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θN
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Φr
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Φr
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θ1 θ(4) 2
1
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r
c
r
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
4e
0
2e
0
4e
2e
c
SE =
Z
N X 4 X 1 dt 16EC n=1 m=1
(m) dθn
dt
!2
− EJ cos θn(m)
.
§=$
P ;63=i4;6>4;=HI;6141N θ >NE=14<3658 OB NE:1N m 5<H(;=>4;/!<=P ;R n 5<H>(<HI74@; >47438K ª $K >474147(HaNC< 1(74HaN81474;?(584;6E-@NP AC>4<HI874@ >N8;61 Φ N:4<5<@ ?4;6>4;6E-3' (
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θn(m) = ϕ ,
(m)
θn
_ $
n = 1, 2, .., N ,
m=1 N X
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−θn(3) − θn(4) = γ .
¤ PN81414<8AD>4N8<858;IHIq>N3=3=HaN5>474N8;=H39?N8AD3=714<AD3=(EF7_HI;"P9¥<3658>4<@N8HI7 E E K 0 5<4<8E=<(;65P<4>4;P ;;6147(*=14;6>4¢=;574?4;63=@<¢6NM36743658;=HI74364<EF<!N5M@(!NEF7 @ N3=3=7(?4;=36@<8; 4>47427 ;61474;8K >47 E = 0 BONEF θ (2 53 O@ N3=3=7(?4;=36@474HI74;6>4;=HI;61414b HI7 7 3=<35< 4147 3=7435;=HI HI<8¢695R 5G1N8AP ;=14 HI741474HI7E =N 47(;=Ag369HIHI P ¡<8EF;6BD36<14<83=@47 =1(;=>4¢674A]>4<HI74@<{gP ;=A(3658747 !§ $K 935 θ = −θ − θ θ 7(HI;=;65k36HI3>NEF14<357 BDNEGN8>NHI;65>4Nq4<>!P @NgP<iP 7N8¢6<1N7 n ¢= 4<HI7(@NK*£741474HI7E =N 427 P <EF;=B_36<14< 3=@<A =1(;=>4¢6747q9FP <814 4<7(E=<=P 7(58MP !,N 65NN(K >4'; P ;36;=¢= 9;6583 =1(;=>4¢67( <85=P ;14<8¢=<->4<HI74@N4>47RB_74@3=74>(<!N8141(<H4<5<@;_?4;=>(;6EO>4<HI74@R7RB_74@3=74>(<!N8141(<A>4NEF14< 36587BDNE θ K <3;_HI741(74HI7(E N 474*7 614;=>(¢=7( 4;=(<?4@474>474147(HaN8;657%P 4>(7 δ 1$ n=1
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N X
1 z θn E = −2 2EJ 1 + δσn cos − βn , 4 2 n=1 σnz δ z δ z 1 sin βn = ± √ 1 − σn , cos βn = ± √ 1 + σn . 4 4 2 2 √
C
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1 N8@(7- ¥3 7HI741(93 _9>4N814;614747* ) $ <85814<3 53 :@-349?4N=]4<< 7(5;14<A 36<<858;6535;61 14<_<858>47)N58;814<A $I;74?47414 cos K ( P ;63=DHI 8;7-!N14<;b<<8E=1N ?4;=147(; σ = sign sin θ K JD;=¢6@<4<@NEFN54 ?(58<M4>47 δ = 0 @NP A>4<8HI74@>N8363=HaN58>474!N;=HIAC<85=P ;14<(74HI;6;65P !N @ N3=3=7(?4;=36@47 M<3=14<814 3=<35< 41(7(M3 <=P 741N@<8HI7 =1(;=>4¢67(4HI72K 0 57M3=<35< 4147M<85F74?=N 5 3 25<@< E=1N8@<HG3=;6!> ((>4<<=P ;=¢6< 58<@N( 474>(@(9 74>(#9 ;=¢64<HI74@;K 02HI;=14144;=HI;6141N σ <4>4;P ;44;65-EF14N8@36;=!> 5<8@NK ;64;=>4q14;=<8 <=P 74HI<{HI7(1474HI7(E=74>4<!N5( 614;=>(¢=)7 9!$¡4 47 P <(<147(58;814<H.<¢6>N8147(?4;=147(7 © $K >47GHaN δ 7R<= ¡#7 N HI 4<49?4N8;=H (
θ 2
z n
n
z n
7
(m) n
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P ;63=
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m
√ √ EJ 2 ≈ (e γ − πN/2 − πS z − 2πm)2 − 2δS z EJ + Const. 4N
N
z n
2
z n
z
2
z n
n=1
2
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z n
z
z n
z n
C
0
> T272;_HI>N3=3=HaN5>474N8;=H.@(!N81(58<;ZBU9@(59!N=( 747iBDNE θ 4>(7@<14;6?414 E KT_N87(<;6; !N14H57(4<H 5N@47 BU9@(589N=474A 42 583 7(14365N815<14 @4!N1(5<8;G(>4<3=@<@(7BDNEF2 $K021435N81(58<1z(>4;P 35N8(;653=<<8A.5>N8;6@(5<8>47)Z 1N ?47(1N= 9#¥3 }<=P 14<H 7(E HI74147 H 9HI< !$¡4<858;=1)474N14<8A =14;6>4¢=747 P ;6A43658747 §=$ (>47 t = −∞ 7 <@N814?474N= 9 3 . P >(9¢6<HkHI741474H 9HI;U4>(7 t = +∞ K(02HI;=;53 MP NO5744NZ5N8@47 5>N;=@(58<>474A(;=>4;¥1N ?4741N= 5 3 C |m, {σ }i 7i<@N81(?474!N= 53 |m, {σ + 2δ }i 3O4>4<7(E=<814H 1 ≤ k ≤ N σ = −1 i5< >(;=H }@N8@k858<>4;R1N ?4741N 53 |m, {σ }i 7}<@N814?474N= 583 |m + 1, {σ − 2δ }i 3M(>4<7(E=<1(H 1 ≤ k ≤ N σ = 1 K #_N P N 5>N8;6@(5<8>47(k4;6>4<¢6<5744Ni3=<<858;658365889;5 <=P 14<A}7(EMBDNE θ 77 θ K #_N PNg5>N;=@(58<>47(k858<>4<¢6<57(Ni3=<<5;5365889;5 BDNE θ 77 θ K¥ 5HI;574H ?(5<s(>47 δ = 0 7 γ = π/2 36;* 5758>N8;6@(5<>(747 1N ?47(1N= 7(;=3 |m, {σ }i 4>47 2m + S = 0 3=<;P 741(2 5q@ N8363=74?(;=3=@(74;36<3658< 4147( 3R<=P 741N@<8<A = 1(;=>4¢674;=AK N@474H]<>NEF<H<8147q<8@NEF!N= 53 q!N 14HI7Pg<83=365N14<;6147(q3=74HIHI;5>47(7 @<85<8>N@ N8363=74?4;63=@47R1N>(9¡ ;=14N(K)U <EF1N ?474H{?4;=>4;E υ N8HI7(5895=P9 O<=P 14<8Hs@<1(5N8@(58;8K >47g<=Z 7 N 1 5NiN8HI7(589FPNG14;<5F74?N8;53 }<5NHI7(59 P 4;=>(;=<>(<85N3=(741N {<5=P ;814<H >4<HI874@;4>47 Φ ≈ Φ /2 K*¤< 5<H (>4747 ;=147(7HI HI< ;=HX7(3=4<8EF<N5
(m) n
C
z n
z n
z n
(1) k
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(4) k z n
z
r
z k
nk
0
z n
nk
1.45
1.4
k
1.35
1.3
1.25
1.2 10
>4;E=9 5N5:>4N8<858 §
20
QI743K §
30
40
50 E /E J
" "
υ ≈ k EJ3 EC
1/4
k
60
70
80
90
100
C
"
exp −1.61
r
EJ EC
Ej /Ec
!
#
!$
.
¢ P ; k ?4743;=141(A@!P@N;P74147)42K >4N814;61474;D@4!NE=74@ N8363=74?(;=3=@<¢6<M>4; E=9 5N5N% $2>4;6E695N5N8HI7}4>!4HI<¢6N83=?(;65N ) 147(E=@<;'N 7q9>4<14;6As<85 P ;14<¢6< B_>N83658>474>4<8!N81414<8¢=4<HI7(@N:(<@NEF!N;65?(58< @N835;5<5 ª K _ P < ª K ©©¥(>477(EFHI;614;=1(747<8514< ¡;=1(7( E /E <85 10 P 4<!N147(-3=7435;6HI.HI'; P9O>NE674?414HI7-HI741474H 9HaN8HI7 !$4< 5;6)1 47N14<A 614;=>(¢=747 P ;=A(3658747 !§ $K0 D7(4147(;b1N =14;6>4¢=)7 <3=14<814<¢6<¥3=<8365< (147(¡HI < ;5 58>N3=3=HI<5>4;614<M3_4<HI< ! 1427 ¡;=3;P#9 ;=¢6<:¢N8HI7 58<147N814N J
b |m, {σ z }i = Em,σ |m, {σ z }i + H n n
2υ
C
N X m, {σ z , · · · σ z 2υ k=1 N X
k=1 , σkz =1
1
z z z , −σ , · · · σ , σ } + k−1 k k+1 N
z z z m + 1, {σ1z , · · · σk−1 , −σkz , · · · σk+1 , σN } + 2υ
N X
k=1 , σkz =−1
z z z m − 1, {σ1z , · · · σk−1 , −σkz , · · · σk+1 , σN } .
ª¨ $
LD 1N6!< P;=147(-614;=>4¢6747G<3=14<814<¢6<3=<35< 4147 Z9>4;D4<4;=>4;6HI;=141(<A m -36<<858;6583658747C3 |x, σi =
X
E(γ)
9FP <814<4>4<87(EF;6365874>(;=<>4NEF<N81474;
γ e N z exp 2i 2m − + S + x |m, σi , π 2
Sz =
N X
szn .
ªª $
¥5HI;574H?(584 14<<¢6<}!NE=743FN ªª $14;E N88743=74HI2K 0UE ªª $;=¢=@ N3=3=HaN5>474NC4>4<87(EF<14<;D3=<8365< (1474; |x, σi 3=7(365;6HI |ψi = P ψ(x, σ) |x, σi 14;6< ! <=P 74HI 4N81474?41(<;D983<874; ª §=$ e ψ (x + π/2, σ) = e ψ(x, σ) . ( P ;63=-HI;7<84;=>N5<> b P ;=A43589# 74AC1N3=(7414<;D4;6>4;=HI;61414;¡3=<8<85;535747C36< 365N1PN8>(5814HI7C4>N7 N8HI7 KS <9?N= ;=;63 9>N8814;=147(;> >(;P 741(¢=;=>4NM74HI;=;5M87P ª_ $ ∂ ψ + (b − 2w cos 2x · Sb + 2hSb )ψ = 0 , m
n=1
−ie γ +iπS z +iπN/2
x,σ
iπ Sbz +iπN/2
ie γ
z
2
¢ P ;
x
z
∂x2
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64N υ w=√ , 2EJ π 2
iπn Sbz +N/2
n
h=
8N δ . π2
a
πn/2
0
x
x
ie γ
bz +iπN/2 iπ S
x
x
2
2
x
2ie γ
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x
+ γ e
x
γ e
− γ e
γ e
x
1
+ γ e
0
x
1
± γ e
x
3=<8365< (1474A
|0γ+ ei
7
|0γ− ei
ª $
− eieγ |0γ+ e i + |0γ ei √ |Gγe i = , 2
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γ e
c
0
2
J
c
I(e γ) =
√
2Ic0 π
2e dE = sign γ e ~ dγ 4N
1−
0
m,σ
1 2|e γ| q − 1 . π 2 2 (1 − 2|e γ |/π) + (q/2)
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√ 3/4 −4 q
3/8 0 c
J
1/4
3/4
J
4e
2e
x
z
0
b
hθ2 , φ2 , x2 | e−T H |θ1 , φ2 , x1 i = ( Z Z θ 2 , φ2 , x2 DΩDx exp −
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T /2
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)
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D
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S x S˙ y − S˙ x S y x˙ 2 ~ + + U (x , S) i S + Sz 2
T /2
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x
x
y
y
y
x
2
2
b −T H
y 2 , x2
1
1
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y 1 , x1
+∞
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2
2
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ef f
−∞
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2
2
Uef f (x, y) = (y + d cos 2x) + d sin 2x ,
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d=
r
√ w2 S 2π υ = 3/2 . 3 h δ EJ
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x¨ + 2dy sin 2x = 0 , y¨ − y − d cos 2x = 0 .
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4e π
0
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I(γ) = I2e sin γ e + I4e sin(2e γ ),
¢ P ;
I4e = A4e exp(−SE4e ),
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SE4e
7
SE2e
4e E
4e E
2e E
2e E
s
x
SE = h
Z
,
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SE0
=
7
x˙ 2 d2 − cos 4x 2 4
dτ
Z
SE2e ≈ hd,
dτ
x˙ 2 + q cos 2x 2
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25
15
4e
~
SE , SE
2e
20
~
10
5
0 1.5
QI7438K _
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2.5
3
3.5
4
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d
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N
SE4e
υ √
J
=h
Z
3/2
dτ
) √ 8 2 Nυ √ exp − π EJ δ
(
x˙ 2 − d2 cos 2x 2
3/2
J
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= 4hd
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4e E
3/2
4e
1/4 0 c
EJ δ
π
EJ δ
π2
δ 3/2 EJ
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4e E
4e E
2e E 2e E
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0
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2e E
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0
1/3
2
c
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2 J
J
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c r
r
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0 c
c
0 c
c
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(2)
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2
E
(2)
1
2
(3)
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−3
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ef f (x, y)
R =
#
P8
k=1
nk
4<=P5>4N8;=@(58<>474A
T R n3 +n4 +n5 +n6 n1 +n2 +n7 +n8 α α2e . R! 4e
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< 3=@<8@(9 36;D>4N83=36HaN5>47(!N8;=HI;D5>N;=@(58<>4747i14N?(741N= 53 58<?4@; (0, −d) 7RE N8@N81(?47 !N= 53 G (π/2, d) 1N 4;;O?47(3 N n , . . . , n 14;6< !<=P 74HI<1N< 7(5<¢6>N81474?(;=147( 1
8
2(n1 + n7 ) − 2(n2 + n8 ) + n3 − n4 + n5 − n6 = 1 , n3 − n 4 − n 5 + n 6 = 1 .
U<8E=1N ?474H K = n1 + n7 ,
L = n 2 + n8
M = n 4 + n5 = n3 + n6 − 1 .
9!9=$ 9 ) $ 9 =$
b¤ 36; 5>4N8;=@(58<>473*B_74@3=74>4<8!N81414HI7 K L M n 7 n P N= 5¥4;" N8;6@(5<>(74A 3
4
R!(M + 1)!M ! (2M + 1)!K!L!n3 !n4 !(M − n4 )!(M − n3 + 1)!
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9 $
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X
b
hy2 , x2 | e−T H |y1 , x1 i =
K,L,n3 ,n4 ≥0 M ≥max(n4 ,n3 −1) K−L+n3 −n4 =1
(T α4e )K+L (T α2e )2M +1 (M + 1)!M ! . K!L!n3 !n4 !(2M + 1)!(M − n4 )!(M − n3 + 1)!
b¤ HI;6365<28?4743;=147(¡369HIHI 9 $9FP <1(N8363=HI<858>4;658DB2914@)(7) 3=<8¢ N83=1(<36<<851(<=¡;6147) LDRB2914@)4747
b
hy2 , x2 | e−T H |y1 , x1 i =
Q(α2e , α4e )
1 Q(α2e , α4e ) = 2
HIz74HI;=;6H X
K,L,n3 ,n4 ≥0 M ≥max(n4 ,n3 −1) K−L+n3 −n4 =1
Q(α2e , α4e )
9 $
<4>4;P ;;=141(9#
) ¨ $
1 ∂Q . T ∂α2e
(T α4e )K+L (T α2e )2M +2 B(M + 1, M + 1) , K!L!n3 !n4 !(M − n4 )!(M − n3 + 1)!
)(ª $
¢ P ; B(x, y) ;5NB2914@)47 0bA;=>NK0_364<E=98D7415;=¢6>N814<;a4>4;P 365N8;=147(;b;5NB2914@)47(7 7G>NE6<6¡;=1474;_->!PiHI4<8!N81414GB2914@)(74A ;=3=36;( X Z z ) !§ $ 1 B(x, y) = 2 dϕ(sin ϕ) (cos ϕ) , I (z) = z , 2 k!(n + k)! HI HI < ;6H 84<1475M39HIHI74>4<!N1474;D4< M K L * )(ª $b7G(<9?47(58
1 2 k 4
n
π/2
2x−1
2y−1
n
0
k
X (T α2e )n4 +n3 +1 I|n4 −n3 +1| (2T α4e ) Z π Q= dϕ(sin ϕ)n3 +n4 I|n4 −n3 +1| (T α2e sin ϕ) . n3 +n4 +1 n !n ! 2 3 4 0 n ,n ≥0
)_ $
7369HIHI74>(9M(< (>47B_74@3674>4<!N1414<H 1N6!<=P 74H ) © $ >474147(HaN:N14<;24>(;P 35N8;61474;_HI<=P 74B_)7 474>(<!N8141( :B2914)@ 47(7 b;=3 3=;G>N¡;=1474;¥P47#R4>4<7EF<=P ;=AB291()@ 474(7 ¤b<=P<8<8EF14N?(;=1474; 3
4
Z = n3 − 1 − n 4 n3 n4 Z +∞ Z π T α2e X dϕI|Z| (2T α4e )I|Z| (T α2e sin ϕ)I|Z+1| (T α2e sin ϕ) . Q= 2 Z=−∞ 0
1 In (z) = 2π
Z
+∞ X z 1 exp t+ = tk Ik (z) , 2 t k=−∞
2π
dθ exp (inθ + z cos θ) ,
HI HI< ;6H (;=>4;64743FN5 ) ©$b7P ; 0
T α2e Q(α2e , α4e ) = 4
Z
π
dϕ 0
Z
2π 0
dθ1 dθ2 (cos θ1 + cos θ2 )× (2π)2
exp {T α2e sin ϕ(cos θ1 + cos θ2 ) + 2T α4e cos(θ1 + θ2 )} .
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) 9=$
)) $
<3;24<=P 365N81(<@47 3=<8<8514<¡;=1(74; ª §
u = (θ1 + θ2 )/2 v = (θ1 − θ2 )/2 Z
π/2
dϕI1 (2z sin ϕ) =
7G4<9?N8;6H7415;=¢6>N814<;Z(>4;P 35N8;61474;2P 0
Q(α2e , α4e ) =
Z
π
HIz7415;=¢6>474>(98;=H]4< ϕ 7 v 474364<8E698
) !$
sinh2 z π 2 I1/2 (z) = , 2 z Q(α2e , α4e )
) $
du {cosh (2T α2e cos u) − 1} exp (2T α4e cos 2u) . 2π
U@<14?N58;814<4 47 364<E=98 ) ¨ $HI 1N6!<=P 74H 4814<;i>4N;=1(74;P@4!NE=74@ N8363=74?(;=3=@<A N8HI7(589FP (;=>4;/!<=PN3 § ) $ Z ) !$ du e exp(2T α cos 2u + 2T α cos u) . hy , x | e |y , x i = P >(9¢=<8AC365<8>4<14xN8HI7(589FPN:4;6>4;" 2π<=PN § ) $ HI< ;65M 5M1N84743=N81N:7P ;O369HIHI 4< 2
2
0
2π
b −T H
1
iu
1
4e
2e
0
3=<83658;=141(H.3=<35< 41(7(4H.36743658;=HI b
hy2 , x2 | e−T H |y1 , x1 i =
X
8¨ $
ψn∗ (x1 , y1 )ψn (x2 , y2 )e−En T .
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n
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ef f
u
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u
iu
∗ u
0 u
1
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u
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4e
2e
0
b(e γ ) = −4α4e cos 2e γ − 4α2e cos γ e.
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I(γ) = (2e/~)dE0 /dγ
_$
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πn/2
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>
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