;_jljZgJZkk_e
H;H;HAG:Q?GBB1 I_j GHQRWLQJ SKUDVH@ y ih^jZamf_\Zx njZam khhl\_lkl\mxsmx h^ghfm ba ke_^mxsbo...
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;_jljZgJZkk_e
H;H;HAG:Q?GBB1 I_j <:Kmjh\p_\Z Ih^ µh[hagZqZxs_c njZahc¶ >GHQRWLQJ SKUDVH@ y ih^jZamf_\Zx njZam khhl\_lkl\mxsmx h^ghfm ba ke_^mxsbo lbih\ dZdhc-lh >D@ q_eh\_d g_dhlhjuc q_eh\_d ex[hc q_eh\_d dZ`^uc q_eh\_d \k_ ex^b gug_rgbc dhjhev :g]ebb gug_rgbc dhjhev NjZgpbb p_glj fZkku Kheg_qghc kbkl_fu \ i_j\uc fhf_gl ^\Z^pZlh]h\_dZ\jZs_gb_A_feb\hdjm]KhegpZ\jZs_gb_KhegpZ\hdjm]A_febLZdbf h[jZahf njZaZ y\ey_lky h[hagZqZxs_c lhevdh \\b^m k\h_c nhjfu Fh`gh jZaebqblv ljb kemqZy NjZaZ fh`_l [ulv h[hagZqZxs_c b h^gZdh g_ h[hagZqZlv gbq_]h gZijbf_jµgug_rgbcdhjhevNjZgpbb¶ NjZaZfh`_lh[hagZqZlvh^bghij_^_ezgguc h[t_dl gZijbf_j µgug_rgbc dhjhev :g]ebb¶ h[hagZqZ_l hij_^_ezggh]h q_eh\_dZ NjZaZfh`_lh[hagZqZlvg_hij_^_ezgghgZijbf_jµdZdhc-lh>D@q_eh\_d¶h[hagZqZ_lg_ fgh]h ex^_c gh g_hij_^_ezggh]h q_eh\_dZ Bgl_jij_lZpby lZdbo njZa – ij_^f_l agZqbl_evguo aZljm^g_gbc >_ckl\bl_evgh hq_gv ljm^gh knhjfmebjh\Zlv dZdmx-lh l_hjbx g_ ih^\_j`_ggmx nhjfZevghfm hijh\_j`_gbx GZkdhevdh y fh]m km^blv \k_ ba\_klgu_fg_aZljm^g_gbyjZaj_rZxlkyl_hjb_cdhlhjmxykh[bjZxkvh[tykgblv L_fZ h[hagZq_gby \_kvfZ \Z`gZ g_ lhevdh \ eh]bd_ b fZl_fZlbd_ gh lZd`_ b \ l_hjbb ihagZgby GZijbf_j fu agZ_f qlh p_glj fZkku Kheg_qghc kbkl_fu \ hij_^_ezgguc fhf_gl gZoh^blky \ g_dhlhjhc hij_^_ezgghc lhqd_ b fu fh`_f ml\_j`^Zlv h gzf jy^ ijhihabpbc gh fu g_ bf__f g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h agZdhfkl\Z k wlhclhqdhcdhlhjZyba\_klgZgZflhevdhihhibkZgbxJZaebqb_f_`^magZdhfkl\hfb agZgb_fh_klvjZaebqb_f_`^m\_sZfbhdhlhjuofubf__fij_^klZ\e_gb_b\_sZfb ^hklb]Z_fufb gZfb lhevdh ihkj_^kl\hf h[hagZqZxsbo njZa QZklh kemqZ_lky lZd qlh fu agZ_f qlh hij_^_ezggZy njZaZ h[hagZqZ_l g_^\mkfuke_ggh ohly b g_ bf__f agZdhfkl\Z k l_f qlh hgZ h[hagZqZ_l Wlh ijhbkoh^bl b \ mdZaZgghf \ur_ kemqZ_ k p_gljhf fZkku < \hkijbylbb fu agZdhfu k h[t_dlZfb \hkijbylby Z \ fure_gbb fu agZdhfu k h[t_dlZfb [he__ Z[kljZdlgh]h eh]bq_kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ gh fu g_ k g_h[oh^bfhklvxagZdhfukh[t_dlZfbdhlhju_h[hagZq_gunjZaZfbkhklZ\e_ggufbba keh\kqvbfagZq_gb_ffuagZdhfuIjb\_^mhq_gv\Z`gucijbf_jIh-\b^bfhfmg_l ijbqbg\_jblv\lhqlhfuagZdhfukkhagZgbyfb^jm]boex^_cHq_\b^ghqlhhgbg_ \hkijbgbfZxlky g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh Ke_^h\Zl_evgh lh qlh fu h gbo agZ_f ijbh[j_lZ_lkyq_j_ah[hagZq_gb_
fh`_f ^Ze__ jZkkfhlj_lv ^\Z ihgylby µK(o \k_]^Z bklbggh¶ b µK(o) bgh]^Z bklbggh¶4. AZl_f \kz, gbqlh b g_qlh dhlhju_ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc gZb[he__ ijbfblb\gu_ h[hagZqZxsb_njZau ^he`gubgl_jij_lbjh\Zlvkyke_^mxsbfh[jZahf K\kz ih^jZamf_\Z_lµK(o \k_]^Zbklbggh¶
Kgbqlh ih^jZamf_\Z_lµ³K(o y\ey_lkyeh`guf´\k_]^Zbklbggh¶
Kg_qlh ih^jZamf_\Z_lµEh`ghqlh³K(o y\ey_lkyeh`guf´\k_]^Zbklbggh¶5.
A^_kv ihgylb_ µK(o \k_]^Z bklbggh¶ jZkkfZljb\Z_lky dZd ij_^_evgh_ b g_hij_^_ey_fh_ Z ^jm]b_ – dZd hij_^_ey_fu_ ihkj_^kl\hf g_]h Hlghkbl_evgh \kz, gbqlh b g_qlh g_ ij_^iheZ]Z_lky qlh hgb dZdbf-lh h[jZaf hkfuke_ggu \ baheypbb H^gZdhhkfuke_gghklvijbibku\Z_lkydZ`^hcijhihabpbb\dhlhjhchgb\klj_qZxlky Ijbgpbil_hjbbh[hagZq_gbydhlhjmxygZf_j_\ZxkvaZsbsZlvkhklhbl\lhfqlhwlb h[hagZqZxsb_ njZau gbdh]^Z g_ y\eyxlky hkfuke_ggufb kZfb ih k_[_ gh dZ`^Zy ijhihabpby\qvzf\_j[Zevghf\ujZ`_gbbhgb\klj_qZxlkyhkfuke_ggZY^mfZxqlh \k_ aZljm^g_gby aZljZ]b\Zxsb_ h[hagZq_gb_ y\eyxlky j_amevlZlhf hrb[hqgh]h ZgZebaZ ijhihabpbc qvz \_j[Zevgh_ \ujZ`_gb_ kh^_j`bl h[hagZqZxsb_ njZau GZ^e_`Zsbc ZgZeba _keb y g_ hrb[Zxkv fh`_l [ulv knhjfmebjh\Zg ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf Ij_^iheh`bf qlh fu ohlbf bgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv ijhihabpbx µY \klj_lbe dZdh]h-lh >D@ q_eh\_dZ¶ ?keb hgZ y\ey_lky bklbgghc y \klj_lbe g_dhlhjh]h hij_^_ezggh]h q_eh\_dZghwlhg_lhqlhyml\_j`^Zx<khhl\_lkl\bbkaZsbsZ_fhcfghxl_hjb_cy ml\_j`^Zxke_^mxs__
µ³Y\klj_lbeobo_klvq_eh\_d´g_\k_]^Zeh`gh¶
< h[s_f kemqZ_ hij_^_eyy deZkk ex^_c dZd deZkk h[t_dlh\ bf_xsbo ij_^bdZl q_eh\_dfu]h\hjbf
‘Kq_eh\_d ¶ih^jZamf_\Z_lµ³C(o bo_klvq_eh\_d´g_\k_]^Zeh`gh¶.
LZdhc ZgZeba iheghklvx ebrZ_l hkfuke_gghklb njZam µq_eh\_d¶ kZfm ih k_[_ gh ijb^Zzl hkfuke_gghklv dZ`^hc ijhihabpbb \ qvzf \_j[Zevghf \ujZ`_gbb hgZ \klj_qZ_lky JZkkfhljbf ke_^mxsmx ijhihabpbx µ
µ
‘K\k_ ex^b ¶ ih^jZamf_\Z_l µ³?keb o _klv q_eh\_q_kdh_ kms_kl\h lh K(o y\ey_lky bklbgguf´\k_]^Zbklbggh¶ Koh^gufh[jZahf
‘Kgb h^bg q_eh\_d ¶ ih^jZamf_\Z_l µ³?keb o _klv q_eh\_q_kdh_ kms_kl\h lh K(o) y\ey_lkyeh`guf´\k_]^Zbklbggh¶
‘Kg_dhlhjucq_eh\_d ¶[m^_lih^jZamf_\Zlvlh`_kZfh_qlhbµKdZdhc-lhq_eh\_d ¶7Z ‘KdZdhc-lhq_eh\_d ¶ih^jZamf_\Z_lµEh`ghqlh³K(o bo_klvq_eh\_q_kdh_kms_kl\h” \k_]^Z eh`gh¶ µKdZ`^uc q_eh\_d [m^_l ih^jZamf_\Zlv lh `_ kZfh_ qlh b µK\k_ ex^b ¶
HklZzlky bgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv njZau kh^_j`Zsb_ hij_^_ezgguc Zjlbdev [the@ Ba h[hagZqZxsbo njZa hgb y\eyxlky gZb[he__ bgl_j_kgufb b gZb[he__ \uau\Zxl aZljm^g_gb_WKH@ hl_pQZjevaZ,, [uedZagzg¶WlZnjZaZ ml\_j`^Z_l qlh kms_kl\h\Ze dZdhc-lh >DQ@ o dhlhjuc [ue hlphf QZjevaZ ,, b [ue dZagzgLZdbfh[jZahfhij_^_ezggucZjlbdevdh]^Zhgbkihevam_lkykljh]hmdZau\Z_l gZ _^bgkl\_gghklv [u\Z_l qlh fu ]h\hjbf µ>WKH@ kug lZdh]h-lh¶ ^Z`_ lh]^Z dh]^Z lZdhc-lh bf__l g_kdhevdh kugh\_c gh [he__ dhjj_dlgh ]h\hjblv µdZdhc-lh [a@ kug lZdh]h-lh¶Ihwlhfm^eygZrbop_e_cfujZkkfZljb\Z_fhij_^_ezggucZjlbdev>WKH@dZd mdZaZgb_gZ_^bgkl\_gghklvIhwlhfmdh]^Zfu]h\hjbfµo[ue>the@hlphfQZjevaZ,,¶ fug_lhevdhml\_j`^Z_fqlhogZoh^beky\hij_^_ezgghfhlghr_gbbdQZjevam,,gh lZd`_ b lh qlh gbqlh ^jm]h_ g_ gZoh^behkv d QZjevam ,, \ wlhf hlghr_gbb JZkkfZljb\Z_fh_ hlghr_gb_ [_a ^hims_gby h _^bgkl\_gghklb b [_a dZdbo-eb[h h[hagZqZxsbo njZa \ujZ`Z_lky ihkj_^kl\hf µo ihjh^be QZjevaZ ,,¶ Qlh[u ihemqblv wd\b\Ze_gl µo [ue hlphf QZjevaZ ,,¶ fu ^he`gu ^h[Z\blv µ?keb m hlebq_g hl o, m g_ ihjh^beQZjevaZ,,¶bebqlhlh`_kZfh_µ?kebmihjh^beQZjevaZ,,lhmkh\iZ^Z_lko’. Ke_^h\Zl_evgh µo y\ey_lky hlphf QZjevaZ ,,¶ ijbh[j_lZ_l ke_^mxsbc \b^ µo ihjh^be QZjevaZ,,b³_kebmihjh^beQZjevaZ,,mkh\iZ^Z_lko´\k_]^Zbklbggh^eym¶LZdbf h[jZahfµHl_pQZjevaZ,,[uedZagzg¶ijbh[j_lZ_l\b^ µG_ \k_]^Z eh`gh ^ey o qlh o ihjh^be QZjevaZ ,, b o [ue dZagzg b ³_keb m ihjh^be QZjevaZ,,lhmkh\iZ^Z_lko´\k_]^Zbklbggh^eym’.
Qlh-lh\wlhcbgl_jij_lZpbbfh`_lihdZaZlvkygZ^mfZggufgh\^Zggucfhf_gly g_ ^Zx h[tykg_gbc Z ijhklh nhjfmebjmx l_hjbx Qlh[u bgl_jij_lbjh\Zlv µKhl_p QZjevaZ,, ¶]^_Kh[hagZqZ_lex[h_\ukdZau\Zgb_hgzffu^he`gulhevdhih^klZ\blv K(o \f_klhµo[uedZagzg¶\mdZaZggmx\ur_njZamAZf_lbfqlhdZdbf[ugb[uehK, kh]eZkghmdZaZgghc\ur_bgl_jij_lZpbbµKhl_pQZjevaZ,, ¶\e_qzl
µG_ \k_]^Z eh`gh ^ey o qlh ³_keb m ihjh^be QZjevaZ ,, lh m kh\iZ^Z_l k o´ \k_]^Z bklbggh^eym’.
:wlhkh\iZ^Z_lkl_fqlh\ujZ`Z_lky\h[uqghfyaud_ihkj_^kl\hfµQZjeva,,bf_e h^gh]h b lhevdh h^gh]h hlpZ¶ Ke_^h\Zl_evgh _keb wlh mkeh\b_ eh`gh dZ`^Zy ijhihabpby nhjfu µKhl_p QZjevaZ ,, ¶ y\ey_lky eh`ghc Ihwlhfm d ijbf_jm ijhihabpby nhjfu µKgug_rgbc dhjhev NjZgpbb ¶ y\ey_lky eh`ghc < wlhf Ikboheh]bq_kdb µKdZdhc-lh q_eh\_d ¶ ij_^iheZ]Z_l lhevdh h^gh]h q_eh\_dZ Z µKg_dhlhjuc q_eh\_d ¶ ij_^iheZ]Z_l [he__ q_f h^gh]h gh \ ij_^\Zjbl_evghf hq_jd_ wlbfb ij_^iheh`_gbyfb fu fh`_fij_g_[j_qv
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µKms_kl\m_l dZdZy-lh kmsghklv dhlhjZy y\ey_lky gug_rgbf dhjhezf NjZgpbb b g_ y\ey_lkyeukhc¶ ghbklbggh_kebih^jZamf_\Z_l
µEh`gh qlh kms_kl\m_l dZdZy-lh kmsghklv dhlhjZy y\ey_lky gug_rgbf dhjhezf NjZgpbbby\ey_lkyeukhc¶
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13
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