Парабеллум

ɉȺɊȺȻȿɅɅɍɆ Ɇ.ɋɜɢɪɢɧ, ɋ,ɉɥɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ʉɪɚɩɢɜɧɨɣ

ɉɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ "ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ" ɡɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɲɤɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɜɨɠɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɝɪɵ "ɜ ɜɨɣɧɭ". ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɢɧɨɮɢɥɶɦɚɯ, ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɵ. Ⱦɚ ɢ ɧɚɲɢ ɨɬɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɱɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɛɪɟɡɝɨɜɚɥɢ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɚɦɢ” ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɟɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ. ɇɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɲɤɢ ɥɸɛɹɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ. Ɍɚɤ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ c ɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɜɫɟ ɪɭɱɧɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɨɟ ɨɪɭɠɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɵ, ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɵ ɢ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɵ”. “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ”, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 100 ɥɟɬ, ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɵɦ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ.

ɂɋɌɈɊɂə ɋɈɁȾȺɇɂə ɑɟɬɵɪɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ: Ʌɸɞɜɢɝ Ʌɟɜɟ (Ludwig Loewe), ɟɝɨ ɛɪɚɬ ɂɫɢɞɨɪ (Isidor Loewe), ɏɭɝɨ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ (Hugo Borchardt) ɢ Ƚɟɨɪɝ Ʌɸɝɟɪ (Georg Luger). ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ, ɬɨ ɢɦɹ ɛɪɚɬɶɟɜ Ʌɟɜɟ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɥɵɲɢɬ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ.

Ȼɪɚɬɶɹ Ʌɟɜɟ

Ʌɸɞɜɢɝ Ʌɟɜɟ (1837-1886) ɧɚɱɚɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɜ 1860 ɝ., ɤɚɤ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɟɰ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɲɥɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɪɦɚɦɢ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ. ɉɵɬɚɹɫɶ ɨɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ, ɜ 1869 ɝ. Ʌɟɜɟ ɧɚɱɚɥ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɲɜɟɣɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɗɞɭɚɪɞɚ Ȼɚɪɬɟɥɶɦɟɫɚ ɨɬɛɵɥ ɜ ɋɒȺ. ɉɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜ 1870 ɝ. “Ʌɟɜɟ ɢ Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢ” ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɲɜɟɣɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. ɉɨɞ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ Ʌɟɜɟ ɜɡɹɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ, ɧɨ ɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɬɦɢɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɥɚɜɭ “Ɂɢɧɝɟɪɚ”.

Ɋɚɡɪɚɡɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ 1870 ɝ. Ɏɪɚɧɤɨ-ɉɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɤɪɭɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚ ɪɨɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɫɛɨɪɤɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɰɟɥɨɜ. ɋɨ ɲɜɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɬɶ, ɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɫɠɚɬɵɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɮɢɪɦɟ “Ʌɟɜɟ ɢ Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢ” ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ. Ʉɪɟɞɢɬ ɛɵɥ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧ, ɚ ɮɢɪɦɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɥɶɫɵ. ɂɫɢɞɨɪ Ʌɟɜɟ

ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɹ Ʌɟɜɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɚ ɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɣ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɬɚɥ ɡɚɤɚɡ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 70 000 Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɋɦɢɬɚ ɢ ȼɟɫɫɨɧɚ .44 ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. ɗɬɢ ɠɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɵ ɮɢɪɦɚ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ Ɍɭɪɟɰɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɜ ɮɢɪɦɵ “Ʌɟɜɟ ɢ Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢ” ɧɚ ɭɡɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɢɪɦɚ ɛɪɚɬɶɟɜ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪ (Waffenfabrik Mauser, AG), ɫɱɢɬɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɤ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ Ʌɸɞɜɢɝɚ Ʌɟɜɟ 11 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1886 ɝɨɞɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɥ ɟɝɨ ɦɥɚɞɲɢɣ ɛɪɚɬ ɂɫɢɞɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ "Ʌɟɜɟ ɢ Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢ" ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɫ Ɏɚɛɪɢɤɨɣ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ “Mauser AG” — ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɩɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɦɢɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɢ.

ɍɞɚɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɜ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɂɫɢɞɨɪ Ʌɟɜɟ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɶɨɧɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɫɹ. ȼ 1896 ɝ. ɞɨɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Ʌɟɜɟ ɜ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɟ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2-ɯ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɚɪɨɤ ($476000) ɢ ɂɫɢɞɨɪ ɧɚɱɚɥ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɢɪɦɭ, ɧɨɫɹɳɭɸ ɢɦɹ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪɚ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ - ɉɚɭɥɶ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ. 6 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ 1889 ɝ. ɮɢɪɦɚ "Ʌɸɞɜɢɝ Ʌɟɜɟ ɢ Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢ" ɜɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɧ ɫ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ "Deutsche Metallpatronenfabrik Lorenz" - ɥɢɞɟɪɨɦ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɇɨɜɵɣ ɦɨɧɫɬɪ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɢɦɹ “ɇɟɦɟɰɤɚɹ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɟɩɪɢɩɚɫɨɜ” ("Deutsche Waffenund Munitionsfabriken), ɧɚɱɚɜɲɚɹ ɤɥɟɣɦɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ “DWM”. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɨɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Ʌɟɜɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɩɟɪɟɲɥɚ ɤ DWM, ɂɫɢɞɨɪ Ʌɟɜɟ ɫɬɚɥ ɟɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɦ.

ɂ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ (ɜ 1910 ɝ.) ɂɫɢɞɨɪ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɛɪɚɬɶɟɜ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪ. ɋ 15 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 1896 ɝ. ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ DWM ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɫɛɵɬ. ɂɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɟɟ ɲɬɚɛ-ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɝ. Ʉɚɪɥɫɪɭɷ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɢ, ɲɬɚɛ-ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɜ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ ɧɚ Ʉɚɣɡɟɪɢɧ-Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɚ-ɚɥɥɟɟ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ ɜ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 73 ɬɵɫ. ɤɜ.ɦ. Ʉ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ XX ɜɟɤɚ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ Ʌɟɜɟ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 4255 ɦɚɲɢɧ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ 3 ɬɵɫ.ɥ.ɫ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ DWM ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɚɡɱɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ.

ɏɭɝɨ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɋɚɦɨ ɢɦɹ ɏɭɝɨ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ, ɧɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɥ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɡɚɩɢɪɚɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ "ɩɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɟ" - ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ȼɵ ɭɫɥɵɲɢɬɟ ɨ ɧɟɦ ɟɳɟ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɧɹɬɧɨɟ. Ɍɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɚɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ 1845 – 1846 ɝ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 16 ɥɟɬ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɷɦɢɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ 1875 ɝ. ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɸ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɤ ɒɚɪɩɫɚ (Sharps Rifle Company), ɝɞɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɥ ɭɡɥɵ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɤ. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ 1876 ɝ. ɏɭɝɨ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ȼɢɧɱɟɫɬɟɪɚ (ɝ. ɇɶɸ-ɏɟɜɟɧ), ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɚɬɟɧɬ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɚ.

ɉɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ ɨɛɪ. 1893 ɝ.

ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɭɡɟɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ ȼɢɧɱɟɫɬɟɪ ɜ Ȼɚɮɮɚɥɨ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɪɚɦɤɨɣ, ɭɩɪɨɱɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɹɧɵɯ ɝɢɥɶɡ. ɇɚɞ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɚɦɢ ɏɭɝɨ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫɨ ɋɬɟɮɟɧɨɦ ȼɭɞɨɦ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ - ȼɭɞɚ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ 9 ɦɦ, ɚ ɢɯ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɝɚɞɚɥɚ ɚɪɦɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪ Ʉɨɥɶɬɚ 1882 ɝ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɮɢɪɦɚ ȼɢɧɱɟɫɬɟɪɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɤɚɯ ɢ ɪɭɠɶɹɯ, ɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɵ ɞɟɥɚɥ Ʉɨɥɶɬ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ȼɢɧɱɟɫɬɟɪɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɯ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɨɧ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɫɹ ɜ Sharps Rifle Company. ȼ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ Sharps ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ȿ. Ƚ. ȼɟɫɤɨɬɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɤɚɥ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ. 1 ɢɸɧɹ 1876 ɝɨɞɚ ȼɟɫɤɨɬɬ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɫɢɥ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɸ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ. ɂ ɭɠɟ ɜ 1876 ɝ. ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɮɢɪɦɟ 3000 ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ʌɢ, ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɒɚɪɩɫɨɦȻɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɨɦ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ "Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ 1878". Ɂɚ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɏɭɝɨ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ ɜ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢɥɚ ɟɦɭ 1855 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ.

Ʉɥɟɣɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɟ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɮɢɪɦɵ "Ʌɟɜɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢ"

ɍɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɨɦ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɭɞɚɱɧɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 1891 ɝ. Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɧɚɧɟɫ ɜɢɡɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ "Ʌɢ Ⱥɪɦɫ Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢ" ɧɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ Ɋɷɦɢɧɝɬɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɚɦ. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ 1882 ɝ. Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɥ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɭ ɜ Ȼɭɞɚɩɟɲɬɟ. Ɍɚɦ ɨɧ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ ɤɚɤ Ʉɚɪɥ ɢ ɋɢɥɶɜɟɫɬɪ Ʉɪɧɤɚ, Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞ ɮɨɧ Ɇɚɧɥɢɯɟɪ ɢ Ʉɨɧɪɚɞ ɮɨɧ Ʉɪɨɦɚɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɪɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɠɟ ɏɭɝɨ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɥɫɹ ɫ Ʌɸɞɜɢɝɨɦ Ʌɟɜɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɜɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɭɠɟɣɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ 1890 ɝɨɞɭ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɥ ɮɢɪɦɭ Ʌɸɞɜɢɝɚ Ʌɟɜɟ, ɝɞɟ ɭɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ Ƚɟɨɪɝ Ʌɸɝɟɪ, ɧɨ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɞɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɦɢɪ.

ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɢ Ʌɟɜɟ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɧɚɱɚɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ. ɉɚɬɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɚɧ ɟɦɭ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ 9 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1893 ɝ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Ʌɸɞɜɢɝɚ Ʌɟɜɟ ɪɟɲɢɥ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɦ ɞɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 18 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɒɜɚɪɰɥɨɡɟ ɢ ɞɪ. ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɏɭɝɨ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ ɛɵɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɟɧ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɛɨɟɦ. Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Ʌɟɜɟ ɬɭɬ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɫ ɢɸɧɹ 1893 ɩɨ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ 1896 ɝ. ɥɟɣɬɟɧɚɧɬ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ ɗɜɚɧɫ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ Ʌ.Ʌɟɜɟ ɢ ɏ.Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɨɦ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ. ɗɜɚɧɫ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ ɜ 1894-1895 ɝɝ. ȼ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ-ɨɬɱɟɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ, ɞɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɦ 1894 ɝɨɞɨɦ, ɨɧ ɩɢɫɚɥ: "Ɇɵ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɫɬɪɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ. ȿɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɦɧɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪ. Ɇɧɟ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɪɵɦ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɚɦ ..." ɗɜɚɧɫ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ 6000 ɜɵɫɬɪɟɥɨɜ ɢ ɛɵɥ ɢɦ ɩɨɤɨɪɟɧ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɟɦɭ ɧɪɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɪɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ , ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɵɟ ɛɚɥɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɞɥɢɧɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ.

ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɥɢ ɦɨɪɹɤɢ. ɉɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ “Ȼɨɫɬɨɧ Ƚɟɪɚɥɶɞ” 22 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1894 ɝ. ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɫɶ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ "ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ-ɤɚɪɚɛɢɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ" ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɝ.ɇɶɸɩɨɪɬɟ. ɇɨ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ Ʌɟɜɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɛɵɥ-ɬɚɤɢ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɒȺ. ɉɨ ɢɬɨɝɚɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɫɜɨɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɛɨɪɤɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 40 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 140 ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɤɢ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɪɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɚɫɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ ɫɬɪɟɥɨɤ ɞɟɥɚɥ ɨɤɨɥɨ 40 ɜɵɫɬɪɟɥɨɜ ɡɚ 68 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ, ɩɨɪɚɠɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ 39 ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɬɨ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɧ ɞɟɥɚɥ ɭɠɟ 40 ɜɵɫɬɪɟɥɨɜ ɡɚ 45 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ, ɩɨɪɚɠɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ 35 ɰɟɥɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɚ ɨɧ ɧɚ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɫɦɨɝ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ 32 ɜɵɫɬɪɟɥɚ ɡɚ 38 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ, ɩɨɪɚɡɢɜ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɫɟɝɨ 12 ɰɟɥɟɣ.

Ʉɥɟɣɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɟ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɮɢɪɦɵ "DWM"

ɍɫɩɟɲɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɚ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ-ɤɚɪɚɛɢɧɚ ɜɟɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɞɨ 457 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɧɟɞɨɫɹɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɚ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚɤɚɪɚɛɢɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ 2448 ɜɵɫɬɪɟɥɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɨɥɚɞɨɤ.

ɗɬɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɢɱɟɦ, ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɲɥɨɫɶ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɨɟɩɪɢɩɚɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɬɫɬɪɟɥɚ, ɚ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɨɜ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɨɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɚɯ ɨɛɪ. 1882 ɝ. ɛɵɥɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ.

ɉɨɤɚ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɲɥɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜɨɡɧɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ, Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɢɥɚɦ. ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɰɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ, ɤɬɨ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚɦɢ - ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ ɭɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɵɟ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɵ Ɇɚɧɥɢɯɟɪɚ ɢ Ȼɟɪɝɦɚɧɚ. Ʌɟɬɨɦ 1897 ɝ. ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɰɵ ɫɨɡɜɚɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɸ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ. ɇɚ ɫɭɞ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ Ɇɚɧɥɢɯɟɪɚ, Ȼɟɪɝɦɚɧɚ, Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ ɢ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪɚ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɞɚɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ ɢ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪɚ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɣ ɩɨɞ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ Ƚɟɨɪɝ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɦ. ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ DWM ɢɦ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ. 30 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1899 ɝ. Ƚɟɨɪɝ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɡɚɩɚɬɟɧɬɨɜɚɥ ɪɹɞ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɞɟɣ, ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ. ɉɭɬɶ, ɧɚɱɚɬɵɣ ɜ 1893 ɝ. ɏɭɝɨ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɨɦ, ɛɵɥ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧ Ƚɟɨɪɝɨɦ Ʌɸɝɟɪɨɦ, ɜɨɩɥɨɬɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ 1900 ɝ.

Ɋɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ 1882 ɝ.

ɉɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ ɋ93

ȼɟɫ ɩɭɥɢ, ɝ.

6.8

5.5

Ɂɚɪɹɞ ɩɨɪɨɯɚ, ɝ.

0.2

0.45

ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɦ/ɫ

221

410

ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɩɭɥɢ, Ⱦɠ.

166

463

Ƚɟɨɪɝ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɋɨɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɢ ɜ ɝ. ɋɬɟɣɧɚɯ. ȼ 1865 ɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɥɨɫɶ 16 ɥɟɬ, ɨɧ ɫɬɚɥ ɤɚɞɟɬɨɦ ɚɜɫɬɪɨ-ɜɟɧɝɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ, ɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɚ ɞɥɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɞɨɥɝɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ 1872 ɝ. ɨɧ ɠɟɧɢɥɫɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨ-ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɠ/ɞ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɤ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞɭ ɮɨɧ Ɇɚɧɥɢɯɟɪɭ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɥɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ 1875 ɝ. Ɇɚɧɥɢɯɟɪ ɢ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɚɪɹɠɚɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɚ) ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɤɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ 12 ɥɟɬ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɤɚɦɢ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɧ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɥ ɋɒȺ, ɢɡɭɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ, ɚ ɜ 1890-91 ɝɝ. ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɥɫɹ ɤ ɮɢɪɦɟ Ʌɸɞɜɢɝɚ Ʌɟɜɟ.

Ƚɟɨɪɝ Ʌɸɝɟɪ

ȼɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɭ Ʌɟɜɟ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥɫɹ ɫ ɏɭɝɨ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɨɦ, ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɜɨɞɤɢ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɭ, Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤɨɦ, ɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɞɪɭɠɛɚ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɭɞɶɛɟ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ DWM Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɬɚɦ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɪɟɲɢɥ ɨɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɮɢɪɦɟ Ʌɟɜɟ. ɇɨ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɭɤɭ, Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɢ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɥɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯ, ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɞ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɦ ɫ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɥ Ʌɸɝɟɪ, ɚ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɝɚɡɨɛɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1911 ɝ. ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɨɪɭɠɢɸ.

Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ-Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ ɋɚɦɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɵɣ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɮɢɪɦɵ DWM, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ ɜ 1898 ɝ. ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɣ ɭ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɰɟɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Versuchsmodelle III (ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ Nɨ 3), ɪɟɡɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɧ ɢɦɟɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɢ, ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ ɢ ɜɟɫ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɵ. Ɉɧ ɧɪɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɛɚɥɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɫɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɤɪɚɫɢɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɵ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɵ, ɫɧɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɥɨɞɵɦɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɨɯɨɦ. ɇɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɝɨɞ Ƚɟɨɪɝ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɥ ɷɬɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥ ɟɟ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɜ 1898 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɨ ɩɹɬɶ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ-Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɩɨɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ 4 ɢ 5 ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɸ.

ɉɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ "ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ" ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ 1900 ɝ. (ɮɨɧɞ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɐɆȼɋ)

ȼ ɦɚɟ 1899 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ - Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ, Ʉɪɧɤɚ - Ɋɨɬɚ, Ɇɚɭɡɟɪɚ, Ɇɚɧɥɢɯɟɪɚ , Ȼɪɚɭɧɢɧɝɚ ɢ Ⱥɥɶɛɟɪɬɚ ɏɚɮɮɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɥ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ “ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɟ”. ɇɨ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɯ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ, ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ - Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɨɟ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ȼɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ ɜ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɮɢɪɦɟ DWM 20 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɨɛɪ. 1899 ɩɨ ɰɟɧɟ 100 ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɤɨɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ($19.30). ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɥɞɚɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ 1900 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɵ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ-Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ, ɨɬɡɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨ ɧɟɦ ɜ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɞɶɛɭ.

4 ɦɚɹ 1900 ɝ. ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɫɤɢɦ ɭɤɚɡɨɦ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ “Pistole, Ordonnanz 1900, System Borchardt-Luger”. Ⱥ ɜ 1901 ɝɨɞɭ ɮɢɪɦɚ DWM ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɡɚɤɚɡ ɧɚ 2000 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɟ 62 ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɤɚ ($11.96) ɤɚɠɞɵɣ. ɗɬɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɚɪɦɟɣɫɤɢɣ 10,4ɦɦ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪ ɨɛɪ. 1878 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ 7,5-ɦɦ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪ ɨɛɪ. 1882 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɚɪɫɟɧɚɥɟ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ.

ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ 9 ɦɚɪɬɚ 1901 ɝ. ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ DWM ɏɚɧɫ Ɍɚɭɲɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɞɜɚ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ-Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ 1900 ɝ. ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ 7,65 ɦɦ. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɬɪɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɚ (ɦɚɣɨɪ Ⱦɠɨɧ Ƚɢɪ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧ Ɏɪɟɧɤ Ȼɟɣɤɟɪ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧ Ⱦɠɨɧ Ɍɨɦɩɫɨɧ, ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ-ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ) ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɋɩɪɢɧɝɮɢɥɞ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɢɦɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2000 ɜɵɫɬɪɟɥɨɜ. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɜɵɫɬɪɟɥɨɜ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɫɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɬɪɟɥɶɛɚ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ ɜɟɥɚɫɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥ ɫɞɟɥɚɧ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɋ 1901 ɩɨ 1907 ɝ. ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɵ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬɚ-Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɫɦɚɡɤɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɚ. ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɚɬɪɨɧ.

16 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1901 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɤɨɜɧɢɤ Ɏɪɷɧɤ Ɏɢɩɩɫ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɨɦ, ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɡɚɤɚɡ ɮɢɪɦɟ DWM ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚ 1000 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɟ 14,75 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɨɟɩɪɢɩɚɫɨɜ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɟ 14 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɡɚ 1000 ɩɚɬɪɨɧɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ 1000 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɢ 200000 ɩɚɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɤ ɧɢɦ 18 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1901 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɢɧɭɥɢ Ƚɚɦɛɭɪɝ ɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɭ. Ɍɚɦ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɲɤɨɥɚɦ ɢ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚɦ. ȼ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 1902 ɝ. ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧ ɋɜɢɡɡɢ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪ ɤɚɜɚɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɪɨɬɵ Ɏɨɪɬɚ Ɋɨɛɢɧɫɨɧ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɣ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚɦ DWM, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɨɫɬɨɪɝɚɥɫɹ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɦ, ɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɨɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɚɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɚ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚɦɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɟ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧ, ɜɜɟɞɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɬɹɝɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɢɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɧɚɪɹɠɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɟɟ.

Ƚɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɡɠɟ, Ƚɟɨɪɝ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɫɚɦɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɥ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɡ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ, ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ 9 ɦɦ. ɉɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧ. ȼ ɧɟɦ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɥ ɧɨɜɵɟ 9ɯ19 ɦɦ

ȼ 1906 ɝɨɞɭ Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ȼɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɥ Ʌɸɝɟɪɭ 700 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ 7,65 ɦɦ. Ɏɪɷɧɤɫ Ȼɚɧɧɟɪɦɚɧ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɞɢɥɟɪɨɜ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ, ɡɚɤɭɩɢɥ ɢɯ ɩɨ 10 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɧɚɱɚɥ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ

ȼ 1902 ɝɨɞɭ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥɚ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ Ȼɨɯɚɪɞɬɚ-Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɤɚɤ "ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ 1900 ɝɨɞɚ “ɩɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ”. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚɦɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɭɫɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɵɫ-ɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɨ ɫ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚɦɢ Ȼɪɚɭɧɢɧɝɚ. ɋɒȺ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ.

Ʌɭɱɲɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɦɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 120-ɦɦ. ɐɟɥɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɛɚɥɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɯɚ ɜ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚɯ.

ɩɚɬɪɨɧɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ. 21 ɦɚɹ 1903 ɝɨɞɚ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɢ Ɍɚɭɲɟɪ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ (9-ɦɦ ɢ 7,65-ɦɦ) ɫɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ (7,65ɦɦ ɫɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɦɢ 100-, 120- ɢ 175ɦɦ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ, ɢ 9-ɦɦ ɫɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɦɢ 100-, 120- ɢ 148-ɦɦ) ɢ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɪɨɯɚ ɢ ɩɭɥɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɟ ɜ ɋɩɪɢɧɝɮɢɥɞɟ.

ȼ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 1904 ɝ. 50 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ 9 ɦɦ (ɫɟɪɢɣɧɵɟ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ 22401…22450) ɫ 25000 ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɜɚɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ Ɏɨɪɬɚ Ɋɢɥɢ (Ʉɚɧɡɚɫ). ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ “ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ-ɤɚɪɚɛɢɧɚ”, ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɛɨɟɦ.

ɩɨ ɰɟɧɟ ɨɬ 18,45 ɞɨ 19,85 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ. ȼ 1907 ɝɨɞɭ ɮɢɪɦɚ DWM ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ "Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ" ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ 11,43 ɦɦ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ 200 ɷɤɡ. ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɷɬɚ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɭ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɪɭɠɢɸ. Ɍɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ 11,43 ɦɦ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɨ ɩɹɬɢ.

Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ, ɩɪɨɹɜɢɜɲɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɭ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ”, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɠɞɚɥ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɭɫɩɟɯ. ȼ 1903 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɪɹɞɧɵɯ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɦɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ 9-ɦɦ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ”, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ Ɇɚɧɥɢɯɟɪɚ, 9-ɦɦ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ “Ɇɚɪɫ” Ȼɟɪɝɦɚɧɚ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ 1893 ɒɜɚɪɰɥɨɡɟ, Ȼɪɚɭɧɢɧɝɚ ɢ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪ ɋ96. 12 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 1904 ɝɨɞɚ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɲɬɚɛ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ 9 ɯ 19 ɦɦ “Ɇɨɪɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ 1904 ɝɨɞɚ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Ȼɨɪɯɚɪɞɬ-Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ”. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɫɬɜɨɥ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 150 ɦɦ, ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚ ɜ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɰɟɥ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ 100 ɢ 200 ɦ. ɋ 1905 ɝ. ɩɨ 1918 ɝ. ɮɢɪɦɨɣ DWM ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ 81250 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ 1904 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ.

Ɇɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɪ. 1900 ɢ 1906 ɝ. ȼ 1906 ɝɨɞɭ DWM ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ - neuer Art (ɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ). ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɚ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. ɋ 1907 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ 1909 ɝɨɞ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2000 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ. ȼ 1908 ɝɨɞɭ “ɧɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ” ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɭɞ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ “Pistole 08”. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɟɳɟ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶ, ɧɨ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɭɞɚɥɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɦɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨɤɚ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡɞɭɦɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɞ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɚ” ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɭ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɥɢ ɞɚɬɱɚɧɟ.

ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1914 ɝɨɞɚ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧ, ɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɪɭɠɢɟ ɢɡɵɦɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɭɠɞ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜ 1917 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ DWM ɧɚ Ȼɟɪɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɭɠɟɣɧɨɣ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɛɨɪɤɚ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɨɜ” ɞɥɹ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ 1900 ɝ. ɞɥɹ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɧɚ DWM (ɧɨɦɟɪɚ 5001...9000). ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ (ɧɨɦɟɪɚ 9001...15215) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ DWM. ɂ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ 1906 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ Ȼɟɪɧɟ ɫ 1918 ɝ. (ɧɨɦɟɪɚ 15216 ...33039). ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɵ” ɢɦɟɥɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɟ ɳɟɱɤɢ ɫ ɤɥɟɱɚɬɨɣ ɧɚɫɟɱɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ.

Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬ ȿɳɟ ɜ 1902 ɝɨɞɭ Ƚɟɨɪɝ Ʌɸɝɟɪ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɥ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɱɬɟɧɵ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɵɦɢ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1905 ɝ. ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɥɤɨɜɧɢɤ ɋɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɥ ɮɢɪɦɭ DWM ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɭ,

ɂɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɪɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ “ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ” ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ 9-ɦɦ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ 100-ɦɦ. ɇɚɞɟɠɞɵ DWM ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ “Ɇɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ” ɧɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɥɢɫɶ. “ɇɨɜɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ” ɛɵɥ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧ Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ, ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɜɲɟɣ 9-ɦɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ. ɇɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ 9-ɦɦ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɞɨɪɨɝɢɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɡɧɵɟ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɵ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ, ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɵ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɥɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɢ ɮɥɨɬɚ. Ⱦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɋɚɯɚɪɨɜ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɥɫɹ ɫ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚɦɢ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪɚ, Ȼɪɚɭɧɢɧɝɚ ɢ Ɂɚɭɟɪɚ, ɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ.

ɫɱɟɬ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɧɨ 1000 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɧɟɦɧɨɝɭ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɥɢɫɶ, ɧɨ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ 1914 ɝ. ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɤɭɩɥɟɧɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ.

ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ 7,65-ɦɦ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1910 ɝ. ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɱɚɥ ɩɨɥɶɡɨ-ɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ Ȼɪɚɭɧɢɧɝɚ.

"ɉɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ 08" ɍɫɩɟɯ “Ɇɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ” 1904 ɝ. ɢ “ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ” 1906 ɝ. ɩɨɞɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɤ ɫɤɨɪɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ. 22 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1908 ɝ. “ɉɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ 08” ɛɵɥ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ “ɉɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ, Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ 1908 “, ɧɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɨɧ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ “ɉɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ 08”, ɢɥɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨ P08. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɪ. 1906 ɝ. ɨɧ ɢɦɟɥ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɭ ɢ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɨɪ, ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚ ɜ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɧɢɤɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɵɥ ɢɡɴɹɬ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɥɚɠɤɨɜɵɣ. Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɟ DWM ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ, ɩɭɥɟɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɫ 1911 ɝ. ɤ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɨɪɭɠɟɣɧɚɹ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚ ɜ ɗɪɮɭɪɬɟ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɞɨ 1918 ɝɨɞɚ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ DWM ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɨ 1500 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ 08 ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ 908275 ɞɥɹ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɦɢɢ, ɜ ɗɪɮɭɪɬɟ ɫ 1911 ɞɨ 1918 ɝ. ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɢ 663600. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɜ 1916 ɝɨɞɭ "ɉɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ 08" (ɮɨɧɞ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɐɆȼɋ) ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ DWM ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɨ ɢɡ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ-ɒɚɪɥɨɬɬɟɧɛɭɪɝ ɜ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɟɣ ȼɢɬɬɟɧɚɭ. Ⱥ ɫ 1930 ɝɨɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɨ ɞɨ 1700 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ DWM ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɭɠɟɣɧɭɸ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɭ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪɚ ɜ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɵ” ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ 7,65 ɦɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɵ Ȼɪɚɭɧɢɧɝɚ, Ɉɛɟɪɧɞɨɪɮɟ. Ⱦɪɟɣɡɟ, Ɇɚɭɡɟɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɋ96 ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɶɜɟɪɵ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɣɧɵ DWM ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 700 “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɨɜ” ɜ ɞɟɧɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ Ʉɨɥɶɬ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥ 1325 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ 1911 ɝ. ɜ ɞɟɧɶ, ɚ ȼɟɛɥɟɣ-ɋɤɨɬɬ - 360.

"Ⱥɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ"

3 ɢɸɧɹ 1913 ɝ. ɧɚ ɫɭɞ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ-ɤɚɪɚɛɢɧ Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɦ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 200 ɦɦ. (ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɤɚɪɚɛɢɧ ɫɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɦ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 175 ɦɦ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1903 ɝ.). ɇɨɜɵɣ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ-ɤɚɪɚɛɢɧ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ “Ⱥɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ” ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ-ɤɚɪɚɛɢɧɨɜ. ȼ 1917 ɝɨɞɭ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɭ ɛɵɥ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ 32ɩɚɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧ (Trommelmagazin 08). Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɭɠɞ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 198000 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ “Ⱥɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ”.

ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɨɜ” ɫ 1918 ɞɨ 1947 ɝ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɚɥɚ ɜ ɜɨɣɧɟ, ɨɧɚ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ (ɨɤ. 4000 ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ ɢ 96000 ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɱɢɧɨɜ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɭɠɞ ɚɪɦɢɢ. ɇɨ ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɜ 1920 ɝɨɞɭ, ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ Ɂɢɦɫɨɧ ɜ ɝ. Ɂɭɥɶ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɨɜ” ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɪɦɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ. ȼ 1925 ɝ. ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ P08 ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɥɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɏɟɧɪɢɯ Ʉɪɢɝɯɨɮ. ȼ 1922 ɝɨɞɭ DWM ɛɵɥɚ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ-Ʉɚɪɥɫɪɭɷ ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɟ-ȼɟɪɤ (BKIW) ɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ P08, ɧɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɥɶɜɢɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ "ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ" ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ 1906 ɝ. ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɛɚɧɞɵ "Ɇɚɪɭɫɹ" ɲɥɚ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ, ɤɚɤ "ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ Ʌɸɝɟɪɚ". ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɋɒȺ ɷɬɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɵ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ DWM/BKIW ɬɚɤɠɟ Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɟɣ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 5000 ɲɬ.), ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɦɢ (3820) ɢ Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɣ ɂɧɞɢɟɣ (1484). Ɂɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ 1920-1930 ɝɝ. ɜɫɟ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɜɵɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 35000 “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɨɜ”.

ȼ 1929 ɝ. ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɫ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ BKIW ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2000 ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɜ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ” ɞɥɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɥɨɬɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɋɋɋɊ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɚɬɪɨɧ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪɚ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ 7,63ɦɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɚɬɪɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɜ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ.

"ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ" ɫ ɩɥɚɫɬɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɳɟɱɤɚɦɢ (ɮɨɧɞ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɐɆȼɋ)

"ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ" ɮɢɪɦɵ "Ɏɪɟɞɟɪɢɤ Ʉɪɢɝɯɨɮ", ɩɨɞɚɪɟɧɧɵɣ ȼ.ɏɪɭɥɟɜɭ (ɮɨɧɞ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɐɆȼɋ)

ɂɦɟɧɧɨɣ "ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ" ɮɢɪɦɵ "Ɇɚɭɡɟɪ", ɩɨɞɚɪɟɧɧɵɣ Ʌ.ɂ. Ȼɪɟɠɧɟɜɭ (ɮɨɧɞ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɐɆȼɋ) ȼ 1939 ɝɨɞɭ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ” ɨɛɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɮɢɪɦɟ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪ 11,5 ɪɟɣɫɦɚɪɨɤ, ɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɟ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɚɦɢ - 27,8 ɪɟɣɯɫɦɚɪɨɤ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɩɨ 40 ɪɟɣɯɫɦɚɪɨɤ. ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɞɨɪɨɝɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ ȼɚɥɶɬɟɪɚ P 38 ɨɛɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɸ ɜɫɟɝɨ 5,5-6 ɪɟɣɯɫɦɚɪɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɚ.

ɉɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɟ 1929 ɝ., ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ 300 ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɨɜ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɨɜ”, ɫɛɨɪɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɟɥɚɫɶ ɜ Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɟ. ɇɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼ 1930 ɝɨɞɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ DWM/BKIW ɩɟɪɟɲɥɨ ɜ ɪɭɤɢ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪ-ȼɟɪɤɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ P 08 ɩɟɪɟɦɟɟɯɚɥ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞ Ɉɛɟɪɧɞɨɪɮ. 1 ɦɚɹ 1930 ɝ. ɬɭɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 800 ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɢɡ Ʉɚɪɥɫɪɭɷ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɵ”, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɮɢɪɦɟ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪɚ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɫɥɢ ɤɥɟɣɦɨ DWM, ɧɨ ɜ 1934 ɝɨɞɭ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥɨ ɮɢɪɦɟ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪɚ ɮɚɛɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ S/42, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɬɚɥ ɤɥɟɣɦɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚɯ. C 1930 ɝɨɞɚ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪ-ȼɟɪɤɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɨɜ” ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɞɥɹ ɋɒȺ, Ƚɨɥɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɣ ɂɧɞɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɬɭɪɟɰɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ 3000 “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɨɜ” ɜ 1935-37ɝɝ., 4600 ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɭɩɢɥɚ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɹ, 853 Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ. ɉɟɪɫɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɚɥɚ 3000 P 08 ɢ 1000 P 08 lange, ɚ ɒɜɟɰɢɹ - 319. ɋ 1934 ɩɨ 1942 ɝɨɞ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɨ 930600 P 08 ɮɢɪɦɨɣ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪ, 9200 - ɮɢɪɦɨɣ Ʉɪɢɝɯɨɮ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ Ɂɢɦɫɨɧ. ȼ 20-30-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɮɢɪɦɵ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɨɜ” ɜ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɢ (ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɛɨɪɤɚ).

ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɫɵɝɪɚɜɲɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ P08 ɜ 1942 ɝɨɞɭ. ɋɟɪɢɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɟ ɏɟɧɪɢɯɚ Ʉɪɢɝɯɨɮɚ ɜ Ɂɭɥɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɵ ɞɨ 1945 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ Ʌɸɮɬɜɚɮɮɟ. ȼ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɢ ɠɟ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ 1929 ɝɨɞɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ 1947 ɝɨɞɚ.

ɉɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɮɢɪɦɚ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦɵ” ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɚɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɪɭɠɢɟ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɵ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪɚ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɩɢɫɬɨɥɟɬɨɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ “ɉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɭɦ” ɤɚɥɢɛɪɚ 7,65 ɦɦ, ɩɨɞɚɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ Ɇɚɭɡɟɪ Ʌ.ɂ.Ȼɪɟɠɧɟɜɭ.