ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȺȽȿɇɌɋɌȼɈ ɉɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂɘ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ ɍɑɊȿɀȾȿɇɂȿ ȼɕɋɒȿȽɈ ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə «ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ»
ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɉɈɑȼ. ȼȺɅɈȼɈɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɂ ɆɂɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɈɃ ɑȺɋɌȿɃ ɉɈɑȼɕ ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ƀɨɧɤɨ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ 2007
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ 18 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2007 ɝ., ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ʋ 3
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɩɨɱɜ ȼȽɍ Ɍ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɟɜɹɬɨɜɚ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ ɩɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɝɪɨɯɢɦɢɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: 020701 (013000) – ɉɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. 2
ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ
ɗȿɅȿɆȿɇɌɇɕɃ (ȼȺɅɈȼɈɃ) ɋɈɋɌȺȼ ɉɈɑȼɕ ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ (ɜɚɥɨɜɨɟ) ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ ɩɨɱɜ. ɈɌȻɈɊ ɂ ɉɈȾȽɈɌɈȼɄȺ Ʉ ȺɇȺɅɂɁɍ ɋɊȿȾɇȿɃ ɅȺȻɈɊȺɌɈɊɇɈɃ ɂ ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɉɈɑȼȿɇɇɕɏ ɉɊɈȻ ȼɡɹɬɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ, ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɨɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ɗɬɢɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɹɬɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ. Ɉɲɢɛɤɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛ ɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɨɤ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɲɢɛɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɦɚɥɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ 0,25 ɦɦ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɧɚɜɟɫɨɤ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5 ɝ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0,5 ɦɦ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚɯ 5 ɝ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɞɨ 2 ɦɦ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ. Ɉɬɛɨɪ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɤɜɚɪɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɫ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ 5–7 ɦɦ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɪɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɭɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɨ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɹɦ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ⱦɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɨɛɤɭ, ɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɋɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5 ɦɦ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ 3–4 ɫɦ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ. ɂɡ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ 3
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɢɤɢ ɢɡ ɤɚɥɶɤɢ. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 7–10 ɝ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ, ɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ, ɫɧɨɜɚ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɢɤ. ɂɡ ɜɡɹɬɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɢɧɰɟɬɚ, ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɨɞ ɥɭɩɨɣ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɚɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɲɩɚɬɟɥɟɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɭɸ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɭ ɧɚɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɤɭɫɤɨɦ ɲɟɪɫɬɹɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɬɨ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 0,25 ɦɦ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɫɬɭɩɤɭ, ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ, ɪɚɫɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɢ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɣɞɭɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɬɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɢɤɚɯ ɢɡ ɤɚɥɶɤɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɬɨ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 1 ɢɥɢ 2 ɦɦ. Ɋɚɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɛɚɧɤɚɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɬɟɪɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɤɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɪɨɛɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɢɤɚɯ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ, ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ ɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ. ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɯ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɱɜ. ɉɨɱɜɭ, ɩɪɨɫɟɹɧɧɭɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɬɨ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 1–2 ɦɦ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ, ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 5–7 ɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɚɝɚɬɨɜɨɣ, ɯɚɥɰɟɞɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɹɲɦɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɭɞɪɵ (ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɧɟ ɰɚɪɚɩɚɟɬ ɤɨɠɭ). ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɢɤɚɯ ɢɡ ɤɚɥɶɤɢ. ɉɚɤɟɬɵ, ɤɨɪɨɛɤɢ, ɛɚɧɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɵ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɚɦɢ. ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ȽɂȽɊɈɋɄɈɉɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȼɅȺȽɂ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜɥɚɝɭ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɤɚɤ ɬɨɧɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɫɨɪɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɜɥɚɝɭ ɢɡ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɗɬɚ ɜɥɚɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 100–105 ºɋ. ȿɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ. Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ 4
ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ 2–5 ɝ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 100–105 ºɋ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɸɤɫɵ (ɛɸɤɫɵ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɤɪɵɲɤɚɦɢ). Ȼɸɤɫɵ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ (ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ) ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 5 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 100–105 ºɋ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɲɤɚɮɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɳɢɩɰɨɜ ɫ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɵɲɤɚɦɢ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɷɤɫɢɤɚɬɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɛɸɤɫɵ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɤɚɮ ɧɚ 1,5–3 ɱ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. ȼɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ 5 ɱ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 100–105 ºɋ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ (%) ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: W%
(a b) u 100 , b
ɝɞɟ ɚ – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; b – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; Ɉɛɪɚɬɢɬɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ!!! ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɡɚ 100 % ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɉɨɱɜɚ, ʋ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɫɦ
ʋ ɛɸɤɫɚ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɛɸɤɫɚ, ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɝ
Ƚɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, %
Ɂɧɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ: 1) ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ. 2) ɩɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ (%) ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ (%) ɜ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɄW ɢ KW. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ KW (KW<1) Kw
100 , 100 W % 5
ɝɞɟ W% – ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ. Ɉɧ (KW1) ɪɚɜɟɧ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ KW (KW>1) Kw1
1 Kw
100 W % . 100
ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɉɈɌȿɊɂ ɈɌ ɉɊɈɄȺɅɂȼȺɇɂə ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ɉɟɪɟɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ Ȼ.Ȼ. ɉɨɥɵɧɨɜ (1956) ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɜɲɟɦ ɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛ, ɜɡɹɬɵɯ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɩɨ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ. ɉɨɬɟɪɸ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ (ɩɩ) ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ɉɨɬɟɪɸ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɭɦɭɫ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ ɜ % ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ (%) ɝɭɦɭɫɚ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ ɜ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɋɈ2 ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ – ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ. ɏɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɝ ɪɚɫɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɭɞɪɵ, ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɜ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɦ ɬɢɝɥɟ. Ɍɢɝɟɥɶ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɧɚɝɪɟɬɭɸ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 750–800 ºɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2–3 ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ɍɢɝɟɥɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɷɤɫɢɤɚɬɨɪɟ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ 30–60 ɦɢɧ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɚ. ɉɨɬɟɪɸ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɥɚɝɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɜɵɱɟɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ (%) ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɩ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɉɉ %
b u 100 100 W % u W % a 100
b u (100 W %) W %, a
ɝɞɟ b – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɝ; a – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; W% – ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ; (100+W %)/100 – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ. 6
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɉɨɱɜɚ, ʋ ʋ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ, ɛɸɤ ɛɸɤɫɚ, ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɝ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ- ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɝ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɝ ɝ ɫɦ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɝ
Ƚɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, %
ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɍȽɅȿɊɈȾȺ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɋɈȿȾɂɇȿɇɂɃ. ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ ɂ.ȼ. ɌɘɊɂɇȺ ȼ ɆɈȾɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɂ ȼ.ɇ. ɋɂɆȺɄɈȼȺ ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɬ 0,1 ɞɨ 1 ɝ. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɟ. ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɱɟɪɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ 7–10 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,1 ɝ. ɇɚɜɟɫɤɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ (4–7 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ) ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ 0,2 ɝ, ɜ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ (2–4 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ), – ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,3 ɝ, ɜ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ (1–2 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ) – ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,4 ɝ, ɚ ɜ ɛɟɥɟɫɵɣ (0,5–1 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ) – 0,5–1 ɝ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ: ɤ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɫɦɟɫɶ ɤɢɩɹɬɹɬ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ Cr2O72ɞɨ Cr3+, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ FeSO4. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ: 3C+2K2Cr2O7+8H2SO4=3CO2+2Cr2(SO4)3+2K2SO4+8H2O. ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ Cr2O72- ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɬɬɢɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ (NH4)2SO4FeSO4×6H2O: K2Cr2O7+6FeSO4+7H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+3Fe2(SO4)3+7H2O+K2SO4. ɏɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɫ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɟɲɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɤɨɣ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 100–150 ɦɥ ɢ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɚ ɞɧɨ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɵ. ɉɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɩɪɨɛɵ. ɉɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ. ȼ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɫ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɤɪɚɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ 10 ɦɥ 0,4 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K2Cr2O7 ɜ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ (1:1) ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɫɭɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ Cr2O72- ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 7
ɨɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɨɣ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɨɬ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɟ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ. Ɉɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ ɤɨɥɛɵ, ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɥɢɬɤɭ. ȼɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɹɬɢɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɟ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ Cr2O72-. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ H2SO4 ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɛ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɟ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɢɩɚɟɬ. ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ. Ʉɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ 5 ɦɢɧɭɬ. Ʉɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ ɫ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɨɦ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɜɚɬɨ-ɛɭɪɭɸ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɦ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ Cr2O72- ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɜ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ. Ʉɨɥɛɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ (10–20 ɦɦ) ɫɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɥɨ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɢ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ 5 ɤɚɩɟɥɶ 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɮɟɧɢɥɚɧɬɪɨɧɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ 0,2 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɛɭɪɨ-ɜɢɲɧɟɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɜ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ (ɩɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ). Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ 0,2 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ FeSO4, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ K2Cr2O7, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɦɡɭ, ɧɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 10 ɦɥ 0,4 ɧ. K2Cr2O7 ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɨɩɵɬ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɢɬɪ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɚ 250 ɦɥ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 50 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ, 1 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ H2SO4 ɢ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 10 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ 0,1 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ KMnO4 ɞɨ ɛɥɟɞɧɨ-ɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɧɟɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ɦɢɧ. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ: 8
ɋ%
(V1 u H1 V2 u H 2 ) u 100 u M ɗ u KW , m
ɝɞɟ V1 – ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K2Cr2O7, ɦɥ; H1 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬ-ɢɨɧɨɜ (1/6 Cr2O72-), ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; V2 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ FeSO4, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ (ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ) K2Cr2O7, ɦɥ; H2 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (FeSO4), ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; Ɇɷ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (0,003 ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ); (V1H1–V2H2) – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɨɥɟɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ; KW – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (KW>1)/ Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ FeSO4, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K2Cr2O7. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ K2Cr2O7. Ɍɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɦɡɨɣ. ɉɟɦɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. 0,4 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ K2Cr2O7 ɜ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ 1:1 ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ. ȼ 500 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ 40 ɝ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ, ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 1 ɥ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 3–5 ɥ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 1 ɥ ɤɨɧɰ. H2SO4. Ɋɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ, ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɨɱɤɚɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɭɬɵɥɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɬɟɪɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɤɨɣ. 2. 0,2 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ. ȼ 600 ɦɥ 1 ɧ H2SO4 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ 80 ɝ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ (NH4)2SO4×FeSO4×6H2O, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20 ɦɥ H2SO4 (ɩɥ. 1,84) ɧɚ 1 ɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ). Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ. 3. 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɮɟɧɢɥɚɧɬɪɨɧɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (C13H11O2N) ɜ 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ Na2CO3. Ɉɬɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ 0,2 ɝ ɮɟɧɢɥɚɧɬɪɨɧɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 100 ɦɥ 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ Na2CO3. Ⱦɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫɦɨɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɲɤɟ ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɦɥ 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Na2CO3, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ. Ⱥ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ Na2CO3, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ. 9
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ FeSO4 ɧ 1, ɇɚɜɟɫ- Ɉɛɴɟɦ K2Cr2O7, ɦɦɨɥɶ Ɉɛɴɟɦ, ɦɥ ɤɚ ɧ 2, ɦɥ ɜɨɡɞɭ(+)/ɦɥ ɤɨɧɬ- ɩɪɨ- ɦɦɨɥɶ ɲɧɨɪɨɥɶ- ɛɚ (+)/ɦɥ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɧɵɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɩɵɬ ɝ Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ % ɋ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 1,724. ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɪɚɡɪɟɡ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ, ɫɦ
ɋ, % ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɋ, % ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ȺɅɄɈɅɂɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɄȺɊȻɈɇȺɌɈȼ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ Ɏ.ɂ. ɄɈɁɅɈȼɋɄɈȽɈ Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ Ɏ.ɂ. Ʉɨɡɥɨɜɫɤɢɦ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ ɚɥɤɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ. Ⱥɥɤɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɋɚɋɈ3 ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ: ɋɚɋɈ3+2HCIĺCaCI2+H2O+CO2. ȼɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɋɈ2 ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɋɈ32-: CO2+2NaOHĺNa2CO3+H2O. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ BaCI2, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ – ɢɨɧ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɛɚɪɢɹ: Na2CO3+BaCI2ĺBaCO3+2NaCI. ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ NaOH ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 0,5–2 ɝ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɟɹɧɧɭɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɬɨ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 0,25 ɦɦ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 250 ɦɥ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɥɛɵ. ȼ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɩɭɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ 5 ɦɥ 2 Ɇ. (8–10 %) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HCI. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 25 ɦɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ 90 ɦɦ, ɫ 5 ɦɥ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ 0,4 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NaOH. ɉɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɩɪɢɫɥɨɧɹɸɬ ɤ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ, ɚ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɤɨɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɹɸɬ, ɨɩɪɨɤɢɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. ɇɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɨɱɢɬɶ 1–2 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɪɧɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɋɈ2. 10
ɋɩɭɫɬɹ 30 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɟɟ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ. ȼɫɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɥɟɫɧɭɬɶ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NaOH. Ʉɨɥɛɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɤɨɟ ɧɚ 4–5 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɱɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ CO2, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ, ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ, ɨɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɭɲɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ. ȼ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɦɥ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ BaCI2. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ NaOH ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ 0,2 ɦ HCI ɞɨ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɋɈ2 ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: ɋɈ2 %
(V V1 ) u M u 0, 022 u 100 , m u KW
ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NaOH ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ, ɦɥ; V1 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ NaOH ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɦɥ; M – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ HCI, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ, ɝ; 0,022 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (1/2 ɋɈ2) ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ; KW – ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ (KW<1). Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. 2 Ɇ HCI – 16,4 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ HCI (ɩɥ. 1,19) ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ. 2. Ɏɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧ, 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ – 1 ɝ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 60 ɦɥ 96 % ɷɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ. 3. 0,2 Ɇ HCI – ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɢɡ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɚ. 4. ɇɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ BaCI2 – ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ BaCI2×2H2O ɩɪɢ 600 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 31,7 ɝ ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ 100 ɝ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɇ2Ɉ 31,7 ɝ BaCI2, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ. 5. 0,4 Ɇ NaOH – 31,3 ɝ NaOH ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 40 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɜ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɟ; ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ; ɡɚɬɟɦ 2,68 ɦɥ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NaOH ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɛɟɡ ɋɈ2 ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ 0,2 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ HCI.
11
ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɪɚɡɪɟɡ, ɝɥɭɛɢ ɧɚ, ɫɦ
ɇɚɜɟɫ- Ɉɛɴɟɦ K2Cr2O7, ɤɚ ɦɥ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ FeSO4 ɧ 1, ɦɦɨɥɶ Ɉɛɴɟɦ, ɦɥ ɧ 2, (+)/ɦɥ ɤɨɧɬ- ɩɪɨ ɦɦɨɥɶ ɪɨɥɶ- ɛɚ (+)/ɦɥ ɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ
ɋ, % ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɋ, % ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ
ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ȺɁɈɌȺ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ ɄɖȿɅɖȾȺɅə Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ. Ɉɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɨ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɷɬɚɩɚ: ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɬɝɨɧɤɭ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɋɈ2 ɢ ɇ2Ɉ, ɚɡɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɚɥɚɧɢɧɨɦ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɩɨɱɜ: 2CH3CHNH2COOH+13H2SO4ĺ(NH4)2SO4+6CO2+16H2O+12SO2. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɫɟɪɵ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɚɡɨɬɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɫɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɹɥɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɤɨɥɛɵ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɵ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɫɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ CuSO4×H2O; HgO; Se ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɶ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɫɟɥɟɧ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɥɟɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ: Se+2H2SO4=H2SeO3+2SO2+H2O/ ɋɟɥɟɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ ɞɨ ɋɈ2 ɢ ɇ2Ɉ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɟɧɚ. 2CH3CHNH2COOH+6H2SeO3=6CO2+10H2O+2NH3+6Se ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɟɥɟɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɚɡɨɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬ NaOH: (NH4)2SO4+2NaOHĺ2NH3+2H2O+Na2SO4, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɫ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɪɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ: 12
NH3+H3BO3=NH4++H2BO3-, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɛɨɪɚɬ – ɢɨɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ: H2BO3-+H+ĺH3BO3. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɨɥɟɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ H2SO4, ɜɡɹɬɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ, ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɨɥɟɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ H2SO4, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ 1–5 ɝ. ɉɨɱɜɭ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ. Ɍɪɭɛɤɭ ɧɚɞɟɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɹɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɢ, ɢ, ɞɟɪɠɚ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ, ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɟɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɨ ɞɧɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɧɢɡ ɞɧɨɦ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɫɵɩɚɹ ɩɨɱɜɭ. ȼ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɫɟɥɟɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 10 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ H2SO4, ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɜɫɹ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɦɨɱɟɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. Ʉɨɥɛɵ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɜ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɥɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɛɵ. Ɉɡɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ, ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦ, ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɛɭɪɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɨɱɤɚɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɛɭ Ʉɶɟɥɶɞɚɥɹ ɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ 400 ɦɥ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ (ɤɨɥɛɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 250 ɦɥ) ɫ ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ. 1-ɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ: ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ 20 ɦɥ 0,02–0,01 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4 ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Ƚɪɨɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ. 13
2-ɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ: ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 10 ɦɥ 2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ 10 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Ƚɪɨɚɤɚ. ɉɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɫ ɲɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ, ɞɟɪɠɚ ɨɬɝɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɦ 40 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NaOH ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ H2SO4, ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧɚ, ɤɥɚɞɭɬ ɤɭɫɨɱɟɤ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɝɪɚɧɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɧɤ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɥɛɭ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɤɨɣ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ, ɛɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɭ!!! ɋɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɥɛɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɢɩɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɬɝɨɧɤɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɛɵ-ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɫ ɲɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɟɪɟɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɦ. ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦ, ɧɟɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɧɭɬɶ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɋɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɧɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɥɛɭ-ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ, ɢ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɬɝɨɧɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɉɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɨɬɝɨɧɤɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɇɟɫɥɟɪɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɫɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ; ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɬɚ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɭɸ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɩɥɸ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚ ɇɟɫɥɟɪɚ ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɨɬɝɨɧɤɭ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ-ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɟ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɜ 1 ɫɥɭɱɚɟ: ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NaOH, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɜɡɹɬɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ; ɜɨ 2 ɫɥɭɱɚɟ: 0,02 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4. ɉɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɨɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ 1 ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: N%
[V1 u H1 (V2 V3 ) u H 2 ] u 0, 014 u 100 , m u KW
ɝɞɟ V1 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ, ɦɥ; 14
H1 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (1/2 H2SO4) ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; V2 – ɨɛɴɟɦ NaOH, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɫ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɨɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɥ; V3 – ɨɛɴɟɦ NaOH, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɦɥ; H2 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ NaOH, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; 0,014 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ; KW – ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ (KW<1). ȼɨ 2 ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: N%
(V V1 ) u H u 0, 014 u 100 , m u K uW
ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɪɚɬ – ɢɨɧɨɜ, ɦɥ; V1 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɪɚɬ – ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ, ɦɥ; H – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (1/2 H2SO4) ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; 0,014 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ. Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. ɋɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ (ɩɥ. 1,84). 2. Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ K2SO4+CuSO4×5H2O+Se ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ 100:10:1. ɇɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɤɭ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɪɚɸɬ. 3. 10 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (40 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ) NaOH ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 1 ɥ. Ʉ 600 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 400 ɝ NaOH ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ. 4. 2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (H3BO3): 2 ɝ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ 100 ɦɥ. ȼ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ 100 ɦɥ; 5. ɂɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɪɨɚɤɚ: 1 ɨɛɴɟɦ 0,4 % ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ 1 ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ 0,2 % ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɝɨ. ɗɬɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɜ ɭɡɤɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɪɇ (5,2–5,6) ɢɡ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɭɸ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɝɨɧɤɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɇ>5,6, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ (NH4)3BO3, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɪɇ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɠɟɥɬɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ, ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ – ɫɢɧɸɸ, ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. 15
6. 0,01 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɤɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ 0,1 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4 ɢɥɢ HCI, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɚ. ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɇɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ, ɩɨɱɜɵ, ʋ ɝ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ H2SO4 Ɉɛɴɟɦ H2SO4 V1, ɦɥ ɧ1, ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɦɦɨɥɶ ɞɥɹ (+)/ɦɥ ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɹ
NaOH V2, V3 ɧ 2, ɦɥ ɦɦɨɥɶ (+)/ɦɥ
N, % ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɊȺɁɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ ɉɈɑȼɕ ɋɉɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿɆ ɋ ɍȽɅȿɄɂɋɅɕɆ ɄȺɅɂȿɆ ɂ ɇȺɌɊɂȿɆ Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚɯ ɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɚɯ. Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ȼ ɩɨɱɜɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɨɱɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɥɢɹ. ɋɦɟɫɶ ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ Na2CO3 ɢ K2CO3 ɩɥɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 700º, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Na2CO3 – 853º, K2CO3 – 903º). ɋɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1000º ɜ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɢɝɥɹɯ. ɉɪɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ 5–6-ɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɥɚɜɧɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɩɥɚɜɧɟɦ ɨɪɬɨɤɥɚɡɚ. K[AISi3O8]+3Na2CO3=KAIO2+3Na2SiO3+6CO2. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɜɭ, ɪɚɫɬɟɪɬɭɸ ɜ ɩɭɞɪɭ ɜ ɯɚɥɰɟɞɨɧɨɜɨɣ, ɚɝɚɬɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɹɲɦɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɤɟ, ɨɬɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 0,5–1 ɝ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɨɦ ɬɢɝɥɟ. ɇɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɨɬɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɥɹɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ 5 ɝ ɪɚɫɬɟɪɬɨɣ ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɯ. ɱ. ɫɦɟɫɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɥɚɜɧɹ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɭ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɵɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɜɧɹ (§1 ɝ) ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ 16
ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɪɰɢɸ ɩɥɚɜɧɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɧɟɣ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɥɚɜɟɧɶ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ, ɜɵɬɢɪɚɸɬ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɤɭ ɩɥɚɜɧɟɦ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɲɤɢ, ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɜ ɬɢɝɥɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɫɨɥɹɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɹɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɤɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɥɚ. Ɍɢɝɟɥɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ, ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɧɚɝɪɟɬɭɸ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɨɲɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɯ ɛɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ. ȼɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɦɭɮɟɥɶ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɟɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1,5–2 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ. ɉɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 800º (ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɢɟ), ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ 1000º (ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɢɟ) ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɳɟɥɨɱɟɣ ɫ ɚɥɸɦɨɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɚɦɢ, ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɭɥɟɬɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɈ2 ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɵɩɭɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɪɚɣ ɬɢɝɥɹ. ɉɨɞ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɋɈ2 ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɣɤɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɳɢɩɰɚɦɢ. Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɵɟ ɱɚɲɢ ɧɚ 3/4 ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɛɟɪɭɬ ɪɚɫɤɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ ɡɚ ɤɪɚɣ ɳɢɩɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦ ɬɢɝɥɹ. ɇɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɢɡ ɪɭɤ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɤɨ ɞɟɪɠɚ ɟɝɨ ɳɢɩɰɚɦɢ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 2/3 ɜɵɫɨɬɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɲɤɟ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 1–2 ɦɢɧ) ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɫ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɝɞɟ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɢɡ ɪɭɤ 3–4 ɦɢɧ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 12 ɫɦ, ɤɭɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧ ɫɩɥɚɜ, ɢ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɶ ɩɥɚɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ 2–3 ɦɢɧɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɥɚɜ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɚ. ɇɚɤɥɨɧɹɸɬ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɱɚɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɩɨ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɬɢɝɥɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɥɚɜ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɬɢɝɥɹ, ɟɝɨ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɷɬɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 20 ɦɥ 17
ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɧɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɯ. ɱ. KNaCO3, ɪɚɫɬɟɪɬɵɣ ɜ ɩɭɞɪɭ. ɏɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɛɚɧɤɟ. ȼɕɓȿɅȺɑɂȼȺɇɂȿ ɉɅȺȼȺ ȼɈȾɈɃ ɂ ɊȺɁɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ ɄȺɊȻɈɇȺɌɈȼ ɄɂɋɅɈɌɈɃ ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɤɪɟɦɧɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɝɟɥɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: Na2SiO3+2H2O=H2SiO3+2NaOH. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɳɟɥɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɜɨɞɭ ɜ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɤ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɲɤɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɥɚɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ, ɟɟ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɱɚɲɤɢ ɢ, ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɩɪɢɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦ ɱɚɲɤɢ 20 ɦɥ HCI ɩɥ. 1,19, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 1:1 ɫɨɥɹɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɥɚɜ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɭɪɧɨɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɋɈ2, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ, ɫɥɟɞɹɬ ɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɱɚɲɤɢ: ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɬɵɦ ɨɬ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɨɛɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ 1:1 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɱɚɲɤɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɱɚɲɭ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɨɱɤɢ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɟ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɨɱɤɨɜ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɋɈ2, ɱɚɲɤɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɤɪɵɬɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɛɪɵɡɝɢɜɚɧɢɢ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɝɚɡɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ, ɨɛɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɞ ɱɚɲɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ. Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. HCI ɩɥ. 1,19. 2. Ɋɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ HCI 1:1. ɗɬɚ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 20 % HCI. 18
ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɈɄɂɋɂ ɄɊȿɆɇɂə HCI ɀȿɅȺɌɂɇɈȼɕɆ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɬɪɢɹ ɫ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ: 2KAIO2+Na2SiO3+2HCI=AICI3+2KCI+6H2SiO3+12NaCI+4H2. Ɉɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɨɥɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɰɟɥɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɢɰɟɥɥɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɇ+-ɢɨɧɵ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɟɥɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ [(SiO2)m×nHSiO3-x(n-x)H+]x-×xH+, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɧɨ ɱɚɲɤɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ. Ʉɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɜɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ. ɀɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɦɮɨɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɤɢɫɥɵɟ (ɤɚɪɛɨɤɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ) ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ (ɚɦɢɧɨ) ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ȼ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ. ɉɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ ɫ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɟɥɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɫ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 25–30 ɦɥ HCI ɩɥ. 1,19, ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɹ ɟɸ ɫɨɥɢ ɢ ɤɪɚɹ ɱɚɲɤɢ. Ɍɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɱɚɲɤɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɤɢɩɹɳɭɸ! ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɧɚ 10, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ 60–70º. ȼɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɢɡ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ 5 ɦɥ ɫɜɟɠɟɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɩɥɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɋɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ (ɧɟ ɤɢɩɹɳɭɸ) ɛɚɧɸ ɧɚ 5–10 ɦɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ ɫ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɭ 25–30 ɦɥ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɱɚɲɤɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɫɨɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɚɸɬ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɚɧɟ 5–3 ɦɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɥɹ ɢ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɨɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 9–11 ɫɦ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 200–250 ɦɥ. Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ 2–3 ɤɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɨɛɦɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɲɤɢ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ HCI. ɑɚɲɤɭ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɛɟɡɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɢɯ ɤ ɨɫɚɞɤɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɟ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɚɰɢɢ. ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢɟɦ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɱɚɲɤɢ (ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ). ɉɟɫɬɢɤ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ. Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ 19
ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ 1 % HCI). Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɜɡɦɭɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɨɦ, ɞɚɸɬ ɟɦɭ ɨɬɫɬɨɹɬɫɹ 1–2 ɦɢɧɭɬɵ, ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ. ɉɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɭɸ ɧɚɞɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɩɟɫɬɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɪɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɚɹ ɩɨɪɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɟɬɫɹ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɥɫɹ, ɱɚɲɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ, ɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ. ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɨɧɵ Fe3+. ɉɪɨɛɚ ɧɚ Fe3+: ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɫɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɩɥɸ 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɪɨɞɚɧɢɞɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ NH4CNS ɢɥɢ KCNS. ȼ ɤɢɫɥɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ Fe3+ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɨɞɚɧɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ Fe(SCN)3. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 250 ɦɥ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ. ɉɪɨɦɵɬɵɣ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ 2–3 ɪɚɡɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɩɪɨɫɭɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ 1000–1200º ɜ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɱɢ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ SiO2 ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: ɚ u 100 , ɝ m u 100 u 28, 09 , ɝ u 60, 09
SiO2 %
Si %
ɝɞɟ ɚ – ɜɟɫ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɡɟɦɚ; ɝ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɜɡɹɬɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢ 100–105º. 28,09 ɢ 60,09 – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ SiO2 ɢ Si. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɉɨɱɜɚ
Ƚɥɭɛɢ ɧɚ, ɫɦ
ɇɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ
ʋ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɝɥɹ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɩɭɫɬɨɝɨ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɝɥɹ, ɝ
ȼɟɫ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝ
% SiO2
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ, SiO2, ɝ
1
2
% Si
3
ɉɟɪɟɫɱɟɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɯɟɦɭ: SiO2 o Si
Si SiO2
28,09 60,09
0,468 .
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. HCI (ɩɥ. 1,19) ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. 2. 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ: ɤ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɣ ɞɨ 70º, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 1 ɝ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ. ɋɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ ɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɦ 20
ɜɡɛɚɥɬɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ 70º, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɟɠɟɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ. 3. 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ HCI: 226 ɦɥ HCI ɩɥ. 1,19 ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ (ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ). 4. 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɨɞɚɧɢɞɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ 10 ɝ NH4CNS ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ 100 ɦɥ. ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɎɂɅɖɌɊȺɌȺ ɈɌ ɄɊȿɆɇȿȼɈɃ ɄɂɋɅɈɌɕ ȼ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ, ɬɢɬɚɧ, ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ, ɤɚɥɢɣ, ɤɚɥɶɰɢɣ, ɦɚɝɧɢɣ, ɫɟɪɭ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɪɵ ɦɟɲɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ca2+ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɣ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ: ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ ɢɡ ɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɵ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɵɥ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ȺɆɆɂȺɑɇɕɃ ɆȿɌɈȾ ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂə ɋɍɆɆɕ ɉɈɅɍɌɈɊɇɕɏ ɈɄɋɂȾɈȼ ɂɨɧɵ Fe3+ ɢ AI3+ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ: Fe3++3NH4OH=3NH4++Fe(OH)3, AI3++3NH4OH=3NH4++AI(OH)3. ȼ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ AIPO4 ɢ FePO4. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ (ɪɇ 1–1,5), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (ɪɇ 2–5) ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ (ɪɇ 4,5–6,5). ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ (ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ), ɛɟɪɭɬ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚ!, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɝɧɹ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɩɥɸ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɦɭɬɧɟɟɬ, ɬ. ɟ. ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ (10 %) ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH4OH, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ. ȼɧɨɜɶ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɩɥɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, 21
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɜ ɠɟɥɬɭɸ. ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɛɭɪɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɦɟɲɚɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ ɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɫɬɨɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɭɸ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɨɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɭɬɧɟɟɬ ɨɬ ɝɟɥɹ Fe(OH)3. Ɉɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɪɇ 4,4–6,2. ɗɬɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɪɇ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɳɟ 2–3 ɤɚɩɥɢ 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NH4OH ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɬɨ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ HCI, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ 10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH4OH. Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ R2(OH)3 ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ: ɠɟɥɬɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ, ɫɥɚɛɵɣ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢ «ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬɶ» ɨɫɚɞɤɚ (ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɯɥɨɩɶɹ, ɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɦɭɬɶ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɪɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ). ɉɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɝɧɹ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɚɞɤɭ ɨɫɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɧɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɨɫɹɞɟɬ, ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ) ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɟɡɡɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɵɯɥɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ (ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɥɟɧɬɚ) ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 9–11 ɫɦ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 500 ɦɥ. ȼɨɪɨɧɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ, ɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɨɞɨɝɧɚɧ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɬɟɱɟɬ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɞ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫɚɦ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɢɟɦ, ɧɟ ɨɬɧɢɦɚɹ ɧɨɫɢɤ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ 70–80º. Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ 1–2 ɪɚɡɚ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɦ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH4NO3 ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɪɇ ~ 6,2 (ɪɇ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ!!!). Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɭ ɫ 1 % NH4NO3 1–2 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɤɪɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 1–2 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɛɟɡɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɫ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɦ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ. ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ NH4NO3 ɮɢɥɶɬɪ. 22
ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɯɥɨɪ-ɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ 8–10 ɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ 1–2 ɦɥ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 1 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ HNO3, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2–3 ɤɚɩɥɢ 1 % AgNO3 ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɢ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɬɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ. ȼɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ R(OH)3 ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ CI-, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɦɵɬɵɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ R(OH)3 ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ, ɨɡɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɬɹɝɨɣ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 850–950º (ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ, ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɨɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɢɟ). Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: % R2O3
mO u VO u 100 , Vɚɥ u m
ɝɞɟ mO – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɝ; m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; V0 – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɥ; Vɚɥ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɡɹɬɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɦɥ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɉɨɱɜɚ
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ, ɫɦ
ɇɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ
ʋ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɝɥɹ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɩɭɫɬɨ ɝɨ ɬɢɝɥɹ, ɝ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɥ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ R2O3, ɝ
R2O3, %
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. ɋɨɥɹɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɩɥ. 1,19; 2. 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4NO3: 10 ɝ NH4NO3 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 500 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ 1000 ɦɥ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ NH4OH ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɦɭ. 3. 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ) NH4OH. 4. 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH: 42,2 ɦɥ 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NH4OH ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ. 23
5. 1% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ AgNO3. 6. HNO3 (ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ 1,40) ɜ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɟ. 7. Ɇɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ – 0,1% ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɀȿɅȿɁȺ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɈɇɈɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɂɆ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ (ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅəɘɌ ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ ɀȿɅȿɁȺ III) Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɩɪɢ ɪɇ 1–1,5 ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɢɨɧɨɦ Fe3+ ɦɚɥɨɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ: Fe3++H2Y2-=FeY-+2H+. ɗɬɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ 50–55º ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫ ɢɨɧɚɦɢ ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɥɨɜɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ. ȼ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ȼɟɪɭɬ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ 25 ɦɥ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɵ) ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 250 ɦɥ, ɫ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 50 ɦɥ. ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 7 ɤɚɩɟɥɶ HNO3 ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ 1,4 ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɢɫɧɨɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ Fe3+ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ: 3Fe2++HNO3+3H+ĺ3Fe3++2H2O+NO. ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ 10 % NH4OH ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɦɭɬɢ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ 5 ɦɥ 1,0 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HCI (1,0 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ HCI ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɇ § 0), ɢ ɪɇ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 0. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ (ɞɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ 50 ɦɥ) ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɇ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɪɢɞɟɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɨɧ ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɨɦ III ɦɚɥɨɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨ 50–55º ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɭɬɶ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɪɇ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ 1–1,5. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ 50–55º, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 1 ɦɥ 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɢɥɢ 0,1 ɝ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ) ɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ, ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɥɢɥɨɜɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, 0,01 ɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɩɪɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ. ȼ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɥɨɜɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɥɢɦɨɧɧɨ-ɠɟɥɬɭɸ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚɬɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. Ɉɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1 ɦɝ Fe2O3 ɜ 100 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ, 24
ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɧɨ ɠɟɥɬɨ-ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɠɟɥɬɨɣ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɬɢɬɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ («ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɹ»). ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ % ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ: Fe %
V u M u V0 u 56( Fe) u100 , Vɚɥ u m u1000
ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɦɥ; M – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; 56(Fe) – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɝ/ɦɨɥɶ, ɚ 56 / 1000 – ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ; Vɚɥ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɢɬɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɥ; V0 – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɥ; m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ, ɝ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɨɤɫɢɞɚɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: Fe2O3 %
V u M u V0 u Ɇ (1/ 2 Fe2O3 ) u100 , Vɚɥ u m u 1000
ɝɞɟ M(1/2 Fe2O3) / 1000 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɦɨɥɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɦɨɥɟɦ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ Ɇ (1/2 Fe2O3). Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ, ɫɦ
ɇɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, ɦɥ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧ III Ɉɛɳɢɣ ȼɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ Ɇ Ɉɛɴɟɦ, ɦɥ V0 ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ Vɚɥ
Fe2O3, %
Fe, %
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. HNO3 ɩɥ. 1,4; 2. 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH: 42,22 ɦɥ 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NH4OH ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ. 3. 1 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ HCI: 8,2 ɦɥ HCI ɩɥ. 1,19 ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ; 4. 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ: 10 ɝ ɫɭɥɶɮɨɫɚɥɢɰɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɨɣ. 5. 0,01 Ɇ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III: 3,722 ɝ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 1 ɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɍɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ MgSO4 ɢɥɢ ZnCI2. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 250 ɦɥ ɛɟɪɭɬ 10–25 ɦɥ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 10 ɦɥ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɧɨ-ɚɦɦɢɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (ɪɇ=10), ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɯɪɨɦɨɝɟɧ ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ 25
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜɢɧɧɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɢɧɟ-ɝɨɥɭɛɭɸ. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: Ɇ
Ɇ 1 u V1 , V
ɝɞɟ M1 ɢ V1 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ MgSO4 ɢɥɢ ZnCI2; M ɢ V – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɄȺɅɖɐɂə ɈɄɋȺɅȺɌɇɕɆ ɈȻɔȿɆɇɕɆ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɋɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ CaC2O4×H2O ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: Ca2++C2O42-+H2O=CaC2O4×H2O. Ɉɤɫɚɥɚɬ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ – ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ (ɪɇ = 4), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×ɇ2Ɉ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. ȼ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɋɚ(Ɉɇ)2. Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ: ɢɡ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɦɨɧɨɝɢɞɪɚɬɚ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×ɇ2Ɉ. ȼ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɥɤɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɝɢɞɪɚɬ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×2ɇ2Ɉ ɢ ɬɪɢɝɢɞɪɚɬ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×3ɇ2Ɉ. ɉɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. ȼ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ HCI, ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4+ɇ+=ɋɚ2++ɇ2ɋ2Ɉ4. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ. ɉɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ MgC2O4×2H2O ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦ ɜ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ. Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×ɇ2Ɉ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ H2SO4: CaC2O4+H2SO4=CaSO4+H2C2O4. Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɦɚɧɝɚɧɚɬɨɦ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ KMnO4, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɭɡɧɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ. 26
5H2C2O4+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=K2SO4+2MnSO4+10CO2+8H2O, ɬ. ɟ. MnO4-+8H++5eļMn2++4H2O, C2O42—+2eĺ2CO2. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɦ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɟ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɸ ɞɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ 100–150 ɦɥ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ. ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ HCI 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH4OH ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ 10 % ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ. ɉɨɞɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɝɧɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ 5–10 ɦɥ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ 4 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ (NH4)2C2O4. ɉɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɦɭɬɧɟɟɬ ɨɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×ɇ2Ɉ. ɉɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ ɧɚ 2–3 ɱɚɫɚ – ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɞ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɨɡɨɜɵɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 9 ɫɦ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 1–2 ɪɚɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɟ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ, ɧɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɋɚɋ2Ɉ4×ɇ2Ɉ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɦɵɜɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɫɚɞɢɬɟɥɹ. ɉɨɞ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ 2–3 ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ. ɉɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬ – ɢɨɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ AgNO3 ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ Ag2C2O4. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ AgNO3 ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ HNO3, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɚ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ 5 % ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ 50–100 ɦɥ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ 75–80º. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ!, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɋ2Ɉ42- ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ: ɋ2Ɉ42-ļɋɈ2+ɋɈ+Ɉ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɳɚɜɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ 0,02–0,05 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ KMnO4 ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ɦɢɧ (ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɛɭɪɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɨɬɬɟɧɨɤ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɟɬ, ɫɧɨɜɚ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ KMnO4. 27
ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ: ɋɚ %
V u ɧ u VK u V0 u 100 u M (1/ 2Ca ) , Vɚɥ1 u Vɚɥ u m u 1000
ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ KMnO4, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɦɥ; ɧ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ KMnO4, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; VK – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɦɥ; V0 –ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ; Vɚɥ1– ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɚ, ɦɥ; Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ R2O3, ɦɥ; Ɇ(1/2 ɋɚ)/1000 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ; m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ, ɝ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: ɋɚɈ %
V u ɧ u VK u V0 u 100M (1/ 2CaO) , Vɚɥ1 u Vɚɥ u m u 1000
ɝɞɟ Ɇ(1/2 ɋɚɈ)/1000 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ, ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɉɨɱɜɚ
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ, ɫɦ
ɇɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɦɥ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɉɨɫɥɟ Ⱥɥɢɤ Ⱥɥɢɤ ɨɬɞɟ- ɨɬɞɟ- ɜɨɬɚ, ɜɨɬɚ, ɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɥɹ Si, V0 R2O3, R2O3, ɨɩɪɟVK Vɚɥ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Vɚɥ
KMnO4 Ɉɛɴɟɦ M ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ V, ɦɥ
ɋɚ, %
ɋɚɈ, %
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɋɇ3ɋɈɈɇ: 97 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ 500 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ 1000 ɦɥ ɜɨɞɨɣ. 2. 4 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (NH4)2C2O4×H2O: 4,0 ɝ (NH4)2C2O4×H2O ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ. 3. 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ AgNO3 (ɛɟɡ HNO3): 1 ɝ AgNO3 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. 4. 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4: 29,3 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 500 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ 1 ɥ ɜɨɞɨɣ. 5. 0,05 ɧ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ KMnO4 (ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɢɡ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɧɶ ɞɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ) 0,1 ɦɨɥɶ (ɷɤɜ) KMnO4 ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 2 ɥ. ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɆȺȽɇɂə ɈȻɔȿɆɇɕɆ ɉɂɊɈɎɈɋɎȺɌɇɕɆ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ: 28
Mg2++HPO42-+NH4OH=MgNH4PO4Ļ+H2O. Ⱥɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨ-ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɵɣ ɮɨɫɮɚɬ – ɦɚɥɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ. ɂɡ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɢɞɪɚɬ MgNH4PO4×H2O. ɂɡ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ – ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɣ ɝɟɤɫɨɝɢɞɪɚɬ MgNH4PO4×6H2O. Ɉɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɇ+-ɢɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɇɊɈ42- ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ NH4OH ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨ-ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ. Ⱥɦɦɢɚɤ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɞɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: 2MgNH4PO4ĺMg2P2O7+2NH3Ĺ+ɇ2ɈĹ ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɟ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ NH4CI. ɉɪɢ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ NH4CIļNH4++CI- ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ NH4+ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ NH4OH. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɧɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɟɬ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɢɫɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ [Mg2+]×[OH-] ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ Mg(OH)2. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ NH4CI ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɥɢ Mg(NH4)(PO4)2. Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨ-ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɡɹɬɵɦ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: MgNH4PO4+H2SO4=MgSO4+NH4H2PO4. ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɨɬɬɢɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɨɤɫɚɥɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɭɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɟ ɫ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɸ ɞɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ §200 ɦɥ. ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɭɤɫɭɫɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH4OH ɞɨ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ 10 % HCI ɞɨ ɫɥɚɛɨ-ɪɨɡɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ. ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 5–10 ɦɥ (ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ) 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Na2HPO4. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ 70–80º (ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚ), ɞɚɸɬ ɨɯɥɚɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH ɩɪɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɤɚɫɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ. ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 20–35 ɦɥ 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ NH4OH, ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 12 ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɣɧɨ-ɦɚɝɧɢɟɜɚɹ ɫɨɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɦɚɥɨ). Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ MgNH4PO4×6H2O ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ, ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ. 29
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 9 ɫɦ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 1–2 ɪɚɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɟ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɩɨɪɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ MgNH4PO4×6H2O. Ɉɫɚɞɨɤ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɟɤɚɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ 2,5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NH4OH ɢɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɛɟɡɡɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɫ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤɨɦ. ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ CI- ɜ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ. ɉɪɨɛɭ ɩɨɞɤɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ AgCI ɧɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ [Ag(NH3)2]CI. ɉɨɞɫɭɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɟ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ, ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɦ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ 50–60º ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1 ɱ. ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ NH3. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ (20 ɦɥ) 0,1 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HCI ɢɥɢ H2SO4. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ. ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2–3 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Ƚɪɨɚɤɚ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɤɪɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɧɟɬ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɫɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ 100 ɦɥ ɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɶɸ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ Mg, % ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: Mg %
(V u M V1 u M 1 ) u V0 u 0, 012(1/ 2Mg ) u100 , Vɚɥ u m
ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ, ɦɥ; M – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; V1 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɥ; M1 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ; V0 – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɥ; Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɥ; 0,012 (1/2 Mg) – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ; m – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: MgO %
(V u M V1 u M 1 ) u V0 u 0, 0203(1/ 2MgO) , Vɚɥ u m 30
ɝɞɟ 0,0203 (1/2 MgO) – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ, ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɇɚɜɟɫɤɚ Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɓɟɥɨɱɶ Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ, ɫɭɯɨɣ ɦɥ ɫɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ, Ɉɛɴɟɦ, Ɇ Ɉɛɴɟɦ, Ɇ1 Ɉɛɳɢ ɝ ɦɥ V ɦɥ V1 ɣ, ɦɥ V0
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, Mg, MgO, % % ȼɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɦɥ Vɚɥ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ HCI: ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 1 ɥ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɧɨɫɹɬ 236,4 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ. 2. 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH (ɫɦ. ɫɬɪ. 21). 3. 10 % Na2HPO4: 10 ɝ Na2HPO4 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. 4. 25 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH. 5. 2,5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NH4OH: 100 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ NH4OH ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 900 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. 6. 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ AgNO3. 7. HNO3 (ɩɥ. 1,4). 8. 0,1 ɧ. ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ HCI ɢɥɢ H2SO4 ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɢɡ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɚ. 9. 0,1 ɧ. ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NaOH ɢɥɢ ɄɈɇ 0,4 ɝ NaOH ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɜ 40–50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ 0,1 ɧ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ HCI ɢɥɢ H2SO4. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɪɭɬ 10 ɦɥ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4 (0,1 ɧ), ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2–3 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Ƚɪɨɚɤɚ ɢ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NaOH ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɜ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ ɳɟɥɨɱɢ (Ɇ1) ɜɟɞɭɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: M1
M 0 u V1 . V2
ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɆȺɊȽȺɇɐȺ ɉȿɊɆȺɇȽȺɇȺɌɇɕɆ ɎɈɌɈɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɂɆ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ (ɉȿɊɋɍɅɖɎȺɌɇɕɃ ȼȺɊɂȺɇɌ) ɉɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɟɪɟɛɪɚ (ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ) ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬ Mn2+ ɞɨ MnO4-: 2Mn2++5S2O82-+8H2Oĺ2MnO4-+10SO42-+16H+, ɬ. ɟ. Mn2+-5eĺMn7+. 31
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ MnO4- ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɨɧ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɨɧ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: 2MnO4-+10CI+16H+=Mn2++5CI2+8H2O. Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɇ3ɊɈ4, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɜɭɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɜ Ʉɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɢɨɧ [Fe(PO4)2]3-. ɮɨɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ İ = 2300 ɩɪɢ Ȝ = 525 ɧɦ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ 20 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 72–93 ɦɦ) ɢ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ ɞɨɫɭɯɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɨɥɹɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɧɨ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɢ ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ HNO3 ɩɥ. 1,4. ɋɬɚɜɹɬ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ ɢ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɟɟ ɞɨɫɭɯɚ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɫɭɯɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɚɡ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ CI-. Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ CI- ɢɞɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ: NaCI, KCI, CaCI2, MgCI2, MnCI2, FeCI3, AICI3 ɢ ɞɪ.+nHNO3=NaNO3, KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, Mn(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, AI(NO3)3 ɢ ɞɪ.+nHCI. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ CI- ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ HCI. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɟ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ CI-, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ Fe2+ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ HNO3 ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɭ 25 ɦɥ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 1 ɦɥ H3PO4 ɞɥɹ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ MnO4-, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ 2 ɦɥ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ AgNO3. Ɂɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɭ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɚ ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ 30 ɦɢɧ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɯɥɨɪ – ɢɨɧɚ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ (ɫɢɧɹɹ ɥɟɧɬɚ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 7 ɦɦ), ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 100–150 ɦɥ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɨɬ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɯɥɨɪ – ɢɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɞɨ 3-ɯ ɪɚɡ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4. 32
ȿɫɥɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɭɬɧɵɦɢ, ɟɝɨ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ. ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɱɚɲɟɱɤɭ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ 3–4 ɪɚɡɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 40 ɦɥ. ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ 1–2 ɝ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɚ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɭ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɝɧɹ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɦɢɧɭɬɵ ɬɪɢ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ. Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (NH4)2S2O8 ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɫɩɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɨɲɟɧ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɚ. ɉɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ, ɚ ɫ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɚɬɵɦ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɦ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɜ ɫɟɦɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ H2SO4 (ɩɥ. 1,84) ɞɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɜ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɚ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɉɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɢɩɹɬɹɬ 2–3 ɦɢɧ., ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 50 ɢɥɢ 100 ɦɥ (ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ), ɨɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɮɨɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɟ. ɉɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɜɵɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ, ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɨɜ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɹɞ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ, ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ. 33
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɂɡɦɟɪɢɜ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɢ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɬɨɱɤɭ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɢ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪ ɧɚ ɨɫɶ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ. ɉɨ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɚ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɶɸ ɨɬɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜ ɦɝ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ Mn(MnO), % ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: c u VO u100 , Vɚɥ u ɬ u 1000
Mn( MnO), %
ɝɞɟ ɫ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɜ ɦɝ MnO ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ; ɦ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; V0 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ; Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ, ɦɥ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: Mn( MnO), %
ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɚɹ
ɩɨ
Ⱦ ɢɫɩ u ɋɷɬ u VO u 100 , Ⱦ ɷɬ u m u Vɚɥ u 1000
ɝɞɟ Ⱦɢɫɩ – ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ; Ⱦɷɬ – ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɟ ɤ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ; ɋɷɬ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɝ/100 ɦɥ; ɦ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; V0 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ; Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ, ɦɥ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɣ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɩɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ Mn ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: Mn % = MnO %×0,774. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɉɨɱɜɚ
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ, ɫɦ
ɇɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɟ, ɝ
ɗɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɋɷɬ, ɦɝ/ ɦɥ
Ⱦɷɬ, ɞɢɨɩ.
ɂɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɋɢɫɩ, ɦɝ/ ɦɥ
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. HNO3 ɩɥ. 1,4. 2. H2SO4 ɩɥ. 1,84.
34
Ⱦɢɫɩ, ɞɢɨɩ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ MnO ɜ ɦɝ (ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ)
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, ɦɥ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si
ɚɥɢ ɤɜɨ ɬɚ
Mn %
MnO %
3. 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4: ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 1 ɥ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɧɨɫɹɬ 30 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ. 4. H3PO4 ɩɥ. 1,7. 5. 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ AgNO3. 6. ɉɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ (NH4)2S2O8. 7. ɗɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ MnO: 0,2228 ɝ ɯ. ɱ. KMnO4 ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 150-200 ɦɥ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4. ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ 3 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2O2 ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɦ, ɟɝɨ ɤɢɩɹɬɹɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. Ⱥɧɢɨɧ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: MnO4-+5e+8H+=Mn2++4H2O. Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 1 ɥ. Ⱦɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4 ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 0,1 ɦɝ MnO ɜ 1 ɦɥ. 8. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. Ȼɟɪɭɬ 5 ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɨɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 100-150 ɦɥ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ: ʋ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚ 1 2 3 4 5 Ʉɨɥ-ɜɨ, ɦɥ 0,5 1 2 6 10 MnO ɦɝ/100 ɦɥ 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,6 1,0 ɉɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ 30–40 ɦɥ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4, 1 ɦɥ H3PO4 (ɩɥ. 1,7), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ 1 ɦɥ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ AgNO3 ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɦ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. Ɉɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɢɩɹɬɹɬ ɟɳɟ 2–3 ɦɢɧ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ. Ⱦɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɈɄɂɋɂ ɌɂɌȺɇȺ ɉȿɊɈɄɋɂȾɇɕɆ ɄɈɅɅɈɊɂɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɂɆ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ ȼ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɬɢɬɚɧ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɤɫɢɞɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɠɟɥɬɨɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ [TiO×H2O2]2+. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɫ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ Fe (III). Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɞɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɠɟɥɬɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɶɸ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. Ti(SO4)2+H2O2=H2[TiO2(SO4)2]. 35
Ɉɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4) ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ H2O2, ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɝɥɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ȿ = 550 ɩɪɢ Ȝ = 436 ɧɦ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ. ȼ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ MnO4-, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ 30 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ MnO4- ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɞɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɤɚ ɠɟɥɬɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ 2–3 ɤɚɩɟɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɤɸɜɟɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4 (30 ɦɥ H2SO4 ɩɥ. 1,84 ɧɚ 1 ɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ). 2. ɉɟɪɟɤɢɫɶ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ – 30 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. 3. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. ȿɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɜ 1 ɦɥ 0,1 ɦɝ TiO2. Ȼɟɪɭɬ 5 ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɛ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 100 ɦɥ ɢ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɨɣ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ: ʋ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚ 1 2 3 4 5 Ʉɨɥ-ɜɨ ɦɥ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 2 4 6 8 10 TiO2 ɦɝ/100 ɦɥ 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 ȼ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ 1 ɦɥ 30 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2O2, ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ 5 % ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɮɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ti(TiO2 ), %
c u VO u100 , Vɚɥ u ɬ u 1000
ɝɞɟ ɫ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɜ ɦɝ Ti(TiO2) ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ; ɦ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; V0 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ; Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ, ɦɥ.
ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɚɹ
ɩɨ
ɆȿɌɈȾ ɎɈɌɈɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂə ɎɈɋɎɈɊȺ ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɭɸ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɩɨɥɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɇ3Ɋ(Ɇɨ3Ɉ10)4×10ɇ2Ɉ. Ɉɧɚ 36
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɥɢɝɚɧɞɨɜ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (ɇ2Ɇɨ3Ɉ10). ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɨɫɮɚɬ-ɢɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɤɢɫɥɵɦ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɚɧɢɨɧɚ ɨɪɬɨɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɚɧɢɨɧɵ Ɇɨ3Ɉ102-, ɇ3ɊɈ4+12(NH4)2MoO4+12H2SO4ĺH3PMo12O40+12(NH4)2SO4+12H2O. ȼ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɩɨɥɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɟɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɫɢɧɢɣ ɰɜɟɬ. ɉɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɹ (SnCI2) Mo(VI) ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɩɨɥɢɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ Ɇɨ(V) ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ «ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨ-ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɧɶ». ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɥɢɤɜɨɬɭ (5–10 ɦɥ) ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 100 ɦɥ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɤɪɭɩɢɧɤɚɦ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ Fe (III) ɞɨ Fe(II). ɋɬɚɤɚɧ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ, ɨɛɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 100 ɦɥ. ɇɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ʉ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 2–3 ɤɚɩɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ Į- ɢɥɢ ȕ- ɞɢɧɢɬɪɨɮɟɧɨɥɚ ɢ 10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ (ɪɇ 4,4 ɢɥɢ 4,0 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ), ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ 1-2 ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ 10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4, ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 2/3 ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɤɨɥɛɵ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 4 ɦɥ 2,5% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɚɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ (NH4)6Mo7O24×4H2O, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ 10 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ H2SO4. Ⱦɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 6 ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ SnCI2. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ 10 ɦɢɧɭɬ. ɂɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ 724–740 ɧɦ (ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɫɜɟɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪ). ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ɋ ɢɥɢ Ɋ2Ɉ5 ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ: Ɋ( Ɋ2O5 ), %
c u VO u100 , Vɚɥ u ɬ u 1000
ɝɞɟ ɫ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɜ ɦɝ Ɋ(Ɋ2O5) ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ; ɦ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ; V0 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ; Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ, ɦɥ. Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. ɉɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ. 2. Į- ɞɢɧɢɬɪɨɮɟɧɨɥ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (0,25 ɝ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ) ɢɥɢ ȕ- ɞɢɧɢɬɪɨɮɟɧɨɥ 0,1 %. 37
3. 10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ NaOH. 4. 10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4: ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 1 ɥ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɧɨɫɹɬ 60,6 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ. 5. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɜ 10 ɧ H2SO4. ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ 10 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4: ɤ 500 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 280 ɦɥ H2SO4 (ɩɥ. 1,84), ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ. ɉɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ: 25 ɝ ((NH4)6Mo7O24×4H2O ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 200 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ. ȼɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɜɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 1 ɥ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ, ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ ɛɭɬɵɥɢ ɢɡ ɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ. 6. ɋɜɟɠɟɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɢɯɥɨɪɢɞɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ. 0,25 ɝ SnCI2×2H2O ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 10 ɦɥ 10% ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ HCI ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ (ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ), ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ. 7. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ: 0,1917 ɝ Ʉɇ2ɊɈ4 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 1 ɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 0,1 ɦɝ Ɋ2Ɉ5 ɜ 1 ɦɥ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ 0,2197 ɝ ɞɢɝɢɞɪɨɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɪɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ Ɋ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 0,05 ɦɝ/ɦɥ. 8. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ. ȼ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 50-100 ɦɥ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 ɢ 10 ɦɥ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 10 ɪɚɡ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ 0,01; 0,02; 0,04; 0,06; 0,08; 0,1 ɦɝ Ɋ2Ɉ5 ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɢɥɢ 0,005; 0,01; 0,02; 0,03; 0,04 ɢ 0,05 ɦɝ Ɋ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ. Ɉɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Ⱥɝɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ / ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.ȼ. ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ. – Ɇ. : ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1975. – 656 ɫ. Ⱥɪɢɧɭɲɤɢɧɚ ȿ.ȼ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɱɜ / ȿ.ȼ. Ⱥɪɢɧɭɲɤɢɧɚ. – Ɇ. : 1970. – 487 ɫ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɚ Ɉ.Ƚ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɱɜ / Ɉ.Ƚ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɚ, Ⱦ.Ȼ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜ, ɗ.ɂ. Ƚɨɝɚɪɢɧɚ, Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɫɚɬɤɢɧ, ɇ.ɇ. Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜɚ. – ɋɉɛ. : ɋɉɛ. ɭɧ-ɬ, 1995. – 262 ɫ. ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ Ʌ.Ⱥ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɱɜ / Ʌ.Ⱥ. ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ. – Ɇ. : ɆȽɍ. 2000. – ɫ. ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɱɜ / Ʌ.Ⱥ. ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ. – Ɇ. : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȽȿɈɋ, 2006. – 399 ɫ.
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ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɏɂɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɉɈɑȼ. ȼȺɅɈȼɈɃ ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɂ ɆɂɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɈɃ ɑȺɋɌȿɃ ɉɈɑȼɕ ɍɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ Ƀɨɧɤɨ Ɉɥɶɝɚ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɧɚ
Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ Ⱥ.ɉ. ȼɨɪɨɧɢɧɚ
ɉɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ 30.08.07. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ 60×84/16. ɍɫɥ. ɩɟɱ. ɥ. 2,3. Ɍɢɪɚɠ 150 ɷɤɡ. Ɂɚɤɚɡ 1761. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. 394000, ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, ɩɥ. ɢɦ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ, 10. Ɍɟɥ. 208-298, 598-026 (ɮɚɤɫ) http://www.ppc.vsu.ru; e-mail:
[email protected] Ɉɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. 394000, ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, ɭɥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɚɹ, 3. Ɍɟɥ. 204-133. 39
