ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȺȽȿɇɌɋɌȼɈ ɉɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂɘ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ ɍɑɊȿɀȾȿɇɂȿ ȼɕɋɒȿȽɈ ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə «ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ»
ɍɑȿȻɇȺə ɉɈɅȿȼȺə ɉɊȺɄɌɂɄȺ ɉɈ ȻɈɌȺɇɂɄȿ ɋ ɈɋɇɈȼȺɆɂ ɗɄɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɊȺɋɌȿɇɂɃ ɂ ȽȿɈȻɈɌȺɇɂɄɂ ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ 2007
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɧɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ 27 ɦɚɪɬɚ 2007 ɝ., ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ʋ 7 ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ: ȼ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜ, Ƚ.ɂ. Ȼɚɪɚɛɚɲ, Ƚ.Ɇ. Ʉɚɦɚɟɜɚ, Ⱥ.ɂ. Ʉɢɪɢɤ, Ɉ.ɇ. ɓɟɩɢɥɨɜɚ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬ Ɇ.ɘ. Ƚɪɚɛɨɜɢɱ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɟ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: 020701 (013000) – ɉɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
2
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ Ʌɟɬɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɟ ɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ 1 ɤɭɪɫɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɦɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦɭ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɦ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ-ɩɨɱɜɨɜɟɞɚɦ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɪɭɝɨɡɨɪ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. Ȼɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɯ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɐɟɥɶ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɐɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ (ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ), ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ: 1. Ɂɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ. 2. Ɉɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨɣ ɫɛɨɪɚ, ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. 3. ɉɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ; ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ, ɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɢɤɨɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. 4. Ɂɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. 5. ɍɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ.
3
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ – ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ). ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ – 12 ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ, ɩɟɪɜɵɟ 6 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɮɥɨɪɵ (ɫɛɨɪ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ). Ɉɫɬɚɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ – ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɟɲɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɵ ɩɨ 5–6 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɭ ɜɵɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɭɩɚ, ɩɪɟɩɚɪɨɜɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɝɥɵ, ɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɭɥɟɬɤɚ, ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɤɚ). Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɫɞɚɸɬ ɡɚɱɟɬ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɡɚɱɟɬɭ 1. Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ (ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ) ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɦ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɹɯ, ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ, ɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ. 2. Ƚɪɚɦɨɬɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ 70–80 ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ (ɨɞɢɧ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɭ). 3. Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ (ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɵ). 4. Ƚɟɪɛɚɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɩɹɬɢ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ, ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ (ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɨɣ). Ɂɚɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ: ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ 70–80 ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɢ; ɱɟɬɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ; ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. ɎɅɈɊɂɋɌɂɑȿɋɄȺə ɑȺɋɌɖ ɉɊȺɄɌɂɄɂ Ɏɥɨɪɚ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɮɥɨɪɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ; ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɮɥɨɪɭ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɥɭɝɨɜ, ɫɬɟɩɟɣ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢɪɭɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɣɦɵ, ɨɜɪɚɠɧɨ-ɛɚɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜɵɪɭɛɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ.) Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɥɨɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɝɚ. 4
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɮɥɨɪɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɚɦ (ɪɨɞɚɦ, ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚɦ, ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ); – ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ - ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦɭ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɭ; – ɷɤɨɛɢɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ; – ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ – ɫɨɫɧɨɜɵɯ, ɞɭɛɨɜɵɯ, ɛɟɪɟɡɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪ. ɥɟɫɨɜ; ɥɭɝɨɜɵɟ; ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɟ; ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ; ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨ-ɜɨɞɧɵɟ; ɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪ., ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ – ɥɟɫɨɥɭɝɨɜɨ-ɛɨɥɨɬɧɵɟ, ɨɩɭɲɟɱɧɨ-ɫɬɟɩɧɵɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.); – ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ (ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɯ); – ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ (ɲɢɪɨɬɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ) ɢ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɚɪɟɚɥɨɜ (ɞɨɥɝɨɬɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ). ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ɂɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɮɥɨɪɨɣ, ɫɛɨɪ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɣ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɣ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɮɥɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ (ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ), ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɨ-ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɧɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɟɦɵɣ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ – ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 6 ɱ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɢ (ɜ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɞɟɧɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ) ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ: ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɭɱɚɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ, ɫɧɚɛɠɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɨɣ (ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɜɵɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ (ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ), ɮɚɦɢɥɢɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜɢɞ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɭ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɨɣ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ – ɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɭɸ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɢɞɨɜ. 5
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ. ɋɟɦ. Asteraceae Ɋɨɞ Artemisia L. 1. A. austriaca Jacq. 2. A. vulgaris L. Ɋɨɞ Cichorium L 3. ɋ. intybus L. Ceɦ. Boraginaceae Ɋɨɞ Echium L. 4. E. vulgaris L. Poɞ Nonea Med. 5. N. pulla (L.) DC. Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ – ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɨɩɪɨɫ, ɜɵɹɫɧɹɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚɯ: ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɹɪɭɫɨɜ (ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ, ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ), ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɥɟɫɚ; ɜ ɥɭɝɨɜɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚɯ: ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ – ɡɥɚɤɢ, ɨɫɨɤɢ, ɛɨɛɨɜɵɟ, ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɟ; ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨ-ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɨ-ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ (ɝɟɬɟɪɨɮɢɥɥɢɹ, ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ.); ɞɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɧɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɨɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ – ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɡɥɚɤɨɜ, ɛɨɛɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɣ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɣ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɭ ɫ ɪɭɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɨɣ. ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɪɧɹɤɨɜ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ, ɢ ɢɯ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɛɨɪ ɢ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ: ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɩɚɥɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɞɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɜɨɤ; ɧɨɠ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ; ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɚɩɤɚ ɫ ɬɟɫɶɦɨɣ 6
ɞɥɹ ɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɥɟɱɨ; ɡɚɩɚɫ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜɥɚɝɨɟɦɤɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ (ɝɚɡɟɬ) ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɦ 45 × 30 ɫɦ: ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 8 × 12 ɫɦ (ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɚɯ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲɨɦ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɬɚ, ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɛɨɪɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ); ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲ; ɛɥɨɤɧɨɬ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ; ɥɭɩɚ. Ɍɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɹ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɩɥɨɞɚɦɢ (ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ ɤɪɟɫɬɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ, ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɵɯ, ɫɥɨɠɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ, ɛɭɪɚɱɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ; ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɥɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɫɵɩɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɡɪɟɥɵɦɢ ɩɥɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ, ɫɧɚɛɞɢɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɨɣ). ɋ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɪɟɡɚɸɬ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɞɨ 30 ɫɦ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ. Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɨɦ ɥɢɫɬɟ («ɪɭɛɚɲɤɚ») ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɢɥɨ ɥɢɫɬ ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɺɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɥɤɨɟ, ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɟ – ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɡɢɝɡɚɝɨɦ, ɧɚɞɥɨɦɢɜ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶ (ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɭɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ). ȼɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɨɪɳɢɧ, ɡɚɝɢɛɨɜ, ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ; ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɰɜɟɬɤɨɜ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɥɢɲɧɢɣ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɰɜɟɬɤɚ.
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ
ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ
Ɋɢɫ. 1. Ɋɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɜ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɣ
7
ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ
Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ƚɟɪɛɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɋɭɲɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɛɟɝɢ, ɨɬɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɰɜɟɬɤɢ, ɭɞɚɥɹɸɬ ɬɨɪɱɚɳɢɟ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɧɢ (ɬɨɥɫɬɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɬɶ ɜɞɨɥɶ) ɧɚɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɤɭɫɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ. ȼɫɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ «ɪɭɛɚɲɤɢ» ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɨ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɪɱɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɢɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɨɤ, «ɪɭɛɚɲɤɢ» ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɨɩɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɦɤɟ ɫɭɲɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɹ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ «ɪɭɛɚɲɤɭ» ɫ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ (ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɱɟɬɜɟɪɨ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ). ɋɜɟɪɯɭ ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɦɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɪɟɫɫ ɤɪɟɩɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɜɢɧɭɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɭɲɤɭ, ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɟɫɫ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 15–20 «ɪɭɛɚɲɟɤ». ɉɪɟɫɫɵ ɜɵɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɪɟɛɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɭɲɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɢɥɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ. ɋɭɲɤɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ 5–7 ɞɧɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɤɟ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɜɚ ɞɧɹ ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ («ɪɭɛɚɲɤɢ» ɫ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɨɝɚɸɬ) 2–3 ɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɠɟ. Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɫɵɯɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ, ɞɨɫɭɲɢɜɚɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ. ȼɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ «ɪɭɛɚɲɤɚɯ», ɜɥɨɠɢɜ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɱɢɫɬɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ: ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ (ɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ), ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɫɛɨɪɚ (ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ), ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡ, ɞɚɬɭ ɫɛɨɪɚ, ɮɚɦɢɥɢɸ ɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɥɵ ɫɨɛɪɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ (ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɢ ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ).
8
ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 3. ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɟ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɹ Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɚɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɧɟɹɪɤɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ (ɧɟ ɝɥɹɧɰɟɜɨɣ). ɇɟɥɶɡɹ ɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɣ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɚɯ ɫɲɢɬɨɝɨ ɚɥɶɛɨɦɚ, ɬ. ɤ. ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɩɨɪɬɹɬɫɹ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ 45 × 30 ɫɦ, ɜɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ. Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨ ɫɜɨɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɝɢɛɚɬɶ ɩɨɛɟɝɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɧɢ. Ɇɟɥɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɤ ɥɢɫɬɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɚɦɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɫɦɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɩɤɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɨɣ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɟɟ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɦɹɝɤɢɦɢ ɧɢɬɤɚɦɢ. Ɂɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɭɡɥɵ ɧɚɞɨ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɨɬɪɟɡɚɹ ɧɢɬɤɭ. ɋɦɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɟɟɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ – ɨɧɨ ɩɨɠɟɥɬɟɟɬ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɤɪɨɲɢɬɫɹ. ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɭɝɥɭ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɭ. ɋɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɭɯɢɟ ɪɭɛɚɲɤɢ ɢɡ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɥɨɪɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɺ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ – ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɫɨɧɭ – ɪɨɞɭ, ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɭ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɧɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɟɠɟɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ, ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɸɬ ɤ ɫɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɫ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɹ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ – ɤɥɸɱɢ 9
ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ. ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ, ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɧɟɣ ɢɞɭɬ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɜɢɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹɯ ɢ «Ɏɥɨɪɚɯ» ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɹɞ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɮɪɚɦɢ ɫɥɟɜɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ: ɬɟɡɵ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɵ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ – ɬɟɡɚ – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ – ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɚ – ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɦɭ. Ɍɟɡɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ, ɚ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɚ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ + ɢɥɢ – , ɢɧɨɝɞɚ – 0. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɢɫɤɨɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɭɞɟɧɬ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɡɧɚɹ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɬɟɡɭ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɭ. ɐɢɮɪɚ, ɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɬɟɡɵ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɵ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ – ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɰɢɮɪɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɞɚ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɰɢɮɪɚ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɪɨɞɚ. ɉɟɪɟɣɞɹ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɪɨɞɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɭ – ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɡɧɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ, ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ɉɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɚ, ɛɟɡ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɧɚɞɨ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ: 1) ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ; 2) ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡɵ ɬɟɡɵ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧ; ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɸ; 3) ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɫ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɹɫɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ «ɩɨɞɨɝɧɚɬɶ» ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɨɞ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɹɫɶ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɚɦɢ. ɇɚɣɞɹ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɞɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɚ (ɪɭɫɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜɢɞ) ɜ ɷɬɢɤɟɬɤɭ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢɯ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɵ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɚɯ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ. 10
ȽȿɈȻɈɌȺɇɂɑȿɋɄȺə (ɎɂɌɈɐȿɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄȺə) ɑȺɋɌɖ ɉɊȺɄɌɂɄɂ ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɮɥɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɧɚɜɵɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɤ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɦ ɜɵɯɨɞɚɦ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɏɥɨɪɚ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ (ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ) ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ. Ƚɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɚ – ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ Ɂɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɪɚ; ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢ ɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ. Ɏɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ – ɧɚɭɤɚ ɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ. Ɏɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɋɭɤɚɱɟɜ). Ȼɢɨɝɟɨɰɟɧɨɡ (ȻȽɐ) – ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ (ɛɢɨɬɨɩ) ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɷɤɨɬɨɩ), ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɦɟɧɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ȼɢɨɰɟɧɨɡ – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ȻȽɐ; ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɚ. ɗɤɨɬɨɩ – ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ, ɝɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ, ɩɨɱɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ȼɢɨɬɨɩ – ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɣ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɦ. Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ – ɫɪɟɞɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ; ɫɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɚɛɢɨ- ɢ ɛɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɗɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ: ɛɟɡɪɚɧɝɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ; ɗɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɢɲɚ ɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ, ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ (ɨɩɵɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɢɦɛɢɨɬɪɨɮɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɭ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ: ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɮɢɡɢɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɡɵ, ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɷɤɨɛɢɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ – ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ. ɉɪɢ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ11
ɡɧɚɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɢ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɵ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɰɜɟɬɭɳɟɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ɋɚɦɨɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɝɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɨɦ ɜ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɵ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɣ: ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɨɫɨɤɢ, ɡɥɚɤɢ, ɛɨɛɨɜɵɟ, ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɟ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚ 1 Ɇ2). ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ: ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 100 ɦ2, ɞɥɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ – ɨɬ 400 ɞɨ 1000 ɦ.2 ɉɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ɍ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ 4 ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ: ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɣ – ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɹɧ ɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɱɚɬɤɨɜ; ɩɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ – ɨɬ ɩɪɨɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɹɧ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ; ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ – ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɡɚɱɚɬɤɚɦɢ; ɩɨɫɬɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ – ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɹ; ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɰɟɧɨɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɣ: ɢɧɜɚɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ – ɰɟɧɨɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɩɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ; ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɱɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɰɟɧɨɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ; ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɚɹ – ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɩɨɫɬɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ɏɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɡɵ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɮɟɧɨɪɢɬɦɨɬɢɩɭ. ȼɢɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɮɟɧɨɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɏɨɞ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɡ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɵ: ɜɟɫɟɧɧɟɟ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ, ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɛɟɝɨɜ, ɥɟɬɧɹɹ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɹ, ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚ12
ɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɛɟɝɨɜ; ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɡɵ: ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɟɤ, ɨɬɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɛɟɝɨɜ, ɛɭɬɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɟ, ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɤɨɜ: ɧɚɛɭɯɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɹɧ, ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɹɞɨɥɟɣ, ɪɨɫɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɛɟɝɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ, ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɹɞɨɥɟɣ, ɛɭɬɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ, ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪ, ɨɬɦɢɪɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɋɟɡɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɮɢɡɢɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɮɢɡɢɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ – ɟɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɮɨɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɤɪɚɩɥɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɹɪɤɨ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɮɨɧ ɫ ɛɟɥɨ-ɤɪɟɦɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɨɰɜɟɬɢɹɦɢ ɥɚɛɚɡɧɢɤɚ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ – ɨɛɢɥɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɀɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɟ; ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ. ɀɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ: ɧɢɡɤɨɣ – ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɫɢɬ ɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɨ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ – ɜɢɞ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ; ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ – ɟɫɥɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ. ɗɤɨɛɢɨɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɜɥɚɝɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ: ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɵ (ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ), ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɵ (ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ), ɝɢɝɪɨɮɢɬɵ (ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ), ɝɢɞɚɬɨɮɢɬɵ (ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ). ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɫɜɟɬɭ: ɫɜɟɬɨɥɸɛɵ (ɝɟɥɢɨɮɢɬɵ), ɬɟɧɟɥɸɛɵ (ɫɰɢɨɮɢɬɵ), ɬɟɧɟɜɵɧɨɫɥɢɜɵɟ. ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ: ɤɪɢɨɮɢɬɵ (ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɩɨɱɜ), ɩɫɢɯɪɨɮɢɬɵ (ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ, ɜɥɚɠɧɵɯ). ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɨɱɜ: ɩɫɚɦɦɨɮɢɬɵ (ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ), ɩɟɬɪɨɮɢɬɵ (ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɵɯ), ɝɚɥɨɮɢɬɵ (ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɧɵɯ), ɤɚɥɶɰɟɮɢɬɵ (ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɧɵɯ). ɉɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ: ɨɥɢɝɨɬɪɨɮɵ (ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɱɜ), ɦɟɡɨɬɪɨɮɵ (ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ), ɟɜɬɪɨɮɵ (ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ). ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜ: ɚɰɢɞɨɮɢɥɵ (ɤɢɫɥɵɯ), ɧɟɣɬɪɨɮɢɥɵ (ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ), ɛɚɡɢɮɢɥɵ (ɳɟɥɨɱɧɵɯ), ɷɜɪɢɮɢɥɵ (ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɪɇ ɩɨɱɜ). ɀɢɡɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ: ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ, ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ, ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɢ (ɦɟɧɟɟ 1 ɦ). ɉɨɥɭɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɟ 13
(ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɛɟɝɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɨɛɤɨɜɟɧɢɟ): ɩɨɥɭɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ: ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɟ, ɤɢɫɬɟɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɟ, ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ- ɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɲɧɵɟ, ɤɨɪɧɟɜɢɳɧɨ-ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɟ, ɞɟɪɧɨɜɢɧɧɵɟ (ɪɵɯɥɨɤɭɫɬɨɜɵɟ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɤɭɫɬɨɜɵɟ), ɥɭɤɨɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɞɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɜɭɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ – ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɫɪɟɞɵ. ɍɱɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ: 1) ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɦɟɬɪɨɜɤɟ) – ɨɛɢɥɢɟ: ɞɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɵ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ; 2) ɝɥɚɡɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɲɤɚɥ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɲɤɚɥɵ Ⱦɪɭɞɟ: sociales (soc) – ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɮɨɧ, ɫɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ; copeosus (cop) – ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɧɨ ɮɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ (ɫɨɪɁ – ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ, ɫɨɪ2 – ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ, copl – ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ); sparsus (sp) – ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɨ; solitarius (sol) – ɜɢɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɹɦɢ; rarissimo (rr) – ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɞɤɨ; unicus (un) – ɨɞɢɧ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ; ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ Ʉɚɦɵɲɟɜɚ: ɛɚɥɥ 5 – ɧɚ 1 ɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 100 ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, 4 – ɨɬ 50 ɞɨ 100, 3 – ɨɬ 11 ɞɨ 50, 2 – ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 10, 1 – ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 1; 3) ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ: ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ (ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ) ɢɥɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ (ɨɛɳɟɟ). ȼɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. ȼɢɞɵ, ɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚɦɢ: ɹɪɭɫɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɟ – ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɹɪɭɫɨɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦɢ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɬɢɩɵ: ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ – ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ); ɚɫɫɟɤɬɚɬɨɪɵ – ɫɨɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ. ȼɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟɧ ɜɢɞ, ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɭɱɟɬɧɵɯ (ɫɟɪɢɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ). ɍɫɬɚɧɚɜ14
ɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ: 1 – 81–100 %, 2 – 61–80 %, 3 – 41–60 %, 4 – 21–40 %, 5 – 0–20 %. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɉɨɞ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɪɭɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ. əɪɭɫɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ – ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ, ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɜ ɹɪɭɫ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤ ɫɜɟɬɭ. ɇɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɡɚɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ. Ƚɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɡɚɢɱɧɵɣ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚɦɢ. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ Ɋɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɭɸ, ɫɟɡɨɧɧɭɸ, ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɭɸ (ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ) ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɭɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ. ɋɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ, ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɬɪɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ, ɫɦɟɧɵ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɪɢɬɦɚɦɢ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ, ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɋɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚɦ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɫ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ; ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ (ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ) – ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɟ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɦ ɥɟɬ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɟɨ-, ɝɢɞɪɨɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɬ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ: ɷɤɨɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɚɧɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɡɨɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ, ɮɢɬɨɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɮɢɬɨɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɨɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɨɦ. ɋɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ – ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɇɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɫɢɹɦɢ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɫɢɢ – ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ, ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɬɢ15
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ, ɧɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. ɋɭɤɰɟɫɫɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɭ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ (ɚɜɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɫɢɢ) ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ (ɚɥɥɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɫɢɢ). ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ. ȼ ɧɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɹɪɭɫɟ, ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɹɪɭɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ (ɢɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ) – ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɹɪɭɫɚɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɹɪɭɫɚɦ, ɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɡɧɚɤ – ɟɫɥɢ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ +: Quercus robur – Corylus avellana – Carex pilosa (ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ ɥɟɳɢɧɨɜɨɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɨɨɫɨɤɨɜɚɹ). ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɹɪɭɫɚɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɨɜ, ɬɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɚɹ – variiherbitas. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨ-ɩɟɪɢɫɬɨɤɨɜɵɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ (Stipa pennata ± variiherbitas). ȼ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ (ɜɢɞ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ) ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ (ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨɤɨɜɵɥɶɧɚɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɜɵɥɹ). ɋɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ (ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ ɥɟɳɢɧɨɜɨ-ɜɨɥɨɫɢɫɬɨɨɫɨɤɨɜɚɹ, ɫɧɵɬɟɜɚɹ), ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɞɭɛɪɚɜɚ), ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ (ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ), ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ (ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ), ɬɢɩ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɥɟɫɚ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ: ɪɭɥɟɬɤɚ, ɦɟɬɪɨɜɵɣ ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ (ɜɟɪɟɜɤɚ, ɩɚɥɤɚ), 40–50 ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɵɲɟɤ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɇ.ɋ. Ʉɚɦɵɲɟɜɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɜɟɫɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ) ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10 × 10 ɦ (100 ɤɜ. ɦ); ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ – 20 × 50 ɦ (1 000 ɤɜ. ɦ). Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ 16
ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɛɥɚɧɤɟ (ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3). Ɉɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɟɫɥɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɟ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɢ ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɭ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɷɤɨɬɨɩɚ – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ (ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ, ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɨɞɚɦɢ), ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮ (ɤɨɱɤɢ, ɜɩɚɞɢɧɵ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.) ɢ ɞɪ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɟɬ, ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɺ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɚ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ ɛɥɚɧɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɦɨɱɤɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɇɟ ɫɤɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɚɪɢɤ ɉɟɫɱɚɧɵɣ ɋɤɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɚɪɢɤ ɋɭɩɟɫɶ ɋɤɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɧɭɪ ɫ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɦ ɤɨɧ- Ʌɟɝɤɢɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ ɱɢɤɨɦ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɥɨɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɟ ɋɤɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɧɭɪ ɫ ɬɨɧɤɢɦ ɨɫɬ- ɋɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ ɪɵɦ ɤɨɧɱɢɤɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɫɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ ɥɨɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɋɤɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɧɭɪ ɫ ɬɨɧɤɢɦ ɨɫɬ- Ɍɹɠɟɥɵɣ ɫɭɝɥɢɧɨɤ ɪɵɦ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɫɝɢɛɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 10 ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 1 × 1 ɦ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ (ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 2). ȼ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɥɚɧɤ (ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3) ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ: ɡɥɚɤɢ, ɨɫɨɤɢ, ɛɨɛɨɜɵɟ, ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɶɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɤɟ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɝɥɚɡɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ, ɹɪɭɫ, ɮɟɧɨɮɚɡɚ (ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ: ɜɫɯ. – ɜɫɯɨɞɵ, ɰɜ. – ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɝ. – ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɹ, ɩɥ. – ɩɥɨɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ). Ɍɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɤɚɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɚɪɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɜɧɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 4). ȼ ɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ – ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɧ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɧ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɟɛɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ 17
ɤɪɨɧɚɦɢ, ɢ ɜ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɤɪɨɧ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɵ (ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɪɨɧ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ). ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ, ɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ, ɝɞɟ ɜɟɫɶ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ 10 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ ɢ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ – ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ, ɜɢɞɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ 5Ⱦ2Ȼ1Ʌ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ 5 ɞɭɛɨɜ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 2 ɛɟɪɟɡɵ ɢ 1 ɥɢɩɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ, ɞɨɥɟɜɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10 %, ɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ «+». ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 5Ⱦ2Ȼ1Ʌ +Ɉɫ. Ɉɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɞɭɛɚ, ɛɟɪɟɡɵ, ɥɢɩɵ (ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ) ɫ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ (ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ) ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɨɫɢɧɵ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɪɭɞɢ. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɡɨɦɟɪɧɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 40 ɫɦ, ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɪɭɛɤɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɚ 1/10 ɟɺ ɞɥɢɧɵ (10 ɫɦ). ɉɚɥɨɱɤɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɪɭɤɟ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɟɺ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɥɫɹ ɫ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɚ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ – ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɇɚ ɫɬɜɨɥɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɬɨɱɤɭ, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɫ ɡɚɪɭɛɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɟ. ɇɟ ɫɜɨɞɹ ɝɥɚɡ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɞɟɪɟɜɭ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɰɢɮɪɭ ɭɦɧɨɠɚɸɬ ɧɚ 10 – ɷɬɨ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɨɣ, ɟɺ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ, ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ (ɥɢɫɬɶɹ, ɤɨɪɚ, ɜɟɬɜɢ). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɵ. Ⱦɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɵ – ɜɢɞɵ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20 % ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (ɫɦ. ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ). ɋɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɛɪɢɝɚɞɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɵ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɭɱɚɬɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɬɶ ɟɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɧɚɜɵɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɭɪɫɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ. Ɍɟɦɵ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɗɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɝɟɨɛɨɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ, ɫɨɪɧɨ-ɩɨɥɟɜɨɣ, ɪɭɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɪ. ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. Ɏɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ – ɞɭɛɪɚɜɵ, ɫɨɫɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ, ɥɭɝɚ, ɩɟɪɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪ. 18
(ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɰɟɧɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɷɤɨɛɢɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɝɟɪɛɚɪɢɣ). Ⱦɢɤɨɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. ɉɪɹɧɨ-ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɧɚɩɢɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. əɞɨɜɢɬɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. ɉɢɳɟɜɵɟ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɨɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. Ɇɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɧɟɤɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɋɭɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɥɨɪɚ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɭɫɬɵɪɹɯ, ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɜɞɨɥɶ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɢ ɩɪɨɱ. ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹɯ. ɋɨɪɧɨ-ɩɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɮɥɨɪɚ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɪɧɹɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ ɩɨɫɟɜɨɜ. Ɋɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɚ (ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ). ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɣ (ɩɟɪɟɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɭɯɢɯ ɩɟɫɱɚɧɵɯ, ɝɥɢɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɬɜɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɫɟɪɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɡɨɮɢɬɨɜ, ɝɟɥɢɨɮɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɰɢɨɮɢɬɨɜ, ɢ ɞɪ). ȼɢɞɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɵ (ɫɥɨɠɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ, ɛɨɛɨɜɵɟ, ɝɭɛɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ, ɡɨɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ, ɝɜɨɡɞɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɋɚɧɨɰɜɟɬɭɳɢɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɥɨɪɵ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɨ-ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɟɧɢɹ). ɗɮɟɦɟɪɨɢɞɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɩɵɥɟɧɢɸ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ocoɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ). ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ 1. Ȼɨɬɚɧɢɤɚ. Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ / Ⱥ.ȿ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ ɢ [ɞɪ.]. – Ɇ. : ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ, 1988. – 480 ɫ. 2. Ƚɭɛɚɧɨɜ ɂ.Ⱥ. ɂɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ / ɂ.Ⱥ. Ƚɭɛɚɧɨɜ, Ʉ.ȼ. Ʉɢɫɟɥɟɜɚ, ȼ.ɇ. Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜ. – Ɇ. : ɄɆɄ, 2002. – Ɍ. 1. – 526 ɫ. 3. Ƚɭɛɚɧɨɜ ɂ.Ⱥ. ɂɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ / ɂ.Ⱥ. Ƚɭɛɚɧɨɜ, Ʉ.ȼ. Ʉɢɫɟɥɟɜɚ, ȼ.ɇ. Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜ. – Ɇ. : ɄɆɄ, 2002. – Ɍ. 2. – 556 ɫ. 4. Ɂɚɜɪɚɠɧɨɜ ȼ.ɂ. Ʌɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ / ȼ.ɂ.Ɂɚɜɪɚɠɧɨɜ, Ɋ.ɂ.Ʉɢɬɚɟɜɚ, Ɋ.ɂ.Ʉɢɬɚɟɜɚ. – ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȼȽɍ, 1993. – 480 ɫ. 19
5. Ʌɨɬɨɜɚ Ʌ.ɂ. Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɨɣ / Ʌ.ɂ. Ʌɨɬɨɜɚ. – Ɇ. : ɗɞɢɬɨɪɢɚɥ ɍɊɋɋ 2000. – 528 ɫ. 6. Ɇɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɉ.Ɏ. Ɏɥɨɪɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɋɋɋɊ / ɉ.Ɏ. Ɇɚɟɜɫɤɢɣ. – Ɇ. : ɄɆɄ, 1964. – 600 ɫ. 7. Ɇɢɪ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ : ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ / ɩɨɞ. ɪɟɞ. ȼ.Ɏ. Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜɚ, Ƚ.ȼ. ɍɫɬɢɦɟɧɤɨ. – Ɇ. : Ɇɵɫɥɶ, 1994. – 381 ɫ. 8. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ / ɂ.Ⱥ. Ƚɭɛɚɧɨɜ [ɞɪ.]. - Ɇ. : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɆȽɍ, 1995. – 560 ɫ. 9. ɏɨɦɹɤɨɜɚ ɂ.Ɇ. Ʌɟɫɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɜɵ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ / ɂ.Ɇ. ɏɨɦɹɤɨɜɚ. – ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ. ɝɨɫ. ɭɧ-ɬɚ, 1990. – 251 ɫ.
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ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1 ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ Ʉɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɋɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ_________________________________ Ɋɨɞ_______________________________________ ȼɢɞ_______________________________________ Ɇɟɫɬɨɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɟ_____________________________ Ɇɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ___________________________ __________________________________________ ɞɚɬɚ ɫɛɨɪɚ______________________ ɫɨɛɪɚɥ_________________________ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ______________________
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ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 2 Ȼɥɚɧɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ I. ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ________ 2.____________20____ɝ. 3. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ 4 ȼ ɱɶɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ (ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ) 5. Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɪɚɣɨɧ, ɩɭɧɤɬ) 6 Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ________________________________________________________ 7. ɉɨɱɜɚ _________________________________________________________ 8. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ____________________________________________ 9. Ɉɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ _____________________________________ 10. ȼɢɞ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ_____________________________________________________________ ____ 11. Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬ ɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ __________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ___ 12. əɪɭɫɵ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɢɯ (ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɨɜ) _______________ ________________________________________________________________ ____ 13. Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ____________________________________ 14. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɨɜ_______________________________ 15. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɫ 1 ɤɜ. ɦ. 16. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ʋʋ ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɢɥɢɟ ɮɚɡɚ ɹɪɭɫ ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɜ % ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɷɬɢɤ. ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ɋɪ
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ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 3 Ȼɥɚɧɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ 1 .ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ʋ_____ 2. ____________20__ 3. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɚ_________________________________________________ 4. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ___________________________________________ 5. ȼ ɱɶɟɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ___________________________________ 6. Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ______________________________________ 7.Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ_________________________________________________________ 8.ɉɨɱɜɚ__________________________________________________________ 9. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ______________________________ 10. Ɉɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ___________________________________ 11. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɚ (ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɨɫɥɜɵɣ)________________________________________________________ 12. ȼɢɞ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ_____________________ 13. Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬ ɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ _______________ _______________________________________________________________ 14. ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɧ ɨɛɳɚɹ____________________________________________ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ______________________________________ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ______________________________________ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɚ__________________________________________ 15. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ – ɷɞɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ________________________________ 16. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɹɪɭɫɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɚ (ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɨɜ)_____________________________________________________________ 17. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɨɜ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ___________________ 18. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ___________________________ 19. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜ___________________________ 20. ȼɧɟɹɪɭɫɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ (ɥɢɚɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɢ ɷɩɢɮɢɬɵ; ɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɢɥɢɟ: ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɦɚɥɨ; ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ)_________________________________ 21. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɚ (ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɨɛɢɥɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ)_________________________________________________________ 22. ȼɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ʋʋ ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɢɥɢɟ ɮɚɡɚ ɹɪɭɫ ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɜ % ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɣ ɷɬɢɤ. ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ɋɪ
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ɉɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɛɥɚɧɤɨɜ Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɍɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ. Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɚɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ (ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɬ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ – ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚ, ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ); ɡɚɬɟɦ – ɦɟɡɨɪɟɥɶɟɮ (ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɪɨɜ – ɩɨɣɦɚ, ɬɟɪɪɚɫɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɵ); ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ 2–50 ɦ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ – ɞɨ 1 ɦ); ɧɚɧɨɪɟɥɶɟɮ – ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɛɢɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɰɢɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ – ɤɪɨɬɨɜɢɧɵ, ɤɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɗɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ – ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ ɫɜɟɬɚ; ɤɪɭɬɢɡɧɚ – ɭɝɨɥ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɭɫɚɯ. ɉɨɱɜɚ. ɍɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩ ɩɨɱɜɵ (ɫɦ. ɬɚɛɥ.). ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ – ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɟ, ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɨɟ, ɩɨɟɦɧɨɟ; ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ – ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ). Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɦɟɪɬɜɵɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ: ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɥɤɢ, ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ (ɥɢɫɬɶɹ, ɤɨɪɚ, ɜɟɬɜɢ). ȼɢɞ, ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɍɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɨɞɶɹ – ɩɚɫɬɛɢɳɟ, ɫɟɧɨɤɨɫ, ɥɟɫɨɩɚɪɤɨɜɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ.: ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ – ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ, ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ, ɫɥɚɛɚɹ; ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɜɨɫɬɨɹ – ɝɭɫɬɨɣ, ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɪɟɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɚɫɚ ɢ ɩɪ. Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬ ɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɛɳɢɣ ɮɨɧ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ, ɤ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ 'ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɜɢɞɵ, ɞɚɸɳɢɟ 15–20 % ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɬ, ɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ (ɩɨ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ) – ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨ-ɡɥɚɤɨɜɚɹ, ɡɥɚɤɨɜɨ-ɛɨɛɨɜɚɹ, ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɨ-ɤɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɹ, ɬɢɩɱɚɤɨɜɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɬɪɚɜɧɚɹ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɨɜ. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɬɨɰɟɧɨɡɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ: 10 × 10, 25 × 25, 50 × 50. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɥɟɫɭ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɡɚ 10: ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɧɹɤɟ 70 % ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɧɭ, 20 % ɧɚ ɛɟɪɟɡɭ ɢ 10 % ɧɚ ɨɫɢɧɭ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ – 7ɋ 2Ȼ 1Ɉɫ. ɋɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɡɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ. Ɂɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɧ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɪɨɧɵ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ; 0,8 – ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 0,2. ȼɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɩɧɹɦ. ȼɵɫɨɬɭ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɦɟɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɚɡɨɦɟɪɧɨ. Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ (ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɝɪɭɞɢ) ɢɡɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɜɢɥɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 3,14. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ 24
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɱɟɬ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞ. ɉɨɞɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ 1–2-ɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 ɫɦ ɞɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ (ɩɨɞɥɟɫɤɚ) ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɪɨɞ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɨɜ, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɬɪɚɜɹɧɨ-ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɢɱɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɹɪɭɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ: ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɟ (ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ) ɢɥɢ ɦɨɡɚɢɱɧɨɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɹɪɭɫɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɧɟɹɪɭɫɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ – ɥɢɚɧɵ, ɷɩɢɮɢɬɧɵɟ ɦɯɢ ɢ ɥɢɲɚɣɧɢɤɢ; ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɨɛɢɥɢɟ, ɩɪɢɭɪɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɭɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ, ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟ ɜɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɜ ɧɢɯ, ɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɚɪɚ, ɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɦ. Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɛɥɚɧɤɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɤɟ), ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ (ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɹɪɭɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 100 %), ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ.
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ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɍɑȿȻɇȺə ɉɈɅȿȼȺə ɉɊȺɄɌɂɄȺ ɉɈ ȻɈɌȺɇɂɄȿ ɋ ɈɋɇɈȼȺɆɂ ɗɄɈɅɈȽɂɂ ɊȺɋɌȿɇɂɃ ɂ ȽȿɈȻɈɌȺɇɂɄɂ ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ: Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɢɱ, Ȼɚɪɚɛɚɲ Ƚɚɥɢɧɚ ɂɥɶɢɧɢɱɧɚ, Ʉɚɦɚɟɜɚ Ƚɚɥɢɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɧɚ, Ʉɢɪɢɤ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ ɂɝɨɪɟɜɢɱ, ɓɟɩɢɥɨɜɚ Ɉɥɶɝɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɧɚ Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ Ⱥ.ɉ. ȼɨɪɨɧɢɧɚ
ɉɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ 31.05.07. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ 60×84/16. ɍɫɥ. ɩɟɱ. ɥ. 1,5. Ɍɢɪɚɠ 100 ɷɤɡ. Ɂɚɤɚɡ 1083. ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. 394000, ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, ɩɥ. ɢɦ. Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ, 10. Ɍɟɥ. 208-298, 598-026 (ɮɚɤɫ) http://www.ppc.vsu.ru; e-mail:
[email protected] Ɉɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɢɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. 394000, ɝ. ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, ɭɥ. ɉɭɲɤɢɧɫɤɚɹ, 3. Ɍɟɥ. 204-133. 26
