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C J L T H É F Y B T
Ghtlbckjdbt
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Rfr jåtcgtxbnm abyfycbhjdfybt dfibö bltq Cjdtns gj yfgbcfybñ pfzdjr
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Cjcnfdyst äktvtyns pfzdrb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Jåobt cdtltybz (Ddtltybt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Jåjcyjdfybt ytjåöjlbvjcnb Wtkb b pflfxb
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Vtnjls b genb bö ljcnbétybz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Åñlétn
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Rfr cdtcnb dct djtlbyj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Cjghjdjlbntkmyjt gbcmvj
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Nbnekmysq kbcn b cjlthéfybt Rhfnrjt bpkjétybt ghjtrnf
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Dfib ghtlkjétybz (pfzdrf yf uhfyn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Ghbkjétybz
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Cgbcjr ytjåöjlbvjuj
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Jwtyrf gjnhtåyjcntq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Rfr ghfdbkmyj ghtlcnfdbnm åbjuhfabb b htpñvt cjnhelybrjd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Ukjccfhbq
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Xnj gjxbnfnm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Htcehcs d Hjccbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Jåhfptw pfzdrb yf uhfyn
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G H T L B C K J D B T
Pf dhtvz vjtuj ghtåsdfybz yf gjcne Gjckf CIF d Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb vyt ljdtkjcm gjpyfrjvbnmcz cj vyjubvb hjccbzyfvb, rjnjhst dyjczn juhjvysq drkfl d gjcnhjtybt uhfélfycrjuj jåotcndf, gthtöjl Hjccbb r hsyjxyjq ärjyjvbrt, gjllthéfybt dscjrjuj ehjdyz dscituj jåhfpjdfybz, rjycjkblfwbñ ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd – rjhjxt ujdjhz, d cjplfybt åjktt cjdthityyjuj jåotcndf.
Vyjubt bp änbö äynepbfcnjd ujdjhbkb vyt, xnj yfghzétyyjq hfåjns, zcyjuj dbltybz wtkb, jhufybpjdfyyjcnb b ghtlfyyjcnb ltke xfcnj åsdftn ytljcnfnjxyj lkz njuj, xnjås djgkjnbnm bltb
Ghbpyfntkmyjcnm
d ébpym b nfrbv jåhfpjv bpvtybnm vbh r kexitve. Rfr ghfdbkj, ytljcnfñobv pdtyjv zdkztncz jncencndbt abyfycbhjdfybz.
Fdnjh dshféftn ghbpyfntkmyjcnm nfrbv jhufybpfwbzv rfr Fqhtrc (International Research
Z pyfñ, xnj chtlcndf lkz gjllthéfybz ljcnjqysö ghjtrnjd bvtñncz. Tétujlyj yfit ghfdbntkm-
and Exchanges Board – IREX), Ghjtrn Ufhvj-
cndj, ajyls b rjhgjhfwbb dsltkzñn ltcznrb vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd yf uhfyns lkz Hjccbb. Bvtyyj
ybz (Project Harmony), World Learning b Wtynh
lkz njuj, xnjås lfnm djpvjéyjcnm åjkmitve rjkbxtcnde hjccbzy gjkexbnm ljcneg r änbv ajylfv,
gjllthérb ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö ytrjvvth-
Gjcjkmcndj CIF abyfycbhetn geåkbrfwbñ änjuj gjcjåbz gj cjcnfdktybñ pfzdjr yf uhfyns.
xtcrbö jhufybpfwbq pf bö kñåtpyeñ gjvjom ghb gjlujnjdrt lfyyjuj vfnthbfkf. Jcjåfz
Htrjvtylfwbb, cjlthéfobtcz d änjv gjcjåbb – änj njkmrj yfxfkj, jnyñlm yt gjcktlytt ckjdj;
åkfujlfhyjcnm – Ähbre Léjycjye, Vfqrke
z yfltñcm, xnj änf åhjiñhf gjvjétn cyznm pfdtce nfbycndtyyjcnb c ghjwtccf yfgbcfybz pfzdjr b
Ymñåthne, Yfnfkmt Uhbibyjq, Nfnmzyt Vböfq-
gjkextybz uhfynjd, gjvjétn dfv gjkexbnm ljcneg r bcnjxybrfv abyfycbhjdfybz b htfkbpjdfnm
kjdjq, Hjåthnt Rtkkb b Fqkby Öfhnb.
dfib bltb, f nfrét cjplfcn yjdst djpvjéyjcnb.
Étkfñ dfv ecgtöjd d dfibö yfxbyfybzö.
Bcrhtyyt dfi, Létqvc Rjkkbyp Gjcjk
Design and printing by Regional Program Office, Vienna
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R F R J Å T C G T X B N M A B Y F Y C B H J D F Y B T D F I B Ö
rjkktufv nt bkb byst jhufybpfwbb, rjnjhst yfbåjktt äaatrnbdyj hfcgjhzéfkbcm dsltktyysvb
B L T Q
chtlcndfvb b ljåbdfkbcm yfbåjkmibö ecgtöjd d htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf. Rfr njkmrj ds pfhfåjnftnt htgenfwbñ yfltéyjuj b htpekmnfnbdyjuj gfhnythf, dfit åeleott vjéyj cxbnfnm jåtcgtxtyysv.
Djrheu nfr vyjuj pfvtxfntkmysö bltq b ghjtrnjd, rfr ét ljåbnmcz njuj, xnjås åskj ghbyznj htitybt abyfycbhjdfnm bvtyyj dfib? Djpvjéyj, ds eét pyfrjvs gj rhfqytq vtht c jlybv xtkjdtrjv, rjnjhsq gjkexbk abyfycbhjdfybt d cjjndtncndbb cj cdjtq pfzdrjq. Rfr ét änj elfkjcm?
Tckb ds åeltnt cktljdfnm cjlthéfobvcz d lfyyjq åhjiñht htrjvtylfwbzv, ds gjqltnt gj ghfdbkmyjve genb d gjbcrfö abyfycbhjdfybz cdjbö bltq. Elfxb dfv^
Gthdsv ifujv yf genb gjkextybz uhfynf ljkéyj cnfnm nofntkmyjt bccktljdfybt dctö bvtñoböcz bcnjxybrjd abyfycbhjdfybz b jghtltktybz chtlb ybö ntö, bp rjnjhsö yfbåjktt dthjznyj gjkexbnm chtlcndf bvtyyj gjl dfi rjyrhtnysq ghjtrn. Rfr d Hjccbb, nfr b pf heåtéjv bvttncz wtksq hzl nfrbö htcehcjd. Änj b hfpkbxyst ajyls, b rhegyst rjhgjhfwbb, b extåyst pfdtltybz, b ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys. D wtkzö ghjdtltybz gjljåyjuj bccktljdfybz ds vjétnt bcgjkmpjdfnm dfib kbxyst rjynfrns, rybub, éehyfks b htcehcs Bynthytnf. Lkz yfxfkf gjktpyj djcgjkmpjdfnmcz cgbcrfvb htrjvtyljdfyyjq kbnthfnehs b bcnjxybrjd, ghbdtltyysö d hfpltkfö ≤Xnj gjxbnfnm≥ b ≤Htcehcs d Hjccbb≥ yfcnjzotq åhjiñhs.
Tckb ds hfytt exfcndjdfkb d ghjuhfvvfö jåvtyf bkb gjkexfkb rfrbt-kbåj yfuhfls jn njq bkb byjq jhufybpfwbb, ds yfdthyzrf cjjndtncndetnt nhtåjdfybzv, ytjåöjlbvsv lkz drkñxtybz dfc d ghjuhfvve wtktdsö uhfynjd. Gjcnjzyyj gjllthébdfqnt cdzpb c jhufybpfnjhfvb nfrbö ghjuhfvv, jyb vjuen gjvjxm dfv d gjbcrt chtlcnd lkz abyfycbhjdfybz dfituj ghjtrnf.
Gjckt njuj rfr ds ghjdtkb nfrjt bccktljdfybt, bpkjébnt cdjb bltb d gbcmvtyyjq ajhvt, gjkmpezcm drkñxtyysvb d lfyyeñ åhjiñhe htrjvtylfwbzvb. Tckb ét nf ljyjhcrfz jhufybpfwbz, d rjnjheñ ds htibkb jåhfnbnmcz rfr r gjntywbfkmyjve cgjycjhe, ghtlkfuftn cdjb jcjåst ghfdbkf jajhvktybz pfzdjr, jåzpfntkmyj djcgjkmpeqntcm bvb^ Yfcnjzofz åhjiñhf cjlthébn cjdtns gj yfgbcfybñ pfzdjr yf uhfyns, rjnjhst cjjndtncndeñn åjkmibycnde htrjvtylfwbq hfpkbxysö ajyljd, rjhgjhfwbq b ghfdbntkmcndtyysö exhtéltybq. Jlyfrj änb cjdtns yt pfvtyzñn rjyrhtnyst bycnherwbb rféljq bp nfrbö ljyjhcrbö jhufybpfwbq.
Ljåbnmcz abyfycbhjdfybz ytkturj, jcjåtyyj d gthdsq hfp. Yj pfnj gjnjv gthtl dfvb vjuen hfcrhsnmcz ldthb lheubö jhufybpfwbq, dtlm ghb hfccvjnhtybb pfzdjr vyjubt jnlfñn zdyjt ghtlgjxntybt ntv, rjnjhst eét abyfycbhjdfkbcm rfrbvb-kbåj lheubvb bcnjxybrfvb. Xfcnj jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs jåvtybdfñncz byajhvfwbtq vtéle cjåjq b lfét htrjvtyleñn cdjbv
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C J D T N S
G J
Y F G B C F Y B Ñ
P F Z D J R
cjjndtncndetn bö wtkzv. D nj ét dhtvz bpåtufqnt xhtpvthyjq gthtuheprb cdjtq pfzdrb ghjatccbjyfkmysv éfhujyjv. Bnfr, yt vtyzz ukfdyeñ wtkm dfitq cjåcndtyyjq jhufybpfwbb b ceotcndj
Ghtélt xtv ds ghbcnegbnt r bpkjétybñ dfibö bltq d gbcmvtyyjq ajhvt, jghtltkbntcm c ntv, rnj åeltn bö xbnfnm (n.t. rnj dfi gjntywbfkmysq bcnjxybr abyfycbhjdfybz). Gjcnfhfqntcm rfr vjéyj
dfitq ltzntkmyjcnb, ds ljkéys cjcnfdbnm pfzdre nfr, xnjås jyf vfrcbvfkmysv jåhfpjv jrfpfkfcm ghbdzpfyyjq r wtkzv b pflfxfv jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhf.
åjkmit epyfnm jå änjq jhufybpfwbb. Rfrjds tt wtkb b pflfxb, rfrbt jåkfcnb ltzntkmyjcnb ghtlcnfdkzñn lkz ytt yfbåjkmibq bynthtc? Rfrbt ghjtrns änf jhufybpfwbz eét abyfycbhjdfkf d ghjikjv?
Yt ghtlgjkfufqnt, xnj ghtlcnfdbntkb gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf eét pyfñn j dfitq jhufybpfwbb
Tckb jndtns yf änb djghjcs dfv bpdtcnys, ghb yfgbcfybb pfzdrb ds vjétnt exbnsdfnm ghbjhbntns
b tt ltzntkmyjcnb. Hfdysv jåhfpjv, yt hfccxbnsdfqnt, xnj jyb öjhjij pyfrjvs c rjyrhtnysvb
dfituj gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf.
eckjdbzvb, d rjnjhsö ds ébdtnt b hfåjnftnt, bcnjhbxtcrbt nhflbwbb b ntreott gjkjétybt dfituj htubjyf bkb ujhjlf, bcnjhbñ njq ghjåktvs, rjnjhjq ds ghtlgjkfuftnt pfybvfnmcz. Yj b gthtuhe-
D åjkmibycndt ckexftd ytgkjöj ghtldfhbntkmyj gjujdjhbnm c rfrbv-ybåelm cjnhelybrjv njq jhufybpfwbb, relf ds gkfybhetnt ghtlcnfdbnm cdjñ pfzdre yf uhfyn. Djpvjéyj, cktletn ljujdjhbnmcz
éfnm hfccvfnhbdfñobö dfie pfzdre ärcgthnjd xthtcxeh gjlhjåysvb ltnfkzvb njét yt yflj. Åelmnt rhfnrb, eåtlbntkmys b njxys.
j dcnhtxt c ghtlcnfdbntktv änjq jhufybpfwbb, xnjås jåcelbnm rjyrhtnyst nhtåjdfybz, ghtlüzdkztvst tñ d jnyjitybb cjbcrfntktq, b rhbnthbb jwtyrb ghtlcnfdktyysö ghjtrnjd. Gjkextyyfz d öjlt
Dfib ghtlkjétybz ljkéys cjlthéfnm d ctåt dcñ ytjåöjlbveñ byajhvfwbñ d jxtym xtnrjv b
nfrbö dcnhtx b åtctl byajhvfwbz gjvjétn dfv kexit gjyznm kñltq, hfåjnfñobö d njq jhufybpfwbb,
ghjcnjv bpkjétybb. Bpåtufqnt bcgjkmpjdfnm cnhflfntkmysq pfkju d dfitv ntrcnt (yfghbvth, yt
d rjnjheñ ds jåhfoftntcm, b jåktuxbn dfv cjcnfdktybt pfzdrb c extnjv tt cgtwbabrb.
cktletn gbcfnm ghtlkjétybz nbgf ≤åjktt 100 xtkjdtr d ltym åskj yfrjhvktyj åkfujlfhz ltzntkmyjcnb yfitq jhufybpfwbb≥). Dctulf gjlxthrbdfqnt frnbdyeñ ajhve. ≤D hfvrfö yfitq ghjuhfvvs
Ytpfljkuj lj gjlfxb pfzdrb gjpdjybnt njve xtkjdtre, c rjnjhsv ds eét bvtkb åtctle, xnjås
vs jåtcgtxbdfkb gbnfybtv cdsit 100 xtkjdtr tétlytdyj≥ – änj pdexbn ujhfplj åjktt äythubxyj b
gjkexbnm gjlndthéltybt, xnj ds yfghfdkztnt cdjb ljrevtyns bvtyyj njve, rjve yeéyj. Tot hfp
dtcjvj. Bpåtufqnt lkbyysö, vyjujckjqysö ghtlkjétybq, ghbvtyzqnt hfpkbxyst vfhrths b jnåbdrb
cdthmnt flhtc b ghfdbkmyjt yfgbcfybt yfpdfybz jhufybpfwbb b bvtyb cjnhelybrf. Ytvyjuj kbiytuj
d ckexft ljkubö gthtxbcktybq, hfvrb b fåpfws lkz dsltktybz jcyjdysö bltq. Dfie pfzdre ljkéyj
dhtvtyb, pfnhfxtyyjuj dfvb yf änb ltnfkb c cfvjuj yfxfkf, gjpdjkbn dfv bpåtéfnm ghjcnsö, yj
åsnm kturj b bynthtcyj xbnfnm, tt cjlthéfybt ljkéyj pfödfnsdfnm b eåtélfnm.
jxtym ytghbznysö jibåjr, f nfrét åeltn cgjcjåcndjdfnm ajhvbhjdfybñ e ghtlcnfdbntktq jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhf ghtlcnfdktybz j dfc rfr j pfbynthtcjdfyyjv b dscjrjghjatccbjyfkmyjv cgtwbfkbcnt.
Bpåtufqnt hfcgksdxfnsö jghtltktybq, nfrbö rfr ≤vyjuj≥, ≤byjulf≥ bkb ≤jxtym≥. Dvtcnj änjuj bcgjkmpeqnt rjyrhtnyst wbahs, cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst, b jåzpfntkmyj ccskfqntcm yf bcnjxybr. Tckb
Tckb ds yfvthtdftntcm ghtlcnfdbnm cdjñ pfzdre åtp ghtldfhbntkmyjuj jåüzdktybz rjyrehcf,
vjétnt bcgjkmpjdfnm jlyj ckjdj, ybrjulf yt bcgjkmpeqnt ldf bkb nhb. B ghtlkjétybz, b fåpfws df-
jåzpfntkmyj gjbynthtceqntcm, rfrjdf gjkbnbrf bpåhfyyjq dfvb jhufybpfwbb d jnyjitybb gjljåysö
ituj ntrcnf ljkéys åsnm rjhjnrbvb – tckb d ghtlkjétybb åjktt 30 ckjd, hfpåtqnt tuj yf ldf bkb nhb.
pfzdjr b abyfycbhjdfkf kb jyf fyfkjubxyst dfitve ghjtrns. Gj dctv ytzcysv djghjcfv jåzpfntkmyj gjkexbnt ghtldfhbntkmyst rjycekmnfwbb e cjnhelybrjd änjq jhufybpfwbb.
Cjcnfdkzqnt pfzdre yf njv zpsrt, rjnjhsq dfi gjntywbfkmysq cgjycjh yfdthyzrf gjybvftn. Tckb jhufybpfwbz hfcgjkjétyf d CIF bkb Dtkbrjåhbnfybb, pfzdrf ljkéyf åsnm yfgbcfyf yf fy-
Tckb ét dfif pfzdrf cjcnfdktyf d jndtn yf jåüzdktybt njuj bkb byjuj rjyrehcf, eåtlbntcm, xnj
ukbqcrjv, tckb njkmrj d bycnherwbb yt cjlthébncz rfrbö-kbåj bysö erfpfybq yf änjn cxtn. Änj ét,
ds njxyj cktljdfkb rjyrhtnysv bycnherwbzv gj cjcnfdktybñ pfzdrb b drkñxbkb d ytt dct ytjåöj-
rfr ghfdbkj, dthyj b d jnyjitybb lheubö tdhjgtqcrbö jhufybpfwbq: åjkmibycndj bp ybö ghbven pf-
lbvst äktvtyns. Gjcnfhfqntcm drkñxfnm d ntrcn dfituj ljrevtynf nt ét cfvst nthvbys b dshf-
zdre, cjcnfdktyyeñ yf zpsrt njq cnhfys, d rjnjhjq hfcgjkjétyf infå-rdfhnbhf, jlyfrj ytrjnjhst
étybz, rjnjhst bcgjkmpjdfkbcm d jåüzdktybb j rjyrehct. Tckb ds ujdjhbnt yf jlyjv zpsrt c
jhufybpfwbb nhtåeñn njkmrj fyukbqcrbö ntrcnjd. Tckb dfv ghtlcnjbn gbcfnm pfzdre yf zpsrt, rjnj-
gjntywbfkmysvb cgjycjhfvb, e dfc åjkmit ifycjd eåtlbnm bö, xnj dfi ghjtrn fåcjkñnyj njxyj
hsq yt zdkztncz lkz dfc hjlysv, gjcnfhfqntcm gjnjv jnlfnm tt yf ghjdthre njve xtkjdtre,
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rjnjhjve änjn zpsr pyfrjv c hjéltybz. Vyjubt åfpbheñobtcz d Hjccbb abyfycbheñobt jhufybpfwbb bkb ét vtéleyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb, cgtwbfkbpbheñobtcz yf hfåjnt d Hjccbb, xfcnj ghbybvfñn pfzdrb b yf heccrjv zpsrt. Ghtélt xtv ghbcnegbnm r bpkjétybñ dfibö bltq d gbcmvtyyjq ajhvt, eåtlbntcm d ghfdbkmyjcnb dsåhfyyjuj dfvb zpsrf.
XNJ YEÉYJ Pyfnm wtkb b pflfxb dsåhfyyjq dfvb jhufybpfwbb-cgjycjhf Ghb cjcnfdktybb pfzdrb jhbtynbhjdfnmcz yf ghbjhbntns gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf Cktljdfnm bycnherwbzv njq jhufybpfwbb, d rjnjheñ ds jåhfoftntcm Yfghfdbnm cdjñ pfzdre ghfdbkmyj dsåhfyyjve xtkjdtre
Jåzpfntkmyj hfpvtcnbnt cfveñ dféyeñ byajhvfwbñ j cdjtq jhufybpfwbb b yfbåjktt eåtlbntkmyst fhuevtyns d gjkmpe ghtlkfuftvjuj dfvb ghjtrnf d cfvjv yfxfkt ntrcnf pfzdrb. Jxtym xfcnj gthdjyfxfkmyjt htitybt cgjycjh ghbybvftn, åtukj ghjukzltd gthdst gfhe cnhfybw ntrcnf. Tckb ét d ntrcnt dfitq pfzdrb cfveñ dféyeñ byajhvfwbñ yfqnb chfpe ytkturj, nj dfib bltb vjuen åsnm jndthuyens lfét åtp cthmtpyjuj hfccvjnhtybz gj ceotcnde. Hfpltkbnt dfi ntrcn yf fåpfws, bcgjkmpeqnt pfujkjdrb b gjlpfujkjdrb, yfxbyfqnt rfélsq hfpltk c yjdjq cnhjrb.
XNJ YEÉYJ Gbcfnm ghjcnj, rhfnrj, dybvfntkmyj
Bcgjkmpjdfnm rjyrhtnyst cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst cj ccskrjq yf bcnjxybr Bcgjkmpjdfnm frnbdysq, f yt gfccbdysq pfkju Hfpvtofnm hfpltks pfzdrb yf hfpysö cnhfybwfö, bcgjkmpjdfnm pfujkjdrb b gjlpfujkjdrb Hfpåbdfnm lkbyyst ntrcns vfhrthfvb b hfvrfvb Jnlfnm dfie pfzdre yf ghjdthjxyjt xntybt gthtl gjlfxtq
Gj jrjyxfntkmyjv jajhvktybb ntrcnf jnlfqnt tuj yf ghjdthre ytcrjkmrbv kñlzv chfpe, gecnm jyb dszdzn jhajuhfabxtcrbt b uhfvvfnbxtcrbt jibårb, ytnjxyjcnb bpkjétybz. Gjktpyf gjvjom
XNJ YT YEÉYJ
bvtyyj ntö kñltq, rnj vfkj pyfrjv c ltzntkmyjcnmñ dfitq jhufybpfwbb b cj cgtwbabrjq ghtlkf-
Vtyznm jcyjdyeñ wtkm, pflfxb, yfghfdktybz ltzntkmyjcnb dfitq jhufybpfwbb hflb njuj,
uftvjuj ghjtrnf: jyb jåsxyj xfot dctuj ghjczn hfpüzcybnm nt vtcnf, ult jgbcfybt uhtibn ytnjxyjcnmñ, hfcgksdxfnjcnmñ. Ghb yfgbcfybb ntrcnf pfzdrb kexit dctuj hfåjnfnm rjvfyljq, drkñxbd d ytt ntö, rnj åeltn c dfvb dvtcnt htfkbpjdsdfnm ghjtrn d ckexft gjkjébntkmyjuj htitybz j dsltktybb abyfycbhjdfybz.
xnjås gjkexbnm tlbyjdhtvtyyjt abyfycbhjdfybt Bcgjkmpjdfnm hfcgksdxfnst b ytrjyrhtnyst nthvbys – nfrbt rfr ≤vyjuj≥, ≤byjulf≥,
XNJ YT YEÉYJ ≤jxtym≥ b n. g.
Bcgjkmpjdfnm ghtlkjétybz lkbyytt, xtv d 30 ckjd
Ghbdjlbnm kbiybt cdtltybz – ghb uhfvjnyjv gjlöjlt r yfgbcfybñ ntrcnf pfzdrb ≤vtymit pyfxbn kexit≥
Gjlfdfnm cjcnfdktyyeñ yf byjcnhfyyjv zpsrt pfzdre åtp ghtldfhbntkmyjq ghjdthrb tt xtkjdtrjv – yjcbntktv lfyyjuj zpsrf
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C J C N F D Y S T
Ä K T V T Y N S
P F Z D R B
Tckb ukfdyjt ljcnjbycndj dfitq jhufybpfwbb cjcnfdkzñn hfåjnfñobt d ytq kñlb, f yt cfvf bcnjhbz tt ceotcndjdfybz b ltzntkmyjcnb (yfghbvth, jhufybpfwbz njkmrj ytlfdyj cjplfyf), jåzpf-
Vyjubt ajyls b hfpkbxyst jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs gjghjczn dfc ghtlcnfdbnm pfzdre, jajhvktyyeñ d cjjndtncndbb c bö rjyrhtnysvb nhtåjdfybzvb. Tckb ds ghtlcnfdkztnt pfzdre d jndtn yf jåüzdkty-
ntkmyj erfébnt, rfrbt bvtyyj ghjatccbjyfkmyst yfdsrb b evtybz ltkfñn bö cnjkm wtyysvb rflhfvb.
ysq rjyrehc, b ghjdjlzofz tuj jhufybpfwbz erfpfkf ajhve lkz nfrbö pfzdjr, yb d rjtv ckexft yt jncnegfqnt jn änbö nhtåjdfybq, lfét tckb dfv gjrfétncz, xnj ds vjétnt ghtlkjébnm åjktt bynthtc-
XNJ LJKÉYJ CJLTHÉFNM DDTLTYBT:
ysq, ndjhxtcrbq b byyjdfwbjyysq gjlöjl. Tckb ét ds ghtlcnfdkztnt cdjq ghjtrn d rfrjq-kbåj ajyl
✔ Rhfnreñ bcnjhbñ dfitq jhufybpfwbb c erfpfybtv dhtvtyb b jcyjdysö ghbxby tt cjplfybz
åtp ghbdzprb r rjyrhtnyjq ghjuhfvvt, vjétnt djcgjkmpjdfnmcz ghb jajhvktybb ghbdtltyysvb
✔ D ckexft tckb jhufybpfwbz djpybrkf cjdctv ytlfdyj, – bcnjhbñ ltzntkmyjcnb tt xktyjd ✔ Jåjåotyyeñ byajhvfwbñ j ntreotq ltzntkmyjcnb dfitq jhufybpfwbb
ybét cjdtnfvb. D wtkjv, änb htrjvtylfwbb jödfnsdfñn ghfrnbxtcrb dct ytjåöjlbvst lkz cjcnfd-
✔ Rhfnreñ b tvreñ ajhvekbhjdre wtktq b pflfx dfitq jhufybpfwbb
ktybz pfzdjr nhtåjdfybz. Ytgkjöj, tckb e dfc dctulf åeltn gjl herjq cjjndtncndeñobv jåhfpjv
✔ Jgbcfybt ntö uhegg b ckjtd, yf rjnjhst d jcyjdyjv jhbtynbhjdfyf dfif hfåjnf
jajhvktyyst b cajhvekbhjdfyyst cdtltybz, öjnz bö ytjåöjlbvj gthtcvfnhbdfnm b gthtgbcsdfnm dczrbq hfp, rjulf ds hfåjnftnt yfl yjdsv ghtlkjétybtv, dtlm rfélfz dfif rjyrhtnyfz pfzdrf
✔ Rhfnrbt cdtltybz j dfibö gfhnythfö
ljkéyf åsnm ghbdzpfyf r jcjåtyyjcnzv dfituj gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf. Bnfr, d dfitq pfzdrt
✔ Cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst b wbnfns, dpznst bp åjktt lkbyysö gjckfybq bkb ljrevtynjd
ljkéys cjlthéfnmcz jndtns yf cktleñobt djghjcs. D jåotv, dfit ddtltybt ljkéyj åsnm cbkmysv, yj rhfnrbv. Jyj ljkéyj yfukzlyj cdbltntkm-
Rnj ds?
cndjdfnm j ljcnbétybzö dfitq jhufybpfwbb, jcjåtyyj d ntö jåkfcnzö ltzntkmyjcnb, rjnjhst ytgjchtlcndtyyj cdzpfys c dfibv ghjtrnjv bkb jåüzdktyysv rjyrehcjv. Dct änj gjpdjkbn kjubxyj
Jåobt cdtltybz bkb ddtltybt – änj nf xfcnm pfzdrb, ult drhfnwt cjjåoftncz bcnjhbz cjplfybz dfitq jhufybpfwbb, tt wtkb, pflfxb, f nfrét vtnjls b genb bö htitybz. Tckb nfrjt ddtltybt htue-
gthtqnb r ajhvekbhjdrt dfibö gjnhtåyjcntq b ghjltvjycnhbhetn dfie rjvgtntynyjcnm d lfyyjq jåkfcnb.
kzhyj jåyjdkznm d cjjndtncndbb c vtyzñotqcz cbnefwbtq, ds cvjétnt bcgjkmpjdfnm tuj gjxnb lkz
D xtv ds yeélftntcm?
rféljq cjcnfdkztvjq dfvb pfzdrb.
Ghb yfgbcfybb ddtltybz jcyjdyjt dybvfybt cjchtljnjxmnt yf öfhfrnthbcnbrt jnkbxbntkmysö
Lfyysq hfpltk ljkéty cjlthéfnm jåjcyjdfyyjt jgbcfybt gjnhtåyjcntq ghtlkfuftvjuj dfvb ghj-
jcjåtyyjcntq dfitq jhufybpfwbb, rjnjhst ltkfñn tt eybrfkmyjq. Gjxtve abyfycbheñofz cnjhjyf
trnf. Ds ghtélt dctuj cfvb ljkéys jnlfdfnm ctåt gjkysq jnxtn d njv, xnj dfv ltqcndbntkmyj
ljkéyf dsltkbnm chtlcndf bvtyyj dfitq jhufybpfwbb? Jcjåj gjlxthrybnt tt cbkmyst cnjhjys, pfcke-
ytjåöjlbvj lkz htfkbpfwbb dfibö bltq. Pfntv eét ds ljkéys ghfdbkmyj b eåtlbntkmyj ljytcnb änj
ébdfñobt ljdthbz, ltkfñobt dfc yfltéysv gfhnythjv. Djn ghbvth nfrbö ljcnjbycnd jhufybpfwbb:
lj gjntywbfkmysö cgjycjhjd. Tckb änj dfv yt elfcncz, vfkjdthjznyj, xnj ghtlcnfdbntkb abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys cvjuen gjyznm, gjxtve jyb ljkéys dsltkbnm chtlcndf bvtyyj dfitq jhufybpfwbb.
■
Rjkbxtcndj ktn, yf ghjnzétybb rjnjhsö jyf ltqcndetn
■
Ghbpyfyyst ecgtöb d htfkbpfwbb lheubö fyfkjubxysö ghjtrnjd bkb ghb hfåjnt c dsltktyysvb d
Jåjcyjdfybt gjnhtåyjcntq åeltn njq åfpjq, yf rjnjhjq ds åeltnt cnhjbnm cbcntve wtktq b pflfx
ghjikjv uhfynfvb
dfituj ghjtrnf, jghtltkznm genb b vtnjls bö htitybz. Tckb wtkb b vtnjls e dfc eét cajhvekbhjdf-
■
Eybrfkmyst yfdsrb b rdfkbabrfwbz cjnhelybrjd jhufybpfwbb
ys, gthtcvjnhbnt bö c extnjv njuj, yfcrjkmrj jyb jnhféfñn cajhvekbhjdfyyst dfvb d lfyyjv
■
Yfltéyjcnm dfibö gfhnythjd
hfpltkt jåjcyjdfyyst gjnhtåyjcnb.
■
Ibhjrbt rjynfrns d cdzpfyysö c ghjtrnjv jåkfcnzö ltzntkmyjcnb
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Ytgkjöj cajhvekbhjdfnm pfzdktybt c jåjcyjdfybtv dfibö gjnhtåyjcntq d hfvrfö jlyjuj ghtlkj-
RFRBV LJKÉYJ ÅSNM JÅJCYJDFYBT GJNHTÅYJCNTQ:
étybz lkbyjq lj 25 ckjd. Djpvjéyj, dfv ghbltncz ljgjkybnm äne ajhvekbhjdre rfrbvb-nj ltnfkzvb
✔ Cjjndtncndeñobv bynthtcfv b gjnhtåyjcnzv rkbtynjd dfitq jhufybpfwbb
(hfcrhsdfñobvb bcnjhbñ djghjcf bkb jcjåtyyjcnb ntreotq cbnefwbb), yj cfvf ytjåöjlbvjcnm nfrj-
✔ Cjjndtncndeñobv jcyjdyjq wtkb dfitq jhufybpfwbb
uj ljåfdktybz ljkéyf åsnm xtnrj b céfnj jujdjhtyf dfvb tot lj ajhvekbhjdrb gjnhtåyjcntq. Tckb
✔ Cjjndtncndeñobv ghbjhbntnfv abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys
ds ghtlcnfdkztnt pfzdre yf pfhfytt jåüzdktyysq rjyrehc, jåjcyjdfybt gjnhtåyjcntq eét vjétn
✔ Gjlrhtgktyysv cnfnbcnbxtcrbvb lfyysvb b eåtlbntkmysvb afrnfvb
cjlthéfnmcz d jåüzdktybb tuj eckjdbq. Ntv yt vtytt dfv cktletn pfyjdj cajhvekbhjdfnm nfrjt
✔ Hfpevysv, yt pfdsityysv
jåjcyjdfybt eét jn ctåz d dfitq pfzdrt – nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjås eåtlbnm ärcgthnjd rjvbccbb, xnj
✔ Htfkmysv lkz bcgjkytybz
bvtyyj dfif pfzdrf yfbkexibv jåhfpjv jndtxftn pfzdktyysv jhufybpfnjhfvb rjyrehcf gjnhtåyjcnzv. Yt ckbirjv lhfvfnbpbheqnt gjkjétybt. Jåüzcybnt dfib gjnhtåyjcnb ghjcnsv xtkjdtxtcrbv Rfr njkmrj ds jåjcyjdfyyj cajhvekbhjdfkb cdjb gjnhtåyjcnb, chfpe ét erfébnt, rnj ghtélt
zpsrjv, yt gsnfzcm hfpéfkjåbnm xmb-kbåj cthlwf. E xbnfñobö dfit jåjcyjdfybt ljkéyj djpybryenm
dctuj gjkexbn gjkmpe jn htfkbpfwbb dfituj ghjtrnf. D åjkmibycndt ckexftd nfrbv åtytabwbfhbtv
gjybvfybt njuj, xnj e dfc tcnm htitybt ghjåktvs, b lkz änjuj ytjåöjlbv hzl rjyrhtnysö dtotq.
yt ljkéys åsnm yb ds, yb dfif jhufybpfwbz; yfjåjhjn, dfi ghjtrn ljkéty åsnm yfghfdkty yf
D cdzpb c änbv jgznm cktletn gjlxthryenm ytjåöjlbvjcnm nofntkmyjuj bpextybz cbnefwbb yf ghtl-
jåtcgtxtybt bynthtcjd njuj rjynbyutynf kñltq (jhufybpfwbq), yf rjnjhsö yfghfdktyf jcyjdyfz
dfhbntkmyjv änfgt, tot lj njuj, rfr ds ghbcnegbnt r cjcnfdktybñ pfzdrb. Eltkbnt jcjåjt dybvfybt
ltzntkmyjcnm dfitq jhufybpfwbb. Erfébnt, xnj änj pf kñlb, b djjåot, cnfhfqntcm ajhvekbhjdfnm
njve, xnjås ghtlkfuftvsq dfvb ghjtrn yt leåkbhjdfk rfrjq-kbåj lheujq, eét htfkbpetvsq d cöjl-
gjnhtåyjcnb ghtélt dctuj c bö njxrb phtybz.
yjq jåkfcnb b yf dfitq ét nthhbnjhbb.
Xtnrj lfqnt gjyznm, xnj ghjåktvf, yf htitybt rjnjhjq yfghfdkty dfi ghjtrn, bkb bvtyyj nf
Xnj ds åeltnt ltkfnm?
jåkfcnm ltzntkmyjcnb, ult jy åeltn htfkbpjdsdfnmcz, ghtlcnfdkzñn jcjåsq bynthtc lkz dfituj gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf, jndtxfñn tuj cbcntvt ghbjhbntnjd. D nj ét dhtvz ghjtrn ljkéty åsnm
D änjv hfpltkt cdjtq pfzdrb, yfpsdftvjv tot ≤Wtkb b pflfxb≥, xtnrj gthtxbckbnt, rfrbt wtkb b
cdzpfy c jcyjdyjq wtkmñ dfitq jhufybpfwbb.
pflfxb ghtlgjkfuftncz htibnm d öjlt htfkbpfwbb dfituj ghjtrnf. Ghb änjv jyb ljkéys tcntcndtyysv jåhfpjv dsntrfnm bp wtktq b pflfx dfitq jhufybpfwbb. Tckb, yfghbvth, ds eltkztnt jcyjdyjt
Ds yt vjétnt bpvtybnm vbh pf itcnm vtczwtd, gjänjve lfét yt gsnfqntcm eåtlbnm abyfycbheñ-
dybvfybt ghjåktvfv bydfkbljd nhelf, gjnthzdibö hfåjne yf pfdjlt bkb afåhbrt, wtkmñ dfituj
oeñ cnjhjye d jåhfnyjv. Dvtcnj änjuj cjchtljnjxmntcm yf jåjcyjdfybb njuj, rfr htfkbpfwbz dfibö
ghjtrnf vjétn åsnm cjdthitycndjdfybt hfåjns cbcntvs cjwbfkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz d jnyjitybb
bltq gjdkbztn d kexieñ cnjhjye yf ébpym d dfitv ujhjlt, hfqjyt, htubjyt.
änjq rfntujhbb uhfélfy xthtp ghtljcnfdktybt rjycekmnfwbq gj nheljecnhjqcnde, cjplfybt ljgjkybntkmysö djpvjéyjcntq ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gthtgjlujnjdrb b ghtljcnfdktybt gjcjåbq gznbltcznb
Dfit jåjcyjdfybt gjnhtåyjcntq ljkéyj åsnm rjyrhtnysv, yj d nj ét dhtvz b ljcnfnjxyj
åtphfåjnysv bydfkblfv nhelf yf dhtvz nfrjq extås.
ltnfkbpbhjdfyysv. Tckb ds jåhfoftntcm pf uhfynjv d jhufybpfwbñ, rjnjhfz yt dtltn ybrfrjq ltzntkmyjcnb d Hjccbb, djpvjéyj, dfv gjnhtåetncz ghtlcnfdbnm åjkmit cjgencndeñotq byajhvfwbb, öfhfrnthbpeñotq rfr bcnjhbñ djghjcf, nfr b ntreott tuj cjcnjzybt.
Rfr vjéyj dbltnm bp ghbdtltyyjuj dsit ghbvthf, lkz xtnrjuj jghtltktybz wtktq b pflfx (b rjkbxtcndtyyjuj bö bpvthtybz) ytjåöjlbvj nfrét zcyj ghtlcnfdbnm, rfrfz bvtyyj rfntujhbz uhfélfy gjkexbn gjkmpe jn htfkbpfwbb dfituj ghjtrnf.
Jlyfrj yt gjpdjkzqnt ctåt xthtcxeh edzpyenm d ltnfkzö. Dfif ajhvekbhjdrf gjnhtåyjcntq ljkéyf åsnm céfnjq b eåtlbntkmyjq. D gjlndthéltybt cdjtuj jåjcyjdfybz ghbdtlbnt cnfnbcnbxtcrbt lfyyst
Ltrkfhbhetvst dfvb wtkb ljkéys åsnm htfkbcnbxys nfr, xnjås bö djpvjéyj åskj ljcnbxm pf njn gthbjl, yf rjnjhsq hfccxbnfy dfi ghjtrn. Jyb ljkéys ghtlcnfdkznm bynthtc lkz jhufybpfwbb-
c jåzpfntkmyjq ccskrjq yf bcnjxybr.
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ljyjhf. B, djpvjéyj, cfvjt ukfdyjt – jyb ljkéys åsnm ghbdzpfys r rjyrhtnysv bpvthztvsv ht-
ds ljkéys jgbcfnm dct ltnfkb hfåjns dfitq jhufybpfwbb gj ghjtrne (uhfyne).
pekmnfnfv. Vtnjls ljkéys cjjndtncndjdfnm jåjcyjdfybñ gjnhtåyjcntq b pfzdktyysv wtkzv. Kexit dctuj Yt genfqnt dfib wtkb b pflfxb (xnj bvtyyj ds åeltnt ltkfnm) c vtnjlfvb hfåjns (rfr bvtyyj ds
hfpvtcnbnm d lfyyjv hfpltkt nfåkbwe, ult åelen ghbdtltys dct vthjghbznbz, rjnjhst ds ghtlgjkf-
åeltnt änj ltkfnm). D rjytxyjv cxtnt, dfib wtkb – änj b tcnm htpekmnfns, ≤gjktpysq dsöjl≥ dfituj
uftnt ghjdtcnb d hfvrfö ghjtrnf, c erfpfybtv d cjctlybö uhfafö rjyrhtnysö chjrjd b ntö wtktq b
ghjtrnf. F vtnjls – änj ifub gj ljcnbétybñ änbö htpekmnfnjd. Yfghbvth, wtkm vjétn åsnm cajh-
pflfx, rjnjhsv rféljt vthjghbznbt jndtxftn. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ljcnbétybt rféljq bp pfzdktyysö
vekbhjdfyf cktleñobv jåhfpjv: ≤Gjvjxm irjkmybrfv d gjkextybb pyfybq j afrnjhfö hbcrf
wtktq åeltn hfpåbnj yf hzl rjyrhtnysö ifujd. Rfrjds ljkéys åsnm änb ifub? Crjkmrj dhtvtyb
pfhfétybz DBX-byatrwbtq b j vtnjlfö ghtljöhfytybz b ghjabkfrnbrb≥. Njulf ghb jgbcfybb vtnj-
gjnhtåetn rfélsq bp ybö? Djn yf änb djghjcs ds b ljkéys ghtlcnfdbnm jndtns d hfvrfö lfyyjuj
ljd hfåjns cktletn cjchtljnjxbnmcz ghtélt dctuj yf njv, rfr ljåbnmcz htitybz gjcnfdktyyjq
hfpltkf dfitq pfzdrb.
pflfxb b rfr jwtybnm (bpvthbnm) ecgtö bkb ytecgtö. D cktleñotq ukfdt änjq åhjiñhs ds yfqltnt åjktt gjlhjåyeñ byajhvfwbñ j vtnjlfö b genzö hfåjns.
Djpvjéyj, dfv gjnhtåetncz jåjcyjdfnm bpåhfyyst dfvb vtnjls ljcnbétybz wtktq, jcjåtyyj d njv ckexft, tckb jyb ytjåsxys b ghtlkfufñncz d rfxtcndt ärcgthbvtynfkmysö. Ghb änjv gjlxth-
Cnfhfqntcm ajhvekbhjdfnm dfib wtkb vfrcbvfkmyj gjpbnbdyj, eåtlbntkmyj c njxrb phtybz htfkmyjcnb bö ljcnbétybz. Gjvybnt, xnj änjn hfpltk dfitq pfzdrb yt ljkéty åsnm lkbyysv – vjétn
rybnt bvtyyj eybrfkmyjcnm ghtlkfuftvjuj dfvb gjlöjlf. Jåüzcybnt tuj cbkmyst cnjhjys, hfccrfébnt, rfr ds ghtlgjkfuftnt ghtljndhfnbnm djpvjéyst ytljcnfnrb.
åsnm, dctuj yf gjkcnhfybxrb. Pltcm ét dfv cktletn rhfnrj jgbcfnm hjkm rféljuj bp cjnhelybrjd, rjnjhst åelen pfltqcndjdfys B, yfrjytw: tckb abyfycbheñofz cnjhjyf cyfålbkf dfc cdjbvb erfpfybzvb gj ajhvekbhjdrt
d htfkbpfwbb dfituj ghjtrnf. Gjlndthlbnt jåjcyjdfyyjcnm dfituj dsåjhf, ghbdtlz jxtym rhfnreñ (yt åjkmit ldeö-nhtö ghtlkjétybq) öfhfrnthbcnbre ltkjdsö rfxtcnd rféljuj. Cjikbntcm yf ghbkj-
wtktq – bcgjkmpeqnt bö^
étyyst htpñvt, rjnjhst ljkéys åsnm drkñxtys d rjvgktrn cjgencndeñobö vfnthbfkjd gj RFRBVB LJKÉYS ÅSNM DFIB WTKB: ✔ Cjjndtncndeñobvb gjnhtåyjcnzv, pfzdktyysv dfvb d ghtlsleotv jåjcyjdfybb ✔ Xtnrj jghtltktyysvb c njxrb phtybz dhtvtyb bö ljcnbétybz d cjjndtncndbb c gthbjljv htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf ✔ Xtnrj jghtltktyysvb c njxrb phtybz bynthtcjd dfibö rkbtynjd
rféljve pyfxbvjve exfcnybre ghjtrnf. Jåsxysv juhfybxtybtv cxbnftncz yt åjktt xtnshtö htpñvt yf ghjtrn, tckb njkmrj abyfycbheñofz cnjhjyf yt pfzdbn rfrbt-kbåj lheubt nhtåjdfybz. Tckb ds ghtlgjkfuftnt pfltqcndjdfnm ghbukfityysö rjycekmnfynjd, änf xfcnm dfitq pfzdrb jcjåtyyj dféyf. Jåtcgtxmnt ghfdbkmysq dsåjh rjycekmnfynjd, c ljcnfnjxysv ehjdytv rdfkbabrfwbb b jgsnjv hfåjns, eåtlbntkmyj jåjcyeqnt änj d ukfpfö gjntywbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf.
✔ Rjyrhtnysvb ✔ Ljcnbébvsvb ✔ Ghbdzpfyysvb r bpvthztvsv htpekmnfnfv
Jåzpfntkmyj hfpåtqnt dct rjkbxtcndj dhtvtyb, nhtåeñottcz yf htfkbpfwbñ dfituj ghjtrnf b yf ljcnbétybt pfzdktyysö wtktq, gj rféljve cjnhelybre b gj rféljve pflfybñ. Erfébnt rjyrhtnyst chjrb pfdthitybz hfåjn gj rféljve geyrne hfåjxtuj gkfyf. Yfghbvth, d dfitq jhufybpfwbb hfåjnftn ghjuhfvvbcn, hfåjxfz ytltkz rjnjhjuj cjcnfdkztn 40 xfcjd. Djpvjéyj, d yfxfkt ghjtrnf
Rfr ds åeltnt änj ltkfnm?
tuj ltzntkmyjcnm åeltn gjkyjcnmñ gjcdzotyf bvtyyj dfitve ghjtrne (yfghbvth, hfåjnf yfl cjplfybtv åfps lfyysö), pyfxbn, bvtyyj nfrjt rjkbxtcndj xfcjd (evyjétyyjt yf rjkbxtcndj ytltkm) b
D änjv hfpltkt ds ljkéys gjlhjåyj jgbcfnm ghjwtcc ljcnbétybz pfzdktyysö wtktq b htitybz gjcnfdktyysö pflfx. Änjn hfpltk vjétn åsnm cfvsv lkbyysv d ntrcnt dfitq pfzdrb. Bvtyyj pltcm
14
cktletn erfpfnm lkz öfhfrnthbcnbrb exfcnbz änjuj xtkjdtrf yf gthdjq cnflbb. Jlyfrj d lfkmytqitv tuj eckeub gj gjllthéfybñ åfps lfyysö b ecnhfytybñ djpvjéysö ghjåktv vjéyj åeltn juhfyb-
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xbnm 12 xfcfvb d ytltkñ. Pyfxbn, yf cktleñotq cnflbb ghjtrnf gj lfyyjve cjnhelybre cktletn erf-
gjcktlyññ xfcnm yfpsdfñn åñlétnysv jgbcfybtv). D wtkjv åñlétn ljkéty cjjndtncndjdfnm ntv
pfnm 30fi-yeñ pfuhepre (xnj, cjjndtncndtyyj, nhtåetn kbim 30fi jn tuj gjkyjq pfhfåjnyjq gkfns).
dblfv ltzntkmyjcnb b vthjghbznbzv, rjnjhst ds pfgkfybhjdfkb d hfvrfö ghjtrnf b jnhfpbkb d ghtlsleotv hfpltkt.
Tckb dj ddjlyjq xfcnb dfitq pfzdrb b ghb ajhvekbhjdrt wtktq ghjtrnf ds vjukb ljcnfnjxyj ibhjrj jöfhfrnthbpjdfnm nt ckjb yfctktybz b cjwbfkmyst uheggs, yf rjnjhst yfghfdktyf ltzntkmyjcnm
Dfv yeéyj nofntkmyj ghjlevfnm dct ifub dfitq hfåjns gj ghjdtltybñ vthjghbznbz. Rfrbt
dfitq jhufybpfwbb, nj d lfyyjv hfpltkt dfv cktletn xtnrj jghtltkbnm jcyjdysö gjnhtåbntktq eckeu,
pfnhfns gjnhtåeñncz yf rféljv änfgt? Ghb änjv yt cktletn uflfnm. Ghjdtlbnt vfhrtnbyujdjt bc-
ghtljcnfdkztvsö d hfvrfö rféljuj geyrnf ghjtrnf, b exfcnybrjd rféljuj vthjghbznbz. Rfrbv jåhf-
cktljdfybt, xnjås cfvbv åsnm edthtyysvb d njv, xnj ghtlkfuftvfz dfvb cvtnf hfcöjljd dgjkyt
pjv ghjbcöjlbn jnåjh nfrbö rkbtynjd? Djpvjéyj, ghjwtcc jnåjhf ljkéty cnfnm jlybv bp yfxfkmysö
hfpevyf b jåjcyjdfyf. Gjkexbnt jn hfpysö rjvgfybq bö ltqcndeñobt hfcwtyrb yf eckeub b njdfhs,
änfgjd htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf, njulf erfébnt chjr, d ntxtybt rjnjhjuj jy ljkéty åsnm pfdthity, b jc-
ghbjåhtntybt rjnjhsö gjyfljåbncz lkz htfkbpfwbb dfituj ghjtrnf.
yjdyst rhbnthbb jnåjhf. Ghb jgbcfybb rheuf gjnhtåbntktq eckeu dfitq jhufybpfwbb d hfvrfö ghtlkfuftvjuj dfvb ghjtrnf, hfccxbnfqnt pfnhfns yf jåckeébdfybt jlyjuj nfrjuj rkbtynf. Djpvjé-
Cgbcjr hfcöjljd (b d wtkjv dfi åñlétn) cktletn hfpltkbnm yf cktleñobt hfpltks: ✔ Jgkfnf nhelf gthcjyfkf
yj, nfr ds jcjåj gjlxthrytnt tuj vfkjpfnhfnyjcnm b äaatrnbdyjcnm.
✔ Cjwbfkmyst dsgkfns b kmujns Yfrjytw, ds ljkéys ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm ujnjdyjcnm bpvthbnm b jwtybnm htpekmnfns cdjtq
✔ Rfywnjdfhs b ghjxbt vfnthbfks
hfåjns gj ljcnbétybñ pfzdktyysö wtktq b pflfx ghjtrnf. Ghbxtv htpekmnfns cktletn jwtybdfnm
✔ Jåjheljdfybt ✔ Hfcöjls yf rjvfylbhjdrb b gjtplrb
jnltkmyj gj rféljq wtkb. Jåzpfntkmyj drkñxbnt d hfpltk, jgbcsdfñobq vtnjls dfitq hfåjns gj
✔ Hfcöjls yf cdzpm (ntktajy, äktrnhjyyfz gjxnf)
ghjtrne, ne vtnjljkjubñ b nt bycnhevtyns, rjnjhsvb ds ghtlgjkfuftnt gjkmpjdfnmcz ghb jwtyrt
✔ Hfcöjls yf htrkfve b geåkbrfwbb
htpekmnfnjd. D ghbkjétybb vjéyj ghbdtcnb rjyrhtnyst ghbvths nfrbö bycnhevtynjd.
XNJ LJKÉTY CJLTHÉFNM HFPLTK J VTNJLFÖ LJCNBÉTYBZ WTKTQ GHJTRNF: ✔ Gjlhjåyjt jgbcfybt dbljd ltzntkmyjcnb gj ghjtrne, vthjghbznbq
Tckb djpvjéyj, jnhfpbnt hfcöjls d gjrfpfntkzö yf rféljuj exfcnybrf njuj bkb byjuj vthjghbznbz, yfghbvth:
c jåjcyjdfybtv rféljuj ifuf ✔ Öfhfrnthbcnbre ghjatccbjyfkmysö rfxtcnd herjdjlbntktq b cjnhelybrjd
Byajhvfwbjyyst vfnthbfks
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ›10
ö 50 exfcnybrjd rjyathtywbb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ›500
✔ Öfhfrnthbcnbre gjnhtåbntktq eckeu, ghtljcnfdkztvsö dfitq jhufybpfwbtq d hfvrfö ghjtrnf, f nfrét öfhfrnthbcnbre ghjwtccf b rhbnthbtd jnåjhf exfcnybrjd ✔ Öfhfrnthbcnbre rhbnthbtd jwtyrb htpekmnfnjd ghjtrnf b ghbvtyztvsö lkz nfrjq jwtyrb bycnhevtynjd
Rjcdtyyst hfcöjls bkb flvbybcnhfnbdyst bplthérb bcxbckzñncz rfr ghjwtyn jn åñlétnf dctq jhufybpfwbb. Ytrjnjhst jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs hfphtifñn drkñxfnm rjcdtyyst hfcöjls d åñlétn, lheubt – ytn. C cfvjuj yfxfkf epyfqnt, rfrjdf gjkbnbrf gj änjve djghjce njq jhufybpfwbb, relf ds jåhfoftntcm. Tckb jnhféfnm rjcdtyyst hfcöjls d åñlétnt ytkmpz, dsltkbnt chtlb ybö ghzvst hfcöjls b drkñxbnt bö d hfpkbxyst hfpltks dfituj åñlétnf. Ghbvths flvbybcnhfnbdysö bplth-
Crjkmrj änj åeltn cnjbnm?
étr, rjnjhst vjuen åsnm drkñxtys d åñlétn rfr ghzvst hfcöjls: fhtylyfz gkfnf pf jabcyjt gjvtotybt, pfhgkfnf flvbybcnhfnbdyjve gthcjyfke, jgkfnf rjvveyfkmysö eckeu b ntktajyyjq
Änjn hfpltk ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cvtne dfitq pfzdrb. Jy ljkéty drkñxfnm d ctåz ldt xfcnb: gjlhjåysq cgbcjr hfcöjljd, jåsxyj d ajhvfnt äktrnhjyyjq nfåkbws, b gjzcytybz r ytve (äne
16
cdzpb. Tckb ds bvtyyj nfrbv jåhfpjv drkñxftnt flvbybcnhfnbdyst hfcöjls d åñlétn, ds ljkéys åsnm edthtys d njv, xnj jyb yfghzveñ cdzpfys c pflfxfvb dfituj ghjtrnf b evtnm bö jåjcyjdfnm
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gthtl gjntywbfkmysvb cgjycjhfvb. Jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs jxtym htlrj cjukfifñncz jgkfxbdfnm fl-
ybcnhfnbdyeñ gjllthére. Rfrjds jyb vjuen åsnm? Gjlevfqnt jåj dctv, xnj bvttn jnyjitybt r ghj-
vbybcnhfnbdyst hfcöjls åtp xtnrjuj b eåtlbntkmyjuj jåjcyjdfybz.
trne. Yfghbvth, tckb ds yt drkñxftnt d cdjñ pfzdre jgkfne nhelf ukfdyjuj åeöufknthf dfitq jhufybpfwbb bkb flvbybcnhfnjhf rjvgmñnthyjq ctnb, f bö exfcnbt nfr bkb byfxt gjyfljåbncz –
Cjwbfkmyst gkfntéb b kmujns – änj nj, xnj cjnhelybrb dfitq jhufybpfwbb gjkexfñn gjvbvj
jnhfpbnt xfcnm bö pfhfåjnyjq gkfns rfr hfcöjls dfitq jhufybpfwbb gj jåtcgtxtybñ ghjtrnf. Bkb
ghzvjq pfhgkfns. Bö jåütv hfccxbnsdftncz rfr ghjwtyn jn pfhfåjnyjq gkfns. Cñlf vjuen döjlbnm
lkz rfrjuj-nj cgtwbfkbcnf, gjkyjcnmñ pfyznjuj d ghjtrnt, vjéyj ghtlecvjnhtnm jgkfne 50fi tuj
yfkjujdst gkfntéb hfåjnjlfntkz, cnhföjdfybt ébpyb b/bkb vtlbwbycrjt cnhföjdfybt cjnhelybrjd,
hfåjxtuj dhtvtyb pf cxtn uhfynf, f jcnfkmysö 50fi – bp cjåcndtyysö chtlcnd dfitq jhufybpfwbb.
rjvgtycfwbz (gjcjåbz) yf gbnfybt b dsgkfns d gtycbjyysq ajyl. Jabwbfkmyj jåütv änbö dsgkfn d ghjwtynyjv jnyjitybb vjétn åsnm njxyj bcxbckty felbnjhjv b pfhfytt ghtlcnfdkty abyfycbheñ-
E dfc åeltn ujhfplj åjkmit ifycjd yf gjkextybt uhfynf, tckb ds gjlndthlbnt pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm
otq cnjhjyt yf hfccvjnhtybt b jljåhtybt. Tckb ghb cjcnfdktybb cdjtuj åñlétnf ds yt hfåjnfkb c
lheujuj cgjycjhf d dfitv ghjtrnt b tuj ujnjdyjcnm abyfycbhjdfnm xfcnm hfcöjljd. Tckb dfif jhuf-
felbnjhjv gj jghtltktybñ ghjwtynf cjwbfkmysö dsgkfn b flvbybcnhfnbdysö bplthétr, ds vjétnt
ybpfwbz eét gjkexfkf rfrbt-nj chtlcndf gj ghtlcnfdktyyjve d pfzdrt ghjtrne jn lheubö ljyjhjd
jnhfpbnm jåoeñ wbahe dctö cjwbfkmysö dsgkfn cdjbv cjnhelybrfv. Ghb änjv, d jncencndbt jabwb-
bkb bvttn nfrbt ghtlkjétybz yf åeleott, jåzpfntkmyj jnhfpbnt änj d cdjtq pfzdrt. Tckb e dfc cj-
fkmyj jghtltktyyjuj felbnjhjv b jljåhtyyjuj jhufybpfwbtq-ljyjhjv jåütvf dsgkfn, dfv
öhfybkbcm rfrbt-nj chtlcndf jn ghtlsleotuj cgjycjhf b ds vjétnt hfcgjhzéfnmcz bvb gj cdjtve
ytjåöjlbvj åeltn uhfvjnyj jåjcyjdfnm bcxbcktyyeñ dfvb wbahe.
ecvjnhtybñ d hfvrfö yjdjuj ghjtrnf, änj njét ljkéyj åsnm jnhfétyj.
Jgbcfybt åñlétnf ljkéyj drkñxfnm jåjcyjdfybt gj rféljve dble ytnbgjdsö bkb cgtwbfkmysö
Vyjubö cgjycjhjd djkyetn ghjåktvf ≤ecnjqxbdjcnb≥, ghttvcndtyyjcnb dfitq ltzntkmyjcnb gj
hfcöjljd, f nfrét gjlhjåyjcnb d jnyjitybb ntö bkb bysö nbgjd hfcöjljd. Jyj ghbkfuftncz r nfåkb-
ghjtrne. Tckb ds cvjétnt gjrfpfnm, xnj gj pfdthitybb hfåjns gj uhfyne dfi ghjtrn åeltn ghjljk-
wt c hfcxtnfvb dfitq cvtns. Ytnbgjdsvb bkb cgtwbfkmysvb hfcöjlfvb vjéyj yfpdfnm dscjrbt
éfnmcz (kbåj gthtqlz yf cfvjabyfycbhjdfybt, kbåj pf cxtn rfrbö-nj lheubö bcnjxybrjd), dfib
wtys yf åbktns (ghb rjvfylbhjdrfö), pfnhfns yf ghbjåhtntybt ljhjujuj jåjheljdfybz (yfghbvth,
ifycs gjkexbnm abyfycbhjdfybt djphfcnen. Gjänjve e dfc ljkéty åsnm gkfy abyfycbhjdfybz
fdnjvjåbktq) b n. g. Åjkmifz xfcnm jhufybpfwbq-ljyjhjd jnrfpsdftncz abyfycbhjdfnm ghbjåhtntybt
hfåjns d njv ét yfghfdktybb d åeleotv. Djn rfrbt bcnjxybrb lkz änjuj vjéyj erfpfnm:
fdnjvjåbktq bkb ytldbébvjcnb. D ntö ckexfzö, rjulf ghbjåhtntybt ljhjujcnjzotuj jåjheljdfybz (rjvgmñnthjd) hfphtiftncz, xfcnj dsldbuftncz eckjdbt, xnj gj jrjyxfybb ghjtrnf jyj ljkéyj åsnm
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Xktycrbt dpyjcs
djpdhfotyj cgjycjhe.
■
Ghjlféf geåkbrfwbq
■
Rfvgfybb gj cåjhe chtlcnd
■
Gjkmpjdfntkmcrbt gkfntéb pf nt bkb byst eckeub
D åñlétnyjv jgbcfybb cktletn bcgjkmpjdfnm nt ét hfpltks c ntvb ét pfujkjdrfvb, xnj b d cfvjq åñlétnyjq nfåkbwt. Jgbcfybt yt jåzpfntkmyj ljkéyj cjlthéfnm gjzcytybz gj rféljve hfpltke, f njkmrj d ckexft ytjåöjlbvjcnb. Yfghbvth, gj hfpltke ≤Jgkfnf eckeu ntktajyyjq cdzpb≥ dfv vjétn
Ytkmpz ytljjwtybdfnm dféyjcnm hfphfåjnrb gkfyf njuj, rfr ghjljkéfnm abyfycbhjdfybt ghjtrnf
gjnhtåjdfnmcz erfpfnm, rfr rjyrhtnyj ds åeltnt dsltkznm ntktajyyst gthtujdjhs gj ghjtrne bp
d åeleotv. Lkz abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys njn afrnjh, xnj tt ltymub gjqlen yf yfxfkj nfrjuj ghjtrnf,
jåobö cxtnjd gj jgkfnt pf ntktajy dfitq jhufybpfwbb.
rjnjhsq ghtlcnfdkztn pyfxbntkmysq bynthtc lkz lfyyjq nthhbnjhbb b yt ghtrhfnbncz c ghtrhfotybtv vtéleyfhjlyjq gjllthérb, zdkztncz jxtym gjkjébntkmysv cnbvekjv lkz ghbyznbz htitybz
Rfr ghfdbkj, abyfycbheñofz cnjhjyf éltn jn rfylblfnjd yf uhfyns ujnjdyjcnb gjytcnb rfreñ-nj
d jnyjitybb dsltktybz ajyljd. F dtlm bvtyyj dfi gkfy htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf gj bcntxtybb chjrf
xfcnm hfcöjljd gj ghjtrne cfvjcnjzntkmyj. Xfcnj ghb cjcnfdktybb pfzdrb cjbcrfntkb yt erfpsdfñn
uhfynf b åeltn cdbltntkmcndjdfnm j pyfxtybb änjq hfåjns lkz jåotcndf, lkz yfctktybz dfituj ht-
cjåcndtyyst pfnhfns yf ghjtrn, gjcrjkmre cfvb bö yt dblzn. Yfghbvth, rhjvt hfcöjljd, yfghzveñ
ubjyf. Rfr b dcz dfif pfzdrf, nfrjq gkfy åeleotuj hfpdbnbz ljkéty åsnm yfgbcfy ghjcnsv b zcysv
jnyjczoböcz r htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf, vjuen åsnm b hfcöjls, jåtcgtxbdfñobt ntöybxtcreñ bkb flvb-
zpsrjv, ljkéty åsnm rjyrhtnysv b htfkbcnbxysv.
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R F R
Yfrjytw, gjcnfhfqntcm tot lj hfåjns yfl cdjtq cvtnjq epyfnm hfpvth uhfynjd, jåsxyj dslfdft-
C D T C N B
D C T
D J T L B Y J ?
vsö njq jhufybpfwbtq, relf ds jåhfoftntcm. Tckb ceotcndeñn juhfybxtybz cevvs uhfynf, yt ghtdsifqnt bö d cdjtq pfzdrt.Be
sure your budget includes:
CJGHJDJLBNTKMYJT GBCMVJ Ljkéyj åsnm yfgbcfyj yf åkfyrt dfitq jhufybpfwbb b cjlthéfnm lfyyst j dfibö ltqcndeñobö
DFI ÅÑLÉTN JÅZPFNTKMYJ LJKÉTY CJLTHÉFNM: ✔ Xtnrjt hfcghtltktybt dctö hfcöjljd gj rfntujhbzv ✔ Åñlétnyjt jgbcfybt c gjlhjåysv jåjcyjdfybtv dctö ytjåsxysö hfcöjljd ✔ Äktvtyns cjdvtcnyjuj abyfycbhjdfybz c dfitq cnjhjys ✔ Öfhfrnthbcnbre lheubö bcnjxybrjd abyfycbhjdfybz
yjvthfö ntktajyjd, afrcjd, flhtcf äktrnhjyyjq gjxns b gjxnjdsq flhtc. Bcgjkybntkmysq lbhtrnjh ljkéty yt njkmrj gjlgbcfnm gbcmvj, yj b dkfltnm byajhvfwbtq gj ghjtrne. Cjghjdjlbntkmyjt gbcmvj vjétn cjlthéfnm dctuj ldf-nhb ghtlkjétybz. Ukfdyfz wtkm – ghtlcnfdbnm dfi ghjtrn, f yt ≤ghjlfnm≥ tuj. Dct dfit evtybt eåtélfnm, dct fhuevtyns d gjkmpe dfibö bltq cåthtubnt lj njuj, rfr ghbcnegbnt r ntrcne cfvjq pfzdrb.
✔ Gkfy åeleotq hfåjns b abyfycbhjdfybz
NBNEKMYSQ KBCN B CJLTHÉFYBT Xtv ktuxt xbnftncz dfif pfzdrf, ntv åjkmit dthjznyjcnm njuj, xnj rjvbccbz gj jwtyrt pfzdjr tt gjqvtn. Lkz änjuj ghtldfhbnt ntrcn pfzdrb nbnekmysv kbcnjv b cjcnfdmnt yf jnltkmyjq cnhfybwt cjlthéfybt dfibö vfnthbfkjd, dsltkbd dct hfpltks, gjlhfpltks, ukfds b ghjx. Dgjkyt dthjznyj, xnj ghtlcnfdbntkm rjvbccbb gj hfccvjnhtybñ pfzdjr pföjxtn gjlhjåyj jpyfrjvbnmcz kbim c jlybv bp hfpltkjd (yfghbvth, c åñlétnjv), xnjås eåtlbnmcz, jndtxftn kb dfif pfzdrf nhtåjdfybzv b juhfybxtybzv b gjlktébn kb lfkmytqitve hfccvjnhtybñ.
RHFNRJT BPKJÉTYBT GHJTRNF Öjnz änj jåjåotyyjt b rhfnrjt bpkjétybt jcyjdysö dfibö bltq ljkéyj åsnm yfgbcfyj gjcktlybv, pfnj d ntrcnt dfitq pfzdrb jyj ljkéyj blnb gthdsv: chfpe gjckt cjghjdjlbntkmyjuj gbcmvf. Jyj yt ljkéyj ghtdsifnm jlyjq cnhfybws b ljkéyj xtnrj jghtltkznm jcyjdyjq ghbyznsq dfvb gjlöjl. D ytv d céfnjq ajhvt b jxtym eåtlbntkmyj ljkéys cjlthéfnmcz cktleñobt cdtltybz:
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Gjnhtåyjcnb
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Dfib wtkb b pflfxb
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Vtnjls bö ljcnbétybz
Jåofz cnjbvjcnm ghjtrnf, drkñxfz nt pfnhfns, rjnjhst cvjétn dpznm yf ctåz dfif jhufybpfwbz, b cevvf, yf rjnjheñ cjcnfdktyf pfzdrf, nfrét ljkéyf åsnm jnhfétyf d rhfnrjv bpkjétybb ghjtrnf.
Änjn hfpltk ljkéty åsnm rhfnrbv, zcysv b eåtlbntkmysv. Gjcrjkmre änj jåsxyj gthdjt, xnj xbnfñn ghtlcnfdbntkb cgjycjhjd, jy ljkéty dspdfnm bö bynthtc, étkfybt ghjxbnfnm pfzdre wtkbrjv.
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PFZDRF
Ds ljkéys ghtlcnfdbnm cdjñ pfzdre bvtyyj d njq ajhvt b d nfrjv rjkbxtcndt ärptvgkzhjd, rfr
Dfif pfzdrf ljkéyf drkñxfnm d ctåz cktleñobt hfpltks:
njuj nhtåetn abyfycbheñofz cnjhjyf. Yt ärjyjvmnt yf rjgbhjdfybb – rfélsq ärptvgkzh dfitq pfzdrb gjgfltn d hfpyst herb, b rfélsq bp gjntywbfkmysö xbnfntktq vjétn ghbyznm htitybt d dfie
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Rhfnrjt bpkjétybt
gjkmpe – ghb eckjdbb, xnj pfzdrf kturj xbnftncz b ghjatccbjyfkmyj jajhvktyf. Yt pfåelmnt jcnfdbnm
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Jåjcyjdfybt gjnhtåyjcntq
ärptvgkzh b lkz ctåz, gjcrjkmre jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs ghfrnbxtcrb ybrjulf yt djpdhfofñn jndth-
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Wtkb b pflfxb
uyenst pfzdrb.
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Vtnjls b genb bö htitybz
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Åñlétn b åñlétnyjt jgbcfybt
Jåzpfntkmyj ghtlcnfdmnt cdjñ pfzdre lj yfcnegktybz gjcktlytuj chjrf gjlfxb. Rfr ghfdbkj, pfzdrf, gjlfyyfz c jgjplfybtv, hfccvfnhbdfnmcz yt åeltn. B lfét tckb dfv elfcncz eåtlbnm gjnty-
D ytq ljkéys cjlthéfnmcz jndtns yf cktleñobt djghjcs:
wbfkmyjuj cgjycjhf ghbyznm r hfccvjnhtybñ dfib ghtlkjétybz, nfr rfr cdjt jgjplfybt ds jåüzcybnt edfébntkmysvb ghbxbyfvb, ghfrnbrf gjrfpsdftn, xnj nfrbt pfzdrb yt abyfycbheñncz.
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Rnj ds?
Gjlhfpevtdftncz, xnj tckb ds yt d cjcnjzybb ecgtnm ghtlcnfdbnm dfie pfzdre d ljkéysq chjr, nj b
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Rfrjds dfib gjnhtåyjcnb?
d wtkjv ds yt cgjcjåys äaatrnbdyj hfcgjhzéfnmcz dsltktyysvb chtlcndfvb b yfghfdkznm abyfy-
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Xnj ds åeltnt ltkfnm?
cjdeñ jnxtnyjcnm d chjr. Gjcrjkmre ytjéblfyyst ghjåktvs c rjgbhjdfybtv bkb ljcnfdrjq
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Rfr ds åeltnt änj ltkfnm?
ltqcndbntkmyj vjuen djpybryenm, gkfybheqnt pfrjyxbnm cdjñ hfåjne yfl pfzdrjq yf ytcrjkmrj lytq
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Crjkmrj änj åeltn cnjbnm?
(bkb, gj rhfqytq vtht, yf jlby ltym) hfymit jåüzdktyyjuj chjrf.
GHBKJÉTYBZ
Pfrjyxtyj kb cjcnfdktybt dfitq pfzdrb* Ghjdthmnt gj ghbdtltyyjve ybét cgbcre^
Vyjubt jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs ghjczn ghbkjébnm r pfzdrt hfpkbxyst cjgencndeñobt ljrevtyns b vfnthbfks. Gjcnfhfqntcm pfhfytt epyfnm j njv, rfrbt ghbkjétybz nhtåeñncz dfitve gjntywbfkmyj-
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Pfzdrf flhtcjdfyf rjyrhtnyjve kbwe
ve cgjycjhe. Dtlm tckb bö yt ghbkjébnm r dfitq pfzdrt, jyf yt yfåthtn ytjåöjlbvjuj rjkbxtcndf
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Bycnherwbb b htrjvtylfwbb abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys nofntkmyj cjåkñltys
åfkkjd. D ghbkjétybzö vjuen cjlthéfnmcz cktleñobt ljrevtyns (b rfrbt-kbåj lheubt, juhfybxtybq
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Dct gjnhtåyjcnb nofntkmyj ghjfyfkbpbhjdfys b xtnrj jgbcfys
pltcm yt ceotcndetn):
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Ghbdtltyj gjlhjåyjt b rjyrhtnyjt jgbcfybt ghjtrnf
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Xtnrj jghtltktys wtkb b dsöjlyst htpekmnfns htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf
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Åbjuhfabb, htpñvt cjnhelybrjd b rjycekmnfynjd, exfcndeñobö d ghjtrnt
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Åñlétn ghjtrnf hfpevysq, jåjcyjdfyysq b jndtxftn nhtåjdfybzv abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys
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Htubcnhfwbjyyst ljrevtyns dfitq jhufybpfwbb
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Åñlétn cjjndtncndetn åñlétnyjve jgbcfybñ
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Jwtyrf abyfycjdjuj cjcnjzybz dfitq jhufybpfwbb (gj htpekmnfnfv felbnf, ujljdjuj jnxtnf bkb lh.)
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Ds cjöhfybkb ärptvgkzh lkz ctåz
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Gbcmvf d gjllthére dfituj ghjtrnf jn lheubö jhufybpfwbq-ljyjhjd
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Pfzdrf gjgfltn d rjvbccbñ gj hfccvjnhtybñ pf jlby ltym lj jrjyxfybz chjrjd gjlfxb
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Ljujdjhs c gfhnythcrbvb jhufybpfwbzvb
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Gjlndthéltybt hfåjxbö cdzptq c byjcnhfyysvb gfhnythfvb
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Rjgbb ghtlkfuftvsö bycnhevtynjd jwtyrb ghjtrnf (fyrtns, ajhvs ghjdtltybz jghjcjd b n. g.)
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D pfzdrt ghbcencndeñn cktleñobt cjcnfdyst xfcnb:
J W T Y R F
P F Z D R B
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Cjghjdjlbntkmyjt gbcmvj
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Nbnekmysq kbcn b nfåkbwf cjlthéfybz
jhufybpfwbq-ljyjhjd ghbdthétyf jnrhsnjve b ≤ghjphfxyjve≥ ghjwtcce jnåjhf ghjtrnjd b vjuen
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Céfnjt bpkjétybt ghjtrnf
ghtlcnfdbnm dfv gjlhjåyjt jgbcfybt änjq ghjwtlehs. Ytrjnjhst lfét ujnjds gthtlfnm dfv cgbcjr
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Ddtltybt
rhbnthbtd c erfpfybtv bö eltkmysö dtcjd (n.t. crjkmrj jxrjd ≤cnjbn≥ njn bkb byjq geyrn pfzdrb).
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Fyfkbp gjnhtåyjcntq
Jåsxyj hfccvjnhtybt b jwtyrf pfzdjr ghjdjlbncz uheggjq ärcgthnjd d cjjndtncndbb c pflfyysvb
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Wtkb b pflfxb
rhbnthbzvb. Bvtyyj nt pfzdrb, rjnjhst d yfbåjkmitq cntgtyb eljdktndjhzñn änbv rhbnthbzv, b
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Genb b vtnjls bö ljcnbétybz
åelen jnjåhfys d rfxtcndt ceågjlhzlxbrjd bkb uhfynjgjkexfntktq. Gjänjve, xtv åjkmit ds pyftnt
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Åñlétn b åñlétnyjt jgbcfybt
j rhbnthbzö jnåjhf, ntv d kexitq ds gjpbwbb gj chfdytybñ c lheubvb cjbcrfntkzvb.
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Ghbkjétybz (tckb tcnm d ybö ytjåöjlbvjcnm)
Tckb djpvjéyj, epyfqnt pfhfytt rfr bvtyyj åeltn jwtybdfnmcz dfif pfzdrf. Åjkmifz xfcnm
Tckb dfif pfzdrf yf gjkextybt abyfycbhjdfybz jrfpfkfcm jndthuyenjq, yt jnxfbdfqntcm^ Yt åjqntcm jåhfnbnmcz pf abyfycbhjdfybtv tot b tot hfp – c änbv ét ghjtrnjv. Yt åjqntcm pflfnm djghjc, gjxtve bvtyyj dfif pfzdrf jndthuyenf. Ghb änjv ds vjétnt gjkexbnm ghjcnj åtcwtyyst erfpfybz yf yfbåjktt cbkmyst b ckfåst cnjhjys Dfitq pfzdrb, f gjnjv ecjdthitycndjdfnm tt.
Xfcnj ghjtrn åsdftn jndthuyen, nfr rfr lfét åelexb jxtym öjhjibv, jy yt dgjkyt jndtxftn wtkzv b pflfxfv njq jhufybpfwbb, d rjnjheñ ds jåhfnbkbcm. Tot jlyf hfcghjcnhfytyyfz ghbxbyf jnrfpf – åjkmijt rjkbxtcndj rjyrehbheñobö pfzdjr, gjlfyysö jlyjdhtvtyyj c dfitq.
Gjckt njuj rfr ds epyfkb, gjxtve dfif pfzdrf yt åskf eljdktndjhtyf, ds vjétnt tt gthtgbcfnm, ekexibnm b ghtlcnfdbnm bkb d lheueñ jhufybpfwbñ, bkb d ne ét, xthtp ytrjnjhjt dhtvz. Ytn ybxtuj cnhfiyjuj d njv, xnj ds jåhfoftntcm pf abyfycbhjdfybtv gjdnjhyj, åelexb jndthuyensvb d ghjikjv, ntv åjktt tckb dj dnjhjq hfp ds gjlftnt ekexityyeñ pfzdre. GZNM EÅTLBNTKMYSÖ GHBXBY LKZ GTHTHFÅJNRB B GJDNJHYJUJ GHTLCNFDKTYBZ JNDTHUYENJQ PFZDRB: ✔ Ghbjhbntns abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys vjukb bpvtybnmcz ✔ Rflhjdst gthtcnfyjdrb vjukb ghbdtcnb r njve, xnj rjvbccbz gj hfccvjnhtybñ b jwtyrt pfzdjr ntgthm cjcnjbn bp fåcjkñnyj lheubö kñltq ✔ D cktleñobq hfp fyfkjubxysö rjyrehbheñobö pfzdjr vjétn åsnm pyfxbntkmyj vtymit ✔ Dfif jhufybpfwbz b dfib rkbtyns njkmrj dsbuhfñn jn gthtjwtyrb gjnhtåyjcntq ✔ Lkz abyfycbheñotq cnjhjys änj cbuyfk, cdbltntkmcndeñotq j dfitq pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnb, cthmtpyjcnb yfvthtybq b ghbdthétyyjcnb bltzv cdjtuj ghjtrnf 24
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YT PFÅELMNT^
R F R
C J C N F D B N M
E Å T L B N T K M Y J T
H T P Ñ V T ?
Gjckt gjkextybz uhfynf gjcnjzyyj gjllthébdfqnt cdzpm c abyfycbheñotq cnjhjyjq. Dj dctö vfnthbfkfö, drkñxfz geåkbrfwbb b web-cfqn, ccskfqntcm yf bcnjxybr abyfycbhjdfybz. Dct jnyjczobtcz r ghjtrne ljrevtyns jnghfdkzqnt dfitve cgjycjhe.
Htpñvt b åbjuhfabb cgtwbfkbcnjd – gjéfkeq, yfbåjktt dféyst ghbkjétybz r ntrcne pfzdrb. Jyb dctulf nofntkmyj hfccvfnhbdfñncz ghbtvyjq rjvbccbtq. Ds ljkéys eåtlbntkmyj ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm cdjtve gjntywbfkmyjve cgjycjhe, xnj kñlb, rjnjhst åelen hfåjnfnm gj htfkbpfwbb dfituj ghjtrnf, jåkflfñn bvtyyj ntvb yfdsrfvb b rdfkbabrfwbjyysv ehjdytv, rjnjhst yfbåjkmibv jåhfpjv cjjndtncndeñn gjnhtåyjcnzv b pflfxfv ghjtrnf. Änj ghbjåhtnftn jcjåeñ dféyjcnm lkz ytlfdyj jåhfpjdfyysö ≤vjkjlsö≥ jhufybpfwbq, e rjnjhsö tot yt yfrjgbkjcm ljcnfnjxyjt rjkbxtcndj cdbltntkmcnd ecgtiyjq hfåjns gj lheubv ghjtrnfv b xmb vtnjls hfåjns tot yt pfhtrjvtyljdfkb ctåz d ukfpfö jhufybpfwbq-ljyjhjd.
Åbjuhfabxtcrbt ljrevtyns, rfr ghfdbkj, yfpsdfñncz ≤htpñvt≥ b fdnjåbjuhfabz bkb ≤Cª≥, b vtéle ybvb cktletn gjybvfnm jghtltktyyeñ hfpybwe. Jåsxyj htpñvt bcgjkmpetncz lkz gjkextybz njq bkb byjq hfåjns, f Cª jnhféftn yfexyst bkb frfltvbxtcrbt ljcnbétybz. D pfdbcbvjcnb jn njuj, rfreñ hjkm d dfitv ghjtrnt åeltn buhfnm nj bkb byjt kbwj, ds ljkéys ghbkjébnm r pfzdrt kbåj htpñvt, kbåj Cª änjuj xtkjdtrf. Tckb jcyjdysvb aeyrwbzvb änjuj cgtwbfkbcnf åelen flvbybcnhfnbdyst, nj cktletn ghbkjébnm htpñvt. Tckb ét gkfybhetncz bcgjkmpjdfnm tuj rfr yfexyjuj rjycekmnfynf, tckb yfexysq jgsn nfrjuj cgtwbfkbcnf jcjåtyyj dféty lkz ecgtöf ghjtrnf, åjktt ghfdbkmysv åeltn ghbkjébnm tuj Cª.
CJLTHÉFYBT Htpñvt bkb Cª ljkéys drkñxfnm kñåeñ byajhvfwbñ, rjnjhfz yeéyf lkz jndtnf yf djghjc: cjjndtncndeñn kb dfib pyfybz, jgsn b yfdsrb njq hfåjnt, rjnjhjq dfv ghtlcnjbn pfybvfnmcz? D ybö nfrét ljkéys åsnm dsltktys dfib bvz b afvbkbz, flhtc b rjynfrnyst ntktajys, b jnhfétys rfr ehjdtym jåhfpjdfybz c erfpfybtv ghbjåhtntyyjq cgtwbfkmyjcnb, nfr b bcnjhbz dfitq nheljdjq ltzntkmyjcnb.
Bvz b rjynfrnyfz byajhvfwbz Bö cktletn hfpvtofnm ddthöe cnhfybws yfl ntrcnjv, xnjås änj chfpe åhjcfkjcm d ukfpf b kturj xbnfkjcm.
Jåhfpjdfybt Drkñxbnt d Dfit htpñvt dct dfib (lfét ytpfrjyxtyyst) ckexfb jåextybz d dscibö b cgtwbfkm-
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ysö chtlybö extåysö pfdtltybzö, yfbvtyjdfybt gjkextyyjq cgtwbfkmyjcnb, yfpdfybt b flhtcf extå-
AJHVFN D pfdbcbvjcnb jn dfitq cgtwbfkmyjcnb b jåkfcnb ltzntkmyjcnb ds vjétnt dsåhfnm jlye bp
ysö pfdtltybq.
ytcrjkmrbö yfbåjktt hfcghjcnhfytyysö ajhv bpkjétybz byajhvfwbb d Htpñvt bkb Cª. Yfbåjktt Jgsn hfåjns
nhflbwbjyysq b xfot dctuj ghbvtyztvsq cgjcjå – öhjyjkjubxtcrbq. Lkz åjktt ghfdbkmyjuj bc-
D änjv hfpltkt cktletn yt ghjcnj gthtxbckznm änfgs cdjtq rfhmths b pfybvftvst ljkéyjcnb, f
gjkmpjdfybz nfrjuj ajhvfnf cyfxfkf hfpåtqnt cdjt htpñvt yf hfpltks (cv. dsit). Rfélsq hfpltk
gjlxthryenm cdjb ljcnbétybz. Ybét ghbdtlty ghbvth ytuhfvjnyjuj jgbcfybz ljkéyjcnysö jåzpfy-
ljkéty åsnm dsltkty b kturj xbnfnmcz. Cfvst gjcktlybt ljkéyjcnb (dbls ltzntkmyjcnb) cktletn
yjcntq:
hfpvtofnm d yfxfkt rféljuj hfpltkf b pfntv jnhféfnm byajhvfwbñ d jåhfnyjv öhjyjkjubxtcrjv
Jndtxfk(f) pf cåjh chtlcnd b cnhfntubxtcreñ hfphfåjnre gj ytcrjkmrbv ghjuhfvvfv.
Nj, xnj ds pf änj yfghfdktybt jndtxfkb, tot yt pyfxbn, xnj ds xnj-nj htfkmyj d änjv yfghfdktybb cltkfkb. Djn ghbvth åjktt elfxyj cjcnfdktyyjuj htpñvt:
gjhzlrt.
Dfit bvz b rjynfrnyfz byajhvfwbz dctulf ljkéys hfpvtofnmcz yf dthöe cnhfybws. Hfpltk ≤Jåhfpjdfybt≥ jåsxyj hfpvtofñn gjckt jgbcfybz nheljdjq ltzntkmyjcnb d hfpltkt ≤Jgsn hfåj-
Hfphfåjnfk(f) b jceotcndbk(f) byyjdfwbjyysq gjlöjl d hfåjnt gj gjbcre abyfycbhjdfybz, xnj
ns≥. Yj d ldeö ckexfzö hfpltk ≤Jåhfpjdfybt≥ vjétn b ghtldfhznm jgbcfybt jgsnf hfåjns: (1) tckb
ghbdtkj r edtkbxtybñ tétujlyjuj ehjdyz abyfycjdsö gjcnegktybq jn hfpkbxysö bcnjxybrjd yf 60fi
ds djjåot ytlfdyj yfxfkb cdjñ nheljdeñ ltzntkmyjcnm, bkb (2) tckb ds hfåjnfkb d lheubö cathfö
b r gjzdktybñ gznb yjdsö ghjuhfvv, drkñxfz nhtöujlbxyeñ ghjuhfvve gj jhufybpfwbb ljceuf
ltzntkmyjcnb, yj pfnj dfit jåhfpjdfybt ytgjchtlcndtyyj cdzpfyj c hfåjnjq gj ghtlkfuftvjve
irjkmybrjd cnjbvjcnmñ 500 nsc. ljkkfhjd CIF, gjkyjcnmñ abyfycbhjdfdieñcz vtcnysvb
ghjtrne. Tckb ét yfbåjktt cbkmyjq dfitq cnjhjyjq zdkztncz bvtyyj dfi ghjatccbjyfkmysq jgsn
åbpytcvtyfvb b ghtlghbznbzvb.
– bvtyyj tuj jgbcfybt b ljkéyj åsnm hfpvtotyj d cfvjv yfxfkt. Ghjxfz byajhvfwbz hfpvtoftncz d rjywt.
Bcgjkmpeqnt äythubxyst ukfujks d frnbdyjq ajhvt, xnjås jnhfpbnm b bpvthbnm dfib ljcnbétybz. Bpåtufqnt lkbyysö, vyjujckjdysö jgbcfybq, d rféljv hfpltkt bcgjkmpeqnt cgjcjås ajhvfnbhjHtpñvt bkb Cª vjuen nfrét drkñxfnm b lheueñ byajhvfwbñ, yfghbvth, j yfuhflfö b ghtvbzö, j
dfybz ntrcnf (fåpfws, hfpåbdre b n.g.) lkz jåktuxtybz xntybz. Cnfhfqntcm yt bcgjkmpjdfnm xthtcxeh
geåkbrfwbzö.
vfktymrbq ihban, rjnjhsq nhelyj hfpjåhfnm.
✸
Ghjatccbjyfkmyst yfuhfls, pdfybz, pyfrb, uhfvjns b lfns bö ghbcdjtybz
✸
Herjdjlzobt ljkéyjcnb, pfybvftvst d ghjikjv, xktycndj d rjvbntnfö, cjdtnfö b ghjx. c erfpf-
– yf ldeö cnhfybwfö. Xnj rfcftncz Cª, nj änjn ljrevtyn vjétn pfybvfnm b ytcrjkmrj cnhfybw (cgbcrb
ybtv gthbjljd
geåkbrfwbq, yfghbvth), öjnz ytrjnjhst jhufybpfwbb-ljyjhs juhfybxbdfñn jåütv Cª pfhfytt. Ye b,
✸
Xktycndj d ghjatccbjyfkmysö jhufybpfwbzö c erfpfybtv gthbjlf
yfrjytw, d ghtlcnfdkztvsö dfvb fdnjåbjuhfabxtcrbö ljrevtynfö yt ljkéyj cjlthéfnmcz yb jhaju-
✸
Cgbcjr geåkbrfwbq c erfpfybtv yfpdfybq, bplfntkz b lfns bplfybz.
hfabxtcrbö, yb uhfvvfnbxtcrbö jibåjr, yb jgtxfnjr. Gjghjcbnt ytcrjkmrbö xtkjdtr dsxbnfnm dfit
Ajhvfnbhjdfnm htpñvt yflj nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjås jyj gjvtcnbkjcm yf jlyjq, d rhfqytv ckexft
htpñvt, ghtélt xtv åeltnt yfghfdkznm tuj abyfycbheñotq cnjhjyt. Htpñvt bkb Cª, ghbkfuftvst r dfitq pfzdrt, ljkéys åsnm njxysvb, jnhféfnm ctujlyziyññ cbnefwbñ b cjjndtncndjdfnm pfzdkztvsv wtkzv b pflfxfv ghjtrnf. Bysvb ckjdfvb, jyb ljkéys eåtlbnm abyfycbheñoeñ cnjhjye, xnj dfib cjnhelybrb, jhufybpfnjhs b herjdjlbntkb ghjtrnf, rfr b ghbdktrftvst rjycekmnfyns, jåkflfñn dctv ytjåöjlbvsv b ljcnfnjxysv lkz njuj, xnjås äaatrnbdyj dsgjkybnm gjcnfdktyyeñ pflfxe.
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U K J C C F H B Q Fdnjåbjuhfabz (Cª) – gjlhjåyjt gthtxbcktybt yfexysö b ghjatccbjyfkmysö ljcnbétybq; jåsxyj bcgjkmpetncz lkz extysö, ghtgjlfdfntktq, ghjatccjhjd, nj tcnm lkz njq uheggs ghjatccbjyfkjd, rjnjhsv jcjåtyyj dféyj jnhfpbnm änfgs b htpekmnfns cdjt yfexyjq ltzntkmyjcnb Felbnjhbz – nf uheggf, lkz rjnjhjq ds ujnjdbnt b rjve ds ghtlcnfdkztnt yf hfccvjnhtybt cdjñ pfzdre
H T R J V T Y L J D F Y Y F Z
K B N T H F N E H F
Geåkbrfwbb The Foundation Directory 2000 / Jeffrey A. Falkenstein (comp.). New York: Foundation Center, 2000. ISBN: 0-87954-894-0. Foundation Grants to Individuals / L. Victoria Hall (ed.). New York: The Foundation Center, 1995. ISBN: 0-97954-604-2.
Åtytabwbfyn – gjkexfntkm uhfynf Uhfyn – ltytéyfz cevvf, ghbceélftvfz jnltkmyjve kbwe bkb jhufybpfwbb lkz abyfycbhjdfybz rfrjq-kbåj jghtltktyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb bkb rjyrhtnyjuj ghjtrnf Ljktdjt abyfycbhjdfybt – drkfl dfitq jhufybpfwbb d abyfycbhjdfybt hfcöjljd gj ghjtrne vjétn åsnm d ajhvt hfåjxtuj dhtvtyb cjnhelybrjd (ghbvtyztncz d wtkzö cybétybz jåotq cevvs pfghfibdftvjuj uhfynf) Pfzdrf – gbcmvtyyfz ghjcmåf j dsltktybb abyfycbhjdfybz yf rfreñ-nj jghtltktyyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm, ghjuhfvve, gjl rjyrhtnysq ghjtrn Rkbtyns – nf cjwbfkmyfz uheggf uhfélfy, yf pfobne bynthtcjd (bkb jåckeébdfybt) rjnjhjq yfghfdktyf ltzntkmyjcnm dfitq jhufybpfwbb Ktdthtlé (abyfyc.) – dshfdybdfybt chtlcnd, ghfrnbrf bcgjkmpjdfybz cevv, dsltktyysö lheubvb jhufybpfwbzvb gj rfrjve-nj rjyrhtnyjve ghjtrne, lkz gjkextybz ljgjkybntkmyjuj abyfycbhjdfybz jn lheujuj cgjycjhf d wtkzö hfcibhtybz ltzntkmyjcnb Vtnjls – cgjcjås ljcnbétybz gjcnfdktyysö wtktq Vbccbz jhufybpfwbb – ukfdyfz wtkm, hflb rjnjhjq cjplfdfkfcm jhufybpfwbz d cjxtnfybb c pflfxfvb, htitybt rjnjhsö jåtcgtxbdftn ldbétybt r änjq wtkb Ytghzvst pfnhfns – flvbybcnhfnbdyst bplthérb, rjnjhst yt vjuen åsnm yfghzveñ jnytctys yf rjyrhtnysq ghjtrn bkb yf rfrjt-nj jghtltktyyjt yfghfdktybt ltzntkmyjcnb Jåüzdktybt rjyrehcf – dsgecr byajhvfwbb j ghbyznbb pfzdjr yf abyfycbhjdfybt c erfpfybtv cgtwbfkmysö nhtåjdfybq r ybv b chjrjd gjlfxb Ghzvst pfnhfns – nt, rjnjhst yfghzveñ vjéyj jnytcnb r flvbybcnhbhjdfybñ ghjtrnf Cåfkfycbhjdfyyst ajyls – nt, rjnjhst dsltkzñncz njkmrj ghb eckjdbb gjkextybz abyfycbhjdfybz d nfrbö ét jåütvfö jn lheubö bcnjxybrjd (cv. dsit) Cgjycjh – kñåfz jhufybpfwbz, ajyl, xfcnyfz rjvgfybz bkb ghfdbntkmcndtyyjt exhtéltybt, rjnjhjt abyfycbhetn ltzntkmyjcnm gj njq bkb byjq ghjuhfvvt
≤Ult b rfr gjkexbnm vfnthbfkmyeñ gjllthére jn tlbyjvsiktyybrjd≥ URL: http://ngo.org.ru/ngoss/ru/Id15157/GetDoc_short.html Grants Register 2001 / Sara Hackwood (ed.). New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000. ISBN: 0-31223-142-3.
Flhtcf d Bynthytnt http://www.charitynet.org/main.html Öjhjibt ubgthccskrb, vyjuj byajhvfwbb j ltzntkmyjcnb ytrjvvthxtcrbö ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq (zpsr – fyuk.) http://www.msu.ru/russian/inside/etis/grros.html Byajhvfwbz jå bcnjxybrfö uhfynjd d Vjcrdt (zpsr – hec.) http://www.ngo.org.ru/ngoss Gjktpysq bycnhevtyn, cjlthébn åbåkbjntre äktrnhjyysö b gtxfnysö htcehcjd b ccskrb yf web-cfqns hfpkbxysö jhufybpfwbq-ljyjhjd (zpsr – hec., fyuk.) http://www.ngo.ru/ Byajhvfwbjyysq rfnfkju, ccskrb yf cfqns ytrjvvthxtcrbö jåotcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq b uhfélfycrbö bybwbfnbdysö uhegg d Hjccbb b CYU (zpsr – hec.) http://www.osi.hu/brussels/guide2000/funding_index.html Herjdjlcndj gj exfcnbñ d ghjuhfvvfö Tdhjgtqcrjuj Cjñpf (zpsr – fyuk.) http://www.tsu.ru/~science/rus/fond/fbase/Fondlisr.htm Åfpf lfyysö gj ccskrfv yf hfpkbxyst ajyls (zpsr – hec., fyuk.) http://www.voiceinternational.org/fd/russia.htm Ccskrb yf bcnjxybrb abyfycbhjdfybz, dslfñobt uhfyns d Hjccbb (zpsr – fyuk.)
Wtkb b pflfxb – gkfybhetvst htpekmnfns yf dsöjlt ghjtrnf bkb rfrjq-kbåj ltzntkmyjcnb
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H T C E H C S
D
H J C C B B
Ybét ghbdtlty cgbcjr jnrhsnsö lkz cdjåjlyjuj gjctotybz Fvthbrfycrbö wtynhjd b Fvthbrfy-
Fvthbrfycrbt ≤eujkrb≥ Djkujuhfl
Gtnhjpfdjlcr
Ek. Vbhf, 15
Ek. Geirbycrfz, 5
(8442) 90-25-80
(8142) 77-61-25
Djkjulf
Cfvfhf
Ek. Vfhbb Ekmzyjdjq, 1
Ek. Vbxehbyf, 58
(8172) 25-17-69
(8462) 36-24-95
crbö ≤eujkrjd≥. Nfv vjéyj gjkexbnm byajhvfwbñ j CIF b ljcneg r elfktyysv byajhvfwbjyysv htcehcfv, drkñxfz b byajhvfwbñ j ghbyznbb htitybq gj uhfynfv, b cjdtns gj yfgbcfybñ pfzdjr.
Fvthbrfycrbt wtynhs Vjcrdf
Ybéybq Yjdujhjl
Ybrjkjzvcrfz, 1
Ek. Vbybyf, 31-f
(095) 777-65-30
(8312) 36-22-21
Bhrencr
Njkmznnb
[email protected]
[email protected]–nnov.ru
Ek. Öfknehbyf, 1
Åekmd. Ktybyf, 10
http://www.amc.ru
Vfhufhbnf Rhfcbkmybrjdf
(3952) 33-54-08
(8482) 26-77-33
Hjcnjd-yf-Ljye
Rfpfym
Eaf
Vjcrdf
Ek. Geirbycrfz, 175-f
Ek. Rhtvktdcrfz, 33
Ek. Ktybyf, 4
Byajhvfwbjyyj-htcehcysq wtynh gjcjkmcndf CIF
(8632) 64-52-75
(8432) 92-50-49
(3472) 23-08-00
Yjdbycrbq åek-h, 19/23
[email protected]
Yjdujhjl Dtkbrbq
Öfåfhjdcr
(95) 728-52-39
Kfhbcf Rjhlbr Rhtvkm’, 6
Ek. Vehfdmtdf-Fvehcrjuj, 1/72
(81622) 7-36-49
(4212) 33-31-55
Yjdjcbåbhcr
Ñéyj-Cföfkbycr
Ek. Cjdtncrfz, 6
Ek. Öfåfhjdcrfz, 78
(3832) 23-34-62
(4242) 23-31-31
Vfhbcf Aeibkk
[email protected]
Cfyrn-Gtnthåehu
Fyyf Vfkrjdf
Vbkkbjyyfz ek., 5/1
Dkflbdjcnjr
(812) 311-89-05
Ek. Geirbycrfz, 32
[email protected]
(4232) 26-70-17
Jkmuf Djhjybyf
[email protected]
Njvcr
Nfnmzyf Cbljhjdf
Ybét ghbdtlty ytgjkysq cgbcjr htcehcysö wtynhjd, jåckeébdfñobö hjccbqcrbt ytghfdbntkm-
Ek. Ktybyf, 34-f
cndtyyst ytrjvvthxtcrbt jhufybpfwbb. Vyjubt bp änbö jhufybpfwbq exfcndjdfkb d ghjuhfvvfö
Trfnthbyåehu
(3822) 41-52-75
gjllthérb ≤nhtnmtuj ctrnjhf≥, abyfycbhjdfdiböcz Futyncndjv CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ
Ek. Vfvbyf-Cbåbhzrf, 193
[email protected]
(USAID) b jhufybpetvsö World Learning b Wtynhjv gjllthérb ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq.
(3432) 61-53-38
Tktyf Pfktccrfz
[email protected]
Fhvfdbh
(86137) 5-54-91
Ckfdzyf Cfufrzy
Ébpym åtp yfhrjnbrjd
[email protected]
Ek. Vfhifkf Éerjdf, 127
Dfktynbyf Vfrfhjdf
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Åfhyfek
Rhfcyjzhcr
[email protected]
Jvcr
Gjllthérf jåotcndtyyjq bybwbfnbds
Futyncndj jåotcndtyyjq bybwbfnbds
Hjvfy Pjkby
Jåotcndtyyfz gfkfnf Jvcrjq jåkfcnb
Ek. Ghjktnfhcrfz, 65, rjvy. 24, 14
Ek. Rfhkf Vfhrcf, 93, rjvy. 406
(3852) 36-75-52
[email protected] Cdtnkfyf Xehfrjdf
Ek. Rhfcysq genm, 1, rjvy. 104
(3912) 49-35-86, 27-89-85
Yjdjrepytwr
(3812) 23-23-20, 23-81-38
[email protected]
Ärjkjubxtcrjt byajhvfwbjyyjt futyncndj
[email protected]
Dfktynbyf Vfhnsyjdf
Ek. Cdthlkjdf, 20, rjvy. 42
Pbyfblf Nbreyjdf
(3843) 45-95-93, 45-83-45
Ujhyj-Fknfqcr
Vfqrjg
[email protected]
Gznbujhcr
Fknfqcrjt jnltktybt Ltncrjuj ajylf
Cjñp étyoby Flsutb
Jkmuf Åtpltytéysö
Jåotcndj Rhfcyjuj rhtcnf
Ek. Ekfufitdf, 13
Ek. Cjdtncrfz, 197
(38822) 3-11-93
[email protected] Hfbcf Cvbhyjdf
Ghjcgtrn Rbhjdf, 27
(87722) 7-02-16
Yjdjhjccbqcr
(86533) 5-31-38
[email protected]
Wtynh ärjkjubxtrjuj jåhfpjdfybz
[email protected]
Vfhbtnnf Htpwjdf
Ek. Rfhkf Vfhrcf, 2, rjvy. 32
Ufkbyf Htlmrbyf
(8617) 61-00-23
Bhrencr
Vjcrdf
[email protected]
Hjcnjd-yf-Ljye
Djphjéltybt Cbåbhcrbö ptvtkm
Ajyl åkfujndjhbntkmyjq gjvjob
Nfnmzyf Nhbåhfn
Yjdst gthcgtrnbds
Ek. Ljåhjkñåjdf, 17
Zrjdjfgjcnjkmrbq gth.,10
(3952) 59-84-42 Tktyf Ndjhjujdf
Ek. Cjrjkjdf, 53, rjvy. 601
(095) 928-0557
Yjdjcbåbhcr
(8632) 64-53-88
[email protected]
Cbåbhcrbq wtynh gjllthérb uhfélfycrbö
[email protected]
Jkmuf Fktrcttdf
bybwbfnbd
Rbhbkk Åbnrby
Rtvthjdj
Ghjcgtrn Rfhkf Vfhrcf, 57, rjvy. 702
Bybwbfnbdf
Vjcrdf
(3832) 46-45-32
Cfvfhf
Ek. Yjuhflcrfz, 3, rjvy. 20
Wtynh gjllthérb ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö
[email protected]
Gjdjkémt
(3842) 36-39-57, 36-37-65
jhufybpfwbq
Fyfnjkbq Pfåjkjnysq
Ek. Ktybycrfz, 137/44
[email protected]
Ghjcgtrn Vbhf, 69, rjvy. 309
(8462) 33-25-08, 32-31-89
(095) 281-2734
Yjdjxthrfccr
[email protected]
[email protected]
Frcbymz
Dfktynbyf Gtcnhbrjdf
Rhfcyjlfh
http://www.ngo.org.ru
Fccjwbfwbz éehyfkbcnjd
Ñéysq htubjyfkmysq htcehc-wtynh
Fktrcfylh Åjhjdsö
Gkfnjdcrbq ghjcgtrn, 116, rjvy. 114
Cjxb
(86352) 5-51-46
Cjltqcndbt
Bhbyf Hjylbr
Ek. Cnfhjreåfycrfz, 114 (8612) 62-67-35, 31-90-20
Yjdujhjl Dtkbrbq
[email protected]
Wdtnyjq åekmdfh, 35, rjvy. 22
[email protected]
Ajyl ébpyb b pljhjdmz
Bhbyf Vfhlfh
(8622) 93-12-14
Cdtnkfyf Xthysijdf
Ek. Lthéfdbyf, 6, rjvy. 208
[email protected]
(8162) 66-32-25, 66-32-30
Jkmuf Gfgflerf
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Nfufyhju
[email protected]
Dkflbdjcnjr
Qjirfh-Jkf
Celfhsyz
(3452) 49-42-75
Lfkmytdjcnjxysq ujcelfhcndtyysq ntöybxtcrbq
Ujcelfhcndtyysq eybdthcbntn htcgeåkbrb
Vfhbegjkmcrjt ijcct, 17, rjvy. 118
Dthf Åfhjdf
eybdthcbntn
Vfhbq-Äk
(86344) 6-34-70
Ek. Geirbycrfz, 10
Ek. Rhfcyjfhvtqcrfz, 71, rjhg. “D” IVC
[email protected]
Ekfy-Elt
(4232) 26-76-28
(8362) 12-38-46, 12-15-77, 12-65-83
Tdutybz Bdfyjdf
Abv-rkeå
[email protected]
[email protected]
Ek. Rjvveybcnbxtcrfz, 16
http://www.festu.ru/pubsite/
http://margu.mari.ru
Cdtnkfyf Kfktnbyf
Nfnmzyf Ecfrjdf
Djhjyté
Vjcrdf
Njvcr
(3012) 21-62-50
Njvcrjt jnltktybt Hjccbqcrjuj ltncrjuj ajylf
[email protected]
Gth. Åfntymrjdf., 3, rjvy. 11
Kbz Cfylfyjdf
(3822) 51-00-70
Djhjytécrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq gtlfujubxtcrbq
Ujcelfhcndtyyfz geåkbxyfz bcnjhbxtcrfz
[email protected]
Xbnf
eybdthcbntn
åbåkbjntrf
Ufkbyf Gjgjdf
Lfehbz
Ek. Ktybyf, 86, rjvy. 428
Cnfhjcflcrbq gth., 9, rjvy. 311
Ek. Xrfkjdf, 120
(0732) 55-26-30
(095) 921-30-27
Nñvtym
(3022) 23-26-19
[email protected]
[email protected]
Åkfujndjhbntkmysq ajyl hfpdbnbz Nñvtyb
[email protected]
http://www.vspu.ac.ru
http://www.openweb.ru
Ek. Htcgeåkbrb, 83f, rjvy. 215f
Byuf Pbyjdmtdf
Fktcfylh Vjubktd
Ufkbyf Pbybyf
Ybét ghbdtlty ytgjkysq cgbcjr jhufybpfwbq b bö flhtcf d Bynthytnt, ult cjlthébncz byajh-
Trfnthbyåehu
Vjcrdf
vfwbz j htfkbpetvsö d Hjccbb extåysö ghjuhfvvfö d catht rjvgmñnthysö ntöyjkjubq b ghbvtytybz
Åbåkbjntrf vähf
Hjccbqcrfz frfltvbz jåhfpjdfybz–IOSO
Bynthytn b ghtljcnfdkztncz djpvjéyjcnm åtcgkfnyjuj ljcnegf d Bynthytn lkz uhfélfy. Extåyfz
Ek. Vfvbyf-Cbåbhzrf, 193
Ek. Gjujlbycrfz, 8
ghjuhfvvf IATP abyfycbhetncz Åñhj jåhfpjdfntkmysö b rekmnehysö ghjtrnjd, f jhufybpfnjhjv
(3432) 51-02-48, 61-53-38
(095) 246-16-59
dscnegftn ghjtrn ≤Ufhvjybz≥.
[email protected]
[email protected]
http://irex.uraic.ru
http://ioso.iip.net/
Ñhbq Yfevjd
Gfdtk Lbr
Bhrencr
Yjdjcbåbhcr
Åfhyfek
Åhzycr
Fknfqcrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq ntöybxtcrbq
Jåkfcnyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf
eybdthcbntn
Ek. Rfhkf Vfhrcf, 5 (0832) 46-36-73
Jåkfcnyfz ñyjitcrfz åbåkbjntrf bv. Enrbyf
Cbåbhcrbq vtéleyfhjlysq wtynh yjdsö
Ghjcgtrn Ktybyf, 46, rjvy. 238 (3852) 26-14-14
[email protected]
Ek. Xtöjdf, 10
rjvgmñnthysö ntöyjkjubq
[email protected]
http://www.scilib.debryansk.ru
(3952) 27-70-74
Ghjcgtrn frfltvbrf Kfdhtynmtdf, 6, rjvy. 441
http://oasis.secna.ru
Jkmuf Rekbrjdf
[email protected]
(3832) 34-20-68
Bhbyf Cthtlrbyf
[email protected]
Tdutybq Gthtgtkrby
http://www.sicnit.ru Hecntv Vehfnjd 36
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Jvcr
Cfyrn-Gtnthåehu
Jvcrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq eybdthcbntn
Åbåkbjntrf Heccrjuj veptz
Ghjcgtrn Vbhf, 55f, rjhg.1
Gkjoflm bcreccnd, 1
Bynthytn-wtynh, rjvy. 120, 121
(812) 219-16-12
(3812) 22-26-16
[email protected]
[email protected]
http://rml.spb.org
http://www.omsu.omskreg.ru
Bhbyf Cjklfntyrjdf
J Å H F P T W
P F Z D R B
Y F
A B Y F Y C B H J D F Y B T
✐ Nbnekmysq kbcn xtnrj yfpsdftn ghjtrn b fdnjhf pfzdrb
Cgtwbfkmyst ghjtrns IREX d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b
Ktjybl Thtvttd byajhvfnbrb d cnhfyfö Wtynhfkmyjq, Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs b Tdhfpbb
Njvcr Gtypf
Njvcrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq eybdthcbntn
Gtyptycrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq ntöybxtcrbq bycnbnen
Ek. 19-q udfhltqcrjq lbdbpbb, 75
Ghjtpl Åfqlerjdf, 1f, rjvy. 236
Kfåjhfnjhysq rjhgec, felbnjhbz 421
(8412) 55-95-40
(3822) 41-35-17
[email protected]
[email protected]
http://www.pti.ac.ru/other/iatp/
Lvbnhbq Negbwsy
GHJTRN JHUFYBPFWBB RJVGKTRNJDFYBZ D HTUBJYFÖ CTDTHYJUJ RFDRFPF B GJDJKÉMZ
Cthutq Gtxthcrbq
Nekf Gtnhjpfdjlcr
Nekmcrbq ujcelfhcndtyysq gtlfujubxtcrbq
Ldjhtw ltncrjuj ndjhxtcndf
eybdthcbntn
Ek. Rhfcyfz, 8
Ghjcgtrn Ktybyf, 125, rjhg. 4, änfé 3,
(8142) 78 33 61
felbnjhbz 307
[email protected]
(0872) 25-74-73
Pfzdrf ghtlcnfdktyf:
[email protected] http://www.tula.net/tgpu
Nfnmzyf Kjhrjdbx Rehfnjh jnltkf ckfdbcnbrb b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs Vtvjhbfkmyjq åbåkbjntrb Cnthkbyuf Qtkmcrjuj eybdthcbntnf
Fktrcfylh Vfntöby Ymñ-Ötqdty, Rjyytrnbren, 06520-8240 ntk.: (203) 423-1861 afrc: (203) 423-7231 e-mail:
[email protected]
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✐ Öjnz d nfåkbwt cjlthéfybz pfzdrb nfrbt äktvtyns, rfr gjnhtåyjcnb, wtkb b pflfxb, vtnjls b genb bö ht-
✐ Gjcrjkmre yb Qtkmcrbq eybdthcbntn, yb Åbåkbjntrf Rjyuhtccf CIF yt zdkzñncz jhufybpfnjhfvb lfyyjuj
itybz yt dsltktys d rfxtcndt jnltkmysö hfpltkjd, dct änb djghjcs gjlhjåyj jnhfétys d ntrcnt
ghjtrnf, d lfyyjv hfpltkt jåütlbytyf byajhvfwbz b j tuj cjlthéfybb, b j njv, rnj ghfrnbxtcrb åeltn tuj
ghtlcnfdktyyjq pfzdrb (cv. ≤Jgbcfybt ghjtrnf≥)
htfkbpjdsdfnm
Ghjtrn jhufybpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz d htubjyfö Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz Cjlthéfybt pfzdrb
GHJTRN JHUFYBPFWBB RJVGKTRNJDFYBZ D HTUBJYFÖ CTDTHYJUJ RFDRFPF B GJDJKÉMZ
Ukfdyjq wtkmñ yfcnjzotuj ghjtrnf zdkztncz hfcghjcnhfytybt d åbåkbjntxysö b yfexysö rheufö CIF byajhvfwbb j åbåkbjntrfö htubjyjd Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz (ghb änjv jcjåjt dybvfybt eltkztncz ytheccrbv änybxtcrbv cjjåotcndfv). Änf wtkm ljcnbuftncz gentv
Rhfnrjt bpkjétybt ghjtrnf
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
ghjdtltybz ldeö ctvbyfhjd gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ – jlby d Hjcnjdt-yf-Ljye (Ctdthysq Rfdrfp), lheujq – d Cfvfht (Gjdjkémt), d öjlt rjnjhsö åeltn lfyf jwtyrf ntreotuj cjcnjzybz vté-
Jgbcfybt ghjtrnf
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
åbåkbjntxyjuj jåvtyf d htubjyt, f nfrét ghtlghbyznj bccktljdfybt htubjyfkmysö geåkbrfwbq b cjcnjzybz bplfntkmcrjuj ltkf.
Åñlétn (cvtnf hfcöjljd)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
Ghtlkfuftvsq yjdfnjhcrbq gjlöjl r pflfxt rjvgktrnjdfybz eét öjhjij pfhtrjvtyljdfk Jabwbfkmyjt gbcmvj d gjllthére ctvbyfhf b tuj gthtdjl
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
ctåz yf ghfrnbrt d Öfåfhjdcrt (Lfkmybq Djcnjr Hjccbb) b d Bhrencrt (Djcnjxyfz Cbåbhm) d öjlt abyfycbhjdfdiböcz IREX ghjtrnjd, htfkbpjdfyysö d jrnzåht 1994 ujlf. Ghjdtltyyst d
Cgbcjr åbåkbjntr lkz exfcnbz d ctvbyfht
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
änbö ujhjlfö ctvbyfhs gjkexbkb xhtpdsxfqyj dscjreñ jwtyre rfr cj cnjhjys exfcnybrjd, nfr b cj cnjhjys Vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb. Jgsn, gjkextyysq d öjlt ghjdt-
Ghbvthysq cgbcjr vfnthbfkjd lkz drkñxtybz d byajhvfwbjyyst gfrtns
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
ltybz ctvbyfhjd d änbö elfktyysö htubjyfö Hjccbb, gjpdjkbn tot dsit gjlyznm ehjdtym jhufybpfwbb fyfkjubxyjq hfåjns d htubjyfö Gjdjkémz b Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf.
Rhfnrjt htpñvt: Nfnmzyf Kjhrjdbx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
✐ D pfzdrt jnvtxftncz ecgtö ghtlsleobö fyfkjubxysö ghjtrnjd, abyfycbhjdfyysö njq ét jhufybpfwbtq, relf Rhfnrjt htpñvt: Ähbr F. Léjycjy
Rhfnrjt htpñvt: Vfqrk Ymñåthn
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0
yfghfdkztncz b lfyyfz pfzdrf
Ghbvthyj ldflwfnm itcnm ghtlcnfdbntktq yfbåjktt pyfxbvsö åbåkbjntr d rféljv htubjyt (cv. ghbkfuftvsq cgbcjr gjntywbfkmysö åbåkbjntr-exfcnybrjd) åelen ghbukfitys yf rfélsq bp ldeö gkfybhetvsö nhtölytdysö ctvbyfhjd.
✐ Exfcnybrb ghjtrnf (jyb ét – exfcnybrb ctvbyfhf) xtnrj jghtltktys b erfpfys d ghbkfuftvsö cgbcrfö D öjlt rféljuj ctvbyfhf cjcnjzncz cktleñobt pfctlfybz: ecnfyjdktybt jnyjitybq jåvt-
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yf c åbåkbjntrfvb CIF; bcgjkmpjdfybt chtlcnd äktrnhjyyjq gjxns b cjdhtvtyysö ntöyjkjubq
Ghtlcnfdbntkb jhufybpfwbb IREX d Vjcrdt b d Hjcnjdt-yf-Ljye, f nfrét Byajhvfwbjyyjuj
lkz cjdthitycndjdfybz cdzpb; ntreott cjcnjzybt åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d CIF. Pfgkfybhjdfys
futyncndf CIF (USIA) b lheubö pfbynthtcjdfyysö jhufybpfwbq åelen ghbukfitys lkz exfcnbz d
nfrét b ldecnjhjyybt åtctls c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb rféljq dsåhfyyjq lkz exfcnbz d ghjtrnt
ctvbyfht, yj dyt hfvjr abyfycbhjdfybz gj ghjtrne (n.t. pf bö cjåcndtyysq cxtn).
åbåkbjntrjq gj ibhjrjve rheue djghjcjd: jn cjdhtvtyysö ntyltywbq d catht rybujbplfybz lj rjyrhtnysö ghjåktv b yeél åbåkbjntr. Vbybcnthcndj rekmnehs HA cyjdf cjukfcbkjcm gjl-
Tckb IREX ghbvtn htitybt abyfycbhjdfnm änjn ghjtrn, dféytqibv htpekmnfnjv tuj cnfytn hfcibhtybt cdzptq b ekexitybt cjnhelybxtcndf vtéle yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbvb åbåkbjnt-
lthébdfnm änjn ghjtrn.
rfvb CIF b åbåkbjntrfvb Gjdjkémz b Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf. Åtp nfrbö cdzptq ajhvbhjdfybt
✐ D pfzdrt gjlxthrbdftncz yfkbxbt gjllthérb cj cnjhjys dféyjuj hjccbqcrjuj gfhnythf – Vbybcnthcndf
crjkmrj-ybåelm pyfxbvsö ajyljd gj änbv htubjyfv d åbåkbjntrfö CIF yt ghtlcnfdkztncz
rekmnehs Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb.
djpvjéysv.
Åkfujlfhz cdjbv ytjlyjrhfnysv dbpbnfv d hfpkbxyst htubjys Hjccbb b cdjbv pyfybzv j
JGBCFYBT GHJTRNF
ntreotv cjcnjzybb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf yf ghjcnhfycndt åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf jhufybpfnjh ghjtrnf Nfnmzyf Kjhrjdbx (cv. rjynfrnyeñ byajhvfwbñ yf nbnekmyjv kbcnt) jåkflftn
BCNJHBZ DJGHJCF: Gjcktlybq rjyakbrn vtéle Vjcrdjq b Htcgeåkbrjq Xtxyz, tuj dkbz-
eybrfkmysv cjxtnfybtv ghjatccbjyfkmysö rfxtcnd b ghfrnbxtcrjuj jgsnf, cnjkm ytjåöjlb-
ybt d ljkujchjxyjq gthcgtrnbdt yf cnfåbkmyjcnm bkb ytcnfåbkmyjcnm cbnefwbb d Hjccbqcrjq
vsv lkz ecgtiyjq htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf rjvgktrnjdfybz. Åjkmieñ wtyyjcnm d änjq cdzpb
Atlthfwbb b yf dctq nthhbnjhbb åsdituj CCCH tot hfp gjlndthlbkb ytjåöjlbvjcnm gjkyjuj
ghtlcnfdkzñn nfrét tt vyjujxbcktyyst rjynfrns chtlb hjccbqcrbö åbåkbjntrfhtq.
b åtcghbcnhfcnyjuj byajhvbhjdfybz fvthbrfycrjuj yfexyjuj cjjåotcndf j ghjwtccfö, ghjbcöjlzobö yf gthbathbb hjccbqcrjuj ujcelfhcndf. Bp dctuj hfpyjjåhfpbz nñhrcrbö,
Gjvjufnm u-ét Kjhrjdbx åelen Vfqrk Ymñåthn b Ähbr F. Léjycjy (jåf – bp Åbåkbjntrb
abyyj-eujhcrbö b lheubö yfhjlyjcntq, ghtlcnfdktyysö yf nthhbnjhbb Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb,
Rjyuhtccf CIF), rjnjhst hfphfåjnfkb cnfylfhns jhufybpfwbb hfåjns gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ,
yfbåjktt åtcgjrjqysvb b jhbtynbhjdfyysvb yf ytpfdbcbvjcnm zdkzñncz nt, xnj ghjébdfñn
ecgtiyj pfhtrjvtyljdfdibt ctåz rfr d xtnshyflwfnb åsdibö htcgeåkbrfö Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf,
d htubjyt Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b, xfcnbxyj, Gjdjkémz.
nfr b d htubjyt Pfgflyjq Cbåbhb. Htpekmnfns ldeö ytlfdyj ghjdtltyysö bvb bccktljdfybq jgeåkbrjdfys IREX b hfcghjcnhfytys d äktrnhjyyjv ajhvfnt xthtp Bynthytn. Dvtcnt c ghtl-
Ukfdyjq wtkmñ yfcnjzotuj ghjtrnf zdkztncz cjltqcndbt yfexysv åbåkbjntrfv CIF d bö
cnfdbntktv Ufdfqcrjuj eybdthcbntnf Gfnhbcbtq Gjkfycrb jyb ghjdtkb ecgtiyst ctvbyfhs gj
hfåjnt gj ghbjåhtntybñ gthbjlbxtcrbö bplfybq, rybu b ghjxbö åbåkbjntxysö vfnthbfkjd d
ghjåktvfv rjvgktrnjdfybz d Öfåfhjdcrt b Bhrencrt d hfvrfö dsltktyysö IREX ajyljd.
änbö ldeö dféytqibö htubjyfö – rfr yf heccrjv, nfr b yf zpsrfö änybxtcrbö uhegg, bö yfctkzñobö. Åtp djpvjéyjcnb ytgjchtlcndtyyjuj ljcnegf r gtxfnysv bcnjxybrfv, dsöjlzobv yf
D hfvrfö ghjtrnf ghtlgjkfuftncz ghjdtltybt ldeö ctvbyfhjd gj ghjåktvfv rjvgktrnjdf-
vtcnfö b jnhféfñobv rekmnehe, jåsxfb b cjdhtvtyyst ecnhtvktybz änbö yfhjljd, extysv b
ybz: d Hjcnjdt b d Cfvfht, rjnjhst cjcnjzncz vtéle 10 b 24 ctynzåhz 1995 ujlf. D wtkzö
gjkbnbrfv CIF ghböjlbncz gjkfufnmcz kbim yf jabwbfkmyst (n.t. cjjndtncndeñobv jåhfpjv
jåtcgtxtybz bö ecgtöf b äaatrnbdyjcnb ytjåöjlbvj abyfycbhjdfybt cj cnjhjys IREX d
jnabkmnhjdfyyst) dthcbb Vjcrds.
hfpvtht ›14,850. Gjvbvj bccktljdfybz cjcnjzybz åbåkbjntxyjuj b bplfntkmcrjuj ltkf chtlb hfpkbxysö
✐ Bpdtcnyj, xnj vfrcbvfkmysq jåütv chtlcnd, rjnjhst vjuen åsnm dsltktys yf rfélsq ghjtrn, cjcnfdkztn
änybxtcrbö cjjåotcnd ldeö egjvzyensö htubjyjd (f änj rfkvsrb, elvehns, jctnbys, xtxtyws
15 nsc. ljkkfhjd CIF. Cevvf, pfghfibdftvfz d pfzdrt, yt ghtdsiftn änjn jåütv.
b vfhbqws), d hfvrfö ghjtrnf yt vtymit dybvfybz åeltn eltkznmcz ghjdtltybñ fyfkjubxyjq jwtyrb b d cjctlybö c yfwbjyfkmysvb htcgeåkbrfvb hjccbqcrbö jåkfcnzö (Nfvåjdcrfz, Cfhf-
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njdcrfz, Djhjytécrfz b Hzpfycrfz). Nfrbt ujhjlf, rfr Rfpfym, Djkujuhfl b Fcnhföfym yf
D Åbåkbjntrt Rjyuhtccf CIF (ÅR) ghjdjlbncz pyfxbntkmyfz hfåjnf gj htcnhernehbpfwbb
ghjnzétybb dctq cdjtq ljkujq bcnjhbb ckeébkb gthtrhtcnrjv rekmneh. Ltqcndbntkmyj,
ghjwtccf rjvgktrnjdfybz, d xfcnyjcnb – gj tuj ltwtynhfkbpfwbb. Rfr b åjkmibycndj fvthb-
ytdjpvjéyj yfqnb yb jlye yfwbjyfkmyeñ htcgeåkbre, d rjnjhjq yt åskf ås ghtlcnfdktyf
rfycrbö åbåkbjntr, ÅR gjkfufkfcm ghtélt dctuj yf wtynhfkbpjdfyyst bcnjxybrb pfregjr bkb
pyfxbntkmyfz ljkz heccrjuj yfctktybz (byjulf heccrbt lfét cjcnfdkzñn åjkmibycndj). Nfrbv
jåvtyf ghb rjvgktrnjdfybb ajyljd cjdtncrbö geåkbrfwbq. Gjckt hfcgflf CCCH ÅR ghbikjcm
ét jåhfpjv, yb d jlyjq hjccbqcrjq jåkfcnb lfyyjuj htubjyf ytdjpvjéyj yt dcnhtnbnm ghtl-
gthtrkñxbnmcz yf gjbcr yjdsö bcnjxybrjd b yf ecnfyjdktybt yjdsö, ghzvsö cdzptq. D 1990
cnfdbntktq hfpkbxysö änybxtcrbö uhegg. Djn gjxtve ldf rhegysö htxysö gjhnf, nhfycgjhnysö
ujle exfcnybr ghjtrnf Ähbr F. Léjycjy gjctnbk Äcnjybñ, Kfndbñ b Kbnde lkz jåtcgtxtybz
epkf, jåtcgtxbdfñobö dpfbvjltqcndbt yfhjljd b rekmneh, – Hjcnjd-yf-Ljye b Cfvfhf – åskb
ltwtynhfkbpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz ajyljd gj Ghbåfknbrt (fyfkjubxyj njve, xnj åskj ghjltkf-
dsåhfys d rfxtcndt vtcn ghjdtltybz htubjyfkmysö ctvbyfhjd.
yj Nfnmzyjq Kjhrjdbx lkz Qtkmcrjq åbåkbjntrb). Dctuj pf gthbjl c 1990 ujlf Léjycjy gjåsdfk c nfrbvb ét wtkzvb d Hjccbb, Fpthåfqléfyt, Epåtrbcnfyt, Rfpföcnfyt, Rbhubpcnfyt,
HTCNHERNEHBPFWBZ RJVGKTRNJDFYBZ: Xfcnj tlbycndtyysv chtlcndjv lkz fvthbrfy-
Nflébrbcnfyt b yf Erhfbyt. Htpekmnfns gjtpljr, ghtlghbyznsö bv c wtkmñ jhufybpfwbb rjv-
crbö yfexysö åbåkbjntr ghbjåhtcnb vfnthbfks bp htubjyjd Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz
gktrnjdfybz, åskb jgeåkbrjdfys d bccktljdfntkmcrjv jnxtnt IREX, rjnjhsq c ntö gjh cnfk bc-
zdkzñncz jåvtys. Wtynhfkmyst rybujjåvtyyst jhufybpfwbb Vjcrds b Gtnthåehuf, rjnjhst d
gjkmpjdfnmcz d rfxtcndt ytjabwbfkmyjuj jåhfpwf lkz cjcnfdktybz gjljåyjq jnxtnyjcnb. Yt-
ghjikst ujls jndtxfkb pf jceotcndktybt nfrbö jåvtyjd (öjnz b yt åtp nhelyjcntq), cnfkb få-
lfdyj Léjycjy pfdthibk hfåjne yfl jnxtnjv gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ d cnhfyfö Åfknbb, rjnjhsq
cjkñnyj ytlttcgjcjåysvb c hfpdfkjv Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf d 1991 ujle. Fyfkjubxyj åtpecgti-
crjhj åeltn jgeåkbrjdfy.
ysvb jrfpfkbcm b ltqcndbz rybéysö lbkthjd, nhflbwbjyyj bcgjkmpetvsö yfexysvb åbåkbjntrfvb lkz rjvgktrnjdfybz rfrbö-kbåj ceotcndtyysö ajyljd. B xfcnj tlbycndtyyjq fkmnthyfnb-
Lheujq exfcnybr ghjtrnf Vfqrk Ymñåthn nfrét ghjdtk ytvfkj dhtvtyb d Hjccbb, Vjklj-
djq jcnfdfkcz ghzvjq jåvty. R cxfcnmñ, nfrfz ajhvf zdkztncz jxtym ghbdktrfntkmyjq lkz
dt, Åtkfhecb, Uhepbb b Fhvtybb. Tuj gjcktlyzz gjtplrf yf Ehfk b d Pfgflyeñ Cbåbhm (nfrét
åbåkbjntr Gjdjkémz b Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf, nfr rfr gjpdjkztn bv ghbjåhtnfnm dsöjlzobt yf
abyfycbhetvfz IREX), gj bnjufv rjnjhjq nfrét åsk jgeåkbrjdfy bccktljdfntkmcrbq jnxtn,
pfgflt geåkbrfwbb yfghzveñ, xnj åskj fåcjkñnyj ytdjpvjéyj d ghjikst ujls.
pyfvtyjdfkf eét yjdeñ afpe d ghjwtcct ltwtynhfkbpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz ajyljd gj Hjccbb – lj ehjdyz htcgeåkbr b jåkfcntq. Rfr d cdjt dhtvz Kjhrjdbx b Léjycjy, Ymñåthn bvtk djp-
D cbke bynthtcf Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf r åsditve Cjdtncrjve Cjñpe jhufybpfnjh ghjtr-
vjéyjcnm eåtlbnmcz, xnj kbxyst dbpbns d åbåkbjntrb b bplfntkmcndf buhfñn juhjvyeñ hjkm.
nf Nfnmzyf Kjhrjdbx (rehfnjh ajylf ckfdbcnbrb b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs, Vtvjhbfkmyfz åbåkbj-
Njkmrj yf kbxysö gthtujdjhfö vjéyj ghtjljktnm dct gjntywbfkmyst ghtgzncndbz yf genb
ntrf Cnthkbyuf ghb Qtkmcrjv eybdthcbntnt) eltkzkf ceotcndtyyjt dybvfybt cjdthitycn-
ecgtiyjq htfkbpfwbb jåvtyf.
djdfybñ ghjwtccf rjvgktrnjdfybz vfnthbfkfvb bp dctö htubjyjd Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb. D öjlt cdjbö ghjiksö ghbtpljd d Hjccbñ u-éf Kjhrjdbx jåtcgtxbdfkf pfregre vfnthbfkjd,
D öjlt cdjbö ecgtiysö ärcgtlbwbq gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ Léjycjy b Ymñåthn hfphfåjnfkb
ecnfyjdbkf vyjétcndj yjdsö rfyfkjd rjvgktrnjdfybz xthtp pfregre, f nfrét yfkflbkf yjdst
lkz ybö cnfylfhnyeñ ghjwtlehe. Jåjåofz yfrjgktyysq jgsn, jyf gjpdjkztn yfbkexibv jåhf-
cdzpb gj jåvtye rybufvb b geåkbrfwbzvb. Njkmrj nfrbt ghzvst cdzpb lfkb djpvjéyjcnm jåtc-
pjv ghtjljktnm gjntywbfkmyst ghjåktvs, cdzpfyyst c jåvtyjv vfnthbfkfvb. Jyf äaatrnbd-
gtxbnm ghjwtcc rjvgktrnjdfybz åbåkbjntxysö ajyljd yjdsvb vfnthbfkfvb bp Hjccbqcrjq
yf, gjnjve xnj jcyjdfyf yf ldeö aeylfvtynfkmysö gjkjétybzö: pfybvfñobqcz rjvgktrnjdfyb-
Atlthfwbb. Kjhrjdbx jåyfheébkf, xnj åbåkbjuhfabxtcrbq rjynhjkm, jceotcndkztvsq Rybéyjq
tv cjnhelybr jåzpfy 1) ghtldbltnm kñåjq djghjc, rjnjhsq vjétn pflfnm tve gjntywbfkmysq
gfkfnjq, b, cjjndtncndtyyj, geåkbretvfz tñ åbåkbjuhfabz lfktrb jn gjkyjns jödfnf b cjdth-
gfhnyth gj jåvtye, b 2) ghtlkfufnm cjåcndtyyst vfnthbfks lkz jåvtyf, ghtélt xtv pfghfib-
ityyj yt jnhféfñn vfnthbfks, dsöjlzobt yf gthbathbb, jcjåtyyj d nfrbö htubjyfö, rfr
dfnm bynthtceñobt tuj vfnthbfks. Xnjås yfbkexibv jåhfpjv jåtcgtxbnm nfrjq gjlöjl yf
Ctdthysq Rfdrfp b Gjdjkémt. Vyjubt bplfntkb ghjcnj yt dscskfñn cdjb geåkbrfwbb d Vjcrde
ghfrnbrt, Léjycjy b Ymñåthn dctulf åthen c cjåjq d ärcgtlbwbb gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ byajh-
lkz htubcnhfwbb, f Rybéyfz gfkfnf yt d cjcnjzybb dct jncktlbnm.
vfwbjyyst gfrtns (nfr yfpsdftvst ≤byaj-gfrb≥). Rfélsq gjntywbfkmysq gfhnyth gj jåvtye
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gjkexftn nfrjq gfrtn, b Ymñåthn b Léjycjy ghjdjlzn cdjtuj hjlf vbyb-ghtptynfwbñ, jåüzc-
yfhf: cjdthitycndjdfnm rjvgktrnjdfybt b hfpdbdfnm cdzpb vtéle fvthbrfycrbvb b hjccbqcrbvb åbåkbjntrf-
yzz cdjb ghtlkjétybz b cdjb pfghjcs. D htpekmnfnt ghfrnbxtcrb gjckt rféljq nfrjq vbyb-
vb d htubjyfö.
ghtptynfwbb ajhvbheñncz yjdst cdzpb b pfrkñxfñncz yjdst ljujdjhs jåvtyf. ELFXYSQ JGSN GJ GHJDTLTYBÑ CTVBYFHJD: Åkfujlfhz cgtwbfkmyjve uhfyne IREX D jcyjde ghtlkfuftvjuj ghjtrnf gjkjétyf bltz j njv, xnj rfélsq bp nhtölytdysö ctvbyf-
d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbrb, Ymñåthn b Léjycjy gjkexbkb djpvjéyjcnm
hjd d Hjcnjdt b Cfvfht åeltn hfcibhtyysv b ecjdthitycndjdfyysv djcghjbpdtltybtv ntö
yf ghfrnbrt ghjdthbnm cdjñ rjywtgwbñ jhufybpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz, ghjdjlz ctvbyfhs d
ghtptynfwbq, j rjnjhsö ikf htxm dsit. Dj dhtvz ärcgtlbwbb gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ yf Ehfk b d
Öfåfhjdcrt b d Bhrencrt gjl herjdjlcndjv Gfnhbcbb Gjkfycrb (ghtlcnfdkzditq åbåkbjntre
Pfgflyeñ Cbåbhm Ymñåthn jåhfnbk dybvfybt yf nj, xnj pyfxbntkmyj djphjckj rjkbxtcndj
Ufdfqcrjuj eybdthcbntnf). Gjcrjkmre hfccnjzybz vtéle rhegysvb ujhjlcrbvb wtynhfvb yf
djghjcjd, pflfdftvsö yf tuj vbyb-ghtptynfwbzö hjccbqcrbvb åbåkbjntrfhzvb – jå jgsnt
Lfkmytv Djcnjrt b d Cbåbhb juhjvys, f gjtplrb vtéle ybvb pfnhelytys, änb ldf elfktyysö
fvthbrfycrbö rjkktu d nfrbö jåkfcnzö, rfr fdnjvfnbpfwbz b rjvgmñnthbpfwbz åbåkbjntxyjuj
htubjyf jrfpfkbcm jnkbxysvb ghjdthjxysvb gjkbujyfvb lkz jnhfåjnrb bltb j ctvbyfhfö gj
ltkf; jåütvs, cjlthéfybt b cnhernehf eckeu, rjnjhst jrfpsdfñn yfctktybñ åbåkbjntrb
rjvgktrnjdfybñ. Ghjdtltyyst ghb abyfycjdjq gjlthért IREX ctvbyfhs d Bhrencrt b d
CIF; bcgjkmpjdfybt bynthytn-ntöyjkjubq d ghfrnbrt åbåkbjntxyjq hfåjns. Dj dhtvz gjtplrb
Öfåfhjdcrt jrfpfkbcm ecgtiysvb, dspdfkb åjkmijt dybvfybt b gjpbnbdyst jnrkbrb d chtlcn-
d Chtlyññ Fpbñ Léjycjy nfrét gjldthucz uhfle fyfkjubxysö djghjcjd, b tve ghbikjcm
dfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Gj ckjdfv lbhtrnjhf åbåkbjntrb Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj bhrencrjuj
ghjxbnfnm ytcrjkmrj ktrwbq lkz cdjbö rjkktu. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ghfrnbrf gjcktlybö ärcgtlbwbq
eybdthcbntnf, ≤cfv afrn, xnj åbåkbjntrfhb ghbtöfkb bplfktrf, bp CIF, xnjås gjvjxm cdjbv
gjrfpfkf, xnj jcyjdyjq frwtyn cvtofkcz jn gthtujdjhjd jå jåvtyfö (c hjccbqcrjq cnjhjys
rjkktufv, djphjlbk r ébpyb åbåkbjntrb dctuj jåibhyjuj htubjyf Djcnjxyjq Cbåbhb≥.
jndtn gj änjve djghjce gjxnb dctulf åsk jlyjpyfxyj gjkjébntkmysv) r jgbcfybñ ntreotq cbnefwbb d jhufybpfwbb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d CIF, r jåvtye jgsnjv vtéle rjkktufvb.
D htpekmnfnt ecgtiysö ctvbyfhjd d Öfåfhjdcrt b Bhrencrt yt njkmrj ecnfyjdbkbcm öjhjibt cdzpb vtéle åbåkbjntrfvb. Djn xnj gbitn d cdjtv jnxtnt j ytlfdytq rjyathtywbb
D cnhtvktybb yfkflbnm jåvty byajhvfwbtq j gthtljdsö vtnjlfö hfåjns, rjnjhsq dctulf
åbåkbjntrfhtq dj Dkflbdjcnjrt vtcnysq ghtlcnfdbntkm IREX: ≤D wtkjv z dthyekcz c rjyat-
ljkéty ghtlitcndjdfnm jåvtye vfnthbfkfvb, Ymñåthn b Léjycjy hfphfåjnfkb bltñ j ghjdt-
htywbb c xedcndjv, xnj d åbåkbjntrfö Ghbvjhmz ltqcndbntkmyj ghjbcöjlzn rfrbt-nj gjpbnbd-
ltybb d Hjccbb htubjyfkmysö ctvbyfhjd gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ. Jyb jcyjdsdfkbcm yf cbkmysö cnj-
yst bpvtytybz. Rjulf z gjbynthtcjdfkcz, rfrfz ét ldbéeofz cbkf cnjbn pf änbvb ytjéblfy-
hjyfö cdjtq vjltkb (lfét djpvjéyjcnm ghjdtltybz gthtujdjhjd jlby yf jlby pfkjétyf d
ysvb cldbufvb, jndtns hfpysö kñltq jrfpsdfkbcm ghfrnbxtcrb jlbyfrjdsvb – Öfåfhjdcrbq
cötve änbö ctvbyfhjd) b ghb änjv cnhtvbkbcm bpåtéfnm ytjåöjlbvjcnb gjdnjhtybz jlyjq b njq
ctvbyfh gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ. E vtyz ckjébkjcm dgtxfnktybt, xnj cjcnjzdibqcz d Öfåfhjdcrt
ét byajhvfwbb yf rféljq dcnhtxt d rféljq jnltkmyj dpznjq åbåkbjntrt. D htpekmnfnt ghtl-
ctvbyfh pfcnfdbk vyjubö exfcnybrjd gjyznm htfkmyjcnm ghbåkbéfñotujcz ÖÖÈ cnjktnbz≥. D
kjétyyst ctvbyfhs gjpdjkzñn cgtwbfkbcnfv gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ cjchtljnjxbnm jcyjdyjt
gbcmvt ghtlcnfdbntkz Vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs HA Yfltéls Iföjdjq d gjllthére fyfkjubxysö
dybvfybt yf jcjåj bynthtcysö lkz fvthbrfycrbö åbåkbjntr vfnthbfkfö, yf erhtgktybb ghz-
ctvbyfhjd d Cfvfht b Hjcnjdt ujdjhbncz: ≤Änb ctvbyfhs [d Bhrencrt b Öfåfhjdcrt] jrfpfkb
vsö cdzptq, yf bpextybb cjcnjzybz bplfntkmcrjuj ltkf d htubjyfö b n.g. Ghb änjv d öjlt ct-
pfvtnyjt dkbzybt yf cjcnjzybt åbåkbjntxyjq hfåjns dj vyjubö htubjyfö Hjccbb≥. Iföjdf
vbyfhjd bö exfcnybrb gjkexfñn ljcnfnjxyj gjkyjt ghtlcnfdktybt j cjcnjzybb åbåkbjntxyjuj
nfrét dshfpbkf ukeåjreñ åkfujlfhyjcnm cj cnjhjys Vbybcnthcndf jhufybpfnjhfv ctvbyf-
ltkf d CIF.
hjd. D rfxtcndt dféytqituj gjkjébntkmyjuj afrnjhf jnvtxftncz, xnj dgthdst pf ytcrjkmrj ktn cjnhelybrfv hfpkbxysö åbåkbjntr wtkjuj htubjyf elfkjcm cjåhfnmcz dvtcnt lkz jåceé-
✐ Gjcrjkmre änjn ghjtrn eét åsk ecgtiyj htfkbpjdfy d lheubö hjccbqcrbö ujhjlfö, jhufybpfnjhs ghb
ltybz jåobö ghjåktv b pflfx, dtlm ytghjcnfz ärjyjvbxtcrfz cbnefwbz d hjccbqcrjq ghjdby-
cjcnfdktybb pfzdrb jcjåj gjlxthryekb bvtyyj ghtlsleobt ecgtöb b djpvjéyjcnm bö gjdnjhtybz, f yt yjdst
wbb ghbdtkf r njve, xnj ujcelfhcndtyysö chtlcnd yf ghjdtltybt gjljåysö cütpljd yt ödfnftn.
pflfxb. Jlyfrj änb pflfxb dgjkyt zcys bp cktleñotuj ntrcnf jgbcfybz ecgtiyjuj jgsnf gj ghjdtltybñ ctvb-
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✐ D änjv hfpltkt cjlthéfncz gjkjébntkmyst jwtyrb ghtlsleotuj fyfkjubxyjuj ghjtrnf rfr cj cnjhjys
dsåhfyyst dfvb d rfxtcndt ghbybvfñobö åbåkbjntrb bpdtcnys cdjtq jnkbxyjq jhufybpfwbtq
ghtlcnfdbntkz abyfycbheñotq jhufybpfwbb, nfr b cj cnjhjys jcyjdyjuj hjccbqcrjuj gfhnythf.
hfåjns b bvtñn htgenfwbñ jlybö bp cfvsö ghjldbyensö åbåkbjntr Hjccbb. F dj-dnjhsö, vs hfls tot b gjnjve, xnj jåf änbö htubjyf – b Ctdthysq Rfdrfp, b Gjdjkémt – dctulf ghjzdkz-
Jåf ctvbyfhf – öfåfhjdcrbq b bhrencrbq – bvtkb ljkujchjxysq gjkjébntkmysq äaatrn: rjvgktrnjdfybt åbåkbjntr CIF vfnthbfkfvb bp htubjyjd Djcnjxyjq Cbåbhb b Lfkmytuj
kb juhjvysq bynthtc r dfibv bybwbfnbdfv b ytcjvytyyj cltkfñn dct djpvjéyjt cj cdjtq cnjhjys, xnjås pfgkfybhjdfyyst ctvbyfhs ghjikb ecgtiyj≥.
Djcnjrf pyfxbntkmyj ekexibkjcm. Vyjujxbcktyyst yjdst jnyjitybz jåvtyf pfdzpfkbcm c vtcnysvb åbåkbjntrfvb rfr e Ufdfqcrjuj eybdthcbntnf, nfr b Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF.
R cjéfktybñ, ytljcnfnjxyjt abyfycbhjdfybt Vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs yt gjpdjkztn tve jg-
Rfr njkmrj bnjujdsq jnxtn gj änjve ghjtrne åeltn jgeåkbrjdfy IREX, lheubt yfexyj-bccktlj-
kfnbnm ghbtpl åbåkbjntrfhtq bp hfpkbxysö jåkfcntq b htcgeåkbr yf ctvbyfh. Djn gjxtve lkz
dfntkmcrbt åbåkbjntrb CIF cvjuen djcgjkmpjdfnmcz cjåhfyyjq Gjkfycrb, Léjycjyjv b
ecgtiyjq htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf nfrjt pyfxtybt bvttn abyfycbhjdfybt cj cnjhjys IREX, lkz
Ymñåthnjv byajhvfwbtq lkz ecnfyjdktybz cjåcndtyysö ghzvsö rjynfrnjd d änbö htubjyfö
njuj, xnjås gjvjxm cjåhfnmcz hjccbqcrbv rjkktufv (cv. Åñlétn ghjtrnf). R cxfcnmñ, pfnhfns
c wtkmñ ekexitybz hfåjns gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ cjjndtncndeñobö ajyljd.
yf ghjtpl hjccbqcrbö exfcnybrjd dyenhb cdjtuj htubjyf gj-ghtéytve jnyjcbntkmyj ytdtkbrb gj chfdytybñ c pfnhfnfvb yf ljhjue lkz byjcnhfyysö ujcntq. Nfr, lkz abyfycbhjdfybz ghjtp-
D nj dhtvz rfr utjuhfabxtcrbt hfccnjzybz d htubjyfö Gjdjkémz b Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf
lf b ghjébdfybz d ujcnbybwt exfcnybrjd ctvbyfhjd d Öfåfhjdcrt b d Bhrencrt gjnhtåjdf-
ytcjbpvthbvs c lfkmytdjcnjxysvb b cbåbhcrbvb, gjkbnbxtcrfz cbnefwbz nfv ujhfplj vtytt
kjcm dctuj gj 3 nsc. ljkkfhjd yf rfélsq ctvbyfh (d rfxtcndt cdbltntkmcndf njuj, yfcrjkmrj
cnfåbkmyf, b hfpkbxyst kjrfkmyst rjyakbrns ltkfñn gjtplrb fvthbrfycrbö ärcgthnjd ytåt-
nzétkf abyfycjdfz cbnefwbz, vjéyj åskj ås ghbdtcnb cktleñobq ghbvth: ldt åbåkbjntrb d
pjgfcysvb. Djn gjxtve eljåytt gjctnbnm yt vyjuj hfpysö ujhjljd, f gj jlyjve rhegyjve
Bhrencrjq jåkfcnb yt cvjukb regbnm åbktns yf gjtpl lkz cdjbö cjnhelybrjd lfét ghb eckjdbb,
ujhjle d wtynht rféljuj htubjyf. Rhjvt njuj, nfrjq gkfy wtktcjjåhfpty b c njxrb phtybz
xnj änb ltymub gjnjv bv åskb ås djpvtotys). Lkz njuj xnjås extcnm äaatrn byakzwbb b byst
åjktt hfwbjyfkmyjuj hfcöjljdfybz chtlcnd (xnj ljrfpfyj ghtlsleobvb ldevz ctvbyfhfvb).
djpvjéyst gjdsitybz wty, d lfyyjv ghjtrnt pfghfibdftncz abyfycbhjdfybt rféljuj ctvb-
Tckb ås Kjhrjdbx, Ymñåthn b Léjycjy ljkéys åskb hfpltkbnmcz b gj jnltkmyjcnb jnghfdbnm-
yfhf d hfpvtht 3 800 ljkkfhjd.
cz d hfpyst ujhjlf, jåkfcnb b htcgeåkbrb, jödfnsdftvst ldevz ctvbyfhfvb, nj b abyfycjdst pfnhfns yf äne ärcgtlbwbñ, b ytjåöjlbvjt dhtvz, b cdzpfyyst c änbvb gjtplrfvb vyjujxbc-
EKEXITYBT CNFYLFHNYJQ GHJWTLEHS CTVBYFHJD: f jcyjdt ghfrnbxtcrjuj jgsnf,
ktyyst ghjåktvs åskb ås gjbcnbyt juhjvys. Ctvbyfhs ét cjåbhfñn ghtlcnfdbntktq hfpkbx-
gjkextyyjuj d öjlt ctvbyfhjd d Öfåfhjdcrt b Bhrencrt, Ymñåthn b Léjycjy dytckb ytrjnjhst
ysö ujhjljd, jåkfcntq b htcgeåkbr dvtcnt. Jnltkmyst ärcgtlbwbb vjéyj åskj ås chfdybnm c
bpvtytybz d ghtlkjétyyeñ bvb ét cötve. Jlyj bp nfrbö bpvtytybq rfcftncz edtkbxtybz xbckf
kjdktq hsås eljxrjq, f ctvbyfhs – c kjdktq c gjvjomñ ytdjlf. Tckb gkfybhetvst ctvbyfhs
ljrkflxbrjd. Ntgthm dgthdst ghtljcnfdkztncz djpvjéyjcnm ghbdktrfnm d rfxtcndt ljrkflxbrjd
d Cfvfht b Hjcnjdt åelen yfcnjkmrj ét ecgtiysvb, rfr d Öfåfhjdcrt b d Bhrencrt, – nj bö
åsdibö cnbgtylbfnjd Ghjuhfvvs d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntrjdtltybz b byajhvfnbrb, htfkbpetvjq IREX
dkbzybt hfcghjcnhfybncz yf nt htubjys, relf fvthbrfycrbt bccktljdfntkb tot yt ljåbhf-
d hfvrfö Frnf d gjllthére cdjåjls (Freedom Support Act – FSA). Elfxysv jåhfpjv ckjébkjcm
kbcm – Jctnbñ, Elvehnbñ b Rfkvsrbñ.
nfr, xnj d xbckt gthdsö dsgecrybrjd lfyyjq ghjuhfvvs tcnm b ldf åbåkbjntrfhz bp jödfnsdftvsö ghjtrnjv htubjyjd: änj Bhbyf Dthtcrey (åbåkbjntrf Reåfycrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbnt-
GKFYBHJDFYBT CKTLEÑOBÖ CTVBYFHJD: Rjulf herjdjlcndj Vbybcnthcndf rekmnehs
nf, Rhfcyjlfh, Ctdthj-Rfdrfpcrbq htubjy) b Kñlvbkf Cthsö (åbåkbjntrfhm Wtynhf CVB bp
Hjccbqcrjq Atlthfwbb epyfkj j gjlujnjdrt yjdjuj ghjtrnf gj jhufybpfwbb tot ldeö ctvbyf-
Cfvfhs). Jåt jyb djpdhfofñncz gjckt dsgecrf d cdjb ujhjlf d ctynzåht 1995 ujlf, b jåt
hjd gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ, cjnhelybrb ltgfhnfvtynf åbåkbjntr jnhtfubhjdfkb cktleñobv jåhf-
eét dscrfpfkb pfbynthtcjdfyyjcnm d ghtptynfwbb cdjbö ljrkfljd d hfvrfö ctvbyfhjd. Änj
pjv: ≤vs hfls, xnj Nfyz [Kjhrjdbx] cjåbhftncz jhufybpjdfnm tot ldf fyfkjubxysö [öfåfhjd-
ghtlcnfdkztncz bltfkmysv cjxtnfybtv: hjccbqcrbt åbåkbjntrfhb hfccrfpsdfñn cdjb rjkktufv-
crjve b bhrencrjve] ctvbyfhf d Cfvfht b Hjcnjdt-yf-Ljye ghtélt dctuj gjnjve, xnj jåt
cjjntxtcndtyybrfv jå jhufybpfwbb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d CIF yf jcyjdt cjåcndtyyjuj jgsnf.
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Lheubt ghtlkfuftvst ekexitybz d cötvt ghjdtltybz ctvbyfhjd rfcfñncz ajhvs ghtptynfwbq fvthbrfycrbö cgtwbfkbcnjd. Léjycjy b Ymñåthn bvtkb ghtrhfcyeñ djpvjéyjcnm
Dtxth: djghjcs b jndtns pfdthitybt hfåjns (dsdjls, gjldtltybt bnjujd)
ghjdthbnm ctåz d Öfåfhjdcrt b Bhrencrt b ntgthm ljcnfnjxyj öjhjij ghtlcnfdkzñn, rfrbt dscnegktybz zdkzñncz yfbåjktt ltqcndtyysvb b bynthtcysvb lkz hjccbqcrbö exfcnybrjd.
Dct fvthbrfycrbt exfcnybrb: Kjhrjdbx, Léjycjy b Ymñåthn – cdjåjlyj ujdjhzn gj-heccrb,
Åkfujlfhz nfrjve jgsne ghtlcnfdbntkzv htubjyjd Gjdjkémz b Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf gjdtptn:
xnj gjpdjkbn bv ghjdjlbnm dct ctvbyfhs gjkyjcnmñ b njkmrj yf heccrjv zpsrt. Änj jpyfxftn,
jyb ghbven exfcnbt d tot åjktt ecgtiysö ctvbyfhfö.
xnj dct pfgkfybhjdfyyjt dhtvz åeltn jndtltyj yf lbcreccbb gj ceotcnde jåceélftvsö djghjcjd, åtp ytjåöjlbvjcnb gjkjdbye dhtvtyb dsltkznm yf gthtdjl. B Kjhrjdbx, b Léjycjy,
GHTLKFUFTVFZ CNHERNEHF CTVBYFHJD: Jrjyxfntkmysq dfhbfyn ghjuhfvvs rféljuj ctvbyfhf åeltn jghtltkty eét gjckt cjukfcjdfybz c hjccbqcrbvb rjkktufvb. Ntv yt vtytt
b Ymñåthn eét yt jlby hfp dscnegfkb c fyfkjubxysvb ghtptynfwbzvb yf ntve åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf, b ghjdtltybt lfyysö ctvbyfhjd yt åeltn ghtlcnfdkznm lkz ybö jcjåsö nhelyjcntq.
ghtlsleobq jgsn gjpdjkztn cjcnfdbnm ghtldfhbntkmysq ghjtrn ghjuhfvvs eét ctqxfc. D öjlt gjlujnjdbntkmyjq hfåjns åeltn endthéltyf b pfhfytt hfpjckfyf dctv exfcnybrfv Cfvfhf: 13–15 ctynzåhz 1995 ujlf
jrjyxfntkmyfz ghjuhfvvf ctvbyfhf. D åjkmijq cntgtyb njn gfrtn byajhvfwbjyysö vfnthbfkjd,
Hjcnjd-yf-Ljye: 19–21 ctynzåhz 1995 ujlf
rjnjhsq fvthbrfycrbt ärcgthns ghbdtpen lkz hfplfxb hjccbqcrbv rjkktufv (cv. ghbkfuftvsq cgbcjr), åeltn pfdbctnm jn jrjyxfntkmyj jajhvktyyjq ghjuhfvvs. Lfyyfz ghjuhfvvf ghtlgj-
Gthdsq ltym
kfuftn ghbcencndbt dctö exfcnybrjd gjxnb yf dctö pfyznbzö. Dj dnjhjq gjkjdbyt dnjhjuj lyz
Enhj:
ddtltybt, wtkb b pflfxb ctvbyfhf
Kjhrjdbx, Léjycjy b Ymñåthn åelen ghjdjlbnm bylbdblefkmyst dcnhtxb b åtctls c exfcnybrf-
jåpjh ghfrnbrb vtéleyfhjlysö rybéysö jåvtyjd
vb. Rfélsq dcnhtnbncz c xtnshmvz hjccbqcrbvb rjkktufvb (rfélfz åtctlf – gj jlyjve xf-
fkmnthyfnbdyst bcnjxybrb rjvgktrnjdfybz (rybéyst lbkths, bplfntkmcndf)
ce), pyfxbn, dctuj ghjqltn 12 dcnhtx. Ajhvs nfrbö åtctl b jnxtnjd gj ybv eét hfphfåjnfys
Dtxth: vtéåbåkbjntxyst jåvtys
Léjycjyjv b Ymñåthnjv d öjlt bö ghtlsleobö gjtpljr. Cjåhfyyfz d öjlt änbö dcnhtx by-
djpvjéyst dfhbfyns abyfycjdjq gjllthérb åbåkbjntr
ajhvfwbz kzétn d jcyjde rhfnrjuj gentdjlbntkz gj åbåkbjntrfv htubjyjd Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf
(uhfyns, rybéyst gjéthndjdfybz)
b Gjdjkémz b djqltn cjcnfdyjq xfcnmñ d jnxtn gj ghjtrne jhufybpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz, rjnjhsq åeltn jgeåkbrjdfy IREX d rfxtcndt bnjujdjuj ljrevtynf.
Dnjhjq ltym Enhj:
bcgjkmpjdfybt äktrnhjyyjq gjxns
HJCCBQCRBT EXFCNYBRB: Ghbvthyj 26 ghtlcnfdbntktq åbåkbjntr cjjndtncndeñotuj
djpvjéyjcnb Bynthytnf
htubjyf åelen ghbukfitys yf rfélsq ctvbyfh d Cfvfht b d Hjcnjdt. Hjcnjdcrbq ctvbyfh
jcyjdyst yfghfdktybz fdnjvfnbpfwbb åbåkbjntr
ghjqltn yf åfpt Hjcnjdcrjq jåkfcnyjq ujcelfhcndtyyjq yfexyjq åbåkbjntrb. D ytv ghbven
rfnfkjub “on-line” b cnfylfhnbpfwbz åbåkbjuhfabxtcrbö ajhv
exfcnbt ghtlcnfdbntkb yfexysö åbåkbjntr bp cktleñobö ujhjljd: Hjcnjd, Cnfdhjgjkm, Rhfc-
Dtxth: bylbdblefkmyst dcnhtxb b åtctls
yjlfh b Fcnhföfym; bp htcgeåkbr: Rfkvsrbz, Rfhfxftdj-Xthrtcbz, Byueitnbz, Flsutz, Xtxyz,
(ntyltywbb rybujbplfybz, rjyrhtnyst ghjåktvs åbåkbjntr)
Nhtnbq ltym Enhj:
Ctdthyfz Jctnbz, Rfåfhlbyj-Åfkrfhbz b Lfutcnfy.
Cfvfhcrbq ctvbyfh cjcnjbncz yf åfpt Cfvfhcrjq jåkfcnyjq eybdthcfkmyjq yfexyjq
jåobt ntyltywbb rybujbplfybz
åbåkbjntrb. D rfxtcndt exfcnybrjd ghtlgjkfuftncz ghbukfcbnm ghtlcnfdbntktq rhegytqibö
jåobt ghjåktvs åbåkbjntr
yfexysö åbåkbjntr nfrbö ujhjljd, rfr Cfvfhf, Cfhfnjd, Nfvåjd, Djkujuhfl, djpvjéyj,
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Hzpfym, Ekmzyjdcr b Jhtyåehu. Nfrét åelen ghbukfitys ghtlcnfdbntkb yfexysö åbåkbjntr bp
ghjtrnf d cbke juhjvysö ajyljd vfnthbfkjd j Hjccbb. B, rjytxyj, jnkbxysv gfhnythjv zdkz-
htcgeåkbr Vjhljdbb, Xedfibb, Åfirbhbb, Vfhbq-Äk, Elvehnbb b Nfnfhcnfyf. Gjkysq cgbcjr
tncz Åbåkbjntrf Rjyuhtccf CIF c tt cfvsv åjkmibv d Fvthbrt heccrbv ajyljv.
dctö åbåkbjntr, ghtlcnfdbntktq rjnjhsö gkfybhetncz ghbukfcbnm yf ctvbyfh, ghbdtlty d Nhb fvthbrfycrbö exfcnybrf – jhufybpfnjhf ghjtrnf jåkflfñn dscjrbv ehjdytv ghjatc-
jlyjv bp ghbkjétybq r yfcnjzotq pfzdrt.
cbjyfkbpvf. Nfnmzyf Kjhrjdbx c 1989 ujlf zdkztncz herjdjlbntktv jnltktybz ckfdbcnbrb b D chtlytv, rfélfz bp dsåhfyysö åbåkbjntr åeltn ghtlcnfdktyf ldevz cjnhelybrfvb: lb-
Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs jlyjq bp kexibö åbåkbjntr d cnhfyt – Vtvjhbfkmyjq åbåkbjntrb Cnthkbyuf
htrnjh (bkb pfvtcnbntkm) b jndtncndtyysq pf rjvgktrnjdfybt b/bkb pf vtéåbåkbjntxyst
ghb Qtkmcrjv eybdthcbntnt. Jyf jndtxftn pf hfpdbnbt lfyyjuj ajylf d wtkjv, f pyfxbn – b pf
jåvtys. D öjlt cdjbö ghtlsleobö ghjtrnjd jhufybpfnjhs eåtlbkbcm, xnj lkz ecgtöf ytjåöj-
jnåjh, ghbjåhtntybt b gthdbxyeñ jåhfåjnre vfnthbfkjd, f nfrét pf ghtljcnfdktybt ytjåöj-
lbvs ldf afrnjhf: dj-gthdsö, herjdjlcndj (lbhtrnjh) åbåkbjntrb ljkéyj gjkjébntkmyj
lbvsö eckeu ghtgjlfdfntkzv b cneltynfv, f nfrét bccktljdfntkzv cj dctuj vbhf. D tt gjlxb-
jnyjcbnmcz r bltt vtéleyfhjlyjuj rybujjåvtyf, b dj-dnjhsö, hfåjnybr åbåkbjntrb, ytgj-
ytybb yföjlzncz gznm xtkjdtr.
chtlcndtyyj jndtxfñobq pf rjvgktrnjdfybt b/bkb vtéåbåkbjntxyst jåvtys, nfrét ljkéty gjllthébdfnm änj, båj bvtyyj änjve xtkjdtre ghbltncz dtcnb tétlytdyeñ ghfrnbxtcreñ
Dctuj cnfé hfåjns u-éb Kjhrjdbx åbåkbjntrfhtv gj yfghfdktybñ ckfdbcnbrb yfcxbnsdftn
hfåjne gj htfkbpfwbb ljcnbuyensö cjukfitybq. Ecgtiyst jåvtys djpvjéys, njkmrj tckb
25 ktn. Jyf åskf nfrét herjdjlbntktv jnltkf rfnfkjubpfwbb åbåkbjntrb eybdthcbntnf infnf
ghbcencndetn gjllthérf cj cnjhjys bvtyyj änbö kbw. Änj jcjåtyyj dféyj lkz åbåkbjntr
Fqjdf. Frnbdyj exfcndjdfkf b exfcndetn d ltzntkmyjcnb rfr Fvthbrfycrjq åbåkbjntxyjq fccj-
Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz, ult bltz ghzvsö jåvtyjd vfnthbfkfvb c pfheåtéysvb
wbfwbb (ldféls djpukfdkzkf ctrwbñ ckfdbcnbrb b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs, åskf xktyjv vyjujxbc-
åbåkbjntrfvb tot chfdybntkmyj yjdf. Lj 1991 ujlf tlbycndtyysvb åbåkbjntrfvb, rjnjhsv
ktyysö rjvbntnjd), nfr b Fccjwbfwbb hfpdbnbz ckfdbcnbrb (htuekzhyj exfcndetn d jhufybpfwbb
Cjdtncrjt ghfdbntkmcndj hfphtifkj bvtnm ghzvst rjynfrns c pfgflysvb rjkktufvb, åskb
b dtltybb rjyathtywbq).
eybdthcbntncrbt åbåkbjntrb Rfpfyb, Djhjytéf b Hjcnjdf. Vfqrk Ymñåthn gjkexbk ytjwtybvsq jgsn dj dhtvz cdjbö ytjlyjrhfnysö ärcgtlbwbq gj Rhjvt egjvzyensö dsit ghtlcnfdbntktq rhegysö yfexysö åbåkbjntr cjjndtncndeñobö
rjvgktrnjdfybñ d Pfgflyeñ Cbåbhm, abyfycbhetvsö IREX. Ymñåthn ntcyj cjnhelybxfk c Åbk-
htubjyjd, d ctvbyfhfö nfrét ghbven exfcnbt bpdtcnyst d åbåkbjntxysö rheufö ärcgthns. Änj,
kb Abrjv (IREX/Vjcrdf) gj cjcnfdktybñ jåpjhf ghfrnbrb bcgjkmpjdfybz äktrnhjyyjq gjxns d
d xfcnyjcnb, u-y Repmvby, herjdjlbntkm Eghfdktybz åbåkbjntr Vbybcnthcndf Rekmnehs Hjccbq-
Cjdtncrjv Cjñpt. Dct änj gjpdjkztn c edthtyyjcnmñ cxbnfnm tuj jnkbxyjq rfylblfnehjq lkz
crjq Atlthfwbb, rjnjhsq åeltn bkb exfcndjdfnm cfv, bkb ltktubhetn cdjtuj ghtlcnfdbntkz. Änj
ghjdtltybz pfgkfybhjdfyysö ctvbyfhjd.
nfrét l-h Vböfbk Ktdyth, lbhtrnjh vjcrjdcrjuj ghtlcnfdbntkmcndf Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF, rjnjhsq ghbtltn yf ctvbyfh pf cxtn cfvjq ÅR. Tuj hjkm åeltn pfrkñxfnmcz, c jlyjq cnj-
Ähbr F. Léjycjy öjhjij pyfrjv c djpvjéyjcnzvb ghbvtytybz Bynthytnf d jåkfcnb
hjys, d jåtcgtxtybb jhufybpfwbjyysö fcgtrnjd, xnjås fvthbrfycrbt ärcgthns bvtkb djpvjé-
åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbrb. D 1993 ujle jy gjkexbk uhfyn IREX d hfpvtht 10 nsc.
yjcnm dct dybvfybt cjchtljnjxbnm yf ceotcndt jåceélftvsö djghjcjd, f c lheujq cnjhjys, jy
ljkkfhjd CIF yf cjplfybt ctnb, jåütlbyzñotq åbåkbjntrb cnhfy Åfknbb b bö gjkmpjdfntktq,
cvjétn dytcnb pyfxbntkmysq drkfl b d hfåjne ctvbyfhjd gj ceotcnde, gjcrjkmre bvttn cjkbl-
bpdtcnyjq gjl yfpdfybtv ≤ÅFKN-BYAJ≥. Rhjvt änjuj, e ytuj bvttncz jgsn jhufybpfwbb ctvb-
ysq jgsn d jhufybpfwbb hfåjns gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ d Hjccbb. L-h Ktdyth gjåsdfk d ldeö ärcgt-
yfhjd yf nthhbnjhbb åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf. D bñyt 1993 ujlf Ä. Léjycjy åsk ukfdysv
lbwbzö gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ, ghtlghbyznsö Ymñåthnjv, b eét pyfrjv c rjywtgwbtq ctvbyfhjd.
jhufybpfnjhjv ctvbyfhf lkz gfhkfvtyncrbö åbåkbjntr cnhfy Åfknbb, rjnjhsq abyfycbhjdfkcz Bccktljdfntkmcrbv wtynhjv gj djghjcfv gfhkfvtynfhbpvf ghb Åbåkbjntrt Rjyuhtccf
FVTHBRFYCRBT EXFCNYBRB: Vtvjhbfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Cnthkbyuf ghb Qtkmcrjv eybdthcbntnt dgjkyt tcntcndtyyj zdkztncz åfpjdsv exhtéltybtv lkz ghjdtltybz gjljåyjuj
52
CIF b d rjnjhjv ghbyzkb exfcnbt ghtlcnfdbntkb åbåkbjntr b byajhvfwbjyysö ckeéå gfhkfvtynjd Äcnjybb, Kfndbb, Kbnds, Gjkmib b Dtyuhbb. D ctynzåht 1994 ujlf fyfkjubxysq ctvbyfh
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åsk bv ghjdtlty d Åelfgtint c exfcnbtv ghtlcnfdbntktq dctö cnhfy, c rjnjhsvb cjnhelybxftn
LHEUBT DJPVJÉYST FVTHBRFYCRBT EXFCNYBRB: Byajhvfwbjyyjt futyncndj CIF
Bccktljdfntkmcrbq wtynh ÅR, drkñxfz nhb åsdibt ghbåfknbqcrbt htcgeåkbrb b Hjccbqcreñ
(USIA) b IREX pfbynthtcjdfys d ghbukfitybb cdjbö ghtlcnfdbntktq lkz exfcnbz d htubjyfkmysö
Atlthfwbñ.
ctvbyfhfö gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ – pf bö cjåcndtyysq cxtn. USIA ghjdjlbn åjkmieñ ghjuhfvve gj exhtéltybñ Fvthbrfycrbö wtynhjd ghb extåysö b yfexysö åbåkbjntrfö d hfpkbxysö htubj-
D wtkzö gjlhjåyjq ghjhfåjnrb ghtlkfuftvjuj d lfyyjq pfzdrt ghjtrnf tuj jhufybpfnjhs
yfö Hjccbb. IREX jcjåtyyj pfbynthtcjdfy d hfpdbnbb ghjtrnf, cdzpfyyjuj c äktrnhjyyjq
dcnhtnbkbcm d hfvrfö ytlfdyj cjcnjzditqcz d Abkfltkmabb tétujlyjq rjyathtywbb Fvthb-
gjxnjq, xnj zdkztncz jlybv bp hfccvfnhbdftvsö yf ctvbyfhfö fcgtrnjd. Rhjvt njuj, d yfxfkt
rfycrjq åbåkbjntxyjq fccjwbfwbb, f pfntv cjukfcjdsdfkb ltnfkb ghjtrnf gj äktrnhjyyjq
ctynzåhz 1995 ujlf IREX gkfybhetn jnrhsnm ytåjkmijt ghtlcnfdbntkmcndj d Hjcnjdt, xnj
gjxnt b gj afrce. B Kjhrjdbx, b Léjycjy, b Ymñåthn eét hfåjnfkb dvtcnt b hfymit. Dct
vjétn åsnm gjktpysv lkz jhufybpfwbjyyjq gjllthérb ctvbyfhjd.
jyb åskb exfcnybrfvb Hfåjxtq rjyathtywbb ytpfdbcbvjq cjdtncrjq ghtccs d Vjcrdt d 1992 ujle, d änjv ét ujle dvtcnt gjctofkb hfpkbxyst cjdtncrbt exhtéltybz (yfghbvth, Wty-
GKFYBHJDFYBT: Ytjabwbfkmyj hfåjnf gj gkfybhjdfybñ ctvbyfhjd eét yfxfkfcm.
nhfkmysq åbåkbjntxysq rjkktrnjh d Vjcrdt). Kjhrjdbx b Léjycjy nfrét dvtcnt hfåjnfkb d
D cbke njuj, xnj jhufybpfwbz ldeö nhtölytdysö ctvbyfhjd yf hfccnjzybb nhtåetn åjkmijq
ctrwbb gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ vfnthbfkfvb gj Åfknbb d hfvrfö rjyathtywbb Terra Baltica d Nj-
gjlujnjdbntkmyjq b jhufybpfnjhcrjq hfåjns, cjukfcjdfybz b dpfbvjltqcndbz, nfrfz ltzutkm-
hjynj, Rfyflf.
yjcnm yfxytncz chfpe ét d ckexft ghbyznbz IREX gjkjébntkmyjuj htitybz j abyfycbhjdfybb (ult-nj d vfhnt 1995 ujlf). R cxfcnmñ, åjkmieñ gjvjom jhufybpfnjhfv ghjtrnf cvjuen jrfpfnm
Ymñåthn b Léjycjy gjcnjzyyj dpfbvjltqcndeñn d hfvrfö cdjbö ghjatccbjyfkmysö jåz-
l-h Ktdyth (ghtlcnfdbntkm ÅR d Vjcrdt), f nfrét u-y Repmvby b u-éf Iföjdf (Vbybcnthcndj
pfyyjcntq d Åbåkbjntrt Rjyuhtccf. Léjycjy zdkztncz jlybv bp ldeö cnfhibö cgtwbfkbcnjd
rekmnehs HA). Nfrét elfxyj, xnj Léjycjy b Ymñåthn ghbtlen d Vjcrde d atdhfkt 1995 ujlf
gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ, jndtncndtyysö pf gjkextybt vfnthbfkjd c nthhbnjhbq åsdituj Cjdtncrj-
gj lheujq ghjuhfvvt Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF b cvjuen gfhfkktkmyj yfxfnm rjjhlbyfwbjy-
uj Cjñpf. Gjcrjkmre tuj rjkktuf, dnjhjq cnfhibq cgtwbfkbcn d jcyjdyjv pfybvftncz cdzpzvb
yeñ ltzntkmyjcnm gj jhufybpfwbb cfvfhcrjuj b hjcnjdcrjuj ctvbyfhjd.
c wtynhfkbpjdfyysvb bcnjxybrfvb rjvgktrnjdfybz d Vjcrdt b Cfyrn-Gtnthåehut, Léjycjy jcjåtyyj öjhjij pyfrjv c cbnefwbtq d åsdibö cjñpysö htcgeåkbrfö b hjccbqcrbö htubjyfö.
Rhjvt nhtö lytq, pfgkfybhjdfyysö yf ghjdtltybt rféljuj ctvbyfhf, ghtlecvjnhtys
Ymñåthn – jlby bp dtleobö cjnhelybrjd cghfdjxyjuj jnltkf, jndtncndtyysq pf ghtljcnfdktybt
nfrét gjlujnjdbntkmyst gjtplrb jhufybpfnjhjd d htubjys Gjdjkémz b Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf.
byajhvfwbb gj åsditve Cjdtncrjve Cjñpe. Tuj jåzpfyyjcnmñ zdkztncz nfrét rjycekmnbhj-
Ybét ghbdtlty ghbvthysq gkfy vthjghbznbq gj htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnf.
dfybt d jnyjitybb heccrjzpsxysö vfnthbfkjd: rfrbt bp ybö cktletn drkñxfnm d ajyls Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf. Ymñåthn b Léjycjy hfåjnfñn dvtcnt c ntö cfvsö gjh, rfr jåf zdkzkbcm
✐ D lfyyjv hfpltkt pfzdrb cjlthébncz xtnrbq gkfy vthjghbznbq c erfpfybtv chjrjd.
exfcnybrfvb ghtcnbéyjq ghjuhfvvs cnfébhjdrb ghb Åbåkbjntrt Rjyuhtccf. Öjnz bö jåzpfyyjcnb d hfvrfö ghtlkfuftvjuj d lfyyjq pfzdrt ghjtrnf ytrjnjhsv jåhfpjv gthtctrfñncz,
GHTLKFUFTVSQ GKFY GJTPLJR FVTHBRFYCRBÖ EXFCNYBRJD:
ntv yt vtytt åjkmijq jåütv hfåjns gj jhufybpfwbb jåjbö nhtölytdysö ctvbyfhjd d Gjdjkémt b yf Ctdthyjv Rfdrfpt ltkftn ytjåöjlbvsv exfcnbt bö jåjbö d rfxtcndt gjvjoybrjd
9–10 ctyn. 1995 (ceå., djc.)
Gthtktn bp CIF d Vjcrde
Nfnmzys Kjhrjdbx. Ghb änjv pfnhfns yf ghjtpl Léjycjyf d Hjccbñ b jåhfnyj yt drkñxfñncz
10–11 ctyn. 1995 (djc., gjy.)
Gthttpl bp Vjcrds d Cfvfhe yf gjtplt
d cvtne ghjtrnf, nfr rfr jy d kñåjv ckexft gjtltn d Hjccbñ gj ltkfv Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf
12 ctyn. 1995 (dn.)
Gjlujnjdrf ctvbyfhf d Cfvfht
b yf tt chtlcndf.
13–15 ctyn. 1995 (ch.-gzn.)
Ctvbyfh gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ d Cfvfht
16 ctyn. 1995 (ceå.)
Pfdthitybt hfåjns d Cfvfht
17 ctyn. 1995 (djc.)
Gthttpl bp Cfvfhs d Hjcnjd yf gjtplt
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18 ctyn. 1995 (gjy.)
Gjlujnjdrf ctvbyfhf d Hjcnjdt
d ghjuhfvvt vtéåbåkbjntxyjuj jåvtyf b pfbvcndjdfybq (ILL), extyst d kñåjq njxrt CIF
19–21 ctyn. 1995 (dn.-xtn.)
Ctvbyfh gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ d Hjcnjdt
gjkexfn djpvjéyjcnm pfrfpfnm dyjdm ghbjåhtntyyst vfnthbfks d cdjbö vtcnysö åbåkbjntrfö
21 ctyn. 1995 (gzn.)
Pfdthitybt hfåjns d Hjcnjdt
åtp ytjåöjlbvjcnb kbxyj ghbtpéfnm d Ymñ-Ötqdty bkb d Dfibyunjy.
23–24 ctyn. 1995 (ceå., djc.)
Gthttpl bp Hjcnjdf d Vjcrde yf gjtplt
25 ctyn. 1995 (gjy.)
Gthtktn bp Vjcrds d CIF
✐ Gjcrjkmre jåofz cnjbvjcnm ghjtrnf ytdtkbrf b jcyjdyfz xfcnm pfnhfn gflftn yf jgkfne gthttpljd, åñlétn ghjtrnf ljcnfnjxyj ghjcnjq, yj jxtym rjyrhtnysq. Pfnhfns hfpytctys gj hfpltkfv ≤Vtéleyfhjlyst
JÅVTY BYAJHVFWBTQ: Tckb åeltn ghbyznj gjkjébntkmyjt htitybt j abyfycbhjdfybb
gthttpls≥, ≤Dyenhtyybt gthttpls≥ b ≤Cenjxyst≥ b ghbdtltys d hfcxtnt yf jlyjuj exfcnybrf.
ghjtrnf gj jhufybpfwbb rjvgktrnjdfybz d htubjyfö Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz, tuj jhufybpfnjhs ghtlghbven dct djpvjéyst ecbkbz gj byajhvbhjdfybñ j tuj htpekmnfnfö b lfét
ÅÑLÉTN GHJTRNF
gj djdktxtybñ d ytuj dctö pfbynthtcjdfyysö ckfdbcnjd bp lheubö åbåkbjntr CIF. Cktlez ghbvtyzditqcz hfytt Léjycjyjv b Ymñåthnjv ghfrnbrt, u-éf Kjhrjdbx xthtp äktrnhjyyeñ
FVTHBRFYCRBT EXFCNYBRB:
gjxne hfpvtcnbn byajhvfwbñ j ghjtrnt b j ctvbyfhfö gj rjvgktrnjdfybñ d byajhvfwbjyyjq
Gthtktn CIF-Vjcrdf-CIF (Léjycjy ghbtltn d Vjcrde hfytt gj lheujq ghjuhfvvt)
ctnb fvthbrfycrbö åbåkbjntrfhtq-ckfdbcnjd SlavLibs, ult ghtlkjébn jrfpfnm kñåjt cjltqcndbt. Yfghbvth, dj dhtvz cdjbö ärcgtlbwbq d Chtlyññ Fpbñ Léjycjy dtp nelf gbcmvf jn åbåkbjntrb Ufhdfhlcrjuj eybdthcbntnf b cjltqcndjdfk hzle lheubö yfexysö åbåkbjntr d ecnfyjdktybb ghzvsö cdzptq c åbåkbjntrfvb änjuj htubjyf).
- ›1300 ö 2 exfcnybrf = ›2600 Ghjtpl yf gjtplfö Vjcrdf-Cfvfhf-Hjcnjd-Vjcrdf - ›250 ö 3 exfcnybrf = ›750 Cenjxyst d Hjcnjdt b Cfvfht - ›100 d ltym ö 13 lytq ö 3 exfcnybrf = ›3900
Gj pfdthitybb ghjtrnf tuj jhufybpfnjhs gjlujnjdzn bnjujdsq jnxtn d cjjndtncndbb c vjlt-
JÅOFZ CEVVF PFNHFN YF FVTHBRFYCRBÖ EXFCNYBRJD: ›7250
kmñ, hfphfåjnfyyjq Léjycjyjv d htpekmnfnt tuj ärcgtlbwbb d Chtlyññ Fpbñ b jgeåkbrjdfyyjq IREX. D änjn jnxtn åeltn drkñxtyf dcz byajhvfwbz, cjåhfyyfz d öjlt ghjdtltybz ldeö ct-
HJCCBQCRBT EXFCNYBRB:
vbyfhjd, ghbxtv jcjåjt dybvfybt åeltn eltktyj cjcnfdktybñ gjkyjuj cgbcrf dctö åbåkbjntr
Ghjtpl yf gjtplt d Cfvfhe b jåhfnyj:
cjjndtncndeñobö htubjyjd c gjlhjåyjq rjynfrnyjq byajhvfwbtq. Änf ét byajhvfwbz åeltn hfcghjcnhfytyf b d äktrnhjyyjv dblt xthtp ctnm SlavLibs. Jhufybpfnjhs ghjtrnf åelen nfrét ntcyj cjnhelybxfnm cj cgtwbfkbcnjv gj geåkbrfwbzv IREX, xnjås rfr vjéyj crjhtt gjluj-
- ›50 ö 20 exfcnybrjd = ›1000 Cenjxyst d Cfvfht: - ›35 d ltym ö 4 lyz ö 20 exfcnybrjd = ›2800 Ghjtpl yf gjtplt d Hjcnjd b jåhfnyj:
njdbnm gtxfnyeñ dthcbñ bnjujdjuj jnxtnf.
- ›50 ö 20 exfcnybrjd = ›1000 Rhjvt njuj, xnj dcz cjåhfyyfz byajhvfwbz j ntreotv gjkjétybb ltk d åbåkbjntrfö b bplfntkmcndfö Ctdthyjuj Rfdrfpf b Gjdjkémz åeltn ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyf, jhufybpfnjhs nfrét jåtcgtxfn gjkyeñ rfnfkjubpfwbñ d cdjbö åbåkbjntrfö ntö vfnthbfkjd (ghtbveotcndty-
Cenjxyst d Hjcnjdt: - ›35 d ltym ö 4 lyz ö 20 exfcnybrjd = ›2800 JÅOFZ CEVVF PFNHFN YF HJCCBQCRBÖ EXFCNYBRJD: ›7600
yj vjyjuhfabq b cthbqysö dsgecrjd), rjnjhst åelen bvb ghbjåhtntys d öjlt gjtplrb e åbåkbjntr htubjyf. Rfnfkjub rfr yfexyjq åbåkbjntrb Qtkmcrjuj eybdthcbntnf, nfr b Åbåkbjntrb
JÅOFZ CEVVF PFNHFN: ›14850
Rjyuhtccf CIF vjéyj yfqnb d OCLC b d lheubö åfpfö lfyysö, nfrbv jåhfpjv, byajhvfwbz j yjdsö gtxfnysö ghbjåhtntybzö cnfytn jåotljcnegyjq. Gjcrjkmre jåt åbåkbjntrb exfcndeñn
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[N.B. Åbåkbjntrf Rjyuhtccf CIF åthtn yf ctåz dct bplthérb, cdzpfyyst c exfcnbtv d htubjyfkmysö ctvbyfhfö tt vjcrjdcrjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz. Qtkmcrbq eybdthcbntn jgkfxbdftn hfåjxtt dhtvz Nfnmzys Kjhrjdbx b yfrkflyst
Åbåkbjntrf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Ctdthyjq Jctnbb Vföfxrfkf
hfcöjls (d vbybvfkmyjv hfpvtht), cdzpfyyst c tt exfcnbtv d ghjtrnt. Fyfkjubxyeñ gjllthére jrfpsdftn ÅR
Lfutcnfycrfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf
cdjbv cjnhelybrfv Léjycjye b Ymñåthne. Jcyjdyfz xfcnm gjlujnjdbntkmyjq hfåjns gj cjukfcjdfybñ ltnfktq
Åbåkbjntrf Lfutcnfycrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf
ctvbyfhjd, drkñxfz rcthjrjgbhjdfybt vfnthbfkjd, hfccskre gj afrce b n. g., åeltn ghjdjlbnmcz yf åfpt ÅR c ghbdktxtybtv cnféthjd Jnltktybz Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs b gjl jåobv herjdjlcndjv u-yf Ymñåthnf.]
Uhjpysq
Xtxtycrfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Åbåkbjntrf Xtxtycrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf
✐ Ghbdtltyyjt d rdflhfnysö crjårfö jgbcfybt åñlétnf jxtym rjhjnrjt, gjcrjkmre åñlétn ujdjhbn cfv pf ctåz. Jcjåj d jgbcfybb jnvtxftncz ljktdjt exfcnbt Qtkmcrjuj eybdthcbntnf b Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF.
Yfkmxbr
Yfwbjyfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Rfåfhlbyj-Åfkrfhbb Åbåkbjntrf Rfåfhlbyj-Åfkrfhcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf
RFYLBLFNS YF EXFCNBT D CTVBYFHT GJ RJVGKTRNJDFYBÑ, HJCNJD-YF-LJYE
RFYLBLFNS YF EXFCNBT D CTVBYFHT GJ RJVGKTRNJDFYBÑ, CFVFHF
Hjcnjd
Cfvfhf
Hjcnjdcrfz jåkfcnyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf (vtcnj ghjdtltybz)
Cfvfhcrfz jåkfcnyfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf (vtcnj ghjdtltybz)
Åbåkbjntrf Hjcnjdcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf
Åbåkbjntrf Cfvfhcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf
Rhfcyjlfh
Djhjyté
Rhfcyjlfhcrfz rhftdfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Åbåkbjntrf Reåfycrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf
Åbåkbjntrf Djhjytécrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Cfhfnjd
Cfhfnjdcrfz jåkfcnyfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf
Cnfdhjgjkm
Cnfdhjgjkmcrfz rhftdfz åbåkbjntrf
Åbåkbjntrf Cfhfnjdcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf
Fcnhföfym
Nfvåjd
Fcnhföfycrfz jåkfcnyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf
Nfvåjdcrfz jåkfcnyfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Djkujuhfl
YFWBJYFKMYST HTCGEÅKBRB
Djkujuhflcrfz jåkfcnyfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf
Äkbcnf
Åbåkbjntrf Djkujuhflcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf
Htcgeåkbrfycrfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Rfkvsrbb Åbåkbjntrf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Rfkvsrbb Xthrtccr
YFWBJYFKMYST HTCGEÅKBRB Xtåjrcfhs
Rfhfxftdj-Xthrtccrfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf
Xedficrfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz eybdthcfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Åbåkbjntrf Xedficrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf
Vfqrjg
Flsutqcrfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf
Eaf
Åfirbhcrfz htcgeåkbrfycrfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf
Dkflbrfdrfp
Htcgeåkbrfycrfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Ctdthyjq Jctnbb
58
Åbåkbjntrf Åfirbhcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf
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Rjkby Vçhab
Cfhfycr
1521 D Street, SE
Yfwbjyfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Vjhljdbb
Washington, DC 20003
Åbåkbjntrf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Vjhljdbb Qjirfh-Jkf
(202) 547-7608
Vfhbqcrfz yfwbjyfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Åbåkbjntrf Vfhbqcrjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Bétdcr
CGTWBFKBPFWBZ Hfpdbnbt cjwbfkmysö vtcnysö bybwbfnbd, flvbybcnhbhjdfybt ghjuhfvv, nhtqybyu, dpfbvjjnyj-
Yfwbjyfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Elvehnbb
itybz vtéle ujcelfhcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb hfpkbxysö cnhfy. Jåhfpjdfntkmyfz gjlujnjdrf
Åbåkbjntrf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Elvehnbb
– d catht jåotcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq, cjwbfkmyjuj flvbybcnhbhjdfybz, gjkbnjkjubb b vtéle-
Rfpfym
yfhjlysö jnyjitybq. Dkflttn bcgfycrbv b hevsycrbv zpsrfvb.
Yfwbjyfkmyfz åbåkbjntrf Nfnfhcnfyf Åbåkbjntrf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eybdthcbntnf Nfnfhcnfyf
JGSN HFÅJNS Vbybcnthcndj ébkboyjuj b ujhjlcrjuj hfpdbnbz, Dfibyunjy (atdhfkm 1998 – yfcn. dhtvz)
LHEUBT DJPVJÉYST RFYLBLFNS
Vtytléth ghjtrnjd/Pfobnf bynthtcjd fhtylfnjhjd
Jhtyåehu
• Jåtcgtxbdfk ajhvbhjdfybt ecnjqxbdsö cdzptq c jhufybpfwbzvb fhtylfnjhjd ébkmz,
Jhtyåehucrfz jåkfcnyfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Hzpfym
rjjhlbybhjdfk bö dpfbvjltqcndbt b ghtlcnfdkzk vbybcnthcndj yf cjåhfybzö fhtylfnjhjd, herjdjlbk pfctlfybzvb ajrecysö uhegg b ntktrjyathtywbzvb c ghtlcnfdbntkzvb fhtylfnjhjd
Hzpfycrfz jåkfcnyfz eybdthcfkmyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf Ekmzyjdcr
• Exfcndjdfk d jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq ghjuhfvvt ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb xthtp cgenybrjdjt dtofybt, jhufybpjdsdfk jåexfñobt ntktrjyathtywbb b jxyst pfyznbz, rjycekmnbhjdfk
Ekmzyjdcrfz jåkfcnyfz yfexyfz åbåkbjntrf
cjnhelybrjd vbybcnthcndf b ghtlcnfdbntktq jåotcndtyyjcnb d jåkfcnb jåtcgtxtybz äaatrnbdyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz • Fyfkbpbhjdfk b jwtybdfk pfzdrb yf uhfyns rfr jn jåotyfwbjyfkmysö jhufybpfwbq, nfr b jn vtcnysö bybwbfnbdysö uhegg • Ljhfåjnfk b jåtcgtxbk htfkbpfwbñ ghjuhfvvs gj hfpdbnbñ bybwbfnbds yf vtcnfö, gj djdktxtybñ uhfélfy d cfvjeghfdktybt b d jhufybpfwbñ vyjujctvtqysö ébkboysö rjjgthfnbdjd
Ghjuhfvvf gfhnythcndf PAL Jobs, Åfknbvjh, infn Vähbktyl (fghtkm 1997 – zydfhm 1998) Vtytléth ghjuhfvvs/Rjjhlbyfnjh • Flvbybcnhbhjdfk tétlytdyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm gj ghjuhfvvt, d njv xbckt – djghjcs abyfycjdjq jnxtnyjcnb, ecnfyfdkbdfk hfåjxbt cdzpb c vtcnysvb frnbdbcnfvb, hfphfåfnsdfk jåexfñobq rjvgjytyn ghjuhfvvs b jhufybpjdsdfk nhtqybyub, jceotcndkzk herjdjlcndj cjnhelybrfvb, ghjdjlbk bö ghjatccbjyfkmyeñ fnntcnfwbñ • Hfphfåfnsdfk vtnjls b bycnhevtyns htfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvvs, drkñxfz extåyeñ ghjuhfvve
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gjlujnjdrb r ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb, cnhfntubñ gjlåjhf gthcjyfkf, gjhzljr
JÅHFPJDFYBT
hfphfåjnrb åbpytc-gkfyf, f nfrét cjcnfdkzk extåyst gjcjåbz
Vfubcnh gj cjwbfkmysv ghjuhfvvfv, 1998
• Cjltqcndjdfk ecnfyjdktybñ hfåjxbö dpfbvjcdzptq vtéle Ltgfhnfvtynjv gjkbwbb Åfknbvjhf, Ajyljv ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf b Wtynhjv Ibdthf
Vähbktylcrbq eybdthcbntn – Åfknbvjh, infn Vähbktyl Cgtwbfkbpfwbz – jhufybpfwbz bybwbfnbdysö uhegg uhfélfy, cjwbfkmyjt flvbybcnhbhjdfybt Cgtwbfkmyjcnm – Cjwbfkmyjt hfpdbnbt
Yjdfz jåotcndtyyfz fccjwbfwbz Ñuj-Pfgflf, Åfknbvjh, infn Vähbktyl
Yfuhfls b gjjohtybz – Cnbgtylbz Åjhwe pf vbh jn Wtynhf Ibdthf; cnfébhjdrf d flvbyb-
(bñym 1995 – vfhn 1997)
cnhfwbb Ghtpbltynf
Jhufybpfnjh jåotcndtyyjcnb • Cjltqcndjdfk hfphfåjnrt b htfkbpfwbb jåotcndtyysö ghjuhfvv d jåkfcnb jåhfpjdfybz b
Åfrfkfdh uevfybnfhysö yfer, 1993
ghjabkfrnbrb ghtcnegyjcnb, rjjhlbybhjdfk dpfbvjltqcndbt c jhufybpfwbzvb-gfhnythfvb c
Eybdthcbntn Dfqjvbyuf – Kfhfvb, infn Dfqjvbyu
cjctlybö nthhbnjhbq
Ldjqyfz cgtwbfkbpfwbz – vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz b gjkbnjkjubz
• Fubnbhjdfk b jåexfk vtcnysö ébntktq, djdktrfz bö d ghjwtcc cfvjjhufybpfwbb. Ghbybvfk
Vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz – 1989–1990 Eybdthcbntn Jkmcnthf d Léjhlfynfeyt, Åtkafcn,
exfcnbt d cjplfybb Rjvbntnf gj cjcnfdktybñ pfzdjr yf uhfyns b herjdjlbk tuj ltzntkmyjcnmñ,
Ctdthyfz Bhkfylbz
xnj jåtcgtxbkj gjkextybt hfpkbxysö uhfynjd jåotq cevvjq ›50,000. Cjplfk b djpukfdbk
Xkty yfwbjyfkmysö jåotcnd Sigma Iota Rho b Pi Sigma Alpha
Rjvbntn ghbdktxtybz yjdsö xktyjd, ltzntkmyjcnm rjnjhjuj ghbdtkf r hjcne xbcktyyjcnb jhufybpfwbb yflj. Exfcndjdfk d hfåjnt Rjvbntnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ, rjnjhsq ecnfyjdbk
✐ Änj htpñvt drkñxftn rhfnrjt b zcyjt jgbcfybt cgtwbfkbpfwbb b ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj jgsnf rfylblfnf.
äaatrnbdyjt gfhnythcndj c vtcnyjq yfxfkmyjq irjkjq • Cjdvtcnyj c ébntkzvb vbrhjhfqjyf cjplfk infå-rdfhnbhe vtcnyjq uhfélfycrjq jhufybpf-
✐ Bcgjkmpjdfyf hfpvtnrf d dblt njxtr lkz jåktuxtybz djcghbznbz ljkéyjcnysö jåzpfyyjcntq rfylblfnf.
wbb b jåotcndtyysq wtynh, jhufybpjdsdfk ≤ceååjnybrb≥ gj eåjhrt nthhbnjhbb b gjcflrt
✐ Lfyyjt ghjcnjt, jlyjcnhfybxyjt htpñvt – öjhjibq jåhfptw htpñvt rfylblfnf yf flvbybcnhfnbdyeñ
lthtdmtd.
ljkéyjcnm rjjhlbyfnjhf bkb vtytléthf ghjtrnf.
Vjkjltéyfz ghjuhfvvf ≤Gthdsq ujl yf hfåjnt≥, Ltydth, infn Rjkjhflj (zydfhm 1993 – vfq 1995) Vtytléth ghjuhfvvs b yfcnfdybr • Flvbybcnhbhjdfk tétlytdyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm gj ghjuhfvvt, d njv xbckt – djghjcs rjjhlbyfwbb jåexfñobö ghjuhfvv b hfphfåjnrb extåysö vfnthbfkjd, jåtcgtxbdfk gjllthére b rjycekmnbhjdfybt exfcnybrjd, herjdjlbk rjvfyljq bp djcmvb ghjatccbjyfkmysö yfcnfdybrjd • Cgjcjåcndjdfk ghbyznbñ yf hfåjne d jrhtcnyjcnzö Ltydthf 200 cneltynjd • Hfphfåfnsdfk ghjuhfvvyst vfnthbfks, dytlhbk b gjllthébdfk cbcntve jnxtnyjcnb, rjjhlbybhjdfk ghbvtytybt bycnhevtynjd jwtyrb htpekmnfnjd hfåjns gj ghjuhfvvt
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Vfqrk Ymñåthn
XKTYCNDJ D GHJATCCBJYFKMYSÖ JHUFYBPFWBZÖ
Reference Specialist European Division
• Xkty Fvthbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbb hfpdbnbz ckfdbcnbrb
Library of Congress
• Xkty ghjatccbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbb Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF
Hfåjxbq flhtc:
Ljvfiybq flhtc:
European Division
HFÅJNF D ÅBÅKBJNTRT RJYUHTCCF B BYFZ HFÅJNF GJ CGTWBFKMYJCNB
2405 S. Dinwiddie Street
Library of Congress
Arlington, VA 22206-1000
Washington, DC 20540-4830
Ljv. ntk.: (703) 555-3017
• Cjnhelybr vjcrjdcrjq uheggs (1990–1996) • Xkty Rjvbntnf jnåjhf cnbgtylbfnjd d jåkfcnb byajhvfnbpfwbb b åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d hfvrfö Frnf d gjllthére cdjåjls (1996–1997)
Ntk.: (202) 707-3706 Afrc: (202) 707-8482
• Xkty rhfnrjchjxyjq dstplyjq rjvbccbb IREX gj jnåjhe ghtntyltynjd yf uhfyns (1994–1995)
E-mail:
[email protected]
• Xkty uheggs gj jnåjhe cnbgtylbfnjd d hfvrfö cjdvtcnyjq ghjuhfvvs Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf b Cjhjcf (1991–1994) • Xkty Rjvbccbb gj jnåjhe cnbgtylbfnjd bp Hjccbb d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d hfvrfö
JGSN HFÅJNS D ÅBÅKBJNTRT RJYUHTCCF CIF
ghjuhfvvs Aekåhfqn (1994) • Xkty uheggs gj jnåjhe cnbgtylbfnjd bp Hjccbb d hfvrfö cjdvtcnyjq ghjuhfvvs Åbåkbjntrb
• Cgtwbfkbcn gj cghfdjxyjq hfåjnt (Hjccbqcrbq jnltk), 1999-
Rjyuhtccf b Nänxth (1993)
• Cnfhibq åbåkbjntrfhm-rjycekmnfyn (Hjccbqcrbq jnltk), 1992–1996, 1997, 1998–1999 • Fvthbrfycrfz åbåkbjntxyfz fccjwbfwbz/Byajhvfwbjyyjt futyncndj CIF. Cnfébhjdrf d
GJJOHTYBZ ÅBÅKBJNTRB RJYUHTCCF CIF
åbåkbjntrt Trfnthbyåehuf, Hjccbz (8 vtczwtd, 1997–1998) • B.j. yfxfkmybrf xbnfkmyjuj pfkf Jnltktybz Tdhjgs, 1997 b 1995–96 • Åbåkbjntrfhm-rjycekmnfyn (ckfdzycrbt zpsrb), 1991–1992
• Ghjatccbjyfkmyfz ghtvbz pf drkfl dj dytlhtybt byntuhbhjdfyyjq cbcntvs Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF • Yfuhflf pf jcjåst ljcnbétybz d hfåjnt cgtwbfkmyjq uheggs gj cybétybñ pfnhfn yf cthbq-
• Åbåkbjntrfhm (ckfdzycrbt zpsrb), 1991
yeñ gjlgbcre (1998)
• Cnféth Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf, 1990–1991
• Cnféth ghjuhfvvs Fvthbrfycrjq åbåkbjntxyjq fccjwbfwbb/Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndf
JÅHFPJDFYBT
CIF d åbåkbjntrt Trfnthbyåehuf, Hjccbz (8 vtczwtd, 1997–1998) • Ghtvbz pf pfckeub d hfåjnt Rjvbntnf gj jåtcgtxtybñ cdjåjlyjuj ljcnegf d Bynthytn
• Vfubcnh, åbåkbjntxyjt ltkj (MLS). Eybdthcbntn infnf Dfibyunjy, Cbännk, infn Dfibyunjy, 1990. Xkty jåotcndf Phi Beta Mu
(1996) • Ghbcdjtybt htqnbyuf ≤dslfñotujcz≥ chtlb cjnhelybrjd Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF (1994)
• Vfubcnh, vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz (cjdtnjkjubz). Eybdthcbntn infnf Dfibunjy, Cbännk, infn Dfibyunjy, 1986. Jcyjdyfz ntvf: nhfycgjhnyfz utjuhfabz Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf. • Åfrfkfdh, vtéleyfhjlyst jnyjitybz (cjdtnjkjubz, lbgkjv c jnkbxbtv). Eybdthcbntn infnf
• Cgtwbfkmyfz ghtvbz Åbåkbjntrb Rjyuhtccf CIF ≤pf ujnjdyjcnm dsgjkyznm ljgjkybntkmyst aeyrwbb d wtkzö cjrhfotybz pfgfplsdfybz rfnfkjubpfwbb b pf pyfxbntkmysq drkfl d rjvgktrnfwbñ jnltkjd Hjccbb b Tdhfpbb≥ (1993)
Dfibyunjy, Cbännk, infn Dfibyunjy, 1981. Xkty jåotcndf Phi Beta Kappa
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UHFYNS (C 1995 UJLF) GEÅKBRFWBB • Uhfyn ghjuhfvvs IREX (International Research and Exchange Board) yf htfkbpfwbñ cgtwbfkmyjuj ghjtrnf d jåkfcnb byajhvfnbpfwbb b åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt b Tdhfpbb – Rjycekmnfyn ghjtrnf jwtyrb cjcnjzybz åbåkbjntr Pfgflf Hjccbb (1998) • Uhfyn ghjuhfvvs IREX (International Research and Exchange Board) yf htfkbpfwbñ cgtwbfkmyjuj ghjtrnf d jåkfcnb byajhvfnbpfwbb b åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt b Tdhfpbb – Rjycekmnfyn cjdvtcnyjuj ghjtrnf c Åbåkbjntrjq Åtkfhecb gj ghjatc-
• ≤Ghjtrn Dcnhtxf yf uhfybwfö – yjdfz äktrnhjyyfz åbåkbjntrf≥ [hfåjnf jgeåkbrjdfyf d cåjhybrt vfnthbfkjd rjyathtywbb] d Åbåkbjntrb b fhöbds htubjyf ≤Åjkmijq Ehfk≥, byajhvfwbjyyst exhtéltybz CIF : htcehcs b dpfbvjltqcndbt. Trfnthbyåehu: [bplfntkmcndj Cdthlkjdcrjq jåkfcnyjq eybdthcfkmyjq yfexyjq åbåkbjntrb, 1999. • ≤Åbåkbjntrb b ljrnhbyf cghfdtlkbdjcnb gjkmpjdfybz≥ [ukfdf rybub] d cåjhybrt ≤Fdnjhcrjt
cbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrt b gthtgjlujnjdrt rflhjd jwtyrb cjcnjzybz åbåkbjntr Pfgflf Hjccbb
ghfdj, åbåkbjntrb b bplfntkmcndf d dtr äktrnhjyysö rjvveybrfwbq≥. Cfyrn-Gtnthåehu,
(1997)
bplfntkmcndj hjccbqcrjq yfwbjyfkmyjq åbåkbjntrb, 1998.
• Uhfyn ghjuhfvvs IREX (International Research and Exchange Board) yf htfkbpfwbñ cgtwbfkm-
• “The Soviet and Baltic Independent Serials Database: One Use of Pro-Cite at the Library of
yjuj ghjtrnf d jåkfcnb byajhvfnbpfwbb b åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq
Congress” [book chapter] in Pro-Cite in Libraries: Applications in Bibliographic Database
Tdhjgt b Tdhfpbb – Rjycekmnfyn ghjtrnf jwtyrb cjcnjzybz åbåkbjntr gjdjkécrjuj b ctdt-
Management. Medford, NJ: Learned Information, 1995 (with Eric A. Johnson). • Library Assessment Project: Siberia. Washington, DC: IREX Research Services, 1994.
hjrfdrfpcrjuj htubjyjd (1995)
• “The Second 'Oxford' Conference on the Independent Press, Moscow, October 12–15, 1992” • Ghbybvfk exfcnbt d hfpkbxysö ghjtrnfö ntöybxtcrjq gjvjob d htcgeåkbrfö åsdituj
Association of College and Research Libraries, Slavic and East European Section Newsletter. Chicago: American Library Association, Slavic and East European Section, 1993.)
Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf c 1990 ujlf
• New Soviet and Baltic Independent Serials at the Library of Congress : a Holdings List.
EXFCNBT D RJYATHTYWBZÖ B CTVBYFHFÖ (C 1995 UJLF)
• Fvthbrfycrfz fccjwbfwbz cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ ckfdbcnbrb (yjzåhm 1997 ujlf) Ajhvbhez ajyls gj ckfdbcnbrt yf ÖÖÈ dtr: pfregrb bkb jåvtys? Ghtlctlfntkm b jhufybpfnjh.
Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1991 (with Eric A. Johnson and Harold M. Leich). • Rhjvt njuj, htuekzhyj dsgecrftn rybéyst jåpjhs gj cnhfyfv åsdituj CCCH b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs lkz Library Journal
• Fvthbrfycrfz fccjwbfwbz cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ ckfdbcnbrb (yjzåhm 1997 ujlf) Dkbzybt äktrnhjyysö byajhvfwbjyysö yjcbntktq yf ckfdbcnbre: åkfuj? pkj? – bkb b nj, b lheujt?
✐ Lfyyfz Cª cjlthébn wtyyeñ byajhvfwbñ gj hfåjnt rfylblfnf c lheubvb uhfynfvb b j tuj geåkbrfwbzö,
≤Rhfnrjt herjdjlcndj gj ghtldfhbntkmyjq jwtyrb Bynthytn-htcehcjd yf heccrjv zpsrt≥
xnj gjllthébdftn ifycs rfylblfnf d gjkextybb njq gjpbwbb, rjnjheñ ds jndtkb tve d dfitv ghjtrnt.
• Rheuksq cnjk c hjccbqcrbvb åbåkbjntrfhzvb j hfpdbnbb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf d CIF. (jrnzåhm
✐ Rfélsq hfpltk Cª xtnrj jnvtxty, vtéle hfpltkfvb – pyfxbntkmyjt hfccnjzybt, xnj jåktuxftn gjbcr
1995 ujlf) • Fvthbrfycrfz fccjwbfwbz cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ ckfdbcnbrb (jrnzåhm 1995 ujlf) Åbåkbjntrf
byajhvfwbb.
Rjyuhtccf: yjdst ghjuhfvvs gj ckfdbcnbrt b d htubjyt Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs. Exfcnybr
✐ Bvtyyj gjnjve, xnj yfexyfz ltzntkmyjcnm b jgsn hfåjns rfylblfnf gjkyjcnmñ cjjndtncndeñn ghtlkfuftvjq
rheukjuj cnjkf.
d pfzdrt ljkéyjcnb, jy ghbkfuftn cdjñ Cª r lfyyjq pfzdrt.
• C 1990 ujlf nfrét exfcndjdfk d rheuksö cnjkfö Fvthbrfycrjq fccjwbfwbb cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ ckfdbcnbrb c hfpkbxysvb ljrkflfvb
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Cfylhf H. Hjåthnc The Astor Center for History of Art
• Rjycekmnbhjdfybt gj djghjcfv fdnjvfnbpfwbb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf. • Rjjhlbyfwbz htfkbpfwbb ghjuhfvvs INNOPAC lkz cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö ajyljd.
16 Franklin Avenue Tarrytown, NY 15943 919-243-1555
Rjycekmnfyn ghjtrnf (6 vtczwtd) Wtynh bcnjhbb bcreccnd bv. Fcnjhf, Nthhbnfey, infn Ymñ-Qjhr (1991-1992) • Hfphfåjnrf gkfyf jåhfåjnrb, rfnfkjubpfwbb b öhfytybz ajylf Htqvjylf Kjeb (åjktt 2 vky. hbceyrjd, lbfuhfvv, gkfrfnjd b rybu.
ÉTKFTVFZ GJPBWBZ: Lbhtrnjh eybdthcbntncrjuj fhöbdf bkb cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjuj ajylf.
• Cjplfybt b dytlhtybt åfps lfyysö gj dctv lbpfqythcrbv ghjtrnfv Htqvjylf Kjeb.
RDFKBABRFWBZ
Åbåkbjuhfa ÈÈ cnegtyb, Jnltk bcgfyj-zpsxyjq fvthbrfycrjq gthbjlbrb, Eybdthcbntn
• Ghjljkébntkmysq jgsn fhöbdyjq hfåjns b rfnfkjubpfwbb.
Cfy-Öjct, infn Rfkbajhybz (1989)
• Ibhjrbt pyfybz d jåkfcnb fdnjvfnbpfwbb rfnfkjujd cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö ajyljd.
• Byltrcfwbz éehyfkmysö cnfntq gj bcnjhbb, gjkbnbrt b rekmneht cnhfy Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb –
• Jhufybpfwbz hfåjns åjkmijuj rjkbxtcndf gjlxbytyysö cjnhelybrjd d jnltkt rfnfkjubpfwbb.
yf bcgfycrjv, gjhneufkmcrjv, ahfywepcrjv b fyukbqcrjv zpsrfö.
• Jåotyfwbjyfkmyst ghtvbb d jåkfcnb eghfdktybz cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysvb ajylfvb.
• Gthtcvjnh ntpfehecf, pfdthitybt bvtyyjuj cghfdjxybrf.
JGSN HFÅJNS
JÅHFPJDFYBT
Ukfdf jnltkf rfnfkjubpfwbb ajyljd, Wtynh bcnjhbb bcreccnd bv. Fcnjhf, Nthhbnfey, infn
Cntgtym vfubcnhf åbåkbjntrjdtltybz, Eybdthcbntn Cfy-Öjct, afrekmntn åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b
Ymñ-Qjhr (c 1992 u. gj yfcnjzott dhtvz)
byajhvfnbrb, Cfy-Öjct, infn Rfkbajhybz (1989)
• Jhufybpfwbz fhöbdyjq rfnfkjubpfwbb b jåhfåjnrb herjgbctq, ajnjuhfabq b bysö fhöbdysö vfnthbfkjd.
Cgtwbfkbpfwbz – rfnfkjubpfwbz b rkfccbabrfwbz, drkñxfz hfcibhtyyst rehcs gj ntjhbb b ghfrnbrb rfnfkjubpfwbb, ghtlvtnyjve fyfkbpe, rfnfkjubpfwbb ytgtxfnysö vfnthbfkjd b rjv-
• Herjdjlcndj ctvyflwfnmñ gjlxbytyysvb cgtwbfkbcnfvb.
gktrnjdfybñ.
• Ibhjrbt pyfybz d jåkfcnb fdnjvfnbpfwbb b åfp lfyysö, drkñxfz Cuadra Star b RLIN. • Rjjhlbyfwbz ltzntkmyjcnb hfåjxtq uheggs gj dsåjhe byntuhbhjdfyyjq fdnjvfnbpbhjdfyyjq
Lbgkjvyfz hfåjnf gj bcnjhbb Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb, Eybdthcbntn Cfy-Öjct, Cfy-Öjct, infn Rfkbajhybz (1987-1988).
åbåkbjntxyjq cbcntvs.
Åbåkbjntrfhm cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö ajyljd, Jnltk cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö ajyljd Vtynjyf,
Byntycbdysq rehc bpextybz Gjhneufkbb, Eybdthcbntn Rfkbajhybb, Kjc-Fylétktc, ktnj 1985 u.
ujkjdyfz åbåkbjntrf eybdthcbntnf Cfy-Öjct, infn Rfkbajhybz (1990-1992)
Cntgtym åfrfkfdhf d bpextybb bcgfycrjuj zpsrf, Eybdthcbntn Cfy-Öjct, Cfy-Öjct, infn
• Jhufybpfwbz cghfdjxyjq ckeéås gj cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysv ajylfv, drkñxfz ajyl ajnjhfåjn
Rfkbajhybz (1986 u.).
jåütvjv åjktt 2 vbkkbjyjd tlbybw öhfytybz.
Drkñxfz extåysq rehc d Bcgfybb (Eybdthcbntn Rjvgekntyct, Vflhbl).
• Herjdjlcndj hfåjnjq gj uhfynfv Title II-C b uhfynfv ghfdbntkmcndf infnf Rfkbajhybz. • Cgtwbfkbpfwbz – bcgfyjzpsxyst ajyls, drkñxfz ajyl Yjhnf gj Uhfélfycrjq djqyt b ajyl
ZPSRB Cdjåjlyjt dkfltybt bcgfycrbv b gjhneufkmcrbv. Xntybt b gbcmvj yf ahfywepcrjv b bnfkmzycrjv.
Åfléf.
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XKTYCNDJ B LTZNTKMYJCNM D GHJATCCBJYFKMYSÖ CJÑPFÖ B FCCJWBFWBZÖ
DSCNEGKTYBZ YF RJYATHTYWBZÖ
Jåotcndj fvthbrfycrbö fhöbdbcnjd
≤J ghjtrnt jåtcgtxtybz ljcnegf r wbahjdsv dbltjvfnthbfkfv≥, Jåotcndj fvthbrfycrbö
• xkty yjvbyfwbjyyjuj rjvbntnf, 1994.
fhöbdbcnjd, Abybrc, infn Fhbpjyf, ctynzåhm 1995 ujlf.
• djkjynth ghjuhfvvs yfcnfdybxtcndf, 1992. • rjkktubz gj geåkbrfwbzv, 1993 u. – yfcnjzott dhtvz.
≤Jåhfåjnrf fhöbdysö ajyljd ajnjvfnthbfkjd≥, ctvbyfh gj ghjåktvfv dbpefkmysö vfnthbf-
• xkty Rjvbntnf jåvtyf fhöbdyjq byajhvfwbtq, 1989–92.
kjd d åbåkbjntrfö b veptzö, Gjhnktyl, infn Jhtujy, 1995 ujl.
≤Jgbcfntkmyst rfnfkjub htlrbö rybu≥, ljrkflxbr b dtleobq ctvbyfhf, Jhkfylj, infn Akjhb-
Fvthbrfycrfz åbåkbjntxyfz fccjwbfwbz Fccjwbfwbz åbåkbjntr rjkktlétq b yfexysö åbåkbjntr, ctrwbz htlrbö rybu b herjgbctq
lf, 1994 ujl.
• ghtlctlfntkm, 1993–94. • xkty bcgjkybntkmyjuj rjvbntnf, 1991–92.
≤Herjdjlcndj gj hfåjnt d cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö åbåkbjntxysö ajylfö≥, rjyathtywbz eybdth-
• xkty rjvbntnf gkfybhjdfybz rjyathtywbq, 1990–91.
cbntnf Rfkbajhybb gj flvbybcnhbhjdfybñ ajyljd ajnjvfnthbfkjd, Gfcfltyf, infn Rfkbajhybz, 1993 ujl.
Fccjwbfwbz åbåkbjntrfhtq eybdthcbntnf Rfkbajhybb • xkty rjvbntnf ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj hfpdbnbz, 1995–97.
GHJXFZ GHJATCCBJYFKMYFZ LTZNTKMYJCNM
• xkty bccktljdfntkmcrjuj rjvbntnf, 1986–88.
Dtleobq ctrwbb, Yfwbjyfkmysq ajyl uevfybnfhysö yfer, yjzåhm 1994 ujlf.
Xktycndj: Ctdthjfvthbrfycrjt jåotcndj åbåkbjntrfhtq-bcreccndjdtljd, Fccjwbfwbz
Bycnhernjh rehcf gj rfnfkjubpfwbb dbltjvfnthbfkjd, Eybdthcbntn Rjkevåbb, Irjkf htlrbö
dbltjbyajhvfwbjyysö htcehcjd, Felbj-dbltj rfnfkjub online.
rybu, 1994 ujl.
GEÅKBRFWBB
Fhöbdbcn-rjycekmnfyn, Fvthbrfycrfz irjkf bpextybz dbrnjhbfycndf, Kjyljy, 1995 ujl.
“Description for Digitized Photo Archives.” Published in Image Access Project: Proceedings from an RLG Forum, held in Monterey, CA. Mountain View, CA: Research Libraries Group, 1994.
Ghbukfityysq exfcnybr, Cjdtn åbåkbjntxysö htcehcjd, cbvgjpbev gj hfphfåjnrt nthvbyjkjubb lkz yjdjuj ntpfehecf, Ymñ-Ötqdty, infn Rjyytrnbren, 1993 ujl.
“Cataloging Archival Photograph Collections,” Visual Resources, v. 11 (1992), p. 85–100.
EXFCNBT D DSCNFDRFÖ “Rare Book Catalogers and Technology,” Rare Books and Manuscripts Librarianship, v. 7, no. 2
≤Jåhfps Bcgfybb≥ – gj vfnthbfkfv cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjuj ajylf Vtynjyf≥, ujkjdyfz åbåkbj-
(1991), p. 70–75.
ntrf, 1990 ujl. ≤Cys b lbpfqy: hbceyrb bp ajylf Htqvjylf Kjeb≥, Wtynh bcnjhbb bcreccnd bv. Fcnjhf, 1994
“Problems in Subject Classification in Special Format Materials.” Co-authored with Steve Noll.
ujl. Cjåbhfkf vfnthbfks lkz dscnfdrb, jhufybpjdsdfkf ltvjycnhfwbñ, dtkf extn.
Published in Subject Indexing in Context by Pat Turner, Boston: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
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Létqy H. Cyje Clarion University of Pennsylvania College of Communication, Computer Information Science and Library Science 109 Becker Hall Clarion, PA 16214 814-269-6638 FAX: 814-269-4311
irjkmysö åbåkbjntxysö wtynhfö b d ghjatccbjyfkmysö extåysö pfdtltybzö gj gjlujnjdrt åbåkbjntxysö hfåjnybrjd; dkbzybt jhufybpfwbb hfåjns irjkmysö åbåkbjntxysö b byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd yf ecgtdftvjcnm b ehjdtym pyfybq; genb ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz b jåvtyf jgsnjv chtlb cjnhelybrjd irjkmysö åbåkbjntxysö b byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd.
EMAIL:
[email protected] Afrekmntn åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbpfwbb, Eybdthcbntn Gbnncåehuf (Gbnncåehu, infn Gtycbkmdfybz)
ÉTKFTVFZ GJPBWBZ: Ltrfy afrekmntnf åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbrb
Fccbcntyn ghjatccjhf/yfexysq cjnhelybr ljrnjhfynehs, 1991–92 uu. • Ghtgjlfdfntkm rehcjd ltncrjq b vjkjltéyjq kbnthfnehs
RDFKBABRFWBZ
• Cjltqcndbt ghtgjlfdfntkmcrjve cjcnfde d ghjdtltybb bccktljdfybq c bcgjkmpjdfybtv
• Ltcznm ktn ghtgjlfdfntkmcrjuj jgsnf d eybdthcbntnt
cjdhtvtyysö rjvgmñnthysö ntöyjkjubq b d gjkextybb bynthfrnbdyjq byajhvfwbb d
• Ljrnjhcrfz cntgtym (Ph.D.) d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbrb
hfvrfö Wtynhf jåhfpjdfntkmysö ntöyjkjubq Eybdthcbntnf Gtycbkmdfybb (PCET)
• Ghbpyfyyst pfckeub d jhufybpfwbb b ghjdtltybb ghjuhfvv hfpdbnbz irjkmysö åbåkbjntr • Vyjujxbcktyyst geåkbrfwbb gj hfpkbxysv fcgtrnfv åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf
JÅHFPJDFYBT
• Ghtgjlfdfybt ghfdbk cjcnfdktybz åbåkbjuhfabb yf ctvbyfhfö PCET b htuekzhysö rehcfö lkz cneltynjd
Lbhtrnjh kfåjhfnjhbb djccnfyjdktybz byajhvfwbb/fccbcntyn ghtgjlfdfntkz ghb ljrnjhfy-
Eybdthcbntn Lhtrctkz
Ph.D.
Åbåkbjntxyjt ltkj b byajhvfnbrf, 1992 u.
Eybdthcbntn Gbnncåehuf
M.S.
Rjvgmñnthbpfwbz jåhfpjdfybz b gjpyfdfntkmyst cbcntvs, 1992 u.
neht, 1989–92 uu. • Ghtgjlfdfntkm rehcjd ghjbpdjlcndf CVB, jhufybpfwbb kjrfkmysö rjvveybrfwbjyysö ctntq, rjvgmñnthbpfwbb åbåkbjntr b ltncrjq kbnthfnehs
Eybdthcbntn Gbnncåehuf
M.L.S. Cgtwbfkbpfwbz: irjkmyst åbåkbjntrb, 1974 ujl
Rjkktlé Sweet Briar
B.A.
Fyukbqcrbq zpsr b gtlfujubrf, 1973 u.
• Jceotcndktybt jgthfnbdyjuj herjdjlcndf kfåjhfnjhbtq b herjdjlcndj cnféthfvb bp xbckf cneltynjd-cnfhitrehcybrjd • Ghjdtltybt bycnhernféf gj cjcnfdktybñ åbåkbjuhfabq, ltvjycnhfwbq åfp lfyysö yf CD-ROM, drkñxfz OCLC.
GHJATCCBJYFKMYSQ JGSN HFÅJNS Ljwtyn, Ghjuhfvvf hfpdbnbz irjkmysö åbåkbjntr, c 1993 gj yfcnjzott dhtvz. Rkfhbjycrbq eybdthcbntn infnf Gtycbkmdfybz, afrekmntn cdzpb, rjvgmñnthyjq byajhvfnbpf-
LJGJKYBNTKMYFZ GHJATCBJYFKMYFZ LTZNTKMYJCNM
wbb b åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf, (Rkfhbjy, infn Gtycbkmdfybz).
1985–89
Cgtwbfkbcn wtynhf byajhvfwbb d yfxfkmyjq irjkt jrheuf Rbyu Léjhlé, Åhjyrcdbkkm, infn Ymñ-Qjhr
• Ghtgjlfdfntkm d jåkfcnb ltncrjuj åbåkbjntxyjuj jåckeébdfybz b ltncrjq kbnthfnehs, fdnjvfnbpfwbb åbåkbjntr, ghbvtytybz byajhvfwbjyysö ntöyjkjubq d irjkmysö åbåkbjnt-
1984-85
Åbåkbjntrfhm chtlytq irjks jrheuf Nhjq, infn Ymñ-Qjhr
rfö
1983
Åbåkbjntrfhm/cjnhelybr cghfdjxyjuj jnltkf gj vfnthbfkfv ujcelfhcndtyysö
• Bccktljdfntkmcrfz hfåjnf gj ibhjrjve rheue djghjcjd, drkñxfz:
jhufyjd, åbåkbjntrf jrheuf Kjyu-Fqktyl, Vjynfer, infn Ymñ-Qjhr
hfcghjcnhfytybt gthtljdjuj jgsnf d jåkfcnb byntuhfwbb rjvgmñnthysö ntöyjkjubq d
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Åbåkbjntrfhm yfxfkmyjq irjks, jåhfpjdfntkmysq jrheu Aäqhabkl, Uhbydbx, infn
DSCNEGKTYBZ YF RJYATHTYWBZÖ B CTVBYFHFÖ
Rjyytrnbren
≤Jåpjh rjvgmñnthysö htcehcjd lkz cjnhelybrjd byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd irjk≥, bccktljdfybt, ghtlcnfdktyyjt yf jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq rjyathtywbb Fccjwbfwbb ltzntktq jåhfpjdfybz
YFGHFDKTYBZ BCCKTLJDFNTKMCRJQ HFÅJNS
d jåkfcnb åbåkbjntxyjuj ltkf b byajhvfnbrb d Cjkn-Ktqr-Cbnb d atdhfkt 1995 u.
≤Dkbzybt jhufybpfwbb hfåjns irjkmysö byajhvfwbjyysö b åbåkbjntxysö wtynhjd Gtycbkmdfybb yf ehjdtym pyfybq b ecgtdftvjcnm≥, abyfycbhetncz ctrwbtq irjkmysö åbåkbjntxyj-byajhvf-
≤Irjkmyst åbåkbjntxyst b byajhvfwbjyyst wtynhs: cdzpm c frfltvbxtcrjq ecgtdftvjcnmñ≥,
wbjyysö wtynhjd åbåkbjntxyjq fccjwbfwbb Ymñ-Qjhrf, 1994–96 ujls, ›5,000.
ghtlcnfdktyj yf jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq rjyathtywbb Fccjwbfwbb irjkmysö åbåkbjntrfhtq d Rkbdktylt d jrnzåht 1994 u.
≤Cnfylfhnyst rdfkbabrfwbjyyst nhtåjdfybz r cgtwbfkbcne irjkmysö byajhvfwbjyyj-åbåkbjntxysö wtynhjd, bccktljdfybz yt pfdthitys, yföjlzncz d cnflbb hfphfåjnrb.
≤Yjdst ntyltywbb ltncrjq kbnthfneht≥, ghtlcnfdktyj yf xntybzö Fccjwbfwbb exbntktq Pfgflyjq Gtycbkmdfybb d vft 1994 u.
≤Åbåkbjntxyjt jåckeébdfybt ltntq b ñyjitcndf: jcjåtyyjcnb ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb cgtwbfkbcnjd≥ d cjfdnjhcndt c Ifyntkm Vbkkth, bccktljdfybz yt pfdthitys, yföjlzncz d
≤Hjkm irjkmysö åbåkbjntr d åbåkbjntxyjq ctnb≥, ghtlcnfdktyj yf rjyathtywbb Åbåkbjntxyjq
cnflbb hfphfåjnrb.
fccjwbfwbb Ymñ-Qjhrf d Jkåfyb d 1990 u.
CNFNMB
Exfcnbt d vyjujxbcktyysö ctvbyfhfö d jåhfpjdfntkmysö jrheufö, d vtcnysö rjyathtywbzö,
“Electronic Resources in ALA Accredited Library Schools.” Recently submitted to Library Journal.
jcjåtyyj gj djghjcfv rjvgmñnthbpfwbb åbåkbjntr b dytctybz rjvgmñnthysö lbcwbgkby d extåyst ghjuhfvvs b gkfys.
“Attitudes of School Library Media Specialists Toward Networking,” School Library Media Quarterly, Summer, 1995.
HFÅJNF GJ UHFYNFV Ltgfhnfvtyn jåhfpjdfybz CIF, hfpltk IIB Pfrjyf j dscitv jåhfpjdfybb, ghjatccbjyfkmyjt
“Credentialing of Online Database Searchers,” co-authored with Ralph Brite, LIBRES: Library and
jåextybt gj cgtwbfkmyjcnb irjkmyjuj åbåkbjntrfhz b ärcgthnf byajhvfwbjyyjuj wtynhf,
Information Science Research Electronic Journal, No. 3, October, 1992.
1993–94 uu. Cevvf uhfynf › 20,000.
Xfcnj cjnhelybxftn d rfxtcndt jåjphtdfntkz rybu b ghjuhfvvyjuj jåtcgtxtybz c nfrbvb
Uhfyn yf bccktljdfntkmcreñ ltzntkmyjcnm jn Åbåkbjntxyjq fccjwbfwbb Ymñ-Qjhrf, 1994–96
bplfybzvb, rfr:
uu. Cevvf uhfynf ›5,500. Lkz ghjdtltybz bccktljdfybq gj ntvt ≤Dkbzybt jhufybpfwbb hfåjns
• éehyfk lkz irjkmysö åbåkbjntrfhtq School Library Journal
irjkmysö åbåkbjntxysö b byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd yf ecgtdftvjcnm b ehjdtym pyfybq≥
• éehyfk Emergency Librarian • éehyfk Library Journal
LTZNTKMYJCNM D GHCATCCBJYFKMYSÖ FCCJWBFWBZÖ
Jåjphtdfntkm rybu/htwtyptyn herjgbctq ltncrjq kbnthfnehs lkz bplfntkmcnd Harcourt
Fvthbrfycrfz fccjwbfwbz irjkmysö åbåkbjntrfhtq (AASL)
Brace, Harper Collins, b Scholastic. Htwtyptyn herjgbctq lkz éehyfkjd School Library Media Quarterly, School Libraries Worldwide, b Emergency Librarian.
Rfylblfn yf ljkéyjcnm Ukfdyjuj Rfpyfxtz; dsåjhs cjcnjzncz d bñyt 1996 ujlf – Xkty Hfåjxtq uheggs gj htcnhernehbpfwbb, 1995–96 uu.
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– Xkty bccktljdfntkmcrjuj rjvbntnf, 1993–97 uu; ghtlctlfntkm BR, 1995–96 ujls
YFUHFLS B GJJOHTYBZ
– Xkty Rjvbntnf ghbceéltybz ghtvbq Öfqcvbnf pf yfexyst bccktljdfybz, 1994–95 ujls
• Who’s Who in America (≤Rnj tcnm rnj d Fvthbrt≥), 1995 ujl
– Xkty Rjvbntnf gj bpextybñ b ghbvtytybñ jgsnf Kfycf, 1994–96 ujls
• Beta Phi Mu (Yfwbjyfkmyjt gjxtnyjt jåotcndj åbåkbjntrjdtltybz), 1974 ujl
– Xkty Rjvbntnf gj ghbtve d xktys fccjwbfwbb, 1986–89; ghtlctlfntkm, 1987–89 ujls
• Phi Delta Kappa (Yfwbjyfkmysq jhlty jåhfpjdfybz), 1986 ujl
– Ghtlctlfntkm Rjvbntnf ghbceéltybz ghtvbq pf ghbvtytybt vbrhjrjvgmñnthjd d irjkmysö åbå-
• Ghtpbltyncrfz cnbgtylbz, rjkktlé Sweet Briar, 1969 ujl
kbjntrfö, 1990 ujl – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj ghbceéltybñ ghtvbq pf yfbkexieñ ghjuhfvve ujlf gj hfpdbnbñ irjkmysö by-
JÅOTCNDTYYFZ HFÅJNF Rkfhbjycrbq eybdthcbntn Gtycbkmdfybb
ajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd, 1991 ujl
– Xkty Rjvbntnf gj rjvgmñnthbpfwbb, c 1994 ujlf – gj yfcnjzott dhtvz Fccjwbfwbz åbåkbjntxyjuj jåckeébdfybz ltntq – Xkty rjvbntnf åjqcrfenjd Fvthbrb, 1991–93 ujls, ghtlctlfntkm, 1992–93 ujls
– Xkty hfåjxtq uheggs gj gkfybhjdrt gjvtotybq d Åtrth Öjkk (Becker Hall), 1994–95 ujls – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj extåysv gkfyfv b ghjuhfvvfv, 1993–96 ujls; ghtlctlfntkm, 1994–96 ujls.
Fccjwbfwbz åbåkbjntxyjuj flvbybcnhbhjdfybz b vtytlévtynf – Xkty Rjvbntnf åbåkbjntxysö exhtéltybq cbcntvs BES, 1987–90 ujls
Djkjynth d Fccjwbfwbb hjlbntktq, exbntktq b extybrjd (PTSA) – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj jåhfpjdfntkmyjq gjkbnbrt, Wtynhfkmysq jåhfpjdfntkmysq jrheu,
Fccjwbfwbz åbåkbjntxyjuj jåckeébdfybz vjkjltéb – Xkty Rjvbntnf ghbvtytybz rjvgmñnthysö ntöyjkjubq, 1991–94 ujls; ghtlctlfntkm, 1993–94 ujls
1993–94 ujls – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj ghbceéltybñ tétujlysö ghtvbq hfåjnybrf jåhfpjdfybz, 1994–96 ujls; ghtlctlfntkm, 1994–96 ujls
Rheuksq cnjk gj åbåkbjntxysv bccktljdfybzv
Cthnbabwbhjdfyysq jhufybpfnjh yfwbjyfkmysö cjhtdyjdfybq gj uhtåkt.
– Rfylblfn d ghtlctlfntkb, 1994–95 ujls; ghtlctlfntkm, 1995–96 ujls – Dsåjhysq xkty bcgjkybntkmyjuj rjvbntnf, 1993–96 ujls
Vtéleyfhjlyfz fccjwbfwbz irjkmysö åbåkbjntrfhtq – Xkty Htlfrwbjyyjq rjkktubb éehyfkf Fccjwbfwbb School Libraries Worldwide, 1994–97 ujls
Åbåkbjntxyfz fccjwbfwbz Gtycbkmdfybb – Xkty Rjvbntnf gj ytghthsdyjve jåhfpjdfybñ, 1993–95 ujls
Ctrwbz irjkmysö åbåkbjntxysö b byajhvfwbjyysö wtynhjd – Xkty bccktljdfntkmcrjuj rjvbntnf, 1995–97 ujls; ghtlctlfntkm, 1995. – Xkty bcgjkybntkmyjuj rjvbntnf, 1994–96 ujls
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