145 Helix 23/A, 29, 32 Rana 80/A, 90, 98 Rattus 149/A, 172, 186, 189 Trachemys 102/A, 107, 109-111, 120 - , lobi Rattus 170, 171 pylorus - Rana 93 pyramis - Rattus 162, 163

q uadratojugale - Ga llus 122, 124, 126 - Trachemys 118, 119 quadratomaxilla - Rana 83 q uadratum Cyprinus 66, 67 Gallus 124, 126 Trachemys 104 rachis - ovarii Ascaris 4 radiatio - corporis callosi Rattus 155-159 - optica Gallus 148 - - Trachemys 119 radius - Ga llus 131, 145 - Rattus 168 radix - aortae Cyprinus 68 - dentis incisivi Rattus 152, 186-188 - - mo laris Rattus 155 - dors. nervi spinalis Gallus 139, 140 - - - - Rana88 - - - - Rattus 166 -linguae Gallus 125, 127 - - Rattus 153-155 - mesenterii Cyprinus 71 - - Trachemys 110 - penis Rattus 180 - ven tr. nervi spinalis Rana 88 - - - - Rattus 166 radula - Helix 25,34 - sac Helix 25,26,31,32,34,35 - , odonto p hore H elix 32-34 ramus/rami) ramus - mandibulae Rattus 154, 155, 16 4 - palatinalis n. VII . Rana 84 rami - antennulae Orconectes 45, 48 - dorsales nervi spinalis Rana 91, 92, 95, 96 - musculi columellares Helix 31 - venae cutaneae magnae Rana 92 - - pulmonalis Helix 29 ,34 raphe linguae - Rattus 155 receptaculum - seminis Lumbricus 9, 15 recessus - infundibu li ventriculi tertii Rana 84 rectum Anodonta 16A, 20, 21 Blaberus 51A, 60-64 Ga llus 137-1 41 Helix 23A, 30, 33

289

rectum (continued) Rana 94, 95, 98 - Rattus 176-180, 183-186 - Trachemys 112, 113, 115, 120 ren/reni Gallus 121A, 134, 136-141, 145 Rana 80A, 92-95 Rattus 149A, 174, 175 Trachemys 102A, 112, 113, 120 - , cortex Rattus 175 - , lobi Cyprinus 65/A - , lobuli Gallus 138 - , medulla Rattus 175 - , papilla Rattus 175 retina Cyprinus 67, 78 Gallus 123, 147, 148 Rana 82, 99 'Irachemys 103, 117-119 rib (see costa/costae) nma - glottidis Rana 88 rostrum - Orconectes 45 rugae palatinae - Rattus 187

sclera (continued) Gallus 147, 148 Rana 99 Rattus 153 'Iracbemys 118 scrotum - Rattus 181/A,B seminal vesicle (see also vesicula seminalis) - Lumbricus 10, 13-15 septum - horizontale Cyprinus 69-74 - interorbitale Gallus 144, 147, 148 - - Tracbemys 103, 117 - nasi Gallus 122 - - Rattus 150-152, 186, 188, 189 - - Trachemys 103, 117-119 - - , pars cartilaginea Rattus 152 - pericardiale Orconectes 42, 43, 45 - sagittale Cyprinus 69-74 - scroti Rattus 181/A,B - transversum Cyprinus 69, 70, 75-77 seta/setae - Lumbricus 10 - , chitin Orconectes 38, 49 shell - Helix 23A, 30, 33, 34 - , apex Helix 23A SinUS

sac - , lime (around the spinal ganglion) Rana 89, 99 - , radula Helix 25,26,31,32,34,35 - , visceral (wall of) Helix 30, 33 - , vitelline Gallus 142 saccus - abdominalis Gallus 138, 141, 142, 146 - - Rana 90-92, 95-97 - craniodors. Rana 83, 87, 89, 91, 92 - cruralis Rana 100 - dors. Rana 95 - femoralis Rana 98, 100, 101 - interfemoralis Rana 100 - laryngotrachealis Rana 88, 95, 96, 97 -lat. Rana 89-94, 98, 100, 101 - submaxillaris Rana 81, 83-85, 95, 96 - vocalis Rana 98 sacrum - Rattus 176-180, 183-185 salivary gland - Helix 32, 34 scapula Gallus 130-133, 145 Rana 80/A, 87, 88,98 Rattus 149A, 167-169, 189 Trachemys 102/A, 106 scapus - Blaberus 63 sclera Cyprinus 78, 79

290

- branchiales Anodonta 20 - - Orconectes 41, 48, 50 - branchialis afferens Anodonta 19,22 - - efferens Anodonta 22 - infraorbitalis Gallus 122 - hairs Rattus 150, 151, 189 - - , follicle Rattus 150, 151, 188 - labialis Helix 33 - lymphaticus 'Irachemys 106 - pedalis Anodonta 17 - -/pedales Helix 26,27,29 - - , ostium Helix 31 - pericardialis Orconectes 40, 42, 43, 45 - perineuralis Blaberus 57 - perivisceralis Blaberus 58, 60 - sagittalis sup. Gallus 124-127 - - - Rattus 154-158, 160 - - - Tracbemys 104 - sigmoideus Rattus 158, 159, 162, 165, 189 - sternalis Orconectes 38 - venosus Cyprinus 65A, 69, 75-77 - - Rana 90, 95-97 - ventr. Orconectes 40,42,43 - visceralis Orconectes 38, 41--45 siphon - , dorsal (exhalant) Anodonta 16A, 21 - , ventral (inhalant) Anodonta 16A, 21 skeletal elements - - in the head Blaberus 52, 53 skeleton - , endophragmal Orconectes 37, 38

skin Cyprinus 66, 68 Gallus 122, 125, 140 Rana 81, 83 Rattus 152, 161, 165, 172, 181 'Irachemys 103 - , lateral fold Trachemys 114 sperm (in: vesicula seminalis) - reservoir Lumbricus 10, 13, 14 - rosettes Lumbricus 10 sperrnoviductus - Helix 33, 34 - , pars glandularis Helix, 29, 30 - , pars prostatica Helix 29, 32 - , pars uterica Helix 29, 30, 32, 34 sphenoideum - , corpus Rattus 187 spiculum - amoris Helix 28, 32 squama - occipitalis Rattus 164 squamosum - Rana 82, 83, 98 - Trachemys 104, 118, 119 statocysta - Orconectes 48 sternit - Blaberus 54-56,58-61 - Orconectes 44 sternum Gallus 131, 143, 146 - Rana 90, 91, 97 - Rattus 168-173 stigmae - Blaberus 60, 62 stipes - Blaberus 52 stomach (see gaster; ventriculus) stomodeal valve (ventriculus) - - Blaberus 63 stratum - pigmentosum retinae Rana 82 striae - medullares thalami Rattus 157 stylus - Blaberus 61 subcutis - Rattus 166, 172, 173, 176 - 'Iracbemys 105, 112 subgenital plate - - Blaberus 63, 64 substantia - adamantina Rattus 150 - eburnea (dentin) Rattus 150 - grisea centralis Gallus 126 - - - Rattus 158, 159 - nigra Rattus 159

sulcus - basilaris Rattus 160 - medianus post. Gallus 13 8 supraanal plate - - Blaberus 62, 64 supraoccipitale - Cyprinus 75 - Trachemys 120 suprascapula Rana 87, 88, 90 swim bladder (see vesica natatoria) symphysis - ant. (pubis) 'Irachemys 114 - mandibulae Rattus 152, 153, 165 - pubica Rana 98, 100, 101 - - Rattus 180 synsacrum - Gallus 121A, 138-141, 143, 145 - , arcus vertebrae Gallus 138 - , corpus vertebrae Gallus 136, 138, 140

tail (see also cauda) - Rattus 181/B - root Gallus 145 - - Rattus 186, 189 tectum - mesencephali Gallus 125, 147, 148 - - Rattus 158, 159 - opticum Cyprinus 68, 75 Gallus 126 - - Rana 99 - - Trachemys 104, 120 teeth/tooth (see also dens/dentis) - , intermaxillary Rana 82 - , maxillary Rana 82 - , vomerine Rana 82, 85 - , lower pharyngeal (see dens pharyngealis) - , upper pharyngeal (carp stone) Cyprinus 69, 75 tegmentum - mesencephali Gallus 125, 126 - - Rattus 158, 159 telencephalon Cyprinus65/A, 75, 78 Gallus 121/A, 123-126, 143, 144 Rana 80/A, 82-84, 95, 96, 99 Rattus 149/A, 154, 160, 186 'Irachemys 102/A, 103, 120 - , cortex Rattus 155-159 telson - Orconectes 36/A, 45, 46 temporale - Rattus 155-157, 160, 163, 164 - , fossa mandibularis Rattus 156, 157 - , pars petromastoidea Rattus 188 - , - squamosa Gallus 126, 147 291

tendons - of the sacrococcygeal muscles Rattus 180, 181/C - of the supracoracoideal muscle Gallus 130, 145 - of the strecthing muscle of the swim bladder Cyprinus 71 tergit - Blaberus 54-61 - Orconectes 44 testis Ascaris 5 Blaberus 63 Cyprinus 71 Lumbricus 13 Orconectes 41 Rana 94, 95, 98 Rattus 181/B Trachemys 112 - , tubuli seminiferi Rattus 181/B thalamus Gallus 144, 147 Rana 83 , 95, 99 Rattus 156, 157, 187 Trachemys 118, 119 thoracic duct (see also ductus thoracicus) - - (branch) Rattus 172 thymic lobe/lobes - - Gallus 129 , 130, 143, 145 thymus Rattus 169, 186 'Irachemys 107, 120 tibia Rattus 179, 180, 185 - , epiphysis proximalis Rattus 184 tibiotarsus - Gallus 139 , 141, 142 torus - longitudinalis Cyprinus 68, 78 trabeculae - carneae ventriculi cordis Helix 34 trachea/tracheae Blaberus 52-54, 57, 63 Gallus 126, 128-131, 143, 144 Rattus 166-169, 186, 187 Tracbemys 102A, 104, 105, 120 - , dorsal segmental Blaberus 58 tracheal trunk - - Blaberus 54, 60 - - , lateral Blaberus 55-59, 61 - - , paraaortic Blaberus 54 , 55, 58 - - , paracardial Blaberus 57 - - , paraneural Blaberus 55 - - , wing root Blaberus 54 tractus - olfactorius Cyprinus 67, 75, 78 - opticus Gallus 124, 147 Rattus 157, 164 'Irachemys 117 292

transition from esophagus to crop Gallus 130 duodenum to jejunum Gallus 146 esophagus to stomach Trachemys 108 pharynx to esophagus Helix 24 pylorus to duodenum Rana 93 trochanter - Blaberus 55 truncus (see also trunk) - arteriosus Cyprinus 67, 68, 75-77 - - Rana 97 - brachiocephalicus Gallus 143 - - 'Irachemys 108 - coeliacomesentericus 'Iiachemys 110 - pulmonalis (trunci pulmonales) Trachemys 107, 108, 120 - sympathicus Gallus 145 - - Rana 89 - - Rattus 174 - vagosympathicus Gallus 128 trunk (see also truncus) - , celiacomesenteric (branch) Trachemys 109 tuba - auditiva (Eustachian tube) Rana 86, 95, 98 tuberculum - costae Gallus 133 - impar Cyprinus 75 , 78 tubuli - seminiferi testis Rattus 181/B tunica - muscularis (stomach) Gallus 141 turbinalia (see ethmo- and maxilloturbinalia) typhlosole (see also typhlosolis) - of the hindgut Anodonta 19 - of the midgut Anodonta 18,22 typhlosolis - Lumbricus 11, 14, 15

ulna Gallus 131, 145 Rattus 168

ureter Gallus 140, 142 Rattus 176, 177 - 'Iiachemys 112, 113, 120 - , primary Helix 30, 33 - , secondary Helix 23A, 30, 33 urethra - masculina Rattus 180, 181/A - , pars prostatica Rattus 178, 179 urinary bladder - - Anodonta 19 - - Orconectes 36A, 45, 50 - -, cloacal Ttachemys 113, 115, 120 - - , orifice of Trachemys 113 uropodium - Orconectes 46 -

urostyl - Rana 92-95, 99 uterus

-

Ascaris 4

- , corpus Rattus 184, 186, 189

vagina

(in: genital organs) Blaberus 60 - Helix 26-28, 31, 35 - Rattus 185, 186, 189 - , ostium Rattus 186 (in: vascular system) - carotica Rattus 167 valva - atrioventriculare Rana 97 valve - Orconectes 47,49 - , cardiac Cyprinus 75 - , cardio-pyloric (in: stomach) Orconectes 38 valvula/valvulae valvula - cerebelli Cyprinus 68, 75, 78 - sinuatrialis Rana 97 valvulae - semilunares Rana 89 vasa coronana - - Rattus 171 vein (see also vena/venae) - , external jugular (branches) Rattus 159, 161 - , - - (branches) Trachemys 104 - , facial (branch of) Rattus 162 - , hepatic (branches) Rattus 174 - , mesenterial (branches) Rattus 182 - , ovarial (branches) Rattus 182 - , vertebral Rattus 167 vena/venae (see also vein) vena - abdominalis Rana 92-94 - - Trachemys 112, 113, 120 - azygos Rattus 171 - brachialis Rattus 168 - - Trachemys 115 - cardinalis communis Cyprinus 75 - - post. Cyprinus 70, 71 - caudalis Cyprinus 73 - - Rattus 184, 185 - cava ant. Gallus 132 - - - Rattus 169 - - - Trachemys 107, 115 - - post. Gallus 134, 135, 146 - - - Rana 90, 92, 93, 96, 97 - - - Rattus 171-176,182,183,186,189 - - - Trachemys 109, 110, 112, 115, 120 - coccygeomesenterica Gallus 137-141, 143, 145 - cutanea magna Rana 91, 92 - dors. penis Rattus 180

vena cava post. (continued) - facialis Rattus 154 - - ant. Rattus 155, 161 - femoralis Gallus 139, 145, 146 - - Rattus 178, 184, 189 - - Trachemys 113, 115, 120 - hemiazygos Rattus 170, 171 - hepatica Cyprinus 69, 72, 76, 77 Gallus 143 Rana 96, 97 Rattus 186 Trachemys 108, 115 - iliaca Rattus 177, 183, 184 - jugularis Gallus 127-130, 145 - - Trachemys 105, 106, 115 - - ext. Rattus 159, 167, 168 - - into Rattus 159, 161, 166 - labialis Rattus 164 - lingualis Rattus 154, 155 - mammaria Rattus 169 - mesenterica Gallus 13 7, 142 - - Rattus 174, 182, - - ant. Rattus 189 - pancreaticoduodenalis Gallus 142 - pectoralis Rattus 169 - portae hepatis Trachemys 115, 120 - - renis Gallus 13 9, 140 - - - Rana 93, 94 - - - Trachemys 112 - pulmonalis Helix 34 - - Trachemys 108 - - Rattus 170 - rectalis Rattus 183, 184 - renalis Gallus 137-141 - - Rattus 175 - - Trachemys 112, 113 - subcardinalis Cyprinus 70, 71, 76 - subclavia Gallus 132 - - Rattus 168 - testicularis Rattus 18 - uterina Rattus 184 venae - abdominales Trachemys 110, 111 - centrales hepatis Trachemys 109 - faciales Rattus 160, 163, 166 - hepaticae Gallus 134, 135 - - Rana 90, 91

°

- - Rattus 172 - intercostales Cyprinus 77 - interlobulares Rattus 172-174 - pulmonales Helix 29,33,34 - - Trachemys 115 - renales Rana 93 - vertebrales Gallus 128 ventral line - - Ascaris 2-5 ventriculus (in: heart) - Cyprinus 65/A, 69, 75-77 293

ventriculus (continued) Gallus 12l/A, 132-135, 143, 146 Orconectes 36/A Rana 89-91, 95-97 Rattus 170,171, 186 'Irachemys 102/A, 109, 120 - cordis Anodonta 19,21 - - Helix 34 (in: digestive system; see also gaster) - Anodonta 17,21 - Lumbricus 15 - (stomodeal valve) Blaberus 63 - , corpus Rattus 174 - , fundus Rattus 173 - , pars cardiaca Orconectes 38, 45--49 - , - glandularis Gallus 12l/A, 134-136, 146 - , - - , gIl. mucosae Gallus 134, 135 - , - - , gIl. submucosae Gallus 134, 135 - , - muscularis Gallus 12l/A, 137, 139, 141-143, 146 - , - - , tunica muscularis Gallus 141 - , - oesophagica Rattus 173 - , - pylorica Orconectes 45--49 - , - - , compressing pad Orconectes 48 (in : nervous system) - lat. Gallus 126 Rana 83, 99 - - Rattus 155, 156 - - Trachemys 119 - - , plexus chorioideus Rattus 157 - - , - - 'Iracbemys 119 - mesencephali Cyprinus 78 - - Rana 85, 95, 96, 99 - quartus Cyprinus 78 Rana 95, 99 - - Rattus 161-163 - - Trachemys 117, 118, 119, 120 - - , plexus chorioideus Rana 95 - - , - - Rattus 163 - tertius Cyprinus 68 Gallus 147 Rana 83, 99 Rattus 156, 157, 188 Trachemys 117-119 - - , recessus infundibuli Rana 84 ventrobronchi - Gallus 132 vermis - cerebelli Rattus 161-164 vertebra/vertebrae vertebra - caudalis, corpus Rattus 18l/C - cervicalis, arcus Gallus 128 - - , corpus Gallus 128, 129, 143, 144 -lumbalis Rana 80A - - , corpus Gallus 134 - - , - Rattus 182 - sacralis Rana 92 - thoracalis Gallus 130, 131, 132

294

vertebra (continued) - , arcus Gallus 13 8 - , - Rana 87-89, 91, 96, 97 - , - Rattus 167-173 - , - Tracbemys 105, 106 - , - haemalis Cyprinus 73, 74 - , - neuralis Cyprinus 71-74 - , corpus Cyprinus 70-74 - , - Gallus 136, 138, 140 - , - Rana 87-91, 96, 97 - , - Rattus 167-175 , Tracbemys 105, 107, 114 vertebrae - cervicales 'Irachemys 106, 116, 120 - - , processus spinosus Rattus 186 - coccygeales Gallus 145 -lumbales, processus spinosus Rattus 186 vertex - Blaberus 64 vesica - fellea Cyprinus 65/A, 71, 75, 77 Gallus 137, 139 - - Rana 80/A - - 'Irachemys 109, 110, 115 - natatoria Cyprinus 65/A, 71, 72, 75, 76 - urinaria Rana 95, 98, 101 Rattus 177, 178, 180, 185 - - 'Irachemys 111 , 112, 120 vesicle - , seminal Lumbricus 10, 13-15 vesicula - seminalis Blaberus 61 - - Lumbricus 6A, 9, 13-15 - - Rattus 177, 178 vessels (see also blood vessel) - , mesometrial Rattus 189 - , mesenterial Rattus 175 - , - 'Iiachemys 110 - , orbital Cyprinus 79 vestibulum - Helix 23A, 25, 31, 35 - oris Rattus 153 visceral sac - - , wall Helix 30, 33 vitelline sac - - Gallus 142 vomer Cyprinus 66 Gallus 122 Rana 95, 96 Rattus 152 Trachernys 115 wattle - Gallus 123, 144 Weberian opening - Cyprinus 69 Weberian ossicle (see os Weberi)

whisker pad - - Rattus 150, 188 wing (see also forewing, hind wing, elytrum) - Gallus 131 - root Blaberus 54 Wulst - Gallus 123 yolk granules - - Blaberus 58

295