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Archoeology is o brond!
Understqnding the woy thesedistinctionsworh in relotion to eqch other meons questioning the generol volidity of the Educotion Model. lt is obvious thot those not yet sufficientfy "enlightened"would not recognisethemselveson the right column. They ore more lihely to cloim entirely different volues ond preferencesfor themselves which qre beyond the scope of this booh. They would probobly olso be hoppy to identifu themselves with qt leost some of the dominont meanings of orchoeology in populor culture, qs discussed in chopter 5, in o woy supportersof the Educotion Model would not. ln sum, qs the seeminglyself-evidentvoluesof "proper orchoeology"occordingto the Educqtion Model ore contextuolised, their limited opplicobility to only one section of society becomes obvious. The Public RelotionsModel provides on olternqtive basisfor qrchoeologistsengoging with populor culture, ovoiding ony reference to problemotic sociol distinctions.
fhe Publlc Rclntlonf
l{cdel
Unlihe in the cose of some other scienceslihe the biosciences,society qnd future economic weolth ore not lihely to depend o greot deol on orchoeologicol hnowledge obout the post. Archqeology ond the jobs of very mqny professionolorchoeologists, in turn, depend very much on o number of vqriobles in society:the degree to which politiccl quthorities support orchoeologicol museums ond other qrchoeologicol institutions, the politicol consensurqmong tox poyers, their representqtives ond certqin other benefqctors thot it is o good thing to spend o frqction of their money on designqted orchqeologicol reseorchprojects,the sociol occeptonce of existing lows qbout the protection of cultural heritoge, the willingnessof developersor others who hove to poy for rescueexcovqtions prior to development ond trust the rotionqles for thot, the preference of qll sorts of people not to vondolise orchoeologicql sites ond qrtefqcts but to visit orchoeologicol museums or to study orchoeology ot institutions of higher educotion ond mony more. Whot the Swedishorchoeologist Goron Burenhult (1925:239) wrote three decodesogo is todoy os volid os it wqs then: "ln finql onolysis,orchqeologyis dependent on the generol pubfic ottitude towards it". Thisis echoed in o stotement by the Americon onthropologist lohn Cole (1980:23):
level, qrchqeologists hqve q stohe in "On the selfish,professionqlistic o publicconstituency interestedin theirreseorch buildingond preserving if they qre to heeptheir jobs,grqnts,booh sales,ond eventheir dotq bqse." In recent yeors,this hind of reosoninghos been occepted by more qnd more individuol orchqeologists (see e.g. Addymon 1987; Cleere 1988;Little 1991:26-7; Rieche 1996; Smqrdz 1997:Poynton 2OO2;Dorvill2OO4; de Boer 2OO4t 12Q-1;Felder et ql 2OO3:1624; Sondberg 2006) os well os by institutions lihe the Councilfor British Archoeology or the Archoeologicol Institute of Americo.aT By the some tohen, orchoeologistshqve increosinglyunderstood how much their disciplineolreody owes to q number of hey public relqtion tuccestetin the post. Heinrich Schliemonn'sself-portroyols, "TV Personolitiesof the yeor" lihe the qrchqeologistsMortimer Wheeler (in 1954)qnd Gfyn Dqniel (in 1955),movie stqrslihe Horrison Ford in the IndianoJonesblochbusters, populor TV seriestihe lime leorn qnd continuour bestsellerslihe Cerom's history of orchoeology(1980[t949]) - oll helped to creote on immenseqmount of interest ond good will in orchqeologywithout which the disciplineond its stonding would quite simply be unimoginobletodoy. As the literqry scholorDovid Oels(zoos: 347) observed, in Germony crchoeologicqlnon-fiction os representedby Cerom'sworh hcs porticulorly impressedon entire generotion (those born before t96O).They frequently recoll the ecstotic reoding experiencethey hod ond still conceptuoliseorchqeology lorgely os conveyed in those boohs.ln qddition, the Americon Clqssicist|onSolomon (tSSg:gl) certoinly hos q point when he cloimsthot Hollywood hoshelped giving orchoeology "o higher profile thqn olmost ony other qcademic discipline". There is o foirly widely held reolisotionomong orchoeologists thot medio exposureis extremely significqntfor the well-being of their discipline.They ore doing their best to get them on their side.Thejournolist Neql Ascherson(2OO4)even orgued thot qrchoeologists qre better ot monipuloting the mediq thqn vice verso.Thot view puts into perspective the eorlier mentioned common comploint by orchoeologiststhot they ore of the peril of unpredictqble ond (os for os they ore concerned) misleoding reports by "sloppy" joumqlists.
a7 http://www.britorch.oc.uh; http://www.orchoeologicol.org
t14
1t5
Archqeologyisq brqnd! CorneliusHoltorf
populorise in Mony orchoeologistsore understondobly heen to qnd since there is no interests.But porticulqr their own concerns direct linh between the omount of hnowledge people hqve of q given subject ond the degree to which they ore fovourobly inclinedtowords thot subject,this con occosionollymeon thqt the imoge conveyed is not entirely reqlistic' They seem to ogree with the Germon journolist ond scientistKqrlheinz Steinmuller who stoted succinctly in q recent conversotion (Beth ond Steinmiiffer 2ao4: 236) thot even "crochpot visions con hqve o positive effect". And lohn Cole (lggo: 27), lor exomple, qrgued thqt even in relotion to the most extreme cosesof "cult qrchqeology", i.e. whot others would coll pseudo-orchoeology, ,,orchoeologists cqn ilt qfford to ignore movements so populor with their populor they qre to mointqin or constituency, ond they need to reoct positively on severol levels if broqden their support rother thon cede it to cult movements by defqult."
ln other words, even q folse imqge moy need to be cultivoted if thot is whot secures public support ond interest in on entire discipline,ultimotely perhopseven ossuring its survivol.Thishind of reqsoningiso for cry from genuine cttempts to moke qll sections of society understond ond oppreciote the post ond the reolities of orchoeology. lt resembles insteod the tqctics of modern bronding ond odvertisingwhere the octuol truth qbout o product moy not be whot sells it (Klein 2OOl:345-7). lt becomes evident thot in the Public RelotionsModel people ore sought to be monipulqted in order to mohe their opinionsmore compotible with the interests of professionol orchoeology' Peter Addym on (tes o no4 1Pl8v12)'creotor of the successfulJorvik Viking Centre (see chopter 2), wos not ofroid to describe its tl6
function qs on "effectivepropcrgondomochine" thot "brqinwoshed5oloof the populotion into our view of the Vihing oge ond of qrchqeology". It is sometimes ossumed in such contexts thot once "hoohed", people will be motivqted (enthusiosts to find out whot orchoeology is reollylihe: con leorn the full story lqter. lf we mohe orchoeologytoo seriousfrom the beginning,we've blown if" wrote john Gowlett (1990:1.57). But is the engineeringof interestond support on some folse pretencesreolly o legitimote strotegy of lobbying?Or should orchoeologistsnot simply foce the musicof public opinion, however worthwhile its professionolrepresentotivesthinh orchqeologicol worh might be for society if its members only hnew 'better'?
The funpcct of lhe rnedlc cn fclence The lqrge impoct of the medio on contemporory societyhqs meont thqt their depiction of scienceocquires significonceeven for communicotion between scientiststhemselves(Kirby 2oo3; Beth ond Steinmiiller2ooa). Thissignificonceisnotqble on two levels.On the one hond, in order to win qcclqim by their peers ond funding successfulscientistsincreqsinglyhqve to become minor mediq stors os well. As Peter Weingqrt (1998:ezO) phrosed it, "prominence in the mediq competeswith reputotion in science".Weingort (1998:875-6)discusses the cose of q Germon qcodemic whose scientificreputotion benefited enormously from the interest the Germon medio tooh in his worh: 85o/oof qll scientificcitqtions of o booh which he first published in 1987occurred ofter the pech of his mediq presencein 1992. On the other hqnd, proponents of competing theories use the suggestivepower of medic representqtionsos o strotegic device to help decide scientificcontroversiesin their fovour (Gregory qnd Miller 1998:85). For instqnce,this wqs the cose in./urossicPorkond its sequels where scienceconsultont Joch Horner odvqnced one-sidedly his own disputed theoriel of bird evolution (Kirby 2OO3: 252-4), Similcrly, ctmong Egyptologiststhere is on ongoing debote on whether it ispossibletodoy to pronounce oncient Egyptiqn qs it wos spohen.Since the hieroglyphic script does not use vowels, some scholqrsorgue thot ony reconstructionis purely speculotive.When Stuort T. Smith, qn Egyptologistqt the University of Colifornio in Sqnto Bqrbqrq, wqs qshed to tronslqte diologues into qncient Egyption for the recent films Storgote. The Mummy qnd The Mummy Returns,he qdvonced o porticulor, existing model of Egyption pronunciotions,"in the hope thot my colleoguesmight become more fomiliqr with the notion" of spohen qncient Egyption qnd thus qlso become more fovouroble to thqt porticulor line of reseqrch(Stuort T Smith, emoil correspondence2OO4).
117
isq brond! ArchqeologY
CorneliusHoltorf
Arguqbly, imoger in populor culture olso hqve q beoring on qcqdemic procticesond internol politicswithin disciplinessuchqs orchceology. Meredith Froser(emqil correspondence20o3),
qs .they consistently stotedthot theseimogesleft them feelingolienotedfrom qrchqeology they thot public, ond qn disciplineto the loy q disciplinethot orchqeologywqs inoccessible
o doctorql student ot the Americon Universityin Wqshington, D.C.,found thot
proboblycouldneverbe orchoeologists." themselves
"imcges of orchoeologistspresented in populor culture tend to downploy the importqnce of colloborotive worh in orchoeologicql projects by emphqsizing ond privileging the role of the individuol. This servesto perpetuote epistemologicol prqctices thot support the hierqrchicql control of hnowledge production (i.e. single directors controlling dqtq from o site)." Another exomple is provided by moritime orchoeology, often portroyed qs "qction-mqn orchoeology" or "reol Indionq Jones orchqeology". JesseRonsley (zoos) qrgued thot the "qndrocentric" qnd "mosculist" chqrqcter of thot disciplinedetermines not only who is studying the field but pervodes its oims ond methods too. As o consequence,"we ignore the possibilitiesof other woys to be mole, femole, or to be moritime" which limits the potentiol of the entire field.
Similqr issuescrop up ogoin in relotion to the recruitment of orchoeologystudentsond thus ultimotely of professionolqrchoeologists.Without qny doubl populor films lihe Storgote(plus the TV seriesStorgoteSG-/) ond the Indiono./onesmovies os well os TV documentqry seriessuch os Time Teomhove contributed to o steep increqse in student numbers in orchqeology.Ves,theseportroyolsof orchoeologistsdid get people interested ond it is hordly surprisingthot some of the hype of TV orchoeologyresemblesuniversity (os discussed in chopter 3). But one qlto needsto osh whether deportments' prospectuses shouldbe complicitin misleodingstudentsqbout the content ond chqrqcter orchqeologists of their degree course.Another worry ought to be preciselywhich hind of odditionol students qre qttrocted to qrchoeology in this woy. Meredith Froser(emqil correspondence 2oo3) is rightly concernedthot in moinstreompopulor culture os primorily white, mole, "the portroycl of orchqeologists heterosexuql,'oble-bodied' individuols servesto olienote experiences,identities ond individuqlsthqt do not conform to this model of the 'ideol qrchoeologist.'Ultimotely, of suchportroyalshove q detrimentqleffect on both the reql ond perceivedoccessibility qnd communities qrchoeology by this'ideol."' thot qre not represented to individuols This qrgument is olso born out by Jone Boxter's(2oozo:16) experienceswith Americqn undergrqduote studentswho, from wotching orchoeologicolmoviesond documentories, got the impressionthqt orchoeologywos not for them:
best served by ln these coses, it is cleor thot orchqeology is not outomqticolly Whqt is more' populor oppeol' indoctrinated representotionsthot commond the lorgest qlso corry the effective propogondo mqchines lihe films or populor visitor ottrqctions doubt thot the rish of potentiol obuse. Peter Addymon (1990:263) himself hcd "little ond formuloted" ore messoges whotever lorvih methods of communicotion con implont qbout messoges' these person deciding therefore bring o porticulor responsibilityfor the qcodemic stondordsin Jorvik'sown mointqin to utmost the done hqs himself Addymon sheerluch for the rest broinwoshing efforts (seechopter 2). Vet, in o woy, his integrity wos precisemessogesore which to control for society of us,becousethere is no estoblishedwoy (provided ore not in direct they implonted in visitorsthrough privote visitor ottroctions conflict with the low). RelqtionsModel is Whereosthe Education Model wos sociollyproblemotic, the Public models (Ire too these both politicolly ond, by implicotion, ethicolly difficult. Arguobly, number of the exclusivein the sensethot they do not necessorilybenefit o lqrge enough populotion. A finol olternqtive is therefore the Democrqtic Model' Thot model does not qudiencesor imply whot it seeh to improve existing hnowledge, chonge ottitudes of professionols to chonge occording tohes to be o reol orchoeologist insteod it expectsthe to whot people octuolly wont from orchoeology'
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qnd indeed encourqged Accordingto the DemocroticModel,everybodyshouldbe invited qnd "grossroots"interest in qrchoeology. ond enobled to develop their own enthusiosm proctices in o democrocy ond The only limits thot opply ore those relevont to oll sociol Put simply' they ore lorgely to do with the need to respectthe needsond rights of others' the post ond orchoeologistsought to occept how moture odults prefer to depict both police force dedicoted orchoeology. The professionqlsdo not serve os o speciol stote post ond orchoeologicql proctice thot would to erodicote interpretotions of both the qddition to the q iury of their peers. ln be considered"folse" or "inoppropriote" by remuneroted occupotionsprofessionolqrchoeologistsolreody corry out, ond ore being t19
Archoeologyiso brond!
Cornelius Holtorf
for, no intellectuol crusodesond missions ore required in order to mohe volued contributions to society. The philosopher Pqul Feyerobend (19241994)fomously qrgued thot in q democrqtic society, oll world views qnd thinhing troditions should enjoy equql stotus ond stote support (seeHoltorf 2ooo). According to the "democrotic relotivism" which Feyerobend proposed, the sciences ond ocodemic disciplinesoffer only one possible woy of understqnding the world (the post) ond they ought not be privileged over ony olternotive woys of interpreting the world (the post). People do not hove "deficits" of hegemonic scientific hnowledge but specific locql ond contextuol hnowledge thot is
The degree of opennesstowords peoples' own understondings ond concerns,which wqr chorqcteristicfor Feyerqbend'sworh, is mirrored in some recent worh qbout the relotions between scienceond society. For exomple, o recent report from the House of Lords (2ooo) emphosised repeotedly on increosed need for diologue between the sciencesond society in order to rebuild the ostensiblydqmoged public trust in scienceqnd scientificexperts.Thot report (chopter 5) speohsof "democrotic science", odvocotes o seo chonge in increosedopennessond public diqlogue ond proposesthe porticipotion of loy people in scientificodvisory groups, thus implementing precisely someof Feyerobend'sideqs.Even the very expression"public understonding of science" is put into question ond "scienceond society"suggestedqs qn olternotive: "beccuse it 'public understonding of science'does not" (porogroph impliesdiologue, in o woy thot 3.19).Elsewhere,the phrose "public engogement with science"hos been suggested, '(street morches, boycotts qnd sit-ins" as legitimote meons of oction including even (Elom ond Bertilsson2oo3).
oppropriote to their own lives.Consequently, Feyerobend orgued for o need to seporote the sciencesfrom the stote porollel to the sepqrqtion of the Church from the stote. He suggested,for exomple, to teqch in schools qlternotive worldviews to the some extent qs the sciences.Moreover, he orgued for juries of loy people to control the sciences.
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Feyerobend'scriticspointed to the enormous scientificprogressond the numerous procticol opplicotions 61ndother benefits we oll enjoy os o result of it, but he dismissedthem by questioning this very progressond the superiority of the "benefits" it provided to dote. ln the cose of orchoeology, critics of q "democrotic relotivism" hove qn even more difficult tosh since virtuolly no procticol - or indeed other - benefits of porticulororchqeologicol reseqrch ore eosily discernible,whereos the existing more generalbenefits con orguobly olso be provided by non-scientificor indeed non-qcodemic opproqches. Such more generol benefitsincludethe joy of witnessinghistoricolstories,the formotion of historicolly founded collectiveidentities,the hnowledge qbout our originsond possiblefutures ond the creotion of heritoge rites os visitor destinqtions.Put simply, in this perspective,"the purpose of engoging the public with orchoeology is to encourqge self-reqlisotion,to enrich people'slivesond stimulote reflectionond creotivity" (Merrimon 2OO4:7).
A similqr chqnge of heort con be found in some recent orchoeologicql stotements ond debqtes. For exomple, "The Principles for Good Archqeologicql Prqctice" of The Swedish ArchoeologicolSocietymention the need for qrchoeologistsnot only "to inform the public" but olso to "engoge the locol ond/or indigenouspeople in the plonning ond execution" of orchoeologicol projects (Broodbent 2oo4). This intention w
Cornelius Holtorf
ArchqeologYisq brond!
our top priorities"Qoo4:l6J.similorthinhins,hishlishtingthe importonceof diologue between professionols ond "the public", hos long informed cufturol politicsond its expressqims. unfortunotely,the reolitiesof orchqeologydo not olwoysqppeor to hove correspondedwith these high ombitions.Arguqbly, the professionols hove tended to prefertheir own monologue,conductedin isotqtion,to o constructiveqnd open-mindeddiologuewith o broqd constituencyof interestedcitizens(Gustofsson ond Korlsson2OO4). F. .) .lJ. l
A truly democroticopproochcon go evenfurtherthon diqloguethough.The Swedish orchoeologists H&honKorlsson ond BjdrnNilsson(zooo:23,oll my tronslotions) orgued thot "everybodyhcso right to hqvetheir own historyr,thot stoteheritoge monogement must serveeverybodyequoilyqnd thot qcqdemicorchoeorogy is nothingbut o very specificphenomenon, relotiveto o porticulqrcontextond not inherenilyvqluobleto everybody.People ore interestedin orchoeologyfor other reqsonsthon whot some professionols tend to berieve.Korrssonond Nirssonwent on to concrude(zooo; sg) thot "qrguoblythe publicis interested[in orchoeology]not os o result of [professionot] orchoeology's successful publicoutreochbut rotherdespiteof it.,'Theirorgumentcqn be reqd to imply thqt it isthe publicthot shouldhave the finol soyqbout whot professioncl orchoeologists do qnd not do. In this uiew,fundomentotchongesin the pubficrelqtionsof professioncl orchoeologyore necessory.ln o truly democrotic society, professionol orchoeologists need to qddress the reosons why people ore octuolly interested in both the post ond in orchoeofogy. They need to worh together with non-speciolists whenever posible. And they need to get worried indeed when qlternative opprooches
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- "Thanksto the americansand their friends,we can now all own a litfle piece of our history!" 122
to the post ore becoming more successful in sotisfliing whot people wont to get
out of orchqeology (Fowler 19TIz189).For exomple, conceming Egyptology in the public domoin it is now the olternotive comp of Bouval, Hqncoch & Co. thot oppeors to hove q cleor edge over the ocqdemic discipline(Pichnett qnd Prince 2OO3:190-2). lt is thus the professionolswho need to be willing to leorn. Arguobly, this should hqppen sooner rother thon loter (Kqrlssonond Nilsson2ooo:21): "At the presenttime it qppeqrr thot [professionol]Swedilhorchoeologyis exploiting q greqt trust omong the interestedpublic. The questionis though for how long the public is going to qcceptto be possivelyfed with our hnowledge,qnd for how long peopleoutsidethe professionol sphereqre goingto toleroteour lqch of interestin their interest." This position moy sound very persuosive qt first but it is certqinly not without its problems.There is o rish thot too much is oshed if people qre to decide for themselves whot the post wos lihe ond whot orchoeology is supposedto be doing. Competent decisionsin these fields might require o degree of expertise thot de focto only few non-professionqlswill ever ocguire. But even when the issuesof stohe mcy be less complex, it is pertinent to consider thot "you con't qssume thot people hnow whct they wont" (Pochord 1960:18).Any decisionstohen democroticqlly rish to reflect little else but superficiol preferencesbqsed prqcticolly entirely on current TV progrommes, Hollywood blochbusters or misunderstood populor science literoture, while ot the some time vqluoble historicql sitesmqy be irretrievobly destroyed ond opportunities for others to leorn more qbout both qcodemic orchoeology ond its results moy be dromoticolly reduced. On the other hqnd, even if thqt should hoppen, preciselywhot would we lose?lust os it is wrong to ossumethot everything thot resultsin roising the grossnqtionql product is good for o porticulor country ond its people (cf. Pqchord 1960:chqpter 23), it is olso wrong to qssumethot everything thot resultsin more widespreod hnowledge obout ocodemic scienceor in preservingmore qncient sitesis necessqrilygood for them either. There ore olternotive benefitsto be goined from being more democrotic. Professionol orchoeology is neither rochet sciencenor essentiolplumbing or emergency surgery. Even if the Democrqtic Model will result in some setbochsfor the field os it existsot the moment, the benefits from truly engqging more people ond providing them with memorqble qrchoeologicolexperiencesmoy well mohe up for them.
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As for qs the meoning of orchoeology in Western populor culture is concerned,there is thus on importont distinctionbetween people in the Westond people elsewhere,whether indigenousor not. Whereosthe former qre, however indirectly,driving the meoningsof orchoeology thot obound in contemporory populor culture, the lqtter ore unqble to odvqnce to the some extent their own desiredversionsof orchoeology.
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in mony ports of the world (see e.g. Broqdbent 2oo4). lt is beyond question now thqt ruch non'professionqlvoicesneed to be heord by orchoeologists ond increosinglythey ore olsobeing listenedto.
Thesemotters ore noturolly not eosy to resolveond lie ot the heort of some for bigger discussionr in politicolscience.Ultimotely the guestionisone of how we should bestproctice democrocy ond whether thot should be some form of direct democrocy or not rqther q representotive democrocy. The relevonce of thot question stretchesto oll oreos of society, not iust orchceology.The issueot stohe isobout finding the right bolqnce between public porticipotion ond the possibilityof creotive self-reqlisqtion for os mony people os possible on the one hqnd ond on the other hond the need for the stqte ond its qgencies to ensure thot competent decisions ore tohen in qll oreos where; otherwise, public interests might be hormed. Whot is therefore potronising stote propogondo for some, is public educotion for others. By the some tohen, whot some moy perceive os o legitimote expressionof peoples, own preferences is o first step towords dongerous onorchy for others. However thot moy be, some such politicol concerns ond democrqtic vqluescertoinly sound much lessrodicql when they ore opplied to indigenous populotions.Over more thon o decode now, orchoeologists hove developed consideroble- though perhops still not sotisfoctory - sensitivity for the rights ond interestsof indigenouspopulotions
- "Mr Professorsir, Iam from the Stateplanning and Development Department, and I am instructedto show you our new regulations.,'
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The Democrotic Model hos thus two very different consequencesunder these two very different conditions. Regording the Western world, c democrqtic opprooch broodly defends populor culture qgoinst the interests of q nqrrow concern with the sciences ond qcqdemic disciplines.Regqrding the rest of the world, o democrotic opprooch scrutinizesWestern populor culture for messogesthot horm the legitimote rights ond interests of non-Western societies.Since Western populor culture does not of oll rely on derogotive messogesqbout other people, both strotegies qre not contrqdictory but rother complementcry. Common componentsof populor orchoeologyore notionsof exotic plocesfull of notives some of whom help Western orchoeologistsrecover lost posts, reveol mysteries,uneorth treosuresond demonstrote how primitive conditionshove once before been overcome. Combined with "the heroizing of on orchoeology thqt con occomplish such wonders through the glories of western science,"such notions legitimote o very problemotic view of modernisotion ond o porticulor view of orchoeology contributing to thot process (Cohodos2oo3). Although, in Western democrotic societies,qudiencesore certoinly free to chooseby which stereotypicol heroesthey wish to be entertoined ond how they prefer to interpret the world, someof thesenotionscre hordly in the interestof the locol people implicoted.On thot occount they need to be chqllenged.As the Conqdion onthropologist Morvin Cohodos (2oo3) qrgued, even if some estoblishedporometers will need to be modified, orchoeologicol hero stories con still be told ond they con still be exciting for Westernqudiences: "l reqlize thqt in the presentsituotion,neither orchoeologists nor the medio wqnt to surrenderthe constructionof orchqeologists os heroes.5o, I proposeo compromise.Let orchoeologists continueto be heroes.Let them be rewqrdedfor greot heroiceffortsond
Archoeologyisq brond!
Cornelius Holtorf
opplouded by the public qs well os gronted funds to continue qnd increqsetheir heroism. But let ur meqsure thqt heroism by q different stondqrd. Let qrchqeologists be deemed heroes when they qdvqnce the couse of the lndigenous Peoples who ore the descendqnts ond inheritors of the pcst thot they excqvqte ond interpret. Let them be heroer when they qsh these descendqnts whot hind of crchoeology might serve their purposes, when they consult qbout the questions to be oshed ond the methods to be used to seeh to onrwer them. Let orchqeologistsbe heroes when they troin indigenout orchcteologistsqnd treqt them qs colleogues,encourqging ond empowering q strong oboriginol voice in the colloborotive formotion, nqture, qnd disseminqtion of interpretqtion. Let them be heroes
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when they respect the hnowledge of lndigenous Peoples who ore not qrchoeologists."
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is q bhn Wolher, Chief Executiveof the Vorh ArchqeologicolTrust, on the other hond follower of the Pqblic RelqtionsModel. When I met him in Vorh (seechopter 2), he stated in thqt the most importont role ol TimeTeomin relotion to orchqeologywos its usefulness populority to convince politics. of the TV helped the series In his experience, of the field politicionsthqt qrchoeology is importont ond worthwhile to tohe into qccount. Iime Teomhos chonged the imoge of orchqeology from stuffy to cool ond broodened the populor oppeol of qrchoeologyin the UK considerobly.Mihe Heyworth of the Councilfor BritishArchqeologyexploined the volue of thot chonge by speculotingwhether o future Choncellorof the Exchequer(i.e. British Finonce Minister) moy be more tympothetic to the desiresof qrchoeologistsbecqusehe is now on enthusiosticwotcher ol TimeTeam.
iil Thot, too, is o position thqt follows from the Democrotic Model. And thot is onother reoson why t hove porticulor sympothies with this model, olthough I would certoinly not wont to dismisscompletely ony of the other two models either. i'i
TimeTeqm cnd the threc rnodelt -l
The BritishTV serieslimeTeomss well os other well-funded TV documentories(seechopter 3) ore opercting on o rcolethqt their impoct on orchoeologyisno longer restrictedto how thqy inform, shopeor expresspublic opinion.lnsteod,the productionsthemselvelgenerqtesufficient new dqto ond onolSnisto hove o notqble impcct on existing qcqdemic crchqeology. Iime Ieom itselfhosled to much new reseorchpublishedin on impressivenumber of orchoeologicol reports ond popen.* Hoving soid thqt, it is illuminqting in the woy of o summory of this chopter, to compore how eoch of the three modelsoppliesto TimeTeom.
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According to the British heritoge expert Henry Cleere (2OOO),Time Teom "presents o somewhot distortedond over-simptifiedpicture of whot orchoeologyisreolly obout." He orgues thot "[t]he time hqs now surely come to hove enough confidence in the oppeol of the subject... to modify the format slightlyso qs to presento more bqlqnced ond honest picture." According to Cleere, "the potentiol is there for something thot will improve the quolity without losingthe rotings." Significontly,quolity is here signifiedby on qccurote picture of whot orchqeology is obout. Moreover, this picture ought to be perfected once thqt commerciol necessity,the rotings, ore iqtisfoctory. This is o position typicol for proponentsof the Educotion Model.
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4 http://www.chonnel4.com/history/timeteom/reports.html
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George,an archaeology enlhusiasl, neversubmittedhis'Big Dig'findings but did haveto contactthe WaterBoard.
Finolly, in line with the Democrotic Model, one cqn consider the populor Time Teom formot os representing something lihe on orchoeology of the people. This wos certoinly born out with the Ihe Brg Drg project in the summer of 2oo3 (see chopter 3). As the officiql web diory of the event recolls,loodsof people enjoyedjoining the experts in their investigotionsof the British post.soTime Ieom orchoeologist Mich Aston (under the entry for Sundoy, Z2lune 2oo3) is reported to hqve soid obout hisexperiencein the villoge of Greot Eoston in Leicestershire:
aehttp://wwwjiscmoil.oc,uh/cgi-bin/webqdmin?A2=indo3ll&L=britorch&P=R895o&l=-1 - http://www.chonne14.com/history/micrositel/B/bigdig/diory/index.html
CorneliusHoltorf
ArchqeologYh q brondl
"l wqlhed down the High street with rim Toyrorot lunchtime cnd neorryevery gorden hod people digging q hole ond filling out recordingsheets. It! brilliont to seeso mony people gettino inuolvedwith their orchoeology. Thisreclly is whqt it,sqll qbout. people leorningqbout ond enjoyingtheir post in o constructivewoy.,, FrqncisPryor, too, lihed this initiotive qnd hod this to soy qbout its critics:.,1smell elitism qnd selfinterestqnd I don't lihe it,' (rhe Guordion,2llune 2oo3). The event would orguobly hqve been even lesselitist qnd more democrotic if people hod qctuolly been ollowed ond encouroged to do onything they wantedwith the finds from their bock gordens! 5o where do we go from here? which moder do I offer os the woy forword regording orchqeology'sowhwqrd relotionshipwith its meoning in populor culture?The Educotion Model,the Public RelotionsModelond the Democrqtic Modeleoch provide very different strotegies for qrchqeology's public relqtions. The point of this booh is not to choose
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between them but to ensure thot future debotes qmong professionolorchoeologistson this issuecqn mohe reference to the specificorguments, both in fovour qnd qgoinst, thqt chorocteriseeoch of these models. Indeed, much might be soid for combining elements of qll these models into future strotegies of orchoeology engoging with the public. will hqve to go hond in hond with further considerotionsof the qims of Thesediscussions orchoeologyin society,os thesehqve q lorge impoct on how to engoge with the meqning of orchoeologyin populor culture. The finol chopter of the booh will sum up the orgument presented in this booh and mention o few orchceologicol projects ond initiqtives thqt | find porticulorly interesting ond indeed promisingfor the future development of public orchoeology.
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Archoeologyiso brond!
Chopter 7
Public qrchoeologyreconsidered 5o whot qre qrchoeologists to mohe of their portroyol in contemporory populor culture? ln the previoussixchopterslsurveyed o number of hey reolms,someempiricol ond some theoreticol. From the perspectiveof the tourist (chqpter z), the TV wotcher qnd the newspoper reoder (chopter 3), it ishord to ovoid the conclusionthqt qrchoeologyiseverywhereond thot it is one of the most oppeoling themesof our oge. With referenceto the trends in societythot I discussedin chopter l, one might soy thot orchqeologyprovides porticulorly engqging experiencesfor the Experience Society ond extremely evocotive stories for the Dreom Society.In other words, orchoeology is o very trendy subject in the Western world ond for more thon the speciolityinterestof o few. But in stoting thqL whqt hind of orchoeology om I octuolly referring to? The currency of orchoeology is rooted in q few hey stereotypes ond clich6s of the disciplinewhich, individuolly or combined, evohe whot I hove been colling "orchoeo-oppeol" (Holtorf 2oos: chopter 9). In this booh I distinguished(in chopter 5) four porticulorly importont themes thqt chorocterize the meoning of orchoeology in populor culture. According to the A theme, orchoeologists ore heroes who go through exciting odventures in exotic locotions.In the D theme, they qre detectivesond scholorswho
solve their cosesby hnowing how to find ond reod clues in the right wqy. successfully Archoeologistscon olso miroculously bring the post boch to life ond moy be qble to reveql some greot truths for the benefit of humonhind reqssuringus obout our prospects - which I colled the R theme. Closerto home, occordingto the C theme, orchoeologists rescue precious sites ond ortefqcts from obliterotion so thot ocodemics ond others con oppreciote them even in the future. Significontly,these grond four themes do not only involve the intellectbut olsoour bodiesond emotions.Archoeologyisobout the hordship of fieldworh, the longing for treosuresond the joys of discovery.lt is obout the sqtisfoction of putting one more puzzle piece into ploce ond suddenly seeingo lorger picture. lt is obout the intricote procticqlitiesof running q rescueexcovotionond sovingorchoeologicql heritoge from imminent destructionwhile being under pressurefrom oll directions.For both in populor culture qnd in reolity, oll this together constituteso mony orchoeologists, woy of life. Sometimes,othersconsiderit qn envioble woy of life. These stereotypicol clich6s thot hove come to dominote the public perception of the disciplineshore the feqture thot they oll present orchoeology in metophoricol rother thon literol terms. By thot I meqn thot in eqch theme orchoeologycomesto stond for something other thqn whot it purports to be in concrete terms. lt is not normqlly the specificsite being investigoted,the specificclue being discovered,the specificinsight being gqined, or the specificortefoct being rescuedthot motter o greot deol in their own right. Insteod, the specificsonly motter in so fqr os they become elements in lorger stories simultoneouslybeing told obout greot odventure, detective worh, questsfor onswering Big Questions,or coreful ond responsibleresourcemqnqgement.
- "Oh this, we find this sort of stuff all the time"
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Whqt all four themes shore too, is their emphosison orchoeology crso process,thqt is on "doing" orchoeologyrother thon on the octuol resultsbeing produced. There is very little oppreciqtion in populor culture of the foct thot orchoeologistscon tell us in some detoil whqt specificollywent on in the post ond for more emphosisis given to how they orrive ot ony specificinsight,notobly through digging up ortefocts ond piecingtogether vorious hinds of ovqiloble evidence (seechopters 3 qnd 5). Even indoor museums,lihe the Archoeologicql Stote Museum in Konstonz (Germony), hove understood thqt o simuloted excovotionsiteevoheson oppeoling orchoeologicolotmospherethot provides o porticulorly fqvouroble scenefor presentingorchoeologicqlexhibitsond disploys.Thot foscinotion with the proctice of orchqeology wos olso born out in the existingsurveys of peoples' qttitudes towords orchoeology, os shown in chopter 4. The most common ossociotionpeople hove with "orchoeology"is invoriobly the notion of digging up things 131
ArchoeologY is o brond!
qnd becduseofthisporticulqrorchqeo-oppeolmonywould enjoygetting
into orchoeology themselves.other scientificfields,lihe onthropotogy (Moccloncy 2oo5), physics,chernistry ond psychoonolysis,shore with orchqeology c populcr emphosis on the woy they ore being done.On the other hond, in the populor perceptionsof engineering,meteorology or ecology it mqtterr o lot more preciselywhot hnowledge the experts orrive ot.
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Are there, then, qny significont differences between the three countries of Sweden, the U. K. qnd Germony which I focused on in my reseqrch?Except from chopter 3 when I discernedslightly diverging profiles of orchoeology in these notions' notionol TV schedules, especiollyregording the very significont role of TimeTeamin the U.R.,I did not soy o greqt deql obout such differences in other chopters. The reoson for thqt is thqt I do not thinh thot ony existing differences in the relotive importonce of certqin stereotypes qre very lorge. ln any cose,they did not emerge prominently from the quclitotive methodology I mostly worhed with. My exomples were chosenfrom oll three countries,os they seemed to illustrqte eoch point best. Among them, you will however find o stronger reprerentqtion of films thot were originolly publishedin English.Thot ishordly surprisingsinceso much of contemporory Western populor culture - for better or worse - hqs its roots in Hollywood. The extent to which Hollywood qt the sqme time has become opproprioted sround the world becqme cleor to me when I heord of the Hong Kong produced movie tJndiscovered Iomb (ZOOZ)which hos been desgibed os,,Asio'sTomb Roider".sl As I orgued in chopter 6, it is o disputed issuehow professionolorchoeologistsshould reoct toword the existing clich6s of orchoeology. Drowing on some recent discussion within sciencestudiesond sciencepolicy debotes, I distinguishedthree opproochesthot summcrise the principol positions ovoiloble to professionol orchoeologists - ossuming thot one does not wish to ignore the phenomenon entirely. According to the Educotion Model, the public simply needs to be better informed ond enlightened obout whqt orchoeology reolly is. The Public Relotions Model, on the other hond, insiststhot public opinion motters in relotion to the public imoge of qrchoeologywhich in turn qffectsthe degree of politiccl support orchceologistscon expect to receive for their worh. Finolty, the Democrotic Model emphosisesthot orchoeologywill servethe people best if it octuolly ollows them to porticipote in setting the ogendo for professionolqrchoeology, occording to their own preferencesond desires.Arguobly, these populcr preferencesqnd desires ore indicqted (though perhops not exhousted) by the reolities of how orchoeology is presented in existing populor culture. 5r http://hhfi lm,net/movrev12/untomb.htm
t32
The qim of my discussionwqs not to suggestcny rimple strotegy by which professionol orchqeologistscould determine the single best responseto, for instqnce,
Archneclcgy
af a brrrnd
Few disciplinesore luchy enough to be similorly widely ond similorly positively reprelented qssociotedwith so in populor culture os orchqeology is. The brond of orchoeology is mony positive oppeols, storiesqnd dreoms thot other brqnds, despite their sometimes vqst qdvertising budgets, con only envy (see olso chopter l). lt is simply not true, os Miles Russell(ZOOZb:46) cloimed thot "the pop culture orchoeologistis systemoticqlly portroyed os'the bod guy'." ln foct, one could hordly imogine orchoeology'simoge to be more fovouroble thon it olreody is. Although eqch of the four themes olso hos some problemotic sides,os I pointed out in (chopter 5), the orchoeologists'imoge overoll in Westernpopulor culture is my discussion extremely flottering. When orchoeotogistsore very occosionollyportroyed os unscrupulous ond presumptuous, interfering with people's or oncestort' legitimote demonds, these ore minor ospectsof qn otherwiseextremely positiveimqge of orchoeologyrevolving oround qdventure, detective worh, profound revelotions qnd core. ln controst, the populor medicine or lqw - hqve chorqcterisotionsof other populor disciplines- lihe the sciences, dongerous, dull, or generolty dubious sidesthqt ore for more qccentuqted ond firmly integroted into their overcll imoge, thus significontlydiminishingthe very strong oppeol of, for exomple, physicilts,doctors or lowyers (Hoynes 1994). lf bronds ore lihe persons,orchoeologycomer qcrotsos o personyou would intuitively lihe qrchqeology to hqve os o good friend ond moybe spend your holidoys with. Whot ismore, qrchoeology con con octuolly deliver much of whot its brond promises.ln other words, qnd desires. mohe people enioy themselvesqnd sotisfiTsome of their innermost wishes the of understqnding the business in qrchqeologicql thus not is or institution compqny Eoch
Cornelius Holtorf
Archoeologyiso brqndl
post but of enhoncingpeople'slivesthroughqdventures, mysteries,revelotionsond offering possibilitiesto core. Brqndsdo not rely on culture ond lifestylebut they ore cultureond lifestyle(Klein2OOt).
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thot comes to mind cre Storgoteond vqrious dimensionsof the R theme. Similorly, Mogozine,published by the Archoeologicol Institute of Americo, hos long Archaeology been greot ot qnchoring its storiesin the A qnd D themes.s3Such deliberote usesof orchqeo-oppeol ore in line with the "Wqlher Moxim" which stotes thot professionql qrchoeologistsshould use the public imoge of orchoeology to their own odvontoge (os discussedin chopter 5). In o move thot fohn Wqlher would probobly olso opprove of, o British Professorof Archoeology,Clive Gomble (2OO1:1),begon his bosic introduction to the disciplinewith the somewhqt unocqdemic stotement thqt "Archqeology is obout excitement." By the sqme tohen, in
Let people dlgl As I discussedeorlier (chopter 4), o lorge number of people ore excited qbout the proces of qrchaeologicol reseorchond would lihe to get involved in orchoeologicol projects themselves. Especiolly the digging ospect is enormously qppeqling. The Cqnodion orchceologist Korolyn Smqrdz (1997:to3) once speculoted obout the reosonsfor the populority of qrchoeologicql excovqtions, which by the woy moy olso qccount for the populqrity of modern treqrurehunting (Merrimon 1991:106):
53 http:i/www,orchqeology.org s4 http://www.thebritishmuseum.oc.uh/buriedtreosure 55 http:i/newr.nqtionolgeogrophic.com/news/2o03/o7lo731_o3o731_tomb.html 56my tronslotion from http://www.historishq,se/hhtvorld/rourcesidq.htm
Cornelius Holtorf
Archoeologyisq brond!
post but of enhoncingpeople'slivesthroughqdventures, mysteries,revelqtionsond offering possibilitiesto cqre. Brondsdo not rely on culture ond lifestylebut they ore cultureond lifestyle(Klein2OO1). Archoeology'spositive oppeol provideson enormous opportunityfor the entire disciptinebecouseit helpsbuild o huge supportnetworhon whichit con rely.Thereisone cruciqlconditionfor oll this though.Archoeologists will only be oble to usethe enormouroppeol of their own brond if they themselvesstondbehindit qnd embroceits vqrious connototionsin their worh. lt simply ostonishesme thot o foirly lorge proportion of orchqeologistsstill seem to find nothing more urgent thon to distonce themselvesfrom populor heroeslihe lndiono lones or Lqrq Croft. lt is deeply ironic thot nothing seemsto be hqrder for orchceologiststo get to grips with in their retotions with non-qrchoeologists thqn their seeminglylimitlessond virtuolly untqinted overoll populority thot is unrivqlled omong ocodemic disciplines.
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I hove given up counting the number of exhibitions,educotionol eventsond publicotions (e.9. Robinson ond Aston 2oo2) thot ore shouting into the reoder's foce thot "the reol orchoeologistworhs procticolly never lihe lndiono lones/Loro Croft." Trqnsloted,thot meons os much os "lf you hoppen to be interested in orchoeology becouseof lndionq lones/Loro croft, then this is not for you!" Archoeology is thus suddenly outed qs q different hind of 'person' thon you thought ond hoped it wos; ct person thqt lochs some of the trqits you found most oppeoling. lt is the equivolent to Greenpeqcebeginning o public presentotion obout its worh by stoting thot "the reol Greenpeqce octivist worhs procticolly never in o smoll rubber-dinghy fishtins illegol wholers."Although true, this would ochieve nothing except olienote on initiolty fououroble oudience before it hqs hqd on opportunity to heor whot it is you oduolly wqnt to convey. Whot is smorter is to build on the existing brond oppeol of orchoeology, including its bodily ond emotionql dimensions,in order to celebrqte, modify or extend its content. Professionolorchoeologistscon use existing trends ond estqblishedbrond quolities in mony woys to their own odvontoge. For exomple, I wqs struch by the web poge design of the Registerof Professional Archoeologists in the United Stotes.s2 The first qssociotion s2 http://www.rponet.org
134
thot comes to mind ore Storgoteond vqrious dimensionsof the R theme. Similorly, ArchoeologyMogozine, published by the Archoeologicol Institute of Americq, hqs long been greot ot onchoring its storiesin the A ond D themes.s3Such deliberote usesof orchoeo-oppeql ore in line with the "Wqlher Mqxim" which stotes thot professionol orchoeologistsshould usethe public imoge of orchqeology to their own qdvontoge (qs discussedin chopter 5). ln o move thot fohn Wolher would probobly olso opprove of, o British Professorof Archoeology, Clive Gomble (2OOl:l), begon his bosic introduction to the disciplinewith the somewhot unocodemic stotement thot "Archqeology is obout excitement." By the some tohen, in on exhibition entitled "Buried Treosure", the British Museumdeliberotely embrqced the clich6 thqt qrchoeology is obout treosuresond even feotured q Lorq Croft-lihe heroine.saLihewise referring to the populor tomb roider, Notiono/ GeogrophicNews recently published on qrticle qbout new technology used by qrchoeologists,boldly cloiming thot "Loro Croft will hove to shopfor some better godgetry if she wonts to heep up with her orchqeologicolpeers".ss In Stochholm,the Museum of gqme NotionqlAntiquities creoted o role-ploying in which o bottle obout historytohes ploce in on entirely fictitious SwedishMuseum of Nqtionol Antiquities: "There ore heroes, villoinsond innocent bystonders- qll hnowingly or unhnowingly involved in the ongoing conflict between some secretiveond terrifiTingforces".56 ln o similqr bow to populor trends preferences, o new orchoeologicql museum in Germony drsws the visitor into qn ond imoginotive criminal investigotionos its centrol theme (seechopter 5; Derhs2OO3).All these exompfes illustrote how it is possibleto drqw on quolities olreody qssociqtedwith the brqnd of orchoeologyin o constructiveond compellingwoy.
Let pecple dlgl As I discussedeorlier (chopter 4), o lqrge number of people ore excited obout the processof orchceologicol reseorchond would lihe to get involved in orchqeologicol projects themselves. Especiqllythe digging ospect is enormously oppeoling. The Cqnodion orchoeologist Korolyn Smqrdz (1997:lo3) once speculoted obout the reqsonsfor the populority of orchoeologicol excqvstionr, which by the woy moy oho qccount for the populority of modern treqsurehunting (Merrimon 1991:106):
53 http://www.orchoeology.org sa http://www.thebrithhmuseum,cc.uh/buriedtreosure 55 http://news.notionclgeogrcphic,comlne|wf,l2OO3lOTlOT3l_O3O73t_tomb.html 56my tronslotion from http://www.historisho.re/histvorld/sourcerido.htm
135
Cornelius Holtorf Archoeology is o brond!
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"lt k the excitement ond romonce of orchoeologicor discovery thqt mqhes peopre thinh
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;; orchoeorogy,s :lllH:1"_ril'^llli. obilitvto helpqJlof us*::r_:lg. soin q betterunderstonding ol howpeopteri""j ii ii" orst thot mohes orchoeologymqrhetqble,it is qlsothot mysterious,romqntic, exoticsenseof delvinginto the unhnown- ergo,the very process of orchoeologicol reseqrch,,, The populor desire to dig con eosily be sqtisfied through digitolly simulqted excqvotions qs offered, for exomple, by the notionol Swedish television stotion 5vTs7.ln qddition, there qre more ond more octuol orchoeologicol field projects, where onybody h invited to come olong ond become procticolly involved. Open Doys on on_going excovotionr, whether os port of nqtion-wide Archoeorogy Doys or rocoily orgonised, ore reguror feqtures in the corendqr of mony orchoeologicol projects qnd they ore often highly populor ond well ottended. occosionolly, even the excovqtion sitesthemselves ore deliberqtely chosenwith pqrticipqtion of community memberr, incrudingschoorchirdren, in mind (e.g.smcrdz r997).whereos in vorh, you cqn spend "A Dqv on the Dig" (see chop ter 2), in Germor4r ond nrrtilo poving tourists cqn tqhe pod in regulor excovotion projectr lor tonge, periods.s8 one of these initiotives odvertises in the following wofe:
Before the procesi of re-construction of the church could begin, the SwedishNotionol Heritoge Boqrd ond two regionql museumr invited the locol community to tohe port in orchoeologicol investigotionr on the ground where the church once stood. The 56dro R&dq project6owqs one woy to help people coming to terms with the senseof lossthey experienced in the qftermqth of the fire, but it wos qlso q pilot project for q new hind of public orchoeology. In her report, the project director Cotorino Kqrlsson(ZooA, zE) stoted whot cqn hove volidity even beyond 56drq Rddq: since qrchoeology is importqnt not for its own sohe but for peoples' sqhes,on orchoeologicol project becomes the more significont the more people enjoy the project qnd porticipote in it. Letting people dig is o grect woy of bringing orchoeology to the people. lt qllows them to enjoy orchceology in the wqy they prefer it.
"Adventure Archoeology. Join the investigotions! Holidoys on o reseorch excqvqtion in the oncient homelond of the Celts. [...] During o weeh-long qdventure holidoy _ excqvqtion ond ottroctive sightseeingprogromme - yo., cqn experience how orchoeorogistsosernbre o colourful imqge of the pqst from nr-"rou, mosqic stones.And you ore pqrticipoting yourserf - in q very find-rich oreo."
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Interestingly,mony people qre willing to pqy o smoll fee, even in exchongefor merely being qble to observe orchoeorogistsqt worh, oi p"t", aauvmon (r99o: 2s8) found when wefl over holf o million peopfe (betwe en 1976ond tset) cqme to see his excqvqtions ot vorh, although he chorged them for the opportunity. Sincethen, this interest hos not wqned. It is cleqr thqt (o) if on offered experience is perceived os enjoyobre ond worthwhire peopre ore wiuing to poy for it ond thot (b) once you hope to qttroct poying vilitors you outomqticolly focus more on whqt hind of engqging experience you might be.qble to stqge (pine ond Gilmore 1999t6l68)' chcrginE visitors con therefore not only help orchoeology finonciolly but olso creote on improved overqll outcome of o given project. ln some circumstonces, porticipqtion in qn orchoeorogicor excovotion moy even ocguire theropeutic dimensions.community orchoeologyprojects con help people deql with trqumotic posts ond creote o senseof unity (Lucos 2oo4:119).Thh,for wos one of the functions of the recent excqvqtions in the swedish viilqge "*o-pi", of s6dra R&do ' t t sa . sfqmous where, in 2oor, tatvq> r4rh
d beenburneJJo*" Or" to orron.
57 http://svt.se^vt/isp/Croslinhjsp?d=Z;2t3&d=2g7gl6 $ http://www.expeditionzone.com 5eMy tronrfotion from o site now ovoiloble ct http://web.orchive.or stweb12c)C,4111g122614!hltpl lwwrv.londhrehlondshut.de/londrotscmt/presse/orch/seitet.htm
Mrs Cynthia Fullbloom of Haselby's Wl is this season's gold winner of the best kept trowelled area. She also won the bronze trophy in the category of mattocking in confined areas. @ http://www.sodrqrqdo.se
137
L
CorneliusHoltorf
Of course,in mony woys the reolity of professionolorchqeology is not entirely different from the stereotypicol clich6sof qrchqeology thqt cre so prominent in popufar culture. Eqch theme hos qt leost sornerelotion to whot the professionolsreolly do, even to how they seethemselves,olthough there ore olso mony ospectsof their worh thqt qre not reflected in ony of these themes. Archoeologistsreolly do find exciting treosures ond their fieldworh reolly is often exciting enough. Preciselythot odventure ospect is central even to how mony orchoeologists define themselves qnd how they prefer to worh ond remember their worh (welinder r98z: 36-9; 2ooo: chopter 4; Holmgren qnd Koliff 2oo3; de Boer 2oo4; Holtorf 2oo5: chopter 3). Archoeologistslove tndiono fones.6'Further, professionolorchoeologistsreolly con reconstruct ports of the post from seeminglyinsignificontcluesond leorn obout the livesof people in the post, using modern scientific methodologies. lt hos been cqfled (Sebqstiqn 2oo3: 36) qn ,,qwful truth obout orchoeology',thot "[it] is excitingbecquseit connectswith the post in o woy thot nothing elsecon, qnd sometimes thqt connectioncqn be stunninglyimmedioteond personol.', Archoeologistscqn even succeedin providing usoccosionollywith seeminglysupernoturol experienceswhen they bring us in direct contoct with people thot qre long deod. And very occosionolly,orchoeology reolly con deliver profound insightsobout issueslihe the courseof history qnd the future prospectsof the humon species.Finolly, orchoeologists certoinfy ore tohing core of oncient remoins in ond on beholf of society,getting into numerous'fights'with odversoriesthqt do not put the some vqlue on the some remoins (welinder 2ooo: 87). The A, D, R ond c themes ore thus not entirely fictitious but contqin o true core. Just os their populor culture counterports, orchoeologists enjoy the excitement of doing orchoeologicol fietdworh. They love discovering ortefocts, investigoting questionsobout post mysteriesthrough meticufous empiricol study ond scientificonolysis,pondering Big euestions qbout humon history on plonet Eqrth ond soving precious informotion from sitesthot qre doomed to be destroyed. In sum, os Clive Gomble (2oo1: xiii) informed orchoeologicol novices, orchoeology is ,,one of the most importont ond foscinoting topics you could ever hope to encounter,, ond "nothing is more interesting, more stimuloting or more rewcrding thon the study of orchoeology."
ArchqeologY ir q brqnd!
Outloohr reconf,gurlng
publlc crchceology
When I begqn my reseorchon the topic of this booh, severql well-meqning colleqgues understood thqt I wos trying to ossessqrchqeologists'efforts of educoting q lorger public obout orchoeology. They recommended me to reqd specificboohs written by ccodemic outhors ond to study how some professionqlswere contributing to public educqtion in the mossmediq - os if ony of thot could reveol very much obout my topic, the meoning of orchoeologyin populor culture. The most importont question thqt qrchoeologistsin public contextsneed to qsh their qudiencesis not "How ccn I best persuodeyou obout the merits of my project or discipline?"but "Whot does whot I om doing meon to you?" (Ascherson2OO4t157), Vet, to dqte, these mecnings hove not very often been investigoted by crchoeologi*l (significqnt exceptions include Kirchner 1964;Pollottino 1968;Welinder 1982fensenond Wieczoreh2OO2). hove stillnot properly cometoterms with the populority of theirown subject Archoeologists in the moinstreom. In pqrts, this moy be becqusesome qcqdemics prefer studying losting culturol ochievementsto qn encounterwith the pleosuroblefrivolity ond superficiolityof
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6' http://www.orchoeologyfieldworh.com/cgi-bin/yobb/VqBB.cgi?boord=survey;oction=displqy;num=1o799o54 53
139
populorculture(cf.Moose2oo3). But if we wont to understond how peoplenow qre opprecioting orchoeology within the worlds in whichthey live,it is inevitoble to study orchceology within thot very context. Ascherson's new question ultimotely leods to o new porodigm for public orchoeology (see olso Holtorf 2oO5).In order to get better ot public orchoeology,professionol orchoeologistswill need to try ond worh with rother thon ogainstthe pre-understondings qnd expectotionsof their nonoudiences.lt hos orchoeologicql pertinent, or evenurgent become to try ond relqte orchoeology
iso brond! ArchaeologY
CorneliusHoltorf
qnd qcqdemic to ,,whot's hot ond whot's cool in the world beyond the professionol boundoriesof the discipline"(Dorvill 2oo4:57),
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Any possible benefits of o purely ocademic understonding of orchoeology different populqtion. As a group of from its populqr oppeol qre not obvious to the rest of the Swedishstudents(Andr6 et ol2ool) demonstrqted in o thought experiment,it is olltoo ocodemic discipline eosy to qrgue thot orchoeology is o pretty uselessqnd unsuccessful of little relevqnceto issues obout thot tells us very little of o highly hypotheticol nqture us todoy. Arguobly, orchoeology produces little else thqn ortefqcts thct end up in dorh storoge voults ond literqture, such os excqvqtion reports, thot not very mony people will ever reod. At the some time, money is loching for heolth cqre, sociolsecurity,educotion, qll. To counter how onybody could possiblywont to go oheod with orchqeology ot
DIGGING FOR'CULTURAL HERITAGE' MEANINGLESS A few hundred metres from this nuisancethere lies a school, a day care centre, a nursing home and a doctor's surgery where the low-paid staff work their butts off to make the whole thing work. And here they wanl to save money by getting rid of the pastriesand buns. How much longer will the people put with the excessesof the political mafia?
One doesn't know whether to cry or throw up. Hundreds of thousands of kronor are being spent on digging at Veddige church, 'mafla' thinks there may have because the been some sort of settlement there from the Viking Age, where the Vikings left behind a hearthstonesooty from grilling sausages,a stone used to scrapeanimal skins, or a blunt stone axe. How many Swedes with half a brain are acfually interestedin this rubbish? Soon halfof Sweden will have been dug up and the money just keeps pouring into this pointless digging 'cultural heritage'. In for what is known as 'cultural' casethe politicians don't know what means, there are reference books available in both Swedish and politician-speak. Who the 'mafia' hell wouldn't want to be cultural? The has sot free licence!
Those poor politicians don't need to go on strike for higher wages! They give themselves a wage increaseof severalthousandkronor on a regular basis. The cultute and art mafia must be stopped! Wake up Swedish people! Make some noisel Tired of people in la-la land
A fetter to the editor, from HollandsNyheter31Moy 2OO3,trqnsloted by Vmhe Mulder
140
sucholternotive energy reseorch,or internqtionol solidority, so thot one ccrnonly wonder orguments, professionolorchoeologistsmust be pro-octive ond mohe sure thqt they fulfil ond ore seento fulfil, o sociqlrole thot iswidely opprecicted in society.Archoeologymust thereforefocuson topicsond opproochesthqt do not only enjoy wide public oppeol but thqt qlso drqw mediq qttention ond volunteers. After oll, "overly ocsdemic topics will do poorly in o leisureeconomy" (Moore 2006: l8). This ombition to define orchoeology in ond populority should not be consideredos the "prostitution" of on terms of usefulness ocodemic discipline.lt is rother q reminder of its sociolduty (seeolso Rieche1996). It doesnot tqhe more thqn o good looh ot the chqrqcterisotionof orchoeologyin populor culture osqttempted in this booh to find out whot might be orchoeology'smost importont qim ond function in contemporory Westernsociety:orchoeologytells us storiesthqt qre both exciting ond full of importont metophoricol meonings. Archoeologicql stories qre obout heroes who overcome odversitiesqnd solve mysteries.Archoeologistscqn give meticulousottention to detoil. Their reseqrchis often obout contemploting ond perhops qnswering, lorge existentiql questionsor other issuesof significonceto mony people. Archqeologistsqre tohing responsibility of scorceresourcesfor everybody's benefit. Such choroctersond the storieswithin which they oct mqtter to peoplg for they reflect some of their dreqms ond ospirotionsbut olso issuesof concernond immediote relevqnceto their own lives(seeolso fensen2oo2). We oll live through odventuresduring which we need to overcome odversity,hoping to emerge qs heroes.We qll need to ottend to detoil, occqsionolly,hoping to solvecomplex cqses.We oll wonder obout whot it oll meons ond where it will oll end, hoping to goin somecertointiesond peoceof mind in qn uncertoinworld. We qll need to tqhe core of our resourcer,both personolly ond on levelsof lorger communities of, for instqnce,employees or citizens,hoping thqt we will monqge. ln other words, qrchoeologytells us storiesthot ore directly concernedwith ourselves.lt is thesestoriesthqt give orchoeologycurrencyin the contemporory world. They show to whot extent Western societiesore dominoted by certqin dreoms ond experiencesthot trqnsform us os humon beings ond give our lives meoning (seeolsochopter'l). ln o senseit con be soid thot the orchoeologistisnot digging for ortefocts but for dreoms (Petersson1994:71).By the some tohen, lohn Fritz (1973:8l) summorizedwhot qrchoeologycontributesto societyin the following wcly: "orcheologyis of interestto, rooted in the experienceof, qnd is beneficiolto the common lt providespuzzlesto be solved,vicqriousexperienceof the [hu]mqn in severqlrespects. 141
Archqeology is q brond!
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Although it is possibleto orrive on the islqnd in your own boot, procticqlly oll vilitors come by one of the commerciolly-run boots leoving from vqrious ploces oround Lahe Miiloren. The most populqr trip is run by Str\mmo Konolbolagetfrom Stochholm city centre. During the neorfy two-hour long journey, guides hired by Strommouse the boot's public qddress syrtem to point out orchoeologiccl siteswhich the boqt possesond to teoch qll pqssengers some bosicsobout the Vihing Age. They olso offer children's octivities including writing your nome in runes ond dressingin Vihing Age clothes.The guides qre weqring uniforms supplied by the boot compony, but in 2oo4 the style chonged from fieldworh weqr to Vihing weor.
This entire populqr dimension of qrchqeology should not be buried by troditionol ocqdemic hobitsond the sociolvoluesof the educoted middle closres, which most professionol orchoeologists hove probqbly grown up with. Regrettobly, qrchoeologists themselvesoften hove o foirly limited understqndingof whot
Bfuhc nccr ttochhchnr c areel ltchreologlcal
Once you orrive on the islond in the lqte morning, the Birho experiencetypicolly consistsof c guided tour (in Swedishor English)to the orchoeologicqlsightsof the islond,includingq glqnce qt the summer-time excqvotions, followed by q leisurelystroll on the islqnd ot your own pqce, q visit to the museum ond ot some point q picnic or restouront visiL before the boqt tahes you boch. At245 hr (s18,27Euros)per odult (including guided tours ond museum entry but excluding food), this dqy trip from Stochholm is not cheop, especiolly if on entire fcmily is trovelling, qs is often the cqse.But prouided the weqther is sotisfoctory, recent surveysos well qs the looh on the fqces of the poslengerson the return boqt trip suggeJttthot the experience is highly qppreciqted qnd the trip generolly considered worth the money.
dcy oul
The Vihing Age town of Birhq on the islond of Bjdrhij in Lohe Miiloren neqr Stochholm is probqbly the single best hnown qrchoeologicql site in 5weden.6' Ever since the lqrge-scole excqvctions in the ecrly l99Os, which hod been sponsored by the compqny TetrqPqh, the lite qnd its orchoeology hove been receiving extensive qttention in oll the Swedish medio (Petersson1994).Sincethen, q typicol question to o Swedishqrchqeologist hcs been: "Did you dig qt Birho?" (Welinder 2OOo:52). In q recent survey (Andr6 et ql 2oo1: 177),hqlf of the somple living in Stochholm soid thot they hqd visited Birho in recent yeors. "Sweden" first town" is qlso o destinotion for foreign touritts visiting Stochholm,not the leost becouse it combines c pleosont trip on the lqhe with the internotionol oppeol of the Vihings.During the four ond q holf months long seoson,the site is visited every yeqr by more thqn 5O,OOOpeople - with the copqcity of circq 3OO possengers on the boqt from Stochholm sometimes insufficient during the holidoy period. Birho, which is monoged by the Swedish Notionql Heritqge Boqrd, hqs been q World Heritqge Site since 1993.
6' http://www.rqo.se/birho
One of the positive ospects of this trip is the self-contqined chqrqcter of the doy, with the moments when vi:itors enter qnd leqve the boct mcrhing beginning qnd end of their qdventure into the pqst. On the islond, the qrchqeologicql sitesin the lqndscqpe, the ongoing excqvqtions qnd the mureum with ossocioted octivities, such os o Vihing Age camp during high seqson,provide o fqir number of ottroctions to fill the four hours between the boot's qrrivql qnd deporture without qnybody needing to rush. Visitors will even hqve time for q meql ond perhops o rett on the (poor) little beqch. When I tqf hed to Mognus Kronlz of Stommo, it becqme cleqr thot they do not seethemselvesqs being in the businesrof ferrying people ocrosswqter but in the businessof providing customers with experiencesthqt incorporote boot journeys. They see eoch dqy trip in its entirety ond understond thqt their customersexpect engoging orchoeologicol experiencesduring the visit to Birho. The role of the guides is cruciol, for it is them who tqhe the visitorsthrough the different stqges of the entire doy, Strommaolso oppreciotes thqt in order to mohe sufficient people wont to visit qnd re-visit the islond more is needed thqn nqture, ct museum ond q restquront. Thot is why they hove been mohing substontiql contributions to Stochholm University's new excovotions which ore exploined to the oppreciqtive vhitors either by the guides or, once o doy, by the orchqeologiststhemselves.Sincevisitor numbers hqve been going down in recent yeors, Strdmmais heen to provide odditionql qttrqctions such os reconstructionsof Vihing Age buildings or q long-term project groduolly constructing q Vihing Age boot. They also begqn offering performed tours during which two Vihing Age chqrqcters qnd qn crchoeologist ("we qre lihe detectiveC') guide visitorson the islqnd.
Cornelius Holtorf
The Swedish Notionql Heritqge Boord, formolly co-operqting with Strcjmmo,concentrated its qctivities on ensuring thqt vhitors receive occdemicolly sound, fqctuol informotion qbout the islqnd'sposL for exomple through vorious educqtionol moteriols, guide boohs ond o mureum exhibition showing finds from the islond qs weil os models of Birho during the Vihing Age. Inoddition, they hove been insistingthqt Strornmo'sguides, who tend to be university students, ottend o specicl course qnd hqve certoin minimum quolificotions in qrchqeotogy. Approved guides, now usuolly weoring vihing Age costumes,disploy o nome bodge stoting thot they ore outhorisedby the Notionol Heritoge Boord. ln my view, the Boqrd hos not yet fully opprecicted the unique opportunity to be oble to engoge lorge numbers of interested visitors over seuerql hours during which they cqnnot 'escope' from the islqnd. Although strornmo prefers the vihing Age qs its moin theme, ony of the four themes discussedin chopter 5 might be used to tell exciting storiesobout orchoeology, too. As the Swedhh qrchqeologistBodit peterssonshowed in o study entitled lndiano Joneson Birka (994), much of the reporting obout Birho in the Swedish mediq hos long been reflecting the populor interest in evocotive norrotives obout crchoeology. Celebroting orchoeologicol stories qbout heroic odventures in exotic ploces, detectives investigqting profound mysteries,lorge revelotions to be mode qnd professionolsrescuing involuqble sites ond ortefqcts for the future could mqhe the uisit to Birkq on even more memorable qdventure thqn it is olreqdy now. At the sqme time, suchexplicit celebrqtions of orchoeology would provide opportunities to critique some of the problems contqined both in the qrchqeologicclstereotypesbeing used qnd in the populor clich6sof Birho - ,,Sweden,s first town" thot wqs, of course, neither reolly Swedish nor q reql town.
At the end of the doy, most of professionolorchoeologyis not in the business of educotion but in storytelling. Archoeologists,lihe others who hove toles to tell qbout the post, ore "sophisticoted storytellers" ond qs such they qre ,,performerson o public stoge,' (Fogon 2Qo2:v54). Archaeologicolstories- whether popufor or strictly qcqdemic - qre often hero storiet where the orchoeologist/hero "goes to o dcngerous ploce ond rescuessomething voluoble" (Little 2ooo: to). Thot is not to soy thot orchoeology wqs 1rny lessimportont, guite the opposite.As discussedin chopter C oppropriote storieseducote people ond can creote politicql goodwill. Whqt is more, orchoeologicolstoriescon be told by mony people ond everybody con be given the opportunity to expresstheir own perspectives qbout orchqeology. Storytelling ond the emphosisingof "experiences"heve become centrql to the society in which we live. Besidestheir other functions, they contribute to peoples, socicl identities cnd cqn give inspirotion, meoning ond hoppiness to their lives (Schulze 1993; lensen 1999). These cre no smalf qchievements - not only becquse of the
Archoeology is q brond!
immediote sqtisfoction goined by the individuols directly affected (Fowler 1977t28-29). Arguqbly, society too benefits from citizens who occqsionolly fulfil their dreoms, con overcome sdversities, develop inquiring minds, osh - ond leorn to deql with - lorge existentiol questions,or goin o senseof purpose from being qble to contribute to importont missions.lf oll thot con be fun too, then so much for the better. There is, of course,c politicol dimension to everything discussedin this booh not iust the specificpolitics involved in oll "public" orchoeology but olso the generql politics concerning orchoeology's role in society. lt is q legitimqte concern at the end of this booh thqt orchqeology moy hove little else to offer people other thon temporory 'reol' world. As enjoyoble ond indeed necessoryqt they con be escopesfrom the occosionolly,there moy be o rish thot suchescqpesmerely compensotefor some of the deficienciesof peoples'reol livesqnd thus heep them from oddressingthesedeficiencies ond ultimotely trying to improve their lives.However, os I hope to hove shown in this 'reolity', qdventures qnd other hinds of storiesqnd booh, rother thon distrqcting from experiences cre very much port of the contemPorory world. Arguobly, they ore olso ploying on importcnt role in mqintoining q giuen tociol order by reoffirming cruciol underlyingconceptsond vqlues. Moreover, os the Germon onthropologist Christoph K6ch (tggo: 160; my trqnslotion) qrgued, "if the trqnsgression of boundories were not domesticoted, the existenceof the [culturol] order os q whole would be qt rish." In other words, temporory escqpesore necessoryin order to retoin the statusquo of o society in which people generolly live well. But r1
14s
ArchqeologYiso brond!
Holtorf Cornelius
I J-
not oll societiesprovide generolly good lives for their citizensond probobly no sociol order is qs good os it might be.
IE Nothing I soidshouldhold professionql orchoeologists ond othersboch from problemotizing ond critiquing the storiesqnd themes thot ore ossociqtedwith the subject of orchoeology. lnsteod,o criticqlossessmentof the oudiences'interpretotions ond possibleimplicotionsqnd qrchoeology conrequencesof porticulor meoningsof ore o sociclduty of orchoeologists, too. This is the one reservotion without which qrchqeologicol stories,however populor, should never be told. Such on qssessmentcould leod to on occeptonce,o required
E,
r
modificotion or o complete rejection of o porticulor woy of depicting orchoeology. Moreover, even the implicotions ond consequencesof defining orchoeology os o 'brond' need to be corefully considered.As much qs on ocodemic disciplinecon leqrn from the reolm of economicsthere ore olso seriousdownsidesthot mohe o criticol ottitude qre never eosy ond there ore no indispensoble(seeKlein 2OOl).Vet criticol ossessments generol rules thqt could suggestperfect responsesto oll eventuolities.Eoch situotion needs to be loohed of corefully in its entire context ond must be qssessedon its own merits.Whqt mohes generol recommendotionshorder still isthot everybody moy hove o different set of voluesor criterio to be qpplied in ony suchqssessment.
A critiqueof the Novq TV documentoryLostKingof theMoyo(2OOl) "The Novo production gives hnowledge, expertise, qnd voice to leoding orchoeologists,ond it showsNorth Americon orchoeologystudentshondling scientificsurveyingequipment - but the locql lqborers, mony of them Moyo, ore shown with only trowel ond shovel, completely voiceless.This quosi-clossstructure ogoin gronts ogency qnd hnowledge only to North Americqn 'scientists'qnd denies it to the locol people who hove moet ot stqhe economicqlly qnd politicolly.
lrF
This glorificqtion of qrchoeologicol 'discovery' ond solution to 'mysteries' will probobly go o Iong woy to attroct funding to pursue more such orchoeologicol qctivity, qnd this pqyoff mqy mohe the distortions qnd inoccurociesof c public broodcosting production seem no more thon q necessqryevil. But, mony would orgue, there is on unexpressedcost in the presentotion of such coloniqlist hierqrchies,ond this isthe impcct the cultivotion of public opinion cqn hove on the politiccl qnd economic conditions of contemporory Moyo peoples - not only those living in Mexico, Guqtemolo, Belize, Hondurqs, qnd El Sqlvodor, but qlso those forced to flee to the United Stotesqnd Cqnodo...." Mqrvin Cohodas (emoil sent to Novq,21 Februory 200l)63
63 http://ethicol.orts.ubc.co/Novo.html
lf I were to qpply my own set of volues, it would be possibleto modify the existing clich6sso thot orchoeology con still benefit from their oppeol while ot the some time ovoiding some of their problems. For exomple, the A theme moy hove coloniol ond gender'reloted overtonesthot I would not wont to promote in contemporory Western society.But it is possibleto remove them, or porody them, qnd still let orchoeologists porticipote in hero odventure stories,for their essentiolchqrqcterirticsdo not exclusively depend on these troits (seeolso Cohodos 2OO3).Similorly, os scholorly experts cqring for ontiquities, orchoeologistsodhere to the C theme, but qs for os I om concerned thot does not necessqrilymeon thqt in times of wor they need to get embedded in the w
Endlng from Lucy ot the As I om completing this chopter in September 2oO4,on emqil messcrge BBC reqched my inbox: ,,1qm developing new progrommesfor BBC history cnd orchoeology,we hove q new serie,we ore hoping to get funding to film in 2OO5.The seriesis loohingfor ore trying to solveo orchoeologicoldigs ot mojor siteswhere q teom of reseqrchers with mystery.We proposebringing together the shillsof troditionol qrchoeologists ground-penetroting include might Speciqlisms mysteries. these help solve to speciolists robotics,underwoterorchoeology rodqr,oeriqlsurveying,DNA qnd forensicspeciqlists, - dependingon whot is requiredot the sitein order to solveo porticulcrmystery.We qre loohingfor mojor siter of oncient civilisotionssuchqs lncos,Egyptiqns,Romqns, Aztecs,Khmer, Persions,olmecs,Moycns,Xi'qn qnd so on. we ore hoping to shed light on siteswith big nqme recognitionsuchqs Soqqoro,MochuPicchu,Anghorwot, Tihql,Pompeii,Herculqneum.We needq cleormysterythot the teom hopeto solveby (whichwe con help bring to bringingtogetherexpertsfrom o rcnge of speciolizotions qnd needto oct quichlyto qheod going 2OO5 in for digs project). loohing We ore the qt the mostfomoussites to dig plcce. it moy be difficult reolise get permissions We in going which could shedlight on on suchos Mqchu Picchu,but perhopsthere ore digs
ffi
CorneliusHoltorf
Archqeologyir o brond!
thesemostfomour ploces,or techniquesthot houe never been usedbefore ot the big sites.
l',,
Bestwhhes, Lucy', Ves!Thistime let us not complqin obout qll the clich6sin Lucy'sproposol ond let,snot insist thot professionqlorchoeologyisreolly not lihe this qt oll. Let us not potronise either her or onybody else.lnsteqd, let us just go for it cnd try to mohe this serieshoppen, for it is good to seethqt orchoeologyis in demond on TV. Let us celebrotethe public understondingof orchoeology, with Lucy ond oll the others ot our side.
Appendix:Moin PopulorCultureReferences the Excludingweb poges, which ore cited in footnotes ond onything produced within context of professionolorchoeology (with o few exceptions)'
Destinotions ResourceCentre,Vorh, U.K. Archaeological Konstonz, Germony Londesmuseum), Stste Museum(Archdologisches Archoeologicol Birho, neor Stochholm,Sweden BritishMuseum,London, U.K. CerneGiant,Cerne Abbqs, U.K. U.K. World of Adventures, Chessington USA + pqris, Frqnce porhs, Angeles, Los Disneytheme Flog Fen, Peterborough,U.K. /orvik, Vorh, U.K. KolkrieseMuseum,Kslhriese,Germony Museumof NotionalAntiquities(Historiskomuseet),Stochholm, Sweden MysteryPork,Interlqhen, Switzerlond Stidra R6dq, excqvqtion proiect, Sweden Events ArchoeologyDoy BrgDS (TimeTeam,2OO3) Shops FineArt + GroPhicsShop,Peterborough, U.K. choin, U.K. PostTimes
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tj
Gcmes + toys Coll of Cthulhu(lset-)
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CordcoPtorSokuro lndionolonesond the Emperor'sTomb Lego AdventurertoYs LosrCities(1999) t48
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Archoeology is o brqnd!
Riddleof theSphinx(2ooo) TheMysteryof theMummyQoos) Iime Detectives onlinegome TombRaidergomes Tropico: Porodise lslondQOOZ) Movies CorryOn Behind(1975) (1991) Deceived Denofrivilligo golforen(e}l lndionaJones ondtheLastCrusode (19g9) IndianolonesandtheTemple of Doom(984) KingSo/omont Mines(19sO) LoroCroft,:Tomb Roider(2oot) LoraCroftTomb Roider:The Crodleof Life(ZOO3) Liebeoufden erstenBlick(1991) Morchor Die(t972) Posco/it/s/ond(t988) PimpernelSmith (9at) Plonetof theApes(teoz) Roiders of the LostArk(9Bt) Secret ofthe lncos(tss+) (oea) Storgote Summerlovers(t982) TheAdventures oflusrine(t995-6) TheBody(2oot) TheMummyfrlms ThePurpleRoseof Coiro(1985) Undiscove red Tomb QOO2) TV chonnels Discovery Chonnel HistoryChonnel NationalGeogrophic Chonnel
TV series Minerol (1952-59) Animal,Vegetoble, Apeto Mon (2oos) (1992-) into the Pcst(C I 4 -VorstoBin dieVergongenheit) C I 4 - Advances (Lij Abenteuer)(1975, Countries,H umons,Adventures nder, Menschen, Diggingfor theTruth(2006-) Extreme ArchoeoIogy (2oo3-) Greot Fxcovotions(2ooo) Legendsof the HiddenTemple(Nichelodeon, 1993-6) Novoil: Ice Mummies(tggz); Lost Kng of the Moyo (zoot) Refleaionsof the post (Speglingorav det ftrflutno) (1996) Relic H u nter (1999 -2OOZ) Schliemon n'sH eirs (Schliemon n's Erben) (1996-) StorgcteSG-l (1997-) StorTrek(1966, TerroX (tgeZ-) (1981-2) Thecradleofthe Sveostdte (SveoriketsVaggo) The Excovotors(Utgrdvorno) (2oo5) TimeTeam(1993, We ore History(2ooo-l) Wulff & Morgentholer(2oos) Videos/DVDs GrimeTeoml+ll (2OOO,2OO2) lnco Mummies;Secretsof o LostEmpire(2oo2) Mogqzines Abenteuer Archii ologie Archoeology BritishArchoeology Notionol GeogrophicMogozine TrenchOne (TimeTeom) Songs The Who: Dtg
Holtorf Cornelius
Authors Bibby,Geoffrey(1917-2OoD Burenhult, Gciron(1942-) Cerom,C.W.(= Kurt W. Moreh,1915-1972) Connor,Beverly0948-) DroRler,Rudolf(1934-) Grqichen,Giselq(1944-) Hillermon,Tony (ts25-) Peters,Elizobeth(= Borbqrq Mertz,l9?Jl-) Piirtner,Rudolf(1912-2ool) Philipp(= HqnsD. Hortel,1941-) Vondenberg, Specificfiction Poo/ Connon,Deborsh(2oo4) TheRoven's (tgzo) Murder in Mesopotomia Christie,Agotho of Gold Drobble,Morgqret(1975)TheRea/ms Frischmuth,Borbqro (tseo) Bindungen Howes,,qmes(2oOl) DeodLongEnough Mon lnnes,Hqmmond (1973)Levkos fenhins,Richord(tgse) Ihe Archoeologist Jersild,p. C. (2oo3) De ondoskloster Mocouloy,Dovid (1979),Motelof theMysteries McCoffrey,Anne qnd MercedesLochey(19S2)TheShipWhoSeorched. McDevitt,foch (2ool) Deepsix Mitchelf,lulion (lgn) Holf-Life orn M&rtenson, Jon(1996)Coesors (tssz) Swomp! Pqchinho,|oe Peters,Elfis(t973)Gty of Goldond Shodows Ripfey,Mihe (zooz) AngelUnderground ilber Hdnselund Gretel Troxfer,Hons(1983)DieWahrheit (1989) of Choos Weopons Vordemqn,Robert Wirs6n,Corin+ StinoWirs6nQooo, Rut& Knutgrdverut Specificnon-fiction (Gods, Groves ond Scholors). und Gelehrte Cerom,C. W. (rg+S)Gotter,Griiber Diomond,rored (2oo5) ColloPse
Archoeology isq brond!
Ryon,Donofd(f999) Ihe Completeldiot'sGuideto LostGvilizotions Time Life booh serieson LostGvilizotions Chqrqcters Alex West(LoraCrofr;Tomb Raider) Amelio Peobody(Elizobeth Perersnovels) Berglund,stoteorchceologist (Den ofrivilli ga golfo ren) Dqniellqchson(Storgote) Dr ElsoSchneider(lndionaJones andtheLostCrusode) Erichvon Dtinihen(tSss, FrsncesWingote(The Reolms of GolA Fujitoho Kinomoto,oho Aiden Avqlon (Cordcoptor Sokuro) (t822-189O) HeinrichSchliemonn Howord Corter(1874-t939) (DonoldDuck) lndiqnoJ6,ns feqn-LucPicord(Stor?ek) Kins GustovVl Adolf (1882-1973) Lqro Croft Mqrtin Mystdre PhilHqrding(TimeTeom) (lote194os-) Professor BerniceSummerfield (Doaor Who) Professor Glyn Doniel(1914-t986) Professor HenryJones Professor HerculesTorogon(Tintin) Professor lndionoJones Professor feffreyFoirbrother(Hi-De-Hi) Professor Kifroy (lego) Professor LucienKostner+ SirRobertEversley(Montypython's FlyingGrcus) Professor MichAston(TimeTeom) 0946, Professor Robson(TheAdventures oflustine) Professor RolondCrump (CorryOn Behinfl Professor SydneyFox(Re/icHunter) Professor Williqm Horper Littleiohn(DocSovoge) RichDqngerous SirMortimerWheeler(1890'1976) Tom Boxter(ThePurpleRoseofCoiro)
CorneliusHoltorf
, l'
References
Tony Robinson (TimeTeom)(1946-) Vosh (Storlrek) WillRoch
Adqms, Williom (tgzl) The Archoeologist qs Detective.In: D. Lothrop ond,l. Douglos(eds) Voriotion in Anthropology,pp. 17-29, Urbono: lllinois Archqeologicol 5urvey. Addymon, Peter (1987) Perception ond presentotion of the port: scholorlysignificonce ond publicbenefit. Poper givenot q conference held ot the Universityof Minneopolis,October 1987.
os interpretotion:the exomple of the Jorvih Addymon, peter (1990) Reconstruction of the Vihing Centre,Vorh. ln: P. Gothercoleqnd D. Lowenthol(eds)Ihe Politics Post,pp.257-264.London:Routledge. Agendo Kulturorv QOO4) Miinniskoni centrum.AgendoKulturorvsprogromftrkloring. Stochholm.Alsoothttp;//ux-ro-hmsop2.roo.se/opencms/exportlogendohulturorv// dohument/Arhiv/Progromforhloring/5lutver.PF.pdf. Lif,PioLinde,AnneliL6vgren, Andr4AnnqMorio,KorolinDqhl6n,MihoelGrexing,fosefino StigWelinderond KristinS6derlund, GundborgMellergdrd,Aso Nqthonoelsson, Vod ochvqrfdr?Fornvdnnen HelenoAberg (2oo1)Arheologiochhulturmiljriv&rd. 96,177-180. lnteresse. Archiiologie undGesellschoft:Forschung undoffentliches Andreoe,BernordEd.(1981) Verlogsgesellschoft . Stuttgort:Wissenschoftliche Aronsson,Peter ond Eriho LarssonEdr. (2OO2)Konstenott lijro och viljonott uppleva. Medeltidsveckon ochJomtli.Viixiil Historiebruk och upplevelsepedogogik vid Foteviken, Centrefor CulturolStudies. University: Ascher,Robert (tg0o) Archoeologyqnd the public imoge.AmericonAntiquity25, 4o2403. ls4
Archqeology is q brqnd!
Holtorf Cornelius
Aschenon,Neol (zooa) Archqeologyond the BritishMediq.In: N. Merrimqn(ed.) Public pp. 145-158. Archoeology, Londonond New Vorh:Routledge. Athinson,Poul (1996)SociologicolReodings ond Re-readings. Aldershotet ol: Avebury. Bqhn,Pqul (1989)Bluffyourwoyin Archoeology. Horshom:Rovette. Boxter,fone (2oo2o) Populqrimogesond populor stereotypes. lmqgesof crchoeologists in popufor ond documentoryfilm. The SAAArchoeologicol Record Z (4),16-17,4C.. http://www.soo.org/Publicotions/thesaoorchrec/sepo2.pdf .
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Schorhen,Roff (ess) Begegnungen mit Geschichte.Vom ouBerwissenschoftlichen Umgongmit der Historiein Literaturund Medien.Stuttgort: Klett-Cotto. Schufze,Gerhord (1993) D,e Erlebnisgesel/schoft.. Kultursoziologie der Gegenwort[1992]. 3'd edition. Fronhfurt ond New Vorh: Compus. Sebqstion, Lynne (ZOOA)The owful truth obout orchoeology. Ihe SAA Archoeologicol Record3 (2), 35-37.Avoilqble ot http://www.soo.org/publicotions/theSAAorchRec/ moro3.pdf. Shepherd, Nich (2oo2) Heoding south, loohing north. Why we need o post-coloniol qrchoeology. ArchaeologicalDialogues9, 7 4-82. Shohot, Ello ond Robert Stqm (1994) UnthinkingEurocentrism. Multiculturolism ond the media. London ond New Vorh: Routledge. Sifbermon, Neil A. (1999) ls Archoeology Reody for Prime Time? ArchaeologyMagozine Moy/fune 1999,79-82,
169
ArchqeologYiso brond!
Holtorf Cornelius T
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SmordzKorolyn(1997)ThePostThroughTomorrow:|nterpretingToronto'sHeritqgeto to thePublic.Digging gArchoeology (ed.)Presentin o Multicufturolpublic.In:f. Jomeson Press' Wolnut Creehetc':Altqmiro lOl-113. forTruths,pp. Sept/oct 1998'92Mogozine Solomon,fon (tgge) Decodesof Mohe Believe.Archoeology 95.
Troxfer, Hons (1983) DieWahrheitilber Hiinselund Gretel.Reinbeh: Rowohlt. Triimpfer, Chorlotte Ed. (2ool) Agotho Christieond Archoeology. London: British Museum Press. Wqtrqll, Ethon (2oo2) Digitql phorooh: Archoeology, public educction ond interoctive entertqinment. PublicArchoeology2, .|63-169.
in Sweden.CurrentSwedish Stoof,Bj6rnM. (2ooo) TheRiseqnd Decline(?)of the Modern 8' 179-194. ArchoeologY
Weingort, Peter (1998)Scienceond the medio. ReseorchPolicy27,e69-29.
ftr dig?http://ux-ro-hmsqp2'roo' StotistishoCentrolbyr&n(2OO2)Vodbetyderkulturmilion ' se/opencms/export/ogendohulturorv//dohument/scbropport'pdf
Weingqrt, Peter, with Clqudio Muhl ond Petro Ponsegrou (zooa) Of power moniocs ond unethicql geniuses:scienceond scientistsin fiction film. PublicUnderstcndingof Science12,279-287.
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170
Welinder, Stig (1987)Arkeologisko bilder.Voria, UniversitetsOldsqhsomling,t4. Oslo. Wefinder, Stig (1997)Arheologi i mossmedio. Fornvdnnen92, t9-32, Wefinder, Stig (2OOO)Arkeologrsk yrl<esidentitet Universitet iTromsa,Institutt for orheologi. Wiflis, fohn (2ool) Post is perfect. The Guordion 29 October 2oot. http//educotion. guordion.co.u h/print/O,385&4286861-1O8247,OO.htm l. Winter, Tim (2oo2) Anghor Meets lornb Roider:setting the scene. InternotionolJournal of HeritogeStudies8, 323-336. Zormqti, Louise(1995)Populor orchoeologyqnd the orchoeologistos hero. In: J. Bolme ond W. Bech (eds) GenderedArchoeology.The SecondAustrolionWomen in Archoeology Conferen ce,pp. 43-47. Conberro: AN H Publ icotions. Zintzen, Christione (tSSe) Von PompejinochTrqa:Archiiologie,Literoturund iffentlichkeit im I 9.JohrhundertWien: WUV Universitcitsverlog. Zorpidu, Sultono (2Oo4) The Public lmqge of the Femole Archoeologist. The Cqse of Lorq Croft. ln: H. Bolin (ed) Ihe Interployof Pastond Present,pp. tOt-IO7.Huddinge: 56dertornsh6gsholo.
I
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''1'u' rlti,:
Index AbenteuerArchdologiemogazine 63, 68
99,1o4,147; oe treqsure hunter 4 10,26, 34, 3s, 44, 49, 57, 5A, 64-69, 72, 73, 87, 106, 1?5,131,135,136,138;qs romontic 5, 7O, 72, 10? 136;os rtreet fighter 78; see ql:o heroes,
Adoms, Williqm 76 Addymon, Peter l& 24, 25, 41,111, 115,116,119,136 Adventurel, W chonnel 64
orchoeologicol
cdventure vi,5-8, 22,23,27,3o.,33-6, 3& 39, 43, 45, 63-81,85, 88, 93-99, 1o2,1o4, 130-138,141-147 cdventurer - see orchoeologist os odventurer
Africo 64, 1O2 AgendoKulturorv3,121
k
ffi efr Ly
Archoeologymogozine 10& 135 orchqeology: os o brond 15, 91, 116,133-135,l4e at dhcovery lo, 18,19,22,23,25-27,32-36,38, 39, 41,45, 46, 4, 50, 53, 57-59, 62, 64, ffi-73, n-82, U-86, 93-95, 97, 98, tot, 1o.3,1o4,11o., 113,t3l, l3Z 13O138,146;os educotion/leorning 4, 11,12,22-26, 42, 5o., 53, 54, 57, 58, 60, 86, 87, lO7-114,117,123-128,132, 134, 136, 138.,144, 145tos puzzle 78,79,83,131,141;os revelotion 23, 34, 50, 57, 62-64, 72, 75, n, 79, 84-91,1o3, 104,125, 131,133,134, 144, democJotic 42, 119128,132;professionol v, 1, Z 12,37, 62,72,75, 91, 94, 98, 99, 1o4, 106, 116,122,123,138,140, 144,148;populirt 113;rescue1,8,10,24,36, 43, 66,71, 91-95, 114,131,144,see olro field orchoeology; public crchoeology
qdvertiring 2, 6, 13,18,19,24, 27, 29, 30, 41,43, 65, 69,116,133,136
!F
Archqeology Doy 136
amoteur orchoeologirt 21,37, 7O, 71,Tl, 8l Americo - see United Stotes Andenon, Pomelo 71 Andr6, Anno Morio (et al.) s6,14o,142 Andreoe, Bernqrd 9,14 Anghor, Combodio 3s, 36, 14s,147
#F
Anglo-Soxon period 42
lir, . ff.f,.r ,
anime 103
ArchdologischesLondesmuseum,Konstonz, Germony 131
ontiquorion - see orchoeologirt or ontiquorion
ARD 30, 69
ontiquities: trode 17,94; shop'25
Aronsson,Peter 9
Abeto MonTo
ortefqctr 5, & 1o.,23,Tl, 32, 39-43, 49, 5c., 54-59, 6567, 69, 72, T1,79, 81,86, 87, 91,94, 1o4, 109, 111, 114,131,138,14o, 141,lM
i4r.'
,,,1; al
Animol,Vegetoble, Min erol 42
orchoeo'oppeol 9, 23, 33, 1O3,l3O, 132,135,142
,t,
ArchaeologicollnstituteofAmericoI15,135
Ascher, Robert 14, 63, 70
ArchoeologicolResourceCentre,Vorh, U.K. 19,26
Ascherson,Neol 39, 45, 50, 78, 95, 115,139
orchoeofogirt: os odventurer 35, 36, 58, 63-75, 78, 9& 99, 1o3;os ontiquorion 37,T1,78tas coflector58,61 os detective 26,27,39-42, 45, 46, 58, 63,75-84,93, 9& 103,104 130, 131, 133,143,144;qs expert 1& 37-41,M,49,70, 7s-79, 83, U, 86, 93, 101,123,127,146,147t ds explorcr 20,22,26, 35-38, 40, 45, 64, 65,70, 73,78,85,99,1OZ 145;os heritoge police 91, 9& 119;os monoger 91,1OO,lO4; os ordinory pe6on lOZ 1O3;or scholor5,22, 35,37,46, 47, s7,58, 68,75,T1,74,80-83,96-9& 103, 106, 117,13O,142 qs specialist 84, 91,93, 94,
A:ton, Mich 4O 42,97,127,134 Athinson, Poul 64,73 Atlqntir 22,32" 35
B o h n ,P o u l 4 , 7 3 , 8 6 Botemon, ronothon 20 Bouvol, Robert 86,123 Boxter, rqne 11O,118 Boxter, Tom 1O2
173
II
Archqeology is q brond!
CorneliusHoltorf
BBC16, 18,20, 21, 30, 32, 41,76, 82, 147
Corter, Howard 26,36, ffi,1J
Croft, Lorq - ree Lqrq Croft
Evons,SirArthur, 68
Bender, Bqrborq 76
Cosson,Stonley 8o
Crump, Rolond 82
Benz Morion 4Z 49
C e r q m ,C . w . 3 5 , 6 8 , 7 0 , 7 8 , 7 9 , 1 1 5
Culturol ResourceMcnogement - see heritoge
Eversley, sir Robert1O1,1O2 ExperienceEconomy6, 95;lndustry6; Society4 l3O
Berglund, ldnsontihvorie 94, 95, 99
CerneGont, CerneAbbos, V.R.76,77
curse7,89; seeolso mummies
Bernstein, losh 70
Chonnel4 20, 29, 30, 39' 44, 59, 70, 94
experiences, orchoeologicol 4, 7-1O,16,24, 26,27,73, 115, 118, 123,13O,136,138,141, 143-lzt4; reeqko cdventure
Bertilsson,Morgoreto lo6, 121
ofAdventures,U.K. 69 ChessingtonWorld
Dongerous, Rich 66
Betty, Peter K.45
Chil4 Lincoln os
Donief,Glyn 9,14,41,42,70,80, lO4 115
expert, rcientific 3& 39, tO8, 121,132,see olso qrchaeologirt qs expert
Bibby, Geoffrey 68
children 18,20, 22, 26, 27, 3o., 65, 67, 7o, 77, 1o2, 1o3, 136 143;5eeqlso gomes, toYs
Dtinihen, Erichvon 3,11,88,90,93
Explorer - ree orchoeologist os explorer
Chrhtie, Agothq 76, 79, 81
Doy, Douid 14,65
Bjorhlund, Diqne 62
Chu, Alejondro 73
115,138 de Boer,Trent 111,
Fagon, Briqn 12,144
Bloch, Zenon 1o2
civilizotions, ancient Z 16,22, 23, 32 33, 37, 42, 55' 58, 66, 70, 73, 77, 8s-89, 94, 110
Deceived67
Foirbrother, Jeffrey sz
Big Dig 42, a3,1zl Birhq, neor Stochholm, Sweden 37,49,72.142-144
Bohne, Anhe 5?- 61 Bond, lomes 71 boohrhop 17,22 Borbein Adolf 1O4,113
Cfeere, Henry 85, 1o9, 113,115,126 135, clich6s2,5, 10,33, 34, 46,65,72,76,1O9,130-132, 138,\M, 147,148;see clto stereotypes
Dqrvill, Tim 76, 115,14o
Den ofrivilligogolforen62,94,99
Foncher, foy 75
Denning, Kothryn 84 9t
Fowcett Clore 6
Derhs, Heidrun 77, 135
Felder,Kathrin (et ql.) 2, 14,74,77,95,1O5,115
detective - see qrchoeologist os detective; clues
Ferguson,Golit 12' 84, 106
DeutschesArchdologischeslnstitut 35, T2
Feyerobend, Foul 12O,121
Diomond, Jored 86
fiefd orchoeology 18,64,92,93, 97-99,136
Diggingfor theTruth 63,70
fi eldworh, orchoeologicol 7, 33, 37, 38, 42, 47 -5o, 56, 64, 69,73,98,99, 1O4 13r,138
Bowles, Anthony 59,95
clothes: orchqeologist's 27, 38, 65, 69, 82, 93, 95-loo , 1O2,143tVihing 20, 143
bronds 8, 116,133,134 tee qlso orchqeology qs o brond
clues(obout the por0 5,41,42, 5o,76,n,93,1o4, 131,138
Broy, Worwich 14,39, 63, 77, 1o9, 111
Cohodos, Mqrvin 14, 65, 125,126,146,147
DiscoveryChon nel 33, 53, Tl
Brigstoche, Mofcus 20, 41,77
Cole, rohn 114-116
Dirneylond 69
BritishArchoeologymogozine 20
collectors- see ontiquities; orchoeologist qs collector
BritishfAuseum,London, U.K. tes
Connery, Seon 78
Broodbent, Noel 121,125
Connor, Beverly 80
Burenhult, G6ron 37-39, 43, 72,73,86,114
Cornelius,Dr. 1Z 80
Burstr
Councilfor BritishArchoeology(CBA) 1& 20, 3Z 45, 115,127
Doc Sovoge7& 8l documentories - see TV, documentqriet Donold Duck 65,67 Drobble, Morgoret 1o3 dreqms 6,59,98, 133,141,145
Comelmon 86 Compbell, loseph o4 Connon, Deboroh 93 Cardco\tor Sokuro103 Corlisle,lqn 26 Corrv On Behind62,82
fi lms 4 13,32, 3s, 38, 62, 64, 8s, 92, los, 10'6,11t,119, 132;see oko movieJifilms; TV FineArt + Grobhics,Feterborough, UK 17 Fish,Adqm 1o9 Flcg Fen, Peterborough, U.K, 1648, 27 Flenley, lohn 86 Ford, Horriron 17,66, 69, 75, 115
Drcom Society6-9,130
Fowfer, Peter 111 , 113,123,145
Dr
Fox, Sydney 66
Dugqnne, Dqvid 52-59
Fronh, Scott 1o5 Froser, Meredith 118
Coll of Cthulhugame s Colvinond HobbesTl
ExtremeArchoeology43, 44
EgypL oncient 17,26,32 56,66, 6& 88, 89, 1ol, l1o, 147;ree olto mummies; Sphinx Egyptology 47, 8o., 81,117,123 Elqm, Mqrk 1O6,121 Emer:on, Rodcliff gt
French, Michqel 69,70, 96 Frischmuth, Barboro lO2 Fritz, iohn M, 14,87, 141 fun i& 5,11,20,23-26,40,42,73,77,81,82, 145;see qlso entertoinment
EnglishHeritoge 40, 51,90 l25t see entertoinment 6,11,24, 43, 65, 82, 86, 111,113, olro fun
Gcmble, Clive 135,138
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Y CorneliusHoltorf Archoeology metophors, qrchqeologicql to, 26, 3& 83, 1o4, l3l, l4l
Oeh, Dqvid 68,I15
Redmqn, Chorles 85,86
Meyer,liirgen 72
Ohls:on, lesper 5
re-enqctmenti
Miller, Steve 4Z 106, 117
Opqschowshi, Horst 6,9
misreprerentotions (in medio ond populor culture) 10,5-110,126
Regisrerofprofesslonol Archoeologists 134 RelicHunter 17,66,78
Pochinho Joe 73, 92, 93
Mitchell,luliqn 22,82
Pqchqrd, Vince 24,123
Monty Python'sFlyingCrcus 1o1,1o2
Polfottino, Morsimo 9, 14,68,76, ll3,139
Riddteof the Sphinxgome 77 Rieche, Anito 45, fls, t4t Riksontikvorieiimbetet2, 12, t3Z,
9, lll
142-144
Moore, Lowrence 9, 12,141
Pqrzinger, Hermqnn 72
Riptey, Mihe 80
Morrir, Genny 31,77
Pascali'slsland59,95
Morcovici, Serce1l,14
Postfimes choin 16,17
Robinron, Tony 2C.,4C,_4297, 134 Robson,Froferror 67
Moser, Stephonie 74, 99
Pqynton, Ceinwen 9, 52,54,115
Roch, Will 67
movies/films, archoeologicol 2, 8, 9, 13,15-17,20'22, 30, 33, 3& 53, 54 6Z 63, 65-67, 69,70, 76, 78,80'82. 85, e7,88, 90,93-95, lO2, lO3, tO6, 132,133,147 110,115,117-119,
Peobody, Ameliq 80,81
Romon period 19,27,32 42,16,77,8c.,g2,147 Root, Dolores 65
Peteru, Ellis80,81
Rose,Mqrh 9, 106
mummies 22, 32,33,42,63; tee olso lnca Mummies: Secretsof o LostEmpire;Ihe Mummy frlms; TheMystery of the Mummy
Pfeiffer, lngrid 45
Pichnett, Lynn 79, 86, 123
ruins, crchoeof og icoll 23, Ss_sT, 66, 67, 77, 86, 111, 145 Rusself,Miler g, 14, 42, 63, 65, 62,78, et, Bg, 94, 96, 99,110,133
Pimbernel Smith 62, 61, 76
Russeft,Vince t27
Pine, loseph 4, 6, 9, 95, 136
Ryon, Donold 22,2a
museumt, exhibition:: 4, 13,16, 24, 25, 27, 51,112,143t qrchqeologicol/historical 2, 4, 5, 24, 26, 31,49, 54, 58, 65, 67, 72, Tr , 92, 112-114,l3l, 134-137, 143,1M
Peters, Elizobeth 80, 81
Picqrd, leqn-Luc 17,81,82
Ployboymogozine 69
mysteries,qncient 1Z 21,23,32 41,46, 47, 49, 50, 57, s8.68,70-72,75-80,85-90, 104 125,134,136, 138,t4l,144,146,147
Ploymobiltoys 65
MysteryPork,Interlohen, Switzerlond 3, 88
113 Ndsmqn, Utf 111, Chqnnel 33; Mogdzine 53, 65; Notionol Geogrophic, News 135;Society 93 newr 23, 30, 45-47, 50,71,92,135 newspopers 9, 15,29, 45-50, 52, 53. 71,84, 92, l3O Nikron, Bidrn 122,123 Normon, Bruce 32,42
Fohotylo, Dovid 52-s9 Fopcorn, Foith 4-O 9
Schliemonn\ Erben 34-36, 73
pubfic orchoeologV1,2, 9,13o, l3;r.139-147 Piihringer, Elisqbeth 32,50, llt
Odelberg, Maj37,78 O'Dell. Tom 4
Schmidt, Mortin 36
scholor
rchools24, 26, 53,12O,136,14O Schdrhen,Rolf 68,29
Novo7V 33, 146 novels 12,35, 40.,6Z 67-69,78-81,85, 86, 8, 92^94, 102, 103
rodio 52, 81 Rqmos, Mqria 52-59 Rqnsley,resse74 118 reconstructions,qrchqeologicol 4, 9, $, 23-8, 40, 76, n,fi7,138,143
Speglingorov det ftitlutno 87,38 Sphinr Gizeh, Esypt Zt, es Stoof, Bjiirn M. tl
Stotenshistoriskomuseet,Stochholm, Sweden 135 StotlsrrbkcCentralbyriln s1,Sz Steinmtiller, Kclrlheinz 116,1ll stereotypes,qrchoeologicql g 5, tO, tS, 2r',24,3J_JS, 38, 39, 42. sa, 64, 65,71, 84, 97, roo, rbg, rio, 125,1J2,144;see oko clich6s Stern, Tom 14,35, ?6,63, 65, 96, 97, 1O3
Schmitt, Bernd H.4 6 Schneider, Eko 8g Schneider,Ceorge 40 scholor - see orchoeologist qs
Smith, Stuort T. fl7 S
StorgotelZ, 62,U,7e, gO.ItT, nB,l3S
Pohl, lohn llt
Pryor, Froncis 18,27, 128
Shohql Eilq 66 Silbermon, Neil A. tO6 Smardz, Korolyn 115,135,t36
StorgoteSG-/ t],, 78, Bo, 118
Schsmo, Simon 20
Prince, Clive 79,86, I23
Secretofthe /ncos69 reniotionolism 47-49, A4, gS,lO9, tto, fl3 Shepherd, Nich t3
StorWors 1Cl6
Sondberg, Cotrin 63, flO, fis Schodlq-Hqll Tim 31,n Schfiemqno Heinrich: Z 12,26, 35, 36, 64, 6A, 72, 24, fl5; effect 68
Freston, Douglos 65
scientists v, 42, 6Z @,84,lO3,1OS,1OT, fi3,lI7 Seohenge,Norfolh, U.K, 9s Sebostion, Lynne 138
StorTrek17,67, 81,82,94
gomes 9, 16 PlovStotion
Fiirtner, Rudolf 68
iournoli5m 47, lt}, publicunderstonding of e, 12,106,l2I
Stqm, Robert 66
PlonetoFtheAPes17,8o
Myrtdre Mortin 81
is q brqnd!
Schulzq Gerhcrd 1 4, g, ll2, I44 science,scientific: 5,24,27, 3c., Ze, 41,62, 64, 66, T5, 84, 90, 10,4-107,113,114,117_121,123, rsz, 1rg, 138; and society tO6_rO& t2r, conrultont; 20, 40, lOS, fi7; democratic 83, tO7, tOB. 12O-125t rcience_fiction 8C 8& 93, 94:
Steuben,Hqns von 14,70,BT,gO Stipper-Lcchner, lngrid 6Z Stochholm s, 16,g7, l3s, 142, 143 Stone Age g, 22, 32, 37, zg,q, A4 Stoneh€nge, Wiltshire, U.K. 39, 4g, 84, Bs ttories 3, 5-11,17,19-23, 32, 33,
38, 4c,, 42, 45_50, 64-72, 77,79, U, 85, 94, 1c/2_1c,4, 117,125,rso, 131,ti3, 135,141,142,144_147
storytelling 6, 7, 23, 6g, 144 Summer Lovers1O2
V Cornelius Holtorf
Archoeologyiso brond!
Summerfield, Bernice 67
TrenchOne mogozine 41
Welinder, Slig A, q, 49, 50, 91,lO9, 138,139,142
Sveorike*Vaggo37
Tropico:Porodisels/ond gqme 95
WesL Alex 83
YorkArchoeologicollrust (VAT) 18,19, 24-26, lOO, 127t see olsoJorvik
Svenskoorkeologiskosamfundet 121
Troy, Turhey 2Z 68
Wheeler, Sir Mortimer 42, 78, 115
Y orh, U.R. 18-27,41,87, 127,136
SVT30, 37, 3,9,136
Trfimpler, Chorlotte 79
Wieczoreh, Alfrled 9, 139
YoungArchoeologists'Aub 20
Swoin, Hedley 9e
TV, televi:ion: ? 4, r5-2o, 27, 29-46, so, s2-s4, sg, 6267, 69, 70, 72, 73, 78, 80-82. 85, 8It, 10.5,111, 115, 118,123,126,1z', 13O,132,148,documentqries 20, 21, 30-44, 6s, 70,72 n, 93, 97, 1O9,1lO, 11& 12O 146t see olro nomes of individuql rtotionr ond reriet
Willey, Gordon 8o
Sweden, Swedish 2, 3, 9, 12,14,29, tO, 34, 37-39, 43, 45-47, 49-52. 56, 58, 62, 65, 72, 7A,79, 91,939s, 98, 121-123,132 t3s-137, 14O,142-144
Tclcloy, Lquren 65 Tqnum, Bohusldn, Sweden 9t Totsochenromon, qrchdologircher 35, 68, 7e, 79 Toylor, Tim 39,42,128 Teleuision- lee TV Terro X36 The AdventuresofJustine 67 The Body93 TheMummyfilms 66,7& 81,88,117 The Mysteryof the Mummy gome77
UndiscoveredTomb 732 United Kinsdom, Greqt Britqin, British 9, 12, 14-32, 34,39-4s,50, 51,57,59,62, 69,70.,76-79,82, 85, 9s, 98-100, 115,126,127,132,135 United Stotes, USA, Americon, viii, 4-6, 9,1Z 29, 3C., 33,39, 42, s2-s4, s7-s9, 62, 64-67,69,73,8o, 81,85-89, 1o.2 114,115,118,134,146 universitier 4 31,37, 44, 54, 69, 1O3,118,144
Time Detectives94 Time Life booh serier85
Utgriivorno 39
Time Teom12, 18-20.,27, 3Z 39-4?, 59, 77, eS, 97, gg, 115,118,126-128,132
Vondenbers, Philipp 35, 68
Ihe SimDsons3l TheWho; Dig 10 theme porhs 3, 4, 64, 69,9a Thomos,.lulionlt
Tintin8r
Vordemon, Robert 86
Tode, Thomos14 36, 62, 6s,96,97,103
Vglshl7,67,94
Tomb Roider gomet 9, 66t see olso Lqro Croft
Verbondder Londesorchiiologen Deutschlands34, 73
tombr, grover tZ zz, 48, 63, 69-71,73,A9, 91,1o1, 109, r3s
Vihing period, Vihings9, 16,1e-2O,24-27,32,39,49, 97, 116,117,14o,142-144
toys13,65,78 tourr, guided 5e 58,143
Wolher, lohn 18,25, 26, 1oO,127,13s
tourism, touristr 416, 18,19,24-26,88, 9t tO2, 13O, 136,142 t45; see oho holidoys
Wotroll, Ethon 1't1
Trqxler, Hons Z treoturer 4 lO, 19,26,34,35, M, 49,57,58, 64-69,72, 73,87, tO6,12s,130, t3l, 135,138
Zormqtl Louite 14.64, 74
Wingote, Froncesl03
Ziegert, Helmut 76
Winter. Tim 145
Zintzen, Christione 9, 63, 68, 72
Wirs6n, Corin + Stinq z
Zorpidu, Sultono 7l
Wishoff, Bob 42 Ulin, lonno 39
University of: Amsterdom 72; Berlin (Humboldt) 2; Bonn s2, Brithh Columbiq 54; Colifornio, 9anto Borboro 11| Combridge 4t; Cologne 52; Gotlqnd 37; Freiburg 2; lndiono viii; Leicester20; London (UCL) zs; Oslo tol; Pennsylvonio 72; Rostoch 74; Stockholm 143; Woshington (Americon) il8; Wojhington (State) 75; Vorh19,2t
The Purple Roseof Coiro 63,1Cl2
Willis,lohn 31
We ore History20, 41,T1 Webb, Dqvid 98,99 Weingort, Peter 62, 1O7,117
Woolley, Sir Leonord 68 Wulff & MorgentholerS2
Note on the outhor CorneliusHoltorf is morried with two children ond liver in southern Sweden. Curently on Assistsnt Professorin Archoeology ot the University of Lund, his other booh: include Archoeologyond Folklore,co-edited with A. GqzinSchwortz (Routfedge, 1999), From Stonehengeto LosVegos.Archoeology os PopulorCulture(Altomiro, 2OO5) and ContempororyArchoeologies:Excovoting Now, co-edited with Angelo Piccini (Left Coost prers,2ooz). He is olso the Reviews Editor of the Europeonlournol ofArchoeology(Soge),
Note on the illustrqtor Quentin Drew is not morried but does hove two robbits ond lives in mid-Woles, He h a Lecturer in Archoeology ond the Director of Foundqtion Studier ot the University of Woler, Lompeter. With o long cotclogue of published illustrations from the poit thirty yeqn, thir booh leer o welcome return to cortooning.
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