Гравиметрический и титриметрический методы анализа: Методическое пособие

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Author: Котова Д.Л. | Васильева В.И. | Шапошник В.А. | Селеменев В.Ф.

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0,9979

21

0,9970

16

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22

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17

0,9976

23

0,9966

18

0,9975

24

0,9964

19

0,9973

25

0,9962

20

0,9972

26

0,99

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. H2O

< j_amevlZl_ j_Zdpbb h[jZam_lky keZ[Zy m]hevgZy dbkehlZ jG jZkl\hjZ dhlhjhc fh`ghjZkkqblZlvihnhjfme_ jG jDZ1 - 1/2lg CG: = 1/2 6,4 - 1/2 lg 5 10-2 = 3,85.

Ke_^h\Zl_evgh \_ebqbgZ jG jZkl\hjZ \ lhqd_ wd\b\Ze_glghklb [m^_l jZ\gZ b ^ey lbljh\Zgby \ dZq_kl\_ bg^bdZlhjZ fh`gh ijbf_gylv f_lbeh\uc hjZg`_\ucjL Ihkdhevdm h^bg fhev dZj[hgZlZ gZljby \ wlhc j_Zdpbb wd\b\Ze_gl_g ^\mf fheyfbhgh\\h^hjh^ZnZdlhjwd\b\Ze_glghklb1D2CO3jZ\_gFheyjgZyfZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZdZj[hgZlZgZljby[m^_ljZ\gZiheh\bg__]hfheyjghcfZkkul_ ]fhev Dhgp_gljZpbx b lblj ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby mklZgZ\eb\Zxl ih ihemq_gghfm \lhjbqghfmklZg^ZjlghfmjZkl\hjmkheyghcdbkehlu FZl_jbZeubh[hjm^h\Zgb_ :gZeblbq_kdb_\_ku 2. QZkh\h_kl_deh ;_a\h^gucdZj[hgZlgZljbyoq F_jgZydhe[Z_fdhklvxkf3 ;
0F jZkl\hjZ mqblu\Zy qlh fheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ dZj[hgZlZ

gZljby\j_ZdpbbkkheyghcdbkehlhcjZ\gZ]fhev

m(Na2CO3) = C(1/2Na2 CO3 V(Na2CO3) M(1/2Na2CO3) = fhev^f3^f3]fhev ] Ke_^h\Zl_evgh^eyijb]hlh\e_gbykf3 FjZkl\hjZ1D2KH3lj_[m_lky ] GZ qZkh\hf kl_de_ [_jml gZ\_kdm dZj[hgZlZ gZljby Hl\_kblv lhqgh \uqbke_ggmx fZkkm ljm^gh ihwlhfm gZ l_ogbq_kdbo \_kZo \a\_rb\Zxl g_h[oh^bfh_dhebq_kl\hkhebZaZl_fhij_^_eyxlfZkkmgZ\_kdbgZZgZeblbq_kdbo \_kZoklhqghklvx^h] < qbklmx f_jgmx dhe[m gZ kf3 ihf_sZxl kmomx \hjhgdm b i_j_ghkyl gZ\_kdm dZj[hgZlZ gZljby lsZl_evgh h[fu\Zy qZkh\h_ kl_deh b \hjhgdm g_[hevrbf dhebq_kl\hf ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u ba ijhfu\Zedb H[t_f \h^u \ dhe[_ g_ ^he`_g [ulv [hevr_ I_j_f_rb\Zxl kh^_j`bfh_ dhe[u ^h ihegh]h jZkl\hj_gby kheb >heb\Zxl \ dhe[m ^bklbeebjh\Zggmx \h^m ^h f_ldb Ijb[Z\e_gb_ \h^u aZdZgqb\Zxl k ihfhsvx ibi_ldb ih dZieyf ^_j`Z dhe[m lZd qlh[u f_ldZ gZoh^beZkv gZ mjh\g_ ]eZa Ijb]hlh\b\ jZkl\hj lsZl_evgh i_j_f_rb\Zxl_]haZdju\dhe[mijh[dhc JZkkqblu\Zxl dhgp_gljZpbx b lblj ijb]hlh\e_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ dZj[hgZlZ gZljbyihnhjfmeZf m (Na2CO3 ) 1000 K1D2CO3 F ---------------------------- , M (1/2 Na2CO3) V ]^_P1D2CO3) -gZ\_kdZdZj[hgZlZgZljby]9-h[t_fijb]hlh\e_ggh]hjZkl\hjZ kf3F1D2CO3) -fheyjgZyfZkkZwd\b\Ze_glZ1D2 CO3. m(Na2CO3) L1D2KH3) = ----------------- . V

2.Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ 200 kf

3

0,1 F jZkl\hjZ kheyghc dbkehlu

ey ^Zevg_crbo \uqbke_gbc baf_jyxl iehlghklv dhgp_gljbjh\Zggh]h jZkl\hjZ dbkehlu k ihfhsvx Zj_hf_ljZ JZkl\hj kheyghcdbkehlugZeb\Zxl\kmohcpbebg^jbih]jm`Zxl\_]hZj_hf_ljHlkq_lih rdZe_ Zj_hf_ljZ ijh\h^yl ih gb`g_fm f_gbkdm k\_jom \gba k lhqghklvx ]kf3IhlZ[ebp_gZoh^ylijhp_glgmxdhgp_gljZpbxdbkehlub\uqbkeyxlh[t_f jZkl\hjZ\dhlhjhfkh^_j`blkyg_h[oh^bfh_dhebq_kl\hkheyghcdbkehlu

100 0,73 P] ---------------- = 7,3. 10 Hij_^_eyxl h[t_f bkoh^gh]h jZkl\hjZ dbkehlu khhl\_lkl\mxsbc \uqbke_gghcfZkk_ V = m /ρ = 7,3 / 1,050 -kf3 . LZdbf h[jZahf ^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby kf3 F jZkl\hjZ kheyghc dbkehlu g_h[oh^bfh\aylvkf3dbkehluiehlghklvx]kf3 . 3. KlZg^ZjlbaZpby jZkl\hjZ kheyghc dbkehlu

GZhkgh\Zgb_rlZlb\ZdeZ^mlebkl[_ehc[mfZ]bklZ\ylih^[xj_ldmdhe[m ^ey lbljh\Zgby b ijbklmiZxl d lbljh\Zgbx Ijbeb\Zxl ba [xj_ldb jZkl\hj kheyghc dbkehlu ih dZieyf g_ij_ju\gh i_j_f_rb\Zy kh^_j`bfh_ dhe[u < dhg_qghc lhqd_lbljh\Zgby`_elZyhdjZkdZjZkl\hjZbaf_gy_lkygZ[e_^gh-jhah\mxhdjZkdZ ³k\b^_l_ey´ hlijb[Z\e_gbyh^ghcdZiebjZkl\hjZkheyghcdbkehlu>_eZxlhlkq_l h[t_fZ kheyghc dbkehlu aZljZq_gghc gZ lbljh\Zgb_ ih gb`g_fm djZx f_gbkdZ ijbwlhf]eZaZ^he`gugZoh^blvkygZmjh\g_f_gbkdZI_j\h_lbljh\Zgb_kqblZxl hjb_glbjh\hqguf Lbljh\Zgb_ ih\lhjyxl g_kdhevdh jZa ihdZ jZaebqb_ \ j_amevlZlZo g_ [m^_l ij_\urZlv kf3 J_amevlZlu lbljh\Zgby aZibku\Zxl \ lZ[ebpm LZ[ebpZ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dhgp_gljZpbyjZkl\hjZ1D2CO3K1D2CO3 F H[t_fjZkl\hjZ1D2CO3\aylucgZlbljh\Zgb_kf3 ................ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H[t_fjZkl\hjZGKOihr_^rbcgZlbjh\Zgb_kf3 1-h_lbljh\Zgb_ ................................................ 2-h_lbljh\Zgb_ 3-_lbljh\Zgb_ bl^ Kj_^gbch[t_fjZkl\hjZGKOihr_^rbcgZlbljh\Zgb_9kf3 .. JZkq_ldhgp_gljZpbbkheyghcdbkehluijhba\h^ylihnhjfme_ C(1/ 2 Na2CO3 ) V(Na2CO3) KGKO F --------------------------------------- . 9+ KO Dhgp_gljZpbyjZkl\hjZGKOfhev^f3 .............................

4. Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ 200 kf3 0,1 F jZkl\hjZ ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby

nbdkZgZeZ aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh[u dhebq_kl\_ggh i_j_g_klb kh^_j`bfh_ Zfimeu \ f_jgmx dhe[m _fdhklvx ^f3 jZkl\hjblv ^h\_klb h[t_f ^h f_ldb ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc\h^hcblsZl_evghi_j_f_rZlv
6. KlZg^ZjlbaZpby jZkl\hjZ ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby Kmsghklv f_lh^Z >ey klZg^ZjlbaZpbb jZkl\hjZ ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby ijbf_gyxl klZg^Zjlguc jZkl\hj kheyghc dbkehlu Ijb lbljh\Zgbb ijhl_dZ_l j_Zdpby G&O1D2+⇒ NaCl + H2O . ey hij_^_e_gby dhg_qghc lhqdb lbljh\Zgby \u[bjZxl bg^bdZlhj bgl_j\Ze i_j_oh^Z hdjZkdb dhlhjh]h e_`bl \ h[eZklb kdZqdZ lbljh\Zgby < ^Zgghf kemqZ_ lbljh\Zgb_ fh`gh ijh\h^blv bkihevamy \ dZq_kl\_ bg^bdZlhjZ dZd f_lbeh\uc hjZg`_\uc jL lZd b n_ghenlZe_bgjL

imaujvdh\ \ha^moZ b gb`gbc djZc f_gbkdZ `b^dhklb gZoh^beky gZ gme_\hc hlf_ld_ rdZeu [xj_ldb Qbklmx ibi_ldm hiheZkdb\Zxl jZkl\hjhf ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby < dhe[m^eylbljh\Zgbyhl[bjZxlibi_ldhckf3 jZkl\hjZ1D2+ijb[Z\eyxldZiebf_lbeh\h]hhjZg`_\h]hblbljmxljZkl\hjhfkheyghcdbkehlu?E?GB?Q:KLGHCBH;S?CS?EHQGHKLBIHQ< P_ev jZ[hluHij_^_e_gb_qZklghcbh[s_cs_ehqghklbihq\babo\h^ghc \uly`dbf_lh^hfdbkehlgh-hkgh\gh]hlbljh\Zgby Kmsghklv jZ[hlu JZaebqZxl g_kdhevdh \b^h\ s_ehqghklb ihq\ QZklgZy s_ehqghklv h[mkeh\e_gZ ijbkmlkl\b_f \ ihq\_ jZkl\hjbfuo khe_c dZj[hgZlh\ \

qZklghklb 1D2CO3 H[sZy s_ehqghklv \ua\ZgZ gZebqb_f \ ihq\Zo jZkl\hjbfuo khe_c dZj[hgZlh\ b ]b^jhdZj[hgZlh\ <_ebqbgZ s_ehqghklb h[mkeh\e_ggZy ijbkmlkl\b_f

]b^jhdZj[hgZlh\

bf__l

\Z`gh_

agZq_gb_

^ey

\uy\e_gby

khehgp_\Zlhklb ihq\ Hij_^_e_gb_ s_ehqghklb ijh\h^yl lbljh\Zgb_f \h^ghc \uly`dbihq\klZg^ZjlgufjZkl\hjhfkheyghcdbkehlu Ijb lbljh\Zgbb khe_c dZj[hgZlh\ b ]b^jhdZj[hgZlh\ kheyghc dbkehlhc ijhp_kkijhl_dZ_l\^\_klZ^bb
+ NaCl.

(1)

Ijb^Zevg_cr_flbljh\Zgbbijhbkoh^blj_Zdpby NaHCO3+KO⇒ NaCl + H2CO3.

(2)

>ey i_j\hc j_Zdpbb jG \ lhqd_ wd\b\Ze_glghklb [m^_l hij_^_eylvky ijbkmlkl\b_f \ jZkl\hj_ ]b^jhdZj[hgZlh\ jG jZkl\hjZ fh`gh \uqbkeblv bkihevamynhjfmemjZkq_lZjG^eyZfnheblZ jDa1jDa2 jG ----------------- = 8,31, 2 ]^_jDa1 bjDa2 -ihdZaZl_ebdhgklZglbhgbaZpbbm]hevghcdbkehlu >ey hij_^_e_gby dhg_qghc lhqdb lbljh\Zgby dh]^Z ijbkmlkl\mxsbc \ jZkl\hj_ bhg KH32- [m^_l hllbljh\Zg ^h GKH- ke_^m_l bkihevah\Zlv bg^bdZlhj n_ghenlZe_bgjL Ijb ijhl_dZgbb \lhjhc j_Zdpbb \ lhqd_ wd\b\Ze_glghklb \ jZkl\hj_ [m^_l gZoh^blvky keZ[Zy m]hevgZy dbkehlZ <_ebqbgm jG jZkl\hjZ fh`gh jZkkqblZlv ih nhjfme_ jG jDa1G2KH3) -OJKG2KH3) = 3,85. LZdbfh[jZahfbkihevamy\dZq_kl\_bg^bdZlhjZf_lbeh\uchjZg`_\ucjL fh`ghhllbljh\Zlvijbkmlkl\mxsb_\jZkl\hj_bhguKH32-bbhguGKH-^h G2KH3.

FZl_jbZeubh[hjm^h\Zgb_ ;xj_ldZ_fdhklvxkf3; Ibi_ldZ_fdhklvxkf3; Dhe[Z^eylbljh\Zgby eyijb]hlh\e_gby\h^ghc\uly`db]kmoh]hh[jZapZihq\ui_j_ghkyl \

rbjhdh]hjemx

dhe[m

gZ

kf3

ijbeb\Zxl

iylbdjZlguc

h[t_f

^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u k\h[h^ghc hl KH2 Kdeygdm aZdju\Zxl ijh[dhc b \a[Zelu\ZxlfbgmlIjbbkke_^h\ZgbbaZkhe_gguoihq\ijh\h^yl\a[Zelu\Zgb_\ l_q_gb_ qZkh\ h[Z\eyxl dZieb bg^bdZlhjZ n_ghenlZe_bgZ ?keb jZkl\hj hdjZkblky \ jhah\uc p\_l agZqbl \ \uly`d_ ijbkmlkl\mxl bhgu KH32- >ey lhqghklbhij_^_e_gbydhgpZlbljh\Zgbyke_^m_lijb]hlh\blvjZkl\hj³k\b^_l_ey´ Lbljh\Zgb_ \_^ml jZkl\hjhf kheyghc dbkehlu ^h bkq_agh\_gby jhah\hc hdjZkdb Ijbkmlkl\mxsbc \ jZkl\hj_ bhg KH32- [m^_l hllbljh\Zg ^h GKH3- Lbjh\Zgb_ ijh\h^ylg_kdhevdhjZaihdZjZaebqb_\j_amevlZlZoiZjZee_evguohiulh\g_[m^_l ij_\urZlv kf3 Ihemq_ggu_ j_amevlZlu aZghkyl \ lZ[ebpm Dhgp_gljZpbx dZj[hgZlh\jZkkqblu\Zxlihnhjfme_

KGKO 9GKO KKH32- ) = -------------------------------ffhev^f3 , fwd\ KH32-) = 1. 9\uly`db Hij_^_e_gb_ h[s_c s_ehqghklb. :ebd\hlm ZgZebabjm_fh]h jZkl\hjZ kf3 hl[bjZxl ibi_ldhc b i_j_ghkyl \ dhe[m ^ey lbljh\Zgby ^h[Z\eyxl dZieb bg^bdZlhjZ f_lbeh\h]h hjZg`_\h]hblbljmxljZkl\hjhfkheyghcdbkehlu^hbaf_g_gbyp\_lZbg^bdZlhjZ hl`_elh]h\jhah\ucLbljh\Zgb_ijh\h^ylg_kdhevdhjZaJZaebqb_\j_amevlZlZo lbljh\Zgby g_ ^he`gh ij_\urZlv kf3 J_amevlZlu lbljh\Zgby aZghkyl \ lZ[ebpm < j_amevlZl_ lbljh\Zgby k f_lbeh\uf hjZg`_\uf [m^_l hllbljh\ZgZ kmffZbhgh\KH32-bGKH3-\lZdhfkemqZ_ C(HCl)V(HCl) 1000 KKH32-GKH3 - ) = ---------------------------ffhev^f3 . 9\uly`db LZ[ebpZ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dhgp_gljZpbyjZkl\hjZGKOF H[t_f\uly`db\aylucgZlbljh\Zgb_kf3 ................................ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hij_^_e_gb_qZklghcs_ehqghklb H[t_fjZkl\hjZGKOihr_^r_]hgZlbljh\Zgb_kf3 1-h_lbljh\Zgb_.............................................................. 2-h_lbljh\Zgb_ 3-_lbljh\Zgb_ ... Kj_^gbch[t_fjZkl\hjZGKOihr_^rbcgZlbljh\Zgb_««« -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hij_^_e_gb_h[s_cs_ehqghklb 1-h_lbljh\Zgb_ ................................

2-h_lbljh\Zgb_ 3-_lbljh\Zgb_ Kj_^gbch[t_fjZkl\hjZGKOihr_^rbcgZlbljh\Zgb_ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------QZklgZys_ehqghklvihq\uffhev^f3 .................................... H[sZys_ehqghklvihq\uffhev^f3 .......................................... JZ[hlZ HIJ?>?E?GB?<J?F?GGHCD:J;HG:LGHC @?KLDHKLBU P_ev jZ[hlu Hij_^_eblv dZj[hgZlgmx `_kldhklv \h^u f_lh^hf dbkehlghhkgh\gh]hlbljh\Zgby Kmsghklv jZ[hlu @_kldhklv \h^u h[mkeh\e_gZ ijbkmlkl\b_f \ \h^_ jZkl\hjbfuo khe_c dZevpby b fZ]gby DZj[hgZlgZy `_kldhklv hij_^_ey_lky kh^_j`Zgb_f\\h^_]b^jhdZj[hgZlh\Ijbdbiyq_gbbhgbjZaeZ]Zxlky Ca(HCO3 )2 = CaCO3 + H2O + CO2; Mg(HCO3 )2 = MgCO3 + H2O + CO2. Ijb wlhf `_kldhklv \h^u mkljZgy_lky beb mf_gvrZ_lky ihwlhfm dZj[hgZlgmx `_kldhklv gZau\Zxl mkljZgbfhc @_kldhklv \h^u \ujZ`Zxl fheyjghcdhgp_gljZpb_cwd\b\Ze_glh\dZevpbybfZ]gbyIwd\ \ffhev^f3 . DZj[hgZlgmx `_kldhklv hij_^_eyxl lbljh\Zgb_f \h^u klZg^Zjlguf jZkl\hjhf kheyghc dbkehlu k f_lbeh\uf hjZg`_\uf < j_amevlZl_ lbljh\Zgby ijhl_dZxl j_Zdpbb KH2 Ca(HCO3 )2 + 2HCl = CaCl2G2KH3

;

G2H KH2 Mg(HCO3)2 + 2HCl = MgCl2G2KH3 G2H

.

< lhqd_ wd\b\Ze_glghklb h[jZam_lky keZ[Zy m]hevgZy dbkehlZ jG jZkl\hjZ jZ\_gLbljh\Zgb_ijh\h^ylkbg^bdZlhjhff_lbeh\ufhjZg`_\uf FZl_jbZeubh[hjm^h\Zgb_ ;xj_ldZ_fdhklvxkf3; Ibi_ldZ_fdhklvxkf3; Dhe[Z^eylbljh\Zgby

JZ[hlZ HIJ?>?E?GB?KH>?J@:GBYHJ=:GBQ?KDHCDBKEHLU eyhij_^_e_gbysZ\_e_\hcdbkehlu\dZq_kl\_lbljZglZ bkihevamxl jZkl\hj ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby
7 + 1/2 4,27 + 1/2 lg 0,05 = 8 ,5.

Ke_^h\Zl_evgh aZnbdkbjh\Zlv lhqdm wd\b\Ze_glghklb fh`gh ijbf_gyy bg^bdZlhjn_ghenlZe_bgjL FheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ sZ\_e_\hc dbkehlu ijb lbljh\Zgbb ]b^jhdkb^hfgZljbyjZ\gZfheyjghcfZkkusZ\_e_\hcdbkehlul_[m^_ljZ\gZ FG2K2H4 ]fhev FZl_jbZeubh[hjm^h\Zgb_ :gZeblbq_kdb_\_ku QZkh\h_kl_deh

:gZebabjm_fuch[jZa_pkh^_j`ZsbcsZ\_e_\mxdbkehlm F_jgZydhe[Z_fdhklvxkf3; h[Z\eyxl - dZieb n_ghenlZe_bgZ b lbljmxl jZkl\hjhf 1D2+ ^h ihy\e_gby [e_^gh-fZebgh\hc hdjZkdbg_bkq_aZxs_c\l_q_gb_fbgmluIh\lhjyxllbljh\Zgb_g_kdhevdhjZa JZaebqb_ \ j_amevlZlZo g_ ^he`gh ij_\urZlv kf3 J_amevlZlu ZgZebaZ hnhjfeyxl \ \b^_ lZ[ebpu lZ[ebpZ JZkkqblZ\ kj_^gbc h[t_f ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby ihr_^r_]h gZ lbljh\Zgb_ kh^_j`Zgb_ sZ\_e_\hc dbkehlu \ h[jZap_ jZkkqblu\Zxlihnhjfme_ C(NaOH) V(NaOH) M(1/2H2C2O4 ) 100 m (H2C2O4 ] ---------------------------------------------------- . V(H2C2O4) 1000

DHFIE?DKHGHF?LJBQ?KDH?LBLJH<:GB? Dhfie_dkhghf_ljby hkgh\ZgZ gZ j_Zdpbb f_`^m bhgZfb f_lZeeZ b ihebZfbghdZj[hgh\ufb dbkehlZfb dhfie_dkhgZfb QZs_ \k_]h \ dZq_kl\_ lbljZglZbkihevamxl^bgZljb_\mxkhevwlbe_g^bZfbgl_ljZmdkmkghc dbkehlu GHHKG2K&+ 2COONa N - CH2 - CH2 - N NaOOCH2C

CH2COOH

Wlh kh_^bg_gb_ gZau\Zxl ljbehghf ; khdjZs_ggh W>L: beb 1D2H2Y. >bgZljb_\Zy khev djbklZeebam_lky k ^\mfy fhe_dmeZfb \h^u 1D2H2Y

2H2O.

>b]b^jZl W>L: hlghkbl_evgh ohjhrh jZkl\hjbf \ \h^_ ]^f3 ijb hK FheyjgZyfZkkZ1D2H2Y 2H22jZ\gZ]fhev L: h[mkeh\e_gZ gZebqb_f\fhe_dme_W>L:r_klb]jmiik^hghjgufbZlhfZfbZahlZbdbkehjh^Z dhlhju_fh]mldhhj^bgbjh\Zlvbhgf_lZeeZ H K-HH-K H KZ G2K- N

N - CH2

CH2 - CH2 NaOOCH2C

CH2COONa

W>L: j_Z]bjm_l k bhgZfb f_lZeeZ \ ijhklhf kl_obhf_ljbq_kdhf khhlghr_gbb Dhfie_dku jZkl\hjbfu \ \h^_ b g_ hdjZr_gu beb keZ[h hdjZr_gu J_Zdpby \aZbfh^_ckl\by jZaebqguo f_lZeeh\ k W>L: \ jZkl\hj_ ijhl_dZ_lihmjZ\g_gbyf KZ2+G2Y ⇒

CaY2- + 2H+ ;

Bi3+

+ H2Y2- ⇒

BiY-

+ 2H+ ;

Zr4+

+ H2Y2- ⇒

ZrY

+ 2H+ .

Mklhcqb\hklv dhfie_dkh\ \hajZklZ_l k m\_ebq_gb_f aZjy^Z p_gljZevgh]h bhgZ H^ghaZjy^gu_ dZlbhgu hij_^_eblv dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdb \ \h^guo

jZkl\hjZog_\hafh`ghHij_^_e_gb_g_dhlhjuodZlbhgh\KZ2+FJ2+ ijh\h^yl\ s_ehqghc kj_^_ ijb jG - >ey ihemq_gby hij_^_e_gghc s_ehqghklb jZkl\hjZ bkihevamxl [mn_jgu_ jZkl\hju jZkl\hju DHG beb 1D2+ Lj_o- b q_luj_oaZjy^gu_ dZlbhgu lZdb_ dZd )H3+, Al3+, Se4+, Zr4+ fh`gh hij_^_eylv \ dbkehckj_^_ Dhg_qgmxlhqdmlbljh\Zgbynbdkbjmxlijbf_gyyf_lZeehbg^bdZlhju < gZklhys__ \j_fy ^ey o_eZlhf_ljbq_kdh]h lbljh\Zgby qZs_ \k_]h bkihevamxl bg^bdZlhjuojhfh]_gq_jgucbfmj_dkb^ < ijZdlbd_ Z]jhobfbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_ lbljh\Zgb_ ijbf_gyxl ^ey hij_^_e_gby h[s_c `_kldhklb ijbjh^guo \h^ kh^_j`Zgby bhgh\ KZ2+ b 0J2+ \ \h^ghc \uly`d_ ba ihq\ Z lZd`_ kh^_j`Zgb_ ijbf_k_c fZ]gby \ dZebcguom^h[j_gbyo JZ[hlZ KL:G>:JLBA:PBYJ:KLL:ihklZg^ZjlghfmjZkl\hjmkmevnZlZfZ]gby Kmsghklv jZ[hlu < dZq_kl\_ lbljZglZ \ dhfie_dkhghf_ljbb ijbf_gyxl jZkl\hj ljbehgZ ; k dhgp_gljZpb_c - F >ey ijb]hlh\e_gby jZkl\hjZ W>L:

aZ^Zgghc

dhgp_gljZpbb

bkihevamxl

^bgZljb_\mx

khev

wlbe_g^bZfbgl_ljZmdkmkghc dbkehlu djbklZeebamxsmxky k ^\mfy fhe_dmeZfb \h^u1D2H2Y 2H22 L: ijb[ebabl_evghc dhgp_gljZpbb b klZg^Zjlbabjmxl bkihevamy nbdkZgZevguc jZkl\hj kmevnZlZ fZ]gby Dhg_qgmx lhqdm lbljh\Zgby mklZgZ\eb\Zxl ijbf_gyy \ dZq_kl\_ bg^bdZlhjZ wjbhojhf q_jgucL FZl_jbZeubh[hjm^h\Zgb_

;xj_ldZ_fdhklvxkf ; 3

Ibi_ldZ_fdhklvxkf3 ; KlZg^ZjlgucjZkl\hjkmevnZlZfZ]gbyfhev^f3 ; JZkl\hjZffbZqghc[mn_jghckf_kbjG -10); Bg^bdZlhjwjbhojhfq_jgucL Dhe[u^eylbljh\Zgbykf3); L:ijh\h^ylihnhjfme_ m,] &1D2H2Y) M(Na2H2Y) V /1000 = 0,0250 372,24 200/1000 = 1,86. L: >ey hij_^_e_gby dhgp_gljZpbb jZkl\hjZ ljbehgZ ; ijbf_gyxl \ dZq_kl\_ i_j\bqgh]hklZg^ZjlZFjZkl\hjkmevnZlZfZ]gby h[Z\eyxlhlf_j_gguc f_jguf pbebg^jhf h[v_f kf3 ZffbZqgh]h [mn_jZ h^gm kl_deyggmx

ehiZlhqdm - f] bg^bdZlhjZ wjbhojhfZ q_jgh]h L Ihemq_gguc jZkl\hjlbljmxl jZkl\hjhf ljbehgZ ; ijb lsZl_evghf i_j_f_rb\Zgbb ^h i_j_oh^Z \brg_\hdjZkghc hdjZkdb \ kbgxx >ey [he__ lhqgh]h nbdkbjh\Zgby dhg_qghc lhqdb lbljh\Zgbylbljh\Zgb_j_dhf_g^m_lkyijh\h^blv\ijbkmlkl\bb³k\b^_l_ey´>ey ijb]hlh\e_gby ³k\b^_l_ey´ d kf3 ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u ^h[Z\eyxl kf3 ZffbZqgh]h [mn_jZ b kl_deyggmx ehiZlhqdm bg^bdZlhjZ wjbhojhfZ q_jgh]h L HdjZkdZ jZkl\hjZ klZgh\blky kbg_c Ih wlhfm p\_lm ³k\b^_l_ey´ kjZ\gb\Zxl hdjZkdm lbljm_fh]h jZkl\hjZ b km^yl h[ hdhgqZgbb lbljh\Zgby Lbljh\Zgb_ ijh\h^yl g_kdhevdh jZa b ihemq_ggu_ j_amevlZlu aZibku\Zxl \ lZ[ebpm L: C(MgSO4 ) V(MgSO4 ) K1D2H2< fhev^f3 = ------------------------------ ; V(Na2H2Y)

C(Na2H2Y) M(Na2H2Y) L1D2H2< ]kf3 = ------------------------------- . 1000 J_amevlZluZgZebaZhnhjfeyxl\\b^_lZ[ebpu LZ[ebpZ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dhgp_gljZpbyjZkl\hjZkmevnZlZfZ]gbyfhev^f3 H[t_fjZkl\hjZFJ624\aylucgZlbljh\Zgb_kf3 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H[t_fjZkl\hjZljbehgZ; ihr_^rbcgZlbljh\Zgb_kf3 1-h_lbljh\Zgb_

2-h_lbljh\Zgb_ ..................................... bl^ Kj_^gbch[t_fjZkl\hjZljbehgZ; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dhgp_gljZpbyjZkl\hjZljbehgZ;fhev^f3........................ LbljjZkl\hjZljbehgZ;]kf3 .................................................................. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- JZ[hlZ HIJ?>?E?GB?H;S?C@?KLDHKLBU P_ev jZ[hlu Hij_^_eblv h[smx `_kldhklv ijbjh^guo \h^ bkihevamy \ dZq_kl\_lbljZglZklZg^Zjlbabjh\Zgguc jZkl\hjljbehgZ; Kmsghklv jZ[hlu JZaebqZxl \j_f_ggmx mkljZgbfmx b ihklhyggmx `_kldhklv \h^u <j_f_ggZy `_kldhklv \ua\ZgZ ijbkmlkl\b_f \ \h^_ jZkl\hjbfuo khe_c ]b^jhdZj[hgZlh\ IhklhyggZy `_kldhklv h[mkeh\e_gZ gZebqb_f \ \h^_ kmevnZlh\boehjb^h\dZevpbybfZ]gbyKmffZ\j_f_gghcbihklhygghc`_kldhklb gZau\Z_lky h[s_c `_kldhklvx \h^u < aZ\bkbfhklb hl dhgp_gljZpbb khe_c dZevpby b fZ]gby jZaebqZxl \h^m fy]dmx h[sZy `_kldhklv f_g__ ffhev^f3 ), kj_^g_c`_kldhklb-ffhev^f3 b`_kldmx[he__ffhev^f3 Hij_^_e_gb_ h[s_c `_kldhklb \h^u hkms_kl\ey_lky lbljh\Zgb_f ZgZebabjm_fhc \h^u klZg^Zjlguf jZkl\hjhf ljbehgZ ; ijb jG - \ ijbkmlkl\bb bg^bdZlhjZ wjbhojhfZq_jgh]hL FZl_jbZeubh[hjm^h\Zgb_ KlZg^ZjlgucjZkl\hjljbehgZ; Bg^bdZlhjwjbhojhfq_jgucL :ffhgbcguc[mn_jgucjZkl\hj ;xj_ldZ_fdhklvxkf3;

Ibi_ldZ_fdhklvxkf ; 3

Pbebg^j_fdhklvxkf3 ; Dhe[u^eylbljh\Zgbykf3).
JZ[hlZ HIJ?>?E?GB?KH>?J@:GBYD:EVPBYBF:=GBY< J:AEBQGUOH;J:AP:O Dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_ hij_^_e_gb_ dZevpby b fZ]gby ijbf_gyxl ^ey hij_^_e_gbywlbowe_f_glh\\jZaebqguokhdZojZklbl_evguob`b\hlguoldZgyo ijh^mdlZo iblZgby e_dZjkl\_gguo ij_iZjZlZo ;hevrh_ agZq_gb_ bf__l hij_^_e_gb_KZ2+bFJ2+\ihq\Zom^h[j_gbyo P_ev jZ[hluHij_^_e_gb_kh^_j`ZgbydZevpbybfZ]gby\\h^ghc\uly`d_ baihq\f_lh^hfdhfie_dkhghf_ljbb Kmsghklv jZ[hlu Hij_^_e_gb_ kh^_j`Zgby dZevpby b fZ]gby \ \h^ghc \uly`d_ ba ihq\ iha\hey_l km^blv h kh^_j`Zgbb \ g_c \h^hjZkl\hjbfuo khe_c dZevpby b fZ]gby Kh^_j`Zgb_ dZevpby hij_^_eyxl lbljh\Zgb_f klZg^Zjlguf jZkl\hjhf ljbehgZ ; \ kbevghs_ehqghc kj_^_ k ijbf_g_gb_f \ dZq_kl\_ bg^bdZlhjZ fmj_dkb^Z H[s__ kh^_j`Zgb_ KZ2+ b FJ2+ hij_^_eyxl lbljmy

ZgZebabjm_fuc jZkl\hj ljbehghf ; \ ijbkmlkl\bb bg^bdZlhjZ wjbhojhfZ q_jgh]h L Ih jZaghklb f_`^m j_amevlZlZfb wlbo hij_^_e_gbc jZkkqblu\Zxl kh^_j`Zgb_ fZ]gby FZl_jbZeubh[hjm^h\Zgb_ :gZebabjm_fucjZkl\hj\h^gZy\uly`dZbaihq\ KlZg^ZjlgucjZkl\hjljbehgZ; :ffhgbcguc[mn_jgucjZkl\hj JZkl\hjDHGF Bg^bdZlhjufmj_dkb^bwjbhojhfq_jgucL ;xj_ldZ_fdhklvxkf3 ; Ibi_ldZ_fdhklvxkf3 ; Dhe[u^eylbljh\Zgbykf3); Pbebg^j_fdhklvxkf3 . ey ijb]hlh\e_gby \h^ghc \uly`db ] ihq\u i_j_ghkyl \ rbjhdh]hjemx kdeygdm h[t_fhf kf3 ijbeb\Zxl iylbdjZlguc h[t_f ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u k\h[h^ghc hl KH2 Kdeygdm aZdju\Zxl ijh[dhc b \a[Zelu\Zxl \ l_q_gb_ fbgml Ijb bkke_^h\Zgbb aZkhe_gguo ihq\ ijh\h^yl \a[Zelu\Zgb_\l_q_gb_qZkh\h[Z\eyxl ijbf_jgh kf3 ^bklbeebjh\Zgghc \h^u kf3 F jZkl\hjZ DHG b h^gm ehiZldm bg^bdZlhjZ fmj_dkb^Z Kh^_j`bfh_ dhe[u i_j_f_rb\ZxlblbljmxlklZg^ZjlgufjZkl\hjhfljbehgZ;ijbi_j_f_rb\Zgbb ^h i_j_oh^Z hdjZkdb hl fZebgh\h-djZkghc ^h nbhe_lh\hc Lbljh\Zgb_ ijh\h^yl

g_kdhevdh jZa k lhqghklvx ^h kf < dhgp_ lbljh\Zgby ijb[Z\e_gb_ lbljZglZ 3

hkms_kl\eyxlihdZieyfIhj_amevlZlZflbljh\ZgbyjZkkqblu\Zxldhgp_gljZpbx bhgh\dZevpbybkihevamykj_^gbch[t_flbljZglZ91(Na2H2Y): K1D2H2Y) V(Na2H2Y) KKZ2+)fhev^f3 = ------------------------------- . 9 \uly`db Hij_^_e_gb_kmffZjgh]hkh^_j`Zgbybhgh\dZevpbybfZ]gby

LZ[ebpZ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dhgp_gljZpbyljbehgZ;fhev^f3............................................ H[t_f\h^ghc\uly`db\aylucgZlbljh\Zgb_kf3 ............. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H[t_fjZkl\hjZljbehgZ; ihr_^rbcgZhij_^_e_gb_KZ2+, V1kf3 1-h_lbljh\Zgb_ ............................. 2-h_lbljh\Zgb_ bl^ Kj_^gbch[t_fljbehgZ;91kf3.................................................... ___________________________________________________________ H[t_fjZkl\hjZljbehgZ; ihr_^rbcgZlbljh\Zgb_kmffuKZ2+bFJ2+, V2kf3 1-h_lbljh\Zgb_ 2-h_lbljh\Zgb_...................................................... bl^ Kj_^gbch[t_fljbehgZ;92kf3...................................................... ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------JZkq_lj_amevlZlh\lbljh\Zgby HDBKEBL?EVGH-

ijbkh_^bg_gby we_dljhgh\ >hghj we_dljhgh\ ^_ckl\m_l dZd \hkklZgh\bl_ev Zdp_ilhjwe_dljhgh\-dZdhdbkebl_ev

hdbke_ggZy\hkklZgh\e_ggZynhjfZ \hkklZgh\e_gb_ H[]e

⇔

Red

hdbke_gb_ hdbkebl_ev\hkklZgh\bl_ev Ijblbljh\Zgbbf_`^mlbljZglhfblbljm_fuf\_s_kl\hfijhl_dZ_lj_Zdpby Ox1 + Red2

⇔

Red12o2 ,

dhlhjmxfh`ghij_^klZ\blv\\b^_^\moihemj_Zdpbc Ho1i1e ⇔ Red1 ; Ox2 + n2e ⇔ Red2 . Ex[hc mqZklgbd wlbo ihemj_Zdpbc fh`_l [ulv dZd lbljZglhf lZd b lbljm_fuf\_s_kl\hfLZd_keblbljZglhfy\ey_lkyHo1lhlbljm_fh_\_s_kl\hRed2 _keb lbljZgl Ho2 lbljm_fh_ \_s_kl\h - Red1 >ey dZ`^hc ihemj_Zdpbb mjZ\g_gb_G_jgklZ[m^_lbf_lv\b^ 57Z2[1 ) ? ?h1 + ----Oi---------- ; n1)Z5HG1) 57Z2[2 ) E = Eh2 + ------ ln ------------ , n2)Z5HG2 ) ]^_?-jZ\gh\_kgucwe_dljh^gucihl_gpbZ< ?h -klZg^Zjlgucwe_dljh^guc ihl_gpbZe 5 - fheyjgZy ]Zah\Zy ihklhyggZy >`fhevD L - Z[khexlgZy

l_fi_jZlmjZ D ) - qbkeh NZjZ^_y De Q - qbkeh hl^Zgguo beb ijbgyluo we_dljhgh\Z-Zdlb\ghklvbhgZ\jZkl\hj_ Ijb L D b i_j_oh^_ hl gZlmjZevguo eh]Zjbnfh\ d ^_kylbqguf mjZ\g_gb_G_jgklZijbf_l\b^ 0,059

ZHo

? ?h + -------- lg ---------

.

Q Z5HG KlZg^Zjlgu_ hdbkebl_evgh - \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ ihl_gpbZeu ^ey fgh]bo kbkl_f hij_^_e_gu wdki_jbf_glZevgh hlghkbl_evgh klZg^Zjlgh]h \h^hjh^gh]h we_dljh^Z AgZy \_ebqbgu klZg^Zjlguo j_^hdk ihl_gpbZeh\ fh`gh mklZgh\blv \ dZdhf gZijZ\e_gbb [m^_l ijhl_dZlv lZbebbgZyj_ZdpbyIheh`bl_evgZyjZaghklv klZg^Zjlguo hdbkebl_evgh – \hkklZgh\bl_evguo ihl_gpbZeh\ mdZau\Z_l gZ ijhl_dZgb_ j_Zdpbb ke_\Z gZijZ\h Ijb wlhf g_h[oh^bfh ihfgblv qlh h[_ ihemj_Zdpbb ^he`gu [ulv aZibkZgu \ nhjf_ ihemj_Zdpbc \hkklZgh\e_gby
EhFe

/ Fe

I-3

Eo I

/3I

+ 2e = 3I-

= +0,771B; = +0,535B.

KhklZ\eyxl ihegmx hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgmx j_Zdpbx \uqblZy \lhjmxihemj_Zdpbxbai_j\hc 2Fe3+

+ 3I- = 2Fe2+ + I-3bgZoh^yljZaghklvihl_gpbZeh\

? ?h Fe / Fe -?o

I /3I

= 0,771 - <

Iheh`bl_evgZy jZaghklv ihl_gpbZeh\ mdZau\Z_l gZ ijhl_dZgb_ j_Zdpbb \ gZijZ\e_gbbhdbke_gbybh^blbhgZ`_e_ahfOOO < aZ\bkbfhklb hl bkihevam_fuo lbljZglh\ jZaebqZxl g_kdhevdh f_lh^h\ hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgh]h lbljh\Zgby - [jhfZlhf_ljby -[bojhfZlhf_ljby -i_jfZg]ZgZlhf_ljby -bh^hf_ljby FheyjgZyfZkkZwd\b\Ze_glZhdbkebl_eybeb\hkklZgh\bl_eyaZ\bkblhlqbkeZ ijbgbfZ_fuo beb hl^Z\Z_fuo we_dljhgh\ \ ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb b qbke_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_gbxfheyjghcfZkku\_s_kl\Zdqbkemijbgyluobebhl^Zgguowe_dljhgh\ Fo Fwo --------]^_ n Fw -fheyjgZyfZkkZwd\b\Ze_glZ F-fheyjgZyfZkkZ\_s_kl\Zo n -qbkehijbgyluobebhl^Zgguowe_dljhgh\ I?JF:G=:G:LHF?LJBY F_lh^ i_jfZg]ZgZlhf_ljbb hkgh\Zg gZ j_Zdpbb i_jfZg]ZgZlZ dZeby k \hkklZgh\bl_eyfbij_bfms_kl\_ggh\dbkehckj_^_ MnO4-

+ 8H+ + 5e = Mn2+ + 4H2O.

LbljZglhf \ ^Zgghf f_lh^_ kem`bl i_jfZg]ZgZl dZeby Bg^bdZlhj g_ ijbf_gy_lky lZd dZd \ ijhp_kk_ lbljh\Zgby ZgZebabjm_fh]h jZkl\hjZ fZebgh\hnbhe_lh\Zy hdjZkdZ jZkl\hjZ i_jfZg]ZgZlZ dZeby h[_kp\_qb\Z_lky H^gZdh ihke_ ^hklb`_gby lhqdb wd\b\Ze_glghklb i_j\Zy ba[ulhqgZy dZiey jZkl\hjZ .0Q24 hdjZrb\Z_l lbljm_fuc jZkl\hj \ jhah\uc p\_l FheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ DFQH4jZ\gZ FDFQH4 )

158,03

FDFQH4 ]fhev -------------- = ----------- = 31,61. 5

5

KlZg^Zjlguc jZkl\hj i_jfZg]ZgZlZ dZeby g_evay ijb]hlh\blv ih lhqghc gZ\_kd_ lZd dZd hg kh^_j`bl jy^ ijbf_k_c FQ22 Z lZd`_ jZkl\hj _]h g_mklhcqb\ ba-aZ j_Zdpbbk\h^hcdZlZebabjm_fhc^bhdkb^hffZj]ZgpZgZk\_lm FQH4-G2H FQH2H2HG- . Ihwlhfm jZkl\hj DFQH4 klZg^Zjlbabjmxl ijbf_gyy \ dZq_kl\_ i_j\bqgh]h klZg^ZjlZjZkl\hjsZ\_e_\hcdbkehlubebhdkZeZlZgZljby JZ[hlZ KlZg^ZjlbaZpbyjZkl\hjZi_jfZg]ZgZlZdZeby P_ev jZ[hlu MklZgh\blv lblj b dhgp_gljZpbx jZkl\hjZ i_jfZg]ZgZlZ dZebyijbf_gyy\dZq_kl\_klZg^ZjlZjZkl\hjs_\_e_\hcdbkehlu Kmsghklv jZ[hlu I_jfZg]ZgZl dZeby \aZbfh^_ckl\m_l k sZ\_e_\hc dbkehlhc\dbkehckj_^_ihmjZ\g_gbx DFQ24 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 = 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O + K2SO4; 2MnO4- + 5C2O42- + 16H+

= Mn2+

+ 10CO2 + 8H2O.

J_Zdpby Z\lhdZlZeblbq_kdZy ihwlhfm g_kfhljy gZ [hevrmx jZaghklv ihl_gpbZeh\iZjFiH4-Fi2+?h < bKH2K2H42-?h = -< ^ey mkdhj_gbyijhp_kkZjZkl\hjke_^m_lgZ]j_lv FZl_jbZeubh[hjm^h\Zgb_ ;xj_ldZ_fdhklvxkf3; Ibi_ldZ_fdhklvxkf3;

2-h_lbljh\Zgb_ ................... ...... 3-_lbljh\Zgb_ Kj_^gbch[t_fjZkl\hjZDFiH4ihr_^rbcgZlbljh\Zgb_kf3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- JZ[hlZ Hij_^_e_gb_kh^_j`Zgby`_e_aZ\jZkl\hj_ P_ev jZ[hlu Hij_^_e_gb_ kh^_j`Zgby `_e_aZ ,, \ jZkl\hj_ f_lh^hf i_jfZg]ZgZlhf_ljbb Kmsghklv jZ[hlu I_jfZg]ZgZlhf_ljby - h^bg ba emqrbo kihkh[h\ hij_^_e_gby `_e_aZ \jZaebqguoh[t_dlZohdjm`Zxs_ckj_^uIhke_jZkl\hj_gby h[jZapZ jm^u fbg_jZeZ kieZ\Z b l^ `_e_ah qZklbqgh i_j_oh^bl \ bhgu )H3+, ihwlhfmi_j_^hij_^_e_gb_f_]hij_^\Zjbl_evghi_j_\h^yl\`_e_ah,, oehjb^hf heh\Z ,, beb f_lZeeZfb Hij_^_e_gb_ kh^_j`Zgby )H ,, khklhbl \ ijyfhf lbljh\ZgbbZgZebabjm_fh]hjZkl\hjZklZg^ZjlgufjZkl\hjhfi_jfZg]ZgZlZdZeby\ dbkehckj_^_ 2MnO4- + 10Fe2+ + 16H+ = 2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+ + 8H2O. FheyjgZyfZkkZwd\b\Ze_glZ`_e_aZ\j_Zdpbbki_jfZg]ZgZlhfdZebyjZ\gZ _]hfheyjghcfZkk_lZddZdIwd\ (Fe) = 1.

FZl_jbZeubh[hjm^h\Zgb_ ;xj_ldZ_fdhklvxkf3; Ibi_ldZ_fdhklvxkf3;

;xj_ldm

aZihegyxl

klZg^Zjlguf

jZkl\hjhf

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