A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
PMI Standards Committee William R. Duncan, Director of Standards
Project Management Institute 130 South State Road Upper Darby, PA 19082 USA
©1996 Project Management Institute, 130 South State Road, Upper Darby, PA 19082 USA
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Project Management Institute 130 South State Road Upper Darby, PA 19082 USA
©1996 Project Management Institute, 130 South State Road, Upper Darby, PA 19082 USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A guide to the project management body of knowledge. p. cm. “1996 ed.”—Pref. “This ... supersedes PMI’s Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) document that was published in 1987”—Pref. Includes index. ISBN: 1-880410-12-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN: 1-880410-13-3 (hdbk) 1. Industrial project management. I. Project Management Institute. II. Project management body of knowledge (PMBOK) HD69.P75G845 1996 658.4’04—dc20 95-39934 CIP PMI Communications welcomes corrections and comments on its documents. In addition to com-ments directed to the PMI Standards Committee about the substance of A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, please feel free to send comments on typographical, formatting, or other errors. Simply make a copy of the relevant page of the PMBOK Guide, mark the error, and send it to: PMI Communications, 40 Colonial Square, Sylva, NC 28779 USA, phone: 704/5863715, fax: 704/586-4020, e-mail:
[email protected]. Copyright ©1996 by the Project Management Institute. All rights reserved. Permission to republish in full is granted freely. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, manual, photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and re-trieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. Send permission request to Per-missions, PMI Communications, 40 Colonial Square, Sylva, NC 28779 USA. Printed and bound by Automated Graphic Systems, Charlotte, NC, USA. PMI publications are available at special quantity discounts. For more information, please write to the Business Manager, PMI Communications, 40 Colonial Square, Sylva, NC 28779 USA or con-tact your local bookstore. The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48—1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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! " " " "! " 7 ' rfF %' , # !+ rfF" " " rfp[6 • William R. Duncan, Duncan•Nevison, Director of Standards • Frederick Ayer, Defense Systems Management College • Cynthia Berg, Medtronic Micro-Rel • Mark Burgess, KnowledgeWorks • Helen Cooke, Cooke & Cooke • Judy Doll, Searle • Drew Fetters, PECO Energy Company • Brian Fletcher, ABRINN Project Management Services • Earl Glenwright, A.S.S.I.S.T. • Eric Jenett, Consultant • Deborah O’Bray, Manitoba Telephone System • Diane Quinn, Eastman Kodak Co. • Anthony Rizzotto, Miles Diagnostics • Alan Stretton, University of Technology, Sydney • Douglas E. Tryloff, TASC 5 1 2 " + " "!
!* "6 • John Adams, Western Carolina University (V"/4 ! " ) • Keely Brunner, Ball Aerospace (V"5$ " " ) • Louis J. Cabano, Pathfinder, Inc. (V"8$ " ) • David Curling, Loday Systems (V"90$ " " " ) • Douglas Gordon, Special Projects Coordinations (V"5$ " " ) • David T. Hulett, D.T. Hulett & Associates (V"99$ " " ) • Edward Ionata, Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff (V"9P$ " " ) • John M. Nevison, Duncan•Nevison (V".$ " " " ) • Hadley Reynolds, Reynolds Associates (V"0+ " ) • Agnes Salvo, CUNA Mutual Insurance (V"99$ " " ) ©1996 Project Management Institute, 130 South State Road, Upper Darby, PA 19082 USA
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) • Leonard Stolba, Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Douglas & Quade (V"Z$ " " " ) • Ahmet Taspinar, MBP Network (V"A$ " " " ) • Francis M. Webster (V"9 ) 6 ( $ 2 + " " ! " 6 • Edward L. Averill, Edward Averill & Associates • A.C. “Fred” Baker, Scott, Madden & Associates • F.J. “Bud” Baker, Wright State University • Tom Belanger, The Sterling Planning Group • John A. Bing, Coastline Community College • Brian Bock, Ziff Desktop Information • Paul Bosakowski, Fluor Daniel • Dorothy J. Burton, Management Systems Associates, Ltd. • Cohort ’93, University of Technology, Sydney • Cohort ’94, University of Technology, Sydney • Kim Colenso, Applied Business Technologies • Samuel K. Collier, Mead Corporation • Karen Condos-Alfonsi, PMI Executive Office • E.J. Coyle, VDO Yazaki • Darlene Crane, Crane Consulting • Russ Darnall, Fluor Daniel • Maureen Dougherty, GPS Technologies • John J. Downing, Digital Equipment Corporation • Daniel D. Dudek, Optimum Technologies, Inc. • Lawrence East, Westinghouse • Quentin W. Fleming, Primavera Systems, Inc. • Rick Fletcher, Acres • Greg Githens, Maxicomm Project Services, Inc. • Leo Giulianeti, Keane Inc. • Martha D. Hammonds, AMEX TSG Systems • Abdulrazak Hajibrahim, Bombardier • G. Alan Hellawell, Eastman Kodak • Paul Hinkley, Meta Consultants • Wayne L. Hinthorn, PMI Orange Co. • Mark E. Hodson, Eli Lilly & Company • Lew Ireland, L.R. Ireland Associates • Elvin Isgrig, North Dakota State University • Murray Janzen, Procter & Gamble • Frank Jenes • Walter Karpowski, Management Assoc. • William F. Kerrigan, Bechtel International, Inc. ©1996 Project Management Institute, 130 South State Road, Upper Darby, PA 19082 USA
• Harold Kerzner, Baldwin-Wallace College • Robert L. Kimmons, Kimmons-Asaro Group Ltd., Inc. • Richard King, AT&T • J.D. “Kaay” Koch, Koch Associates • Lauri Koskela, VTT Building Technology • Richard E. Little, Project Performance Management • Lyle W. Lockwood, Universal Technology Inc. • Lawrence Mack, PMI Pittsburgh • Christopher Madigan, Sandia National Laboratories • Michael L. McCauley, Integrated Project Systems • Hugh McLaughlin, Broadstar Inc. • Frank McNeely, National Contract Management Association • Pierre Menard, University of Quebec at Montreal • Rick Michaels • Raymond Miller, AT&T • Alan Minson, A&R Minson • Colin Morris, Delcan Hatch • R. Bruce Morris • David J. Mueller, Westinghouse • Gary Nelson, Athena Consulting Inc. • John P. Nolan, AACE International • Louise C. Novakowski, Cominco Engineering Services, Ltd. • James O’Brien, O’Brien-Kreitzberg • JoAnn C. Osmer, Arbella Mutual Insurance Co. • Jon V. Palmquist, Allstate Insurance • Matthew Parry, Target Consultants • John G. Phippen, JGP Quality Services • Hans E. Picard, P&A Consultants Corporation • Serge Y. Piotte, Cartier Group • PMI, Houston Chapter • PMI, Manitoba Chapter • PMI, New Zealand Chapter • Charles J. Pospisil, Procon, Inc. • Janice Y. Preston, Pacifica Companies • Mark T. Price, GE Nuclear Energy • Christopher Quaife, Symmetric Resources • Peter E. Quinn, Canadian Air Force • Steven F. Ritter, Mead Corporation • William S. Ruggles, Ruggles & Associates • Ralph B. Sackman, Levi Strauss & Co. • Alice Sapienza, Simmons College • Darryl M. Selleck • Melvin Silverman, Atrium Associates, Inc. • Roy Smith, Decision Planning Corp. • Craig T. Stone, Management Counseling Corp. • Hiroshi Tanaka, JGC Corporation ©1996 Project Management Institute, 130 South State Road, Upper Darby, PA 19082 USA
• Robert Templeton, MW Kellogg • Dick Thiel, King County (WA) DPW • Saul Thomashow, Andersen Consulting • J. Tidhar, Oranatech Management Systems Ltd. • Vijay K. Verma, TRIUMF • Janet Toepfer, Business Office Systems • Alex Walton, Harris Corporation • Jack Way, Simetra, Inc. • R. Max Wideman, AEW Services • Rebecca Winston, EG&G Idaho Inc. • Hugh M. Woodward, Proctor & Gamble • Robert Youker, Management Planning & Control Systems • Shakir H. Zuberi, ICF Kaiser Engineers Hanford • Dirk Zwart, Computer Sciences Corp. = > $" 234 " % ! + rfF6 • Jeannette M. Cabanis, Editor, Book Division • Misty N. Dillard, Administrative Assistant • Linda V. Gillman, Office Administrator • Bobby R. Hensley, Publications Coordinator • Jonathan Hicks, Systems Administrator • Sandy Jenkins, Associate Editor • Mark S. Parker, Production Coordinator • Dewey L. Messer, Managing Editor • Danell Moses, Marketing Promotion Coordinator • Shirley B. Parker, Business/Marketing Manager • Melissa Pendergast, Information Services Coordinator • James S. Pennypacker, Publisher/Editor-In-Chief • Michelle Triggs, Graphic Designer • Lisa Woodring, Administrative Assistant
©1996 Project Management Institute, 130 South State Road, Upper Darby, PA 19082 USA
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1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition. 1992. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2. Turner, J. Rodney. 1992. The Handbook of Project-Based Management. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.
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1. Morris, Peter W.G. 1981. Managing Project Interfaces: Key Points for Project Success. In Cleland and King, Project Management Handbook, Second Edition. En-glewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 2. Murphy, Patrice L. 1989. Pharmaceutical Project Management: Is It Differ-ent? Project Management Journal (September). 3. Muench, Dean. 1994. The Sybase Development Framework. Oakland, Calif.: Sybase Inc. 4. Kotter, John P. 1990. A Force for Change: How Leadership Differs from Man-agement. New York, N.Y.: The Free Press. 5. Pfeffer, Jeffrey. 1992. Managing with Power: Politics and Influence in Organi-zations. HBS Press. Quoted in [6]. 6. Eccles, Robert, et al. 1992. Beyond the Hype. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 7. International Organization for Standardization. 1994. Code of Good Practice for Standardization (Draft International Standard). Geneva, Switzerland: ISO Press. 8. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition. 1992. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Company.
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1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition. 1992. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Company.
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1. International Organization for Standardization. 1993. Quality—Vocabulary (Draft International Standard 8402). Geneva, Switzerland: ISO Press. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid.
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$ 2 + 84 )+ Korean Institute of Project Management and Technology (PROMAT) Phone: +822-510-5835 Fax: +822-510-5380 . + + Performance Management Association (PMA) Phone: 714/443-0373 Fax: 714/443-0374 2 + $ * Project Management Institute of Canada Phone: Fax: 403/281-3068 +. + + Russian Project Management Association (SOVNET) Phone: +7-095-133-24-41 Fax: +7-095-131-85-29
9. +. + + Western Australian Project Management Association, Inc. (WAPMA) Phone: 619/383-3849 Fax: 619/383-3849
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