Информатика: базовый курс

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52

KonrponuxbteBonpoebt 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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7. B. 9. 10. 1L I 2. .A,ailreonpeAeleHHe 4esrHQopvaquu. 13. Hro raKoe Kaqecrno nHQoprvraquu? I4. Hasosnre ocHoBHbIecocraBlqroulne Kar{ec'rBaran{ropuaquu. 1.5. Kar BbI uoHl,IMaere3au{HII{eHI{ocrb H coAepx(are^},HocrI' r'ruoopntaquu ? 16. 9 eu A,ocrnraerca rpe6yertr,lri yponeHb 3aulsuleHnoctu rarrQopv'aquu? 17. Haeosnre ocHoBHFiexaaccrlQu xaq[IoHHble fi pl4suaru nn@opuaquu ? 18. Karr're BI,tAbII{ Qoputr upeAcraBleHran zHSoprraqru a uIr@opnaquoHHr,rx ct{creMax Bbt sHaere?

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e urHQo p l..ararJulvl II p e4c'raBneHuL

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3.1, CACTEMbI CTII C AE}{I fl \

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r{I4C a CUMBO OB.

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54

Henosuquonilaf,'cucmey.actlucilenun-cucreMa'srotopoicl'tMBoalI, o6ogHa.rarculr4e

(uosr'rqrau)a uso6paxenull

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3a[?Icb qI'IcAaA B cucreMe cqI4cIeHI'It Di Dr-

ctrMBo bI cl{c-

TEMbI.

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i f raqcHHc(o6oaHa'iacltocxo.nuvccrno)

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BbrxAectrTr,lnoc^eAoBa're^bHr,Ix qlrce^, a Bce nocleAyrcIqne quc^a, HartHHagc 10 r,rr, A., o6o3Ha.rarorcfly)Ke 6es ucnolbsoBaHlrfl HoBrrx quQp. .A,ecaruvHaacucreMa cqucAeHuf ocnoBaHa Ha roMr tITo AecflTbeArrHHIl KaxAofo pa3pflAa o6re4raHarorcfl B oAHy eAIlHlrI{y coceAHero crapluero pa 3pffAar uo SToMyKar(Asrrl paspxp, zMeer Bec, pannuil creneHrr I 0. cae AOBareAlHo,3HarreHneo4noir u roli x(e qu$pu onpeAelsercl ee MecTo[olox(eHrreM B u:o6pa:reurru qrrcla, xapaKTepla3yeMblMcreneHbro rrl,tcla 222.22IIH+pa 2 nonropaqncla 10. Haupnrr.rep,B I43o6paJKeHIal4 groM qll$pa 2 ogna.raer Kolr'IqecrBo pa3, npu rlepBafl cleBa uflTr, ercq (ee paBeH eropas KoltlqecrBo Bec 102); coreH AecflTKou (ee aec pa(ee paBeH rec 100),'rereepraa KolfiqecrBo eALIHI{II l0), Tperts aeu (ee paBeH l0t) rannran quQsec eA,I{HrrIIbI Ko/tfiqecrBo Aecrrrbrx 4o,lefi pa - Kolr4rrecrBo corblx 4oaerl eAnHuIIbI (ee aec paBeH l0-2).To ecrr rfnc/\o 222.22 Mor(er 6uTr, paaaox(eHo rlo crelreHrM'racaa 10: 222.22:

2 x 1 0 2* 2 x l } t + 2 x 1 0 0 +2 x l 0 - t * 2 x 1 0 2.

AHalorn.rHo: 725:7 x 102*2x l0'*5x

3. 1. 1. floru

gltorrHbre

cr4sreMbr

cr{ncaeHrr.x

\ Crzcrelry cqLrcAeHHF,a xoropoti 3HarreHl4eqa@psr oflpeAeltercs ee Mecrorrolo)KeHl4eM (nosuqneit) a uso6pax<envrr 'lucua, lta3bIBalor no3urluor{Hodl.

Yuopxp,ovennuri na6op cI{MBoAoB(qzQp) { a o,a,,...,a}, ncrolb3ye rruri 4rla upeAcraBleHl,tfl AIo6bIx qucel B 3aAaHHoi Iro3IIIIHoHHoilrcucreMe cqr4cleHng, Ha3blBaroree aAQoBumoM,quclo cI4MBoAoB(IreISp) n + 1aaQanurap: Ha3hrBaror p-utnoti,

e e o c H o B a H u e M , ac a M y c l ' I c r e M y c q n c ^ e H H s

1 3 0 4 . 5:

1x 103*3x 102*0x 101+4x100+5x 10-1;

5 0 3 2 8 . 1:5 5 x 1 0 a+ 0 x 1 0 3 + 3 x 1 0 2 * 2 x 1 0 1 + B x1 0 0 * l x 1 0 ' ' * 5 x 1 0 - 2 . Tarculr o6pa3oM, ato6oe quclo A Mo)KHonpeAcraBl4TbB BI{Ae[o^HHOMaUyreM pa3^orKeHlrfl efo no crerleHfll{.ruc/\a l0: A , o = a n x 1 0 n+ o n - rx l 0 n ' r + . . . + o rx 1 0 1* c o x 1 0 0 * a - rx 1 0 - t + . . . +

-l-c_.x 10''+ ...,

CaruroftupuerruHoft 4a.r Hac flBlserctr AecflTuqHafl cl'IcreMa cr{Hc^ e * v r f l .E e a a Q a r u r - 1 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , a9 )o, c H o B a H L Ipe : 1 0 ,T . e . B 3Torl cr4creMeA^t 3anucu.uo6rrx quce^ rcrlo^b3yercr ro^bKo Aecarb pa3HbrxcHMBo oB (IINQp). 3ru qn$pu BBeAeHbI 4irfl o6o3Harreul'Iflnep56

( 31 .)

[oc^eAoBare^r,Hocrb us xos$Quqr{eHToB Koroporo upeAcraB^ser co6oli AecxruqHyro 3anHcb rrl,rcla Ar0: A ,o :

Ocnoaanue nosIaqI4oHHoIicHcreMtI cqrrc eHIlq - KoALIqecrBopa3ll4qHsrx quQp, r4cnolb3yeMblx 4u raso6pax(eHl,tfiril4cel B 4artnofi cncreMe cqr{c^eHus.

100;

anan-,...e tao.a_f..a_m...

(3.2)

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57

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U

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5

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Cucreua cqucreHm

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8 10 l2 to

A : o

1* a I : oxPo* a -,xp' 1..'* a -^xp'^ n

= \ q*p*, k=-m

(3.3)

CIIHCACHI4q.

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P paspnght 12 quc,\o

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=

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2x4t + 0x4t i 3x4o 1 x 3 t + 0 x 3 2* 2 x 3 t + 2 x 3 o lx2t + 0x2{ + 0x23 + 0x22+lx2t+lx2o

rIo3rl uHoHHbIe cHcreMbl cqHcleHrq fB,it-alorcr aAaAArlrr{BHoAr4Tr4BHo-MyAbrI{rrrruKarrrBHbIMr'r. Oco6enno orqerluBo MyAbTrrn r4XarzsHHIi CuOCo6 06pa3OBaHut quce1 Ia3 6a3ItCHbIx BbIfl3blKa' HarrpnMep flflTbcor u]epalr(eH B qHC I4TeAbHbIX pyccKoro urecrb AeclrKoB nlroc Borrlloc (r. uatr coreu e. BoceMb crbAecgr ceMb). ApuQrretrarrecKr{e

4ericrar,ra HaA qnclaMra s No6oil noar'rquouuolZ CI{CTCMECTII4CACHT{'NPOII3BOMTCfl IIO TEM )KE TIPABI{ AMI I{TO II B AEHa npaBIa aX BbICgrrn.IHOi CtICTeMe, TaK KaK BCe OHI4OCHOBbIBaIOTCS [oAHeHr4r A ehctnnfi,HaA cooTBeTcTByroilItrMr,r no71HHoMaMz. FIpu eror'r Hyx(Ho ToAbKo rro^s3oBaTbct TeMH raorruqauu clox(eHr4s H yruHorKeHrrgr KoTopble I{MeloT MecTo ilpl{ A,aHHOMOCHOBaHLIHp CIACTeMbIcquc-

rAe or - r{uspbr cHcreMbl cquc^eHu.f,;n u m - quc^o qe^blx tt 4po6Hbrx pa3pgAoBrcoorBercrBeHHor Ao- sanncb rruc^a A e p-n'ruofi cucTEME

2

4x8' + 3x$o

uecrb pa3pfAoB. Bce ltgeecrHble

Taxuu 06pa3oM, Bo3Mox(Ho 6ec.rucaeHHoe MHoxecrBo rro3HIILIoHHbIX CLICTeM:ABOLrqHafl, TpourrHaf r rrerBepuqHag I,1T. A. 3auzcr qnceA B KilKAoir rir3 cr.rcreM cr{HcleHlar c ocHoBaHHeM p o3Harraer coKpau{eHHyro 3anrzcb BblpaxeHlrfl : 1*...*a,xp o.nxp"* a n-,xpn-

4

3

1 0 4 3s= 1 0 0 3n= 1 0 2 2r= I a 1 l"=

I4s nprlne4eHHblx npl{MepoB BLIAHo, qro c yMeHbureHI'IeM ocHoBarlI'IcAo HcIIo^b3yeMaIx quQp, Ht4tr crrcreMbl csHc^eHl4fl yMeHburaercfl Ho Bo3pacraer Kolr4secrBo pa3pfl4oa. Tar, B ABeHanrlarepl4t{Hoi, AeCgTr.rrrHOIl14BOCbMepEqHOIi CHCTeMaX,Al.s 3aIII{CIa rIlrclra 35 rpe6Oaa- TpH pa3psAa' a B,qBol4qHoli AOCb ABa pa3psAa, B qerBepl4rlnoi

0, 0, , 0, t ? 0 , ,2,3,4 0 , ,2,3,4,5,6,7 0 , ,2,3,4,5,6,7 ,8,9 0, ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,8 A,B,C,D,E,F 0 , ,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,

AaolrqHaq TponuHaa 9ernepuvnaa Ilarepuunar Bocut'repuvxaa ,IIecgru.{Hat .Ilrcuaartarepuvnaa LllecrnaarlareprqHas

4

3 5,0= 3xl0t + 5x100

t0

+ Bxl2o

AEHI{9. qro Bo Bcex no3I'IqIaoHHbIx cllcreMax cqI4cAeHHt c roOruernu, Ha rrucla nn4a P' , rAe m - Ileloe P yunoxteHlIfl 6rttvr ocnosaHl{eM trI4C o, CBOAI4TCS[pOCTo K [epeHeCeHHIO 3auflTorf y r'rnOxtuuoro Ha m pa3pffAoB BnpaBo I4./\HBAeBO (A aaeucr'rlrocrH or 3HaKa m,f, rax xe KaK ra B AecflT[qHoli cllcreMe, B KaqecrBe upuMepa BbI[oAHeHr{e apuQruetuqecKux PaccuorpuM onepaqufi e rporzvHoft I{ rrflTepuqHoti cucreuax cvucrreHua, ra6azqrr c^ox(eHH,II4yMHoXeHvIf'M'9'KoTopblxnpeAcTaB^eHbIcooTBeTcTBeHHo Ha pr{c. 3,1 n3.2.

59

+

0

0

0

I

2

2

1

z

X

0

I

2

1

2

0

U

U

0

z

10

10

z

l l

a)

o

I

z

(,

2

t1

Cucreuur cqI{cAeHLIs l4crrolb3ytorct 4,rt [OCTpOeHLlff Ha I{X OCHOBe pa3^rrqHblx KoAoB B CI'ICTeMaXUepeAaqld, xpaHeHr{fl u upeo6pa:oBaHHq r.ruQopuaqun,

Kog (o'r aa'r. codex) - cl{creMa yc oBHLrx 3HaKoB (cuMBoAoB)p'lt.aflpeAcraBlenr4fl pasalrvnotl uHrpopuaqr.ru.

6)

Pnc.3.l. Ta6,uaqrt clo)r(enuff (a) u ynnoxeurln

+

0

z

0

0

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2 t

2

t

3

10

11

10

t1

l2

11

12

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4

4

(6) n rpoavuofi cucreMe cqucleHHrr

X

0

0

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z

J

4

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14

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nurfi ua AaHHofr cHCTeMe cqucleHutt, Kax4orr.ry pa3pflAy qucla MorKHo nocraBI4Tb B coorBercrBxe raxoriHa .rru6o naparrerp gleKTpLtqecKoro cHrHaAa, Harrpl4Mep aMnlllryAy' pnc. 3.3 B KarrecrBe upl{Mepa [pl,IBeAeiro rt3o6pa->r<enueqtdcla 35 a eaAe

6)

a)

Aro6ortry 4ucKperHoMy coo6uleunro lrlta 3HaKy coo6uleHafl lfro)KHo tIpuIIacarb xarofi -aa6o nopflAKoBblti nolrep. Zat'lepenue aHaaoroeoIi Belr4qnHbr, Bbrpax(arculeecfl B cpaBHeHI4I,ree c o6pasqoBIIML MepaMrar IlepeTaK)Ke [pr.rBoAHT K rrHC oBoMy lrpeAcraBleHl4ro un$opuaqun. sAH K UepeAaqe cBOA]rrCfl [pPI 3ToM coo6ulenui H u xpaHeHr{e Aarra cuc'relre xpaHeHrrlo q?rcel. t{ncaa Mo)KHo BbIpa3I,IT}, g raroi-au6o cqncleHr4s. Taruu o6pasou 6y4er nolyqeH oAI{H I43 KoAoB, ocHoBaH'

HMny bcoB AlurelbHocrbro crrcreMax c.rucaeuua) [9].

Puc,3.2. Ta6nurln ciroxceHur (a) I,ryMHoxeHHr (6) n nnrepuvrrorl cucrene crrficrreHurr

To c pa3HbIMH aMnAHryAaMu (npH pa3Hblx

OcHoBaHHe cHcTeMH

flpttuep 1, Brruoauure 4ericrazn e rpouvnor)r cncreMe crrrrcleHHfl: a ) 2 l l 3 + 1 0 1 . ;6 ) 2 0 1 3 - l 2 2 r :n ) 1 2 1 .x 1 0 . .

Peruenue: a ) , 2 ' 1 - 11 o | l 1

0

t

6 )

2 r

0

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0 2

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e) X

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llpnuep 2. Brrnorlnare 4elicrana n uatepuvnori ann:324, + l02r; 43ls - l22r; 142rx l3r.

r

4

r

o

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4

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)

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1 2

2

CI,ICTEMC

1 0 0

t

3anlrcs chcna xoA qxcna)

CIIUCAE.

28

P=10

P=8

P=4

35

43

203

?=2 1022

10m11

9nerrpnqecKre crtrHaflbl iKoAoBa9 koM614xauhc)

0

P=12

t

npI'Ipa3HblxcllcreMaxcqlzcleHl4ff Pnc. 3,3, l{ao6pax<eane.ruc1a35 B B!4AecurHa71oB

a) X

1 | 3

60

2 1 0

| 2 _J__ t

PeueHr.re: a ) , 3 2

r

cqhcneHn9

|

0 4 0

4 1

2 3

3 2 0

r 1

Ha I{x ocHoBe KoAoB c nofl locrpoeHHblx AHa,,rris cplcreM cqnclegllfl sHr1uft uplrueHeHllg B cl4creMax rrepeAaqu, xpaHeHl4s I4 rlpeo6pa3oBaHlt nnQoprrlarlul'r floKa3blBaer, rrro'I eN{ 6olbure ocHoBaHHe cl4creMbl cquc AaHAeHHfl , TeM MeHburee qucrro pa3psAoB'rpe6yercr 44..anpeAcraBleHlu I,I MeHbIrIee BpeMfl AAfl ero uepeAarlu. HOrO qI4C/\a, a CleAoBarellHo,

61

O4,Haxo c pocroM ocHoBaurtfl cyudecrBeuno noBbllrrarctcr rpe6oBaHr4r K a[uapaType QoprnruporaHHt rr pac[o3HaBaHl'rfl e^eMeHTapHbIx pa3AJlqHbIM cIdMBo aM. AorI{lI ecKue 3.rrecurHa oB r c o orBercrBytoqnx ycrpolicre s 3ToM clfrae MeHTbr BbrqacllrelbHblx AoAJKHbI l4Merb qI{cAo ycroliqI,IBbIx coctognrati. 6oauuee B KallecrBe rroKa3arel.a sQSexrunC yverou grl,Ix o6croflTelbcrB rrrcrro, paBHoe npol{3BeAeHlrro eu6paHo Mo)Ker 6utr cr4creMbl Hocrlr KoluqecrBa pa3lurrHbrx cI4MBo oB g Ha KO T4IIeCTBOpa3pX4OA N,a4-A 6y4er cuBbrpax(eHr4r aro6oro ql4c^a. TorAa nara6orree sSQexrunHoir creMar o6ecne.rraBarolqafl MI4HI4MyM 3HarreHIdff AaHHoro rtoKa3arellff . O6osHa.ruM npor43BeAeHr.re ocHoBaHl{ff cI,IcreMbI g Ha MI4Hy pa3pa4Hoft cerKr{ N, nu6paHHylo A -r 3arluclt tluce.|l B 3ToIl cl4creMe, - C:

(3.4)

C: gx N.

He oAHIIM Ecau npuuarb, rrro xax4ptla pa3psA trucla npeAcraBleH 3 eMeHToM c g ycrotluuBblMrr co cro flrrr4fl.lav\ a g 3leMe HTaun, xa;x4u li (3.4) n3 KOTOpbrx r4rMeer o4no ycrorisHBoe cocroflHl{e, To [oKa3arear Koropoe Heo6xoAI4orrpeAe xr yc^oBHoe Ko I,IqecrBo o6opy4oaanEs, MO 3arparr.lTb Ha rrpeAcraB^eHHe quce^ B 3ToIi cncreMe. B cBff3u c 3TI4M uoKa3are^b (3.4) Hasuaalor rloKa3are^eM SKoHoMHrrHocru cl4creMbl' ql4clo, Koropoe Mo)KHo H3o6pa3nrb B cl{creMe c Maxcuua;rrHoe ocHoBaHneM g,'

Ao^-:{

(3.s)

- I'

?Ig (3.5) Mo)KHoHalirn rpe6yeuyro 44raHypaspn4uoi cerKu: N:

(3.6)

logo(Ao^*+ 1).

1). Tor4a 4aa rrro6ori cracreMbr cqncleHl{lr C : q logr(Ao^*+ rITo Be IdrrI4Ha g tB7151erct HeupepbIBHoI'I BeAH'ILlHovI. ,A,onycruu, or Be r4BeAItquHy C xar Qyuxquro IIpu erou 6y4err.r paccMarpl{Barb quHbr g. Tenepr eclr4 3a eAHHHqy I43MepeHnfl o6opy4oraru,tfl rIpI,IHffTb ycrlonHrui 3AeMeHT c oAHI{M ycroftuuaarM cocroqHueM, To 4lrfl cpaBHeHUq AByX CI4CTeMCrrUC eHl{fl MO)KHO BBeCTI.IOTHOCUTeAbHTUIUOXa3aTe^b 3KOHOMUqHOCTU:

F : qlogo(Aq^- + 1)/ [2log r(A, ^**

I )],

(3,7)

[o3Bolgrculzlt cpanHurr rrro6yro clrcreMy cqucleHuq c ABoI4vHoIi, IrIs upnse4eHHoro Hld)r(ecoorHolueHull BI,IAHo,vro $ynxquq F HIueeT MuHHMyt{. 4 6 8 1 0 q 2 3 F 1,000 0,946 1 , 0 0 0 1 , t 4 8 1 , 3 3 3 1 , 5 0 5

62

Ha puc. 3.4 upe4craBleHa 3aBIICrlrMOCTbBe/\IlrrltHhl F Ot OCnOgaHI{q HIrrKHflfl TOTIKa cncTeMbr cqucleHurr g, eclr4 QyHxqHn FHenpepuaHa, H3 F, onpe4elfleMoMy MPIHHMyMy SyHKIlun rpaSurca coorBercrByer :2,72' : .rro g e 3HalleHlrro coorBercrByer 0, ycloBllfl dF/ dq: c rotIKI/I 3PeCneAoaatelbHo, Hr4fl MI4Hr4Ma bHbIx 3aTpaT yc^oBF HaI'I6O ee noro o6opyAoBaHlfi gKoHoMr{rrHofi qslsercff cllcreMa CqHCAEHPIflC OCHOBAHI4EM3. eri ycrlmaror Hesna.IurelbHo qerBepl4rrHat' Cl4creu ABonrrHan

z

1

Mbr c ocHoBaHHeM 10 u 6o.lee cyu{ecrBeHHO MeHee eQoerruaHu' Cpaanunan 3TI,I crrcreMhr c roqKll 3peHr4r yAo6crBa On3lrqecxoti pea I,I3aIInI4 cooTBeTCTByIOqPIX r4M OU4IIECKIIX3 EMEHTOBI'I ilPOCTO'

Pnc. 3,4. 3asucltMocrs orrlocl{TelbHoro IIoKa3are^t 3KOHOM]lrlHocTI'l or ocHoBaHl,t.t cncTeMhl cquc^eHI'lg

TbI Bbrno^HeHl4fl B Hrrx apu$uerzqecKldx u AoruqecKrax 4eficrarari, npeA[oqTeHPre B HacTotrqee BpeMf oTAaeTcgABoHqHoIi cHcTeMe cqncorl4qe cKr4e gAeMeHTbI, CooTBeTcTByIOUIHe AeHHfi . .A,etic.runre^bHo, 3TOI1CgCTeMe, Aolrr(Hbr HMeTb Bcero ABa ycToftqI,IBbIX COCTOSHI4n.3aB 3TOM CArIae K 3aAarle o6napyAaqa pa3^r4rreHlrfl cr{rHaAOB CBOAT4TCS 3HaqI{TeAbHo npoqe' ApsQvto uer), ero I4AI4 (ecrr nlrnyarc xeul{fl B Aerqe ocyqecTBAflIOTCl TaK)Ke r.r Aofr4secKne MeTr,rsecKr4e AeficTBufl ABor4rrHofi cllcreMe.

3,l.2,tlepeBoA qr4cel I43o,4Hofi cr4creMbr c'lvc;l.euusr B APyryrc 3AAarry [epeBoAa qnc^a us o4Holi clIcTeMbI cqHc^eA Hr{t B Apyryro r o6u1en clfrae [20]. llycrr u3BecrHa 3auucb'rltc^a p.' OCHOBaHLIeM C eHIIfl CTIIIIC B CI4CTeMe PaccuorpuM

Ao=Qnxf + an-r\t-' + '..+ atx pt + aoxf * a"x pt +"'+ n

(3.8)

* a--x p-^: .L o*P*, 1.

rAe a, -

k=_m

qHOpbI p-uuuoir cucreMbl (0 < o, < p-1).

63

Tpe6yercx nali:ru 3a[rrcb groro x(e.rracrra A B cl4creMe cqllcleHufl ocHoBaHr4eM d.' Ao:

bnx d" *bn-rx dn'l+ ...* b,x dt *

box d0 *

c

b-,x d-' + '.. +

* b -- ' - x d - ^: . L b * d * , k=-m

(3.e)

r4e b. - r{cKoMbre rIr4QpbI d-H.rHoIl cucreMbl (0 S b, < d- 1). llpu srort MOII(HOOrpaHnr{UTbcfl c^r{aeM rIoAo)KI4TeAbHbIx rrl4ce^, TaK KaK [epeeo4 aro6oro rrucla cBoAHTcs K rlepeBoAy ero MoAyA-a H npl{nl4cblBaHlrro quc^y r{yrKHoro 3HaKa, e d-n'IH)'ro I-lpu nepeaoAe rrucel ua p-u.ruofi cucreMbl cquclellrtfl Ad) HyrKHo frHTbIBarb, cpeAcrBaMr{ KaKofi aput}ueruxrr AoAJKeH 6arrr ocyuqecrBlerr uepeBoA, T'. e. B xarotl cncleMe cqLIcAeHI4q (p-H'rHori rrlr,r d-uvuofi) AoATKHbI6blra sHuoaHeHbl BCe Heo6xoAHMbIe 4a.a

Ilprn uepeaoAe cleAyer [pllAepxuBarbcfl rrpaBl4,racoxpaHeul,Ifl To!IB pa3Hblx cllcreMax, rlpuqeM IIoA ToqHocrbro trSO6pa.)XeUl'lfr,t{I'zc/ra HOCTH M aAIuerO (npaaoro) pa3pflAa, noHHMaercff 3HaqeHr.reeMHI,IIIbI CaMOTO ncnolb3yeMoro B 3a[I4cI{ tII4c a B ToIl u.lrt{uHorl cracreMe cqucleHnfl, cpeAIlycm reflepb nepeBoA Ao -+ Ao A,ol)KeH ocyu{ecrBlsrbcs B gToM clyqae AAfl uepeBoAiaAlo6oro cTBaMU p-u.firofr apnQuerurn. qncla rdc[rro,lrr3yro'r npaBuuo geueHun - 44tt nepeBoAa qeaorl qacru qr4c^a,u npaBu o yMHoKeHufr- A t nepeBoAa ero 4po6uoti'IacrH. Ilepenog qelrt.x v-ucel. Brtpaxtenua (3.8) u (3.9) 4,,r.aqelblx qncel 6yayr nMerb cae4ytoult tti BI,IAcoorB ercrBeHHo :

(Ao+

rrepeBoAa AericrBar. cpeAcrBaMu d-nqflycrr nepeno,lAo -+Ao Ao;rrKeH ocyrqecrBlttrbcs vucaa A, saHoft apu{rueruKlr. B eror'r clyyae ilepeBoA [polt3BolbHoro p, B Cr{UCAeHUf OCHOBaHIieM CI{CTeMy CqI4CAeHHfl C B CUCTeMe AaHHOTO c ocHoBaHrreNr d sbrno^Hflercff no npaBuLy 3altreuleHufl npeAycMarpHBarou{eNry Bbrqr,rcleHne rro,,rlrnorrra (3.8) B HoBoIi cucreMe cqnclenus. To ecrr M-rr I]oA] {eHur d-uqHoro uso6pa:renuq Bbipa)KeHnr (3.8) Heo6xoMMo ace qraQpr,r oi lI r{Hclo p 3aMeI{I4Tb d-H.rHrrl,.ru uso6pa-:xeHvflv,vtLt BbIrIoAHurr apu$rr.rerurrecKfi e orrepaquld n d-H.rHoIi clacreMe cquclerllts, flpauH.rro 3aMerqeHHfl qalqe Bcero I4cnolb3yercs, Ar'fl.upeo6pasoeaHI{fl IIECE US AIO6OII CIICTCMbI CTIIIC EHAfl B ACCflTUIIHY}O. IIPABH O nepeBoAa AArr 3Toro c,I\rras I\ro>I(Ho KoHKpeTlI3rrpoBaTb.

a p-nvHoii uucaa A, 3a[I4cauHoro B Aecs'ruqHyro crcreMy (o,,an,, ... eo , e.t a.2 ,,, a..le cBoAt4Tcfl cllcreMe cqHcAeHHq B BHAeA,,: Aru : au p' * au-rpn't + .. * oopt'* KBbIr{I4cIeHuto3HaqeHutMHoroar^eHa p ' ^ p ' t c p e A c rBaMuAecq'1'u'JHoli aprlQrreraxra. * + . . " + a . , + a.l e.rp2 llepeeo4

A o = b n x d n * b n _ , x d " - +1 . , . + b r x d r + b 0 ,

(3,11)

Ao:

ucxouue rlHQ-

b n x d n * b r - , x d n - t+ . . . + b r x d r + b o ,

IAe/ dl: lAr/ dl\+ IAe/ dl^, rryelAo/ d]u - qerrarqacrb alacrrroro- HenolHoealacrHoe; 1 A " /d l " : l ,

I o"ro^o*l L

l

2

1

0

2

I

1

2

a

5 a : 2 x B ' * 7 x B t * 6 x 8 0* 5 x B - ': 1 9 0 ' 6 2 5 ' n '

2

1

:,

I

F

3 , u: 1 x 1 6 2* 1 5 x 1 6 1* 3 x 1 6 0: 4 9 9 , 0 .

j

1 , , :r * r ,* r x 2 , * l x ? * r x 2 ' : 1 1 , 5 , 0 .

( 3 .l 3 )

- a p o 6 H a r r l a c r b q a c r r l o r o 'o c m a m o K

U J TOK OT AeAeHus Ao ua d. qacrb [epeuurxeM

B BHAe:

l A e / d l = b , x d " - 1* b , - , x d " 2 + . . . + b i b o / d . 3

(3.12)

r4e b. - ucKoMble quSpEI g d-u.IHoIl cl4creMe cqI{c eHLIt' quclo .{4x oupe4eaeHraa bo pa3AeAr,IMo6e'racrl,I paBeHcrBa (3.12) ua d, upnvelr a AeBofi qacrll upot43BeAeMAeAeHLe,tto l3yffcb npaBI4 aMH ptrt{Hofi apu$ueruxr,r (rax KaK 3arl}rcb xracaaAo a p-uuuoft cl4creMe cru4cAeHr.rrrr{3BecrHa). BsneruarvlB rlacrHoM lA,/ dl qe^ylo u 4po6uyto qacrr{:

flpuuep 3.

64

(3.10)

rAe d/ - rla$pbl p-utuoir cl4creMbl (0 S o,3 p'1)u b, pu d-u.rHoft cr{creMbl (0 S br < d-tl. Tax xar Ao : Ao, To Mox(Ho 3arllacarb:

Ilpaayro

Paspr4rr tlucrro

Ao= onx pn + en-r\ r/.'' *.,. * o, x pr * co,

Y.rurErgafl, qro b- { d, npupaagffeM MexAy co6oti nolfreHHble Abre r4 4po6uue qacrl{ paBeucrBa (3.14):

I A e / d l u : b n X d n ' t+ b n t x d " ' 2 1 ' ' . . + b r ,

(3'14) IIe-

(3.15)

f o"*o^o*1

L 5 a-zro

d

l:

J

bo/d'

65

Taxuu o6pasor"r,uaa4uruftxoeS$uqueur D0B pa3lox(eHun (3.I l) oupe.l,e^teTcfl

cooTHoIrreHI{eM :

f or*o*o*f bo : d " L , l:

o cmamox,

(3.16)

r. e. boflBl.aercn ocrarKoM orAeAeHHfl Aouad. floao:xuu: Atr:

IAo/dlu:

b . x d " - 1 + b n _ rx d n ' 2 + . . . * b , .

(3.17)

TorAa Ato 6yAer qor.uu quc oM LI K HeMy Mo)KHorrpl{MeHurb ry )Ke carvryrorpoqeAypyMjr onpeAe^eHr{f c^eAyuqero xoesQHIII{eHra b, u t.4. Sror npoqecc npoAoDKaercfl Ao rex nop, uoKa Herrolnoe qacrHoe He cTaHeTpaBHbIMHOIIO:

(3.18) lAir/ dlo: 0, llocxorrary Bce ouepaql4lI BblflolHflIorcff B cl{creMe crrt4cleHut c ocHoBaHHeMp, To B 3TOfiX(e ClrcTeMe6yayr [o^rreHbl LIcKoMbIeKOs$$raqxenru b,, rto3Torvtyux aeo6xoAuMo 3a[ucars d-N.rrrotl qn$pofi. flpaau.ro AerreHur qaule Bcero ucrrolb3yercfl 44-a npeo6pasoBaHlll r1elbrx trucel I4gA,ecffTr,rrrHolia,rrro6yro ApyrFo cucreMy cquc eHufl. Taxnu o6pa3oM, npaBr4lo nepeBoAa IIeAbIx rrficel lr3 p-I4qHoft cucTeMbr crrHc^eHr.IqB d-u.rHyro cpeAcTBaMI4p-I-rtrHofiapusirletnxn uo:xer 6rrru cQoptuyaupoBaHo B cleAyloqeM BIdAe.

llpnrvrep 5. Flepeae4eM traclo Aro: 75 B IuecrHaAllarepuvHylo cucTeMycrrHcAeHHqc 14cuoAB3oBaHI{eMAecfruqHoIi apuQueruxlt. llpttMeHflflQopruyrru (3.12)-(3.18) upn d: 16, uMeeM:

? 5 :1 6: ( l l ) ; f 4 : 1 6: 0 ( 4 ) . I

Ileprrui ocraroK 1l,o e 16-pu.rHoli cucreMe cqucrreHl4flo6o3HarlaeTcr urecrHaAr{arepraqHofiquQpoti B,u,uo3touy oKoHqare^bHo nolyqHM:,4,6=48. Ilepeaog npaBu bnbrx gpo6efr. Bupa;renua (3.8) u (3,9) au upaBx,lrbHorl4po6u 6yayr lrMerb cle4ytouluti BHA coorBercrBeHHo:

Ao: d-rx p'' + a-rXp'' 1..'* a--x p'+'..,

( 3.1e) (3.20)

Ao= b-,x d't * b-,x d'2+...+ b-- x d'^ +..', rAecr - r{prspbrp-n.rrrolicucreMbl (0 < a-< P-1)u b, - ucxouue quSpu d-u.ruorlcncreMbr(0 S bi < d-1). FIpu srou: Ao: b-rx d-t + b-rx d-2* ...* b-^x d"^'

(3'21)

onpe4eleHvflb-,yuno:ruM o6e qacru paBeHcrBa(3'21)HauHc.Ar.r-n

\ , A , t nn e p e s o g a q e A o r o u u c t a A ^ u s p - u u u o r t c u c m e M * c u u c A e H u n B cucmeMy cqucteHun c ocaoaanden d aeo1xogumo Ao pa3gelumb c ocmamxoM (
Ilpurvrep 4. Ilepeaep,eM ql4clo Aro : 47 B ABoLIrrHyIocPlcreMy c I4cIIpNue Hrr Sopruryrral no^b3o BaHr.reM.a,ectrHtrHorl apu$uerrtxu. ( 3 . 1 2 ) - ( 3 . 1 8 ) u p r . td : 2 , n u e e v r :

4 7 : 2 : 2 3 ( l ) 4; 2 3 : 2 : 1 1 ( l )I; 1 1 : 2 : 5 ( 1 ) I; 5:2:2(ll; I 2:2: l(01; I 1: 2 : 0 ( 1 ) . I 66

fiocxorrrxy qr4cla HoAb !I eAHHI{IIa B o6eux cl4creMax cquctreunff r1u$paun 0 u 1, ro B rrpoqecce Ae eHI4s o6osHa.rarcTcr oAr.rnaKoBbrMr4 uso6paxceul4fl I4cKoMbIxIrHSp: Ar= tOt t t t. cpa3y uolf{uM ABordtrHbre

Ao d, upr4qeMB ^eBori rracrl{ [poH3BeAeM yMHox(eHI4e,no^b3ytcb rrpaBnAaMHp-uvHoft apuouernxn (tar KaK 3anl,Icb trHc^a Ao z p-uuuotrr cr{cTeMecs?rc^eHHf lr3BecrHa). Blp,eararr B npold3BeAeuun [A.x d] qeAyro H 4po6Hyto qacru:

lAox dl:

IAox dl,,* [Aox d]o,

(3.22)

lle/lat qacrb npollsBe.d,eHnt; r4e [Ao " dlo 4po6nax aracrb rIpoI{3BeAeHHr. [Ao x d]o flpaapo rracrb nepe[I4llreM B BHAe:

IA"x a1= b-,* b-rxd't+...+ b.. x d--+r+ ',..

(3.23)

Y.rurbrsas, .rro 0
[Aox d]o : b_,, [Aox d]o : b-rx d-t+.., *b-, x d-'+r +.'. .

(3.241

67

Tanuu o6pasor"r,rraa4runfi xosQ$r,u1Hent b-, B pa3lox(eHuu (3.21) orrpeAe^reTcfl cooTHorrreHueM: b_r: lAot dlo.

BnopngKeux notweHun u usodpax<ennuxd-u.tuot ussegenurt,senuceHHbtx yurppoi, Ectu mpedyeManmoqHocmbnepeBoga.tucla.A, cocmaatnem j suaxoanocue3annmoft,mo npege buanadconomnannoipewnocmunpu gmoMpsBHnemcnd'u+t)/ 2,

flonoxuu: At

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b-rx d't+... +b_- x d''+r +... .

(3.2s)

TorAaAto 6yp,erupanralrHori 4po6rro r.rK HeMyMo)r(Ho[prrrvrenr4Tb ry rKecaMyronpor{eAypyMr oupeAe^eHr{sc^eAyroqero xosQQuqnenra b-, n r. 4. Sror npoqeccnpoAo,,rrKaercr Aorex rrop,noKaApo6naarracrbnpoH3BeAeHHtr He craHer paeuofi Holro:

[.Atoxd]o:0,

(3.26)

H raHe 6y4er:4ocrurnyra rpe6yeMafi ToqHocrb upeAcraBleHr4a rrucla. IIpu uepeeo4e npu6araxenHux 4po6eri raso4Hori cucreMbr crrucleHHfl B Apyry&o neo6xo4ur,ro [pr4Aep)KnBarbcr cleAyroudero npaB?na. Ecrru ep,unraqa MlaAruero pa3pflAa sr{cla A, ea4auHoro a p-ravnorYr cr{creMe cqncleHnfl, ecrb p'&,To B ero d-lrrHori 3arracu cleAyer coxpaHHTbjrpa3prAoB rrocle 3anRrofr, rAe,l yAoBlerBoprer ycloBrlrc: 4i > pk/2 > d'(i+l), oKpyrlqrr nocAeAHroroocraBlrreMyro qerQpy o6br.rHbrMcuoco6ou. llocnoalxy Bce onepaqulr Bbrrrolr{rrrorcfl B cr{creMe cyucJreHufl c ocHoBaHr{eMp, To B grofi x(e cncreMe 6yayr rrolfreHbr xcKoMbre xoeQSuq[enrhr b,, noerorry raxHeo6xo4rauo sanncarr d-ravnoft qnQporl. Flpaa*rAo yMHo)KeHHtqau{e Bcero ncfiolb3yerca .a4aupeo6pa3oBaur{r irpaBuabHux 4po6eli H3 AecflTurrHofi a aro6yro A,pyryro cracreMy crruc eHrarr, Tarurvr o6paaovr, rrpaBrllo [epeBoAa rrpaBr{ buhrx 4po6erZ vs p-ra'.ruofi cucrenbr crrncleHr4n e d-zuHyro cpeAcrBaMr{ p-munoit apuSuernKlr rvro)Ker6urs cQopuylr4poBaHo B cleAyrcqeM Br{Ae.

0 . 2 x 2: 0 . 4: 0 + 0 . 4 = b - ,: 0 ; 0 , 4 x 2: 0 . 8: 0 + 0 . 8 + b - ,: 0 ; 0 , 8 x 2 : 1 . 6 : 1 + 0 . 6= +b . ,: l 1 0 . 6 x 2: 1 . 2 : | + 0 . 2 + b _ o :I u r . 4 . Ecan 4ecau4rrHar 4po6r Aro:0,2 rBl-sercfl TorrHbrMqrdcloM, To B pe3y^bTaTerrepeBoAaB ABor.rqHyroclrcTeMy cqEc^eHr.fi uo^rleHa uepr.roAnqecKaa 4po6rA, = 0.(00I I) (e cxo6xax yKa3au uepr.ro44po6N). flpnuep 7. llepeae4eM trr4clo A,o : 0.36 B BocbMepr{rrHyrou uecr[aAqaTepHqHyro crrcTeMbrcsrlc^eHHfl c ]rcrro^b3oBaHr{eMcpeAcTBAecRrurrHoftapaSuerurr. llpuueuun Sopnynrr (3.231- (3.25),uorryuur.,r:

0 . 3 6 x 8 : 2 . 8:82 * 0 . B B + b _ , : 2 ; I : 7 . 0 8: 7 * 0 . 0 8 + b . r : 7 ; 0.8BxB I 0 . 0 8 x 8 : 0 . 6 4 : 0 * 0 , 6 4 = b - . : 0 " t . a .I rrpu sroM npeAelbHafi a6colJorHafl rroTaxurr o6pa3oM,4:0.270, rperuHocrb paBHaB'4/2 - 2'13. 0.36x 16 :

0 . 7 6x B :

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6B

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69

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(3.34)

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111

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3. Kor"r6vnarluoxubre3aKoHbr: x+x=x; a)' TaBTo^ornfi: x.x=x:

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I =0: 0 =l .

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xr . (*, . *, ) = (*, . *, ). *r; (pacnpe4emrerr.rnue) :

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(x,+xrXxl*x2)=x,. 3axoxu 4eorlcrseHuocru 4e Moprana 6uau o6o6uqenurLllennonou r4HBeprnpoHa npoH3BolbHoeKo^urrecTBoABouqHbrxnepeMeHHbrx: nepeMeHnbrx, cBrganBaHI{eupo}r3BolbHotixou6unaqfiu,a,Bor,rqHbrx HbIX 3HaKaMI{

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a) 4aoiuoro orpuqaHl,Ifl: x = x ;

x t + x 2 + " ' + x n = X t ' X 2" ' X n

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poBaHuro Korr6unaquft nepeMeHubrx c oAxoBpeMennori gauexoft KoHbroHKrlr{}rHa Ar{3GroHKrInro,H nao6opor: Xn,

119

Paccuotpnu Ha rrplrMepax HeKoropble rrplreMbl H cnoco6bl' rrpuMeHf eMbIeupu yflpou.1eHuuAoruqecKI'Ix Qoptuyrr: -

1)

I

- \

-

-

x+ y.(t.y)=r./

t

- \

x . y + x+ y + x = x . y + x ' y + x= x ' ( y + Y ) + x= x * x = I

(uprluenrercfl rrpaBnlo 4e Mopranar Bbluocllrcfi 3a cKo6KIa o6ultli ; MHO)KuTeIb,HCrrolb3yeTcf 3aKOHAOnOAHI4'rel]'HOCTU) x'y+x'y'z+x'z'p=x'(y'(l+z)+z'p)=x'(Y+z'p) (asrHocarcR sa cxo6r[ o6u1ue MHo)KI,ITeAI;npl'IMeusercr 3aKoHyHr{BepcirlbHoro uHox<ectra) ; 4) PaccrvrorpaMA,oKa3arelbcrBocooruolrreHur (x, * xr) (x, * x.) : X, * * xrx. (pacupegerrr'rreasnuri saxoH) :

3)

( x , * x r ) ( x , + \ ) : x , x , * x , x r * x r x , * x z X r: x , * x , x . * x 2 x r :x, *xrx, *xrx. : x,(1 *xr) *xrx, : x, *xrx.

+ x 2 x 3:

(u p u lreumorcfl 3aKoHbI TaBTo o rI4Il I4 yHl'rBepcalbuo ro MHo)Kecrna )'

4.2.|7qELCTABAEHI4E @yHKUr h A rEBPbIAO[I4KI,1 Byrreaofi (ueperanovatelrnotl, 6eo r'r'rHoft) Synxqne ft Ha3blraercff ABoraqHatrnepeMeHnal y, 3Har{eHI4eKoropofi 3aBI{cI{Tor 3xavenurl4pynepeMeunrrx (xr, x, ..,,xn),IrMeHyeMbIXapIyMeHTaMH: rr4x ABor4qHbrx y : y(xt x2,...,xn), 3a4anue 6yrrenot:t $yurqnu o3Haqaerr qro Kax(AoMy 143Bo3Mox(Hbrx coqeranrui apryueuToB [ocraBleno B coorBercrBI4e onpeAeleHHOe 3HaqeHzey. I-lpr,rn apryMeHTax o6uqeeaILIcAoco'IeraHnli N: 2". Tar xax xaxcAOMyCor{eTaHuroapryl\,IeHToBcooTBeTcTByeTABa 3HaqeHl4flsyHXqnn (0, I ), ro o6utee qplclo $ynxquli F : 2t' . Byrreeaa SyHxIlrax Mo)Ker 6urs sa4aHa Ha cloBax, Ta6.lrrl'rno, a,tre6paravecxrr ur\u trI{cAoBbIMcnoco6otrl. B ra6rr. 4.2 npe4crarrrerra Qynx4us oAuotl uepeuennoi y: y(x)' tlpu : I CyuleCrryet 4 Qynxrluu, KaXAaq H3 KOTOpID(HMeeTcBOeHa3BaHHe. n

r20

Ta6an.rHoega.[,aH[eQynxqux o4nofi nepeuennori

( r . t ) = r ' x ' y ' ! = 0 ' y ' y = 0 ' . y= 0

upl,IMeHflIorcfl B cleAyloqei uocrre4oBarelb(aarour,I anre6prr rr,orr,rxr,I Hocru: IrpaBH o 4e Moprana, correrarelbHuft 3aKou, 3aKoHbIAonolHr4TeIbHOcrHl,t Hy eBofo Mnox<ecrsa);

2)

Ta6tu4a4.2

.

Io

:

Yr: yr: h

:

0

-

const uo,rrs,arul reueParoP 0;

X

-

IIOBTOpHTej\-b;

i

-

HHBeproP;

-

const 1; u,ttl'treneParoP 1'

I

- y (zuzr), trye zl .{4a aa.re6pbr AorHKr,I ycraHoBlenor qro ecI*1 y H Z z - A B O H T T H b sI ey H X q N a , T . e . z , : z , ( x , , x r ) , z 2 : z 2 ( x 3 , x ) , T o Y: Y(x,, x, xn x.). Ouepaquro 3aMeHbIo4uoti $yuxqun ApyrIlMH $yHxquauu Ha3bIC IIOMOUIbIO Baror cynepnoSu4uefi. gra onepaql4fl A,aerBo3MO)KHOCTb qficla 6orrrurero ro^f{rrrb apryMeHToB $ynrqnu Synxq[Il Ma^blx noayuurr Mot(Ho noMoIqI{ cyneprro3I,IqLrH Tax, upH apryr{eHToB, SyHxquro c rpe6yeMblM qI,IcAoMapryMeHToBr r{cuolb3yr rolbKo Sytrqurc AByx aprFvIeHToB. Paccuorpnu Sytrxqurc AByx apryMeHroB. (ta6a- 4.3)' flo oupe4eleHulo cyulecrByer 16SynxqrfiAFyxapryMerror Mo)KHo apryMeuroB Ha6opa 6yrreaux flpra uoltoul,lr $ynxqut:t 4Byx qaQponyto clrcreMy, arc6po orucarb Ha uparruxe rlcrrolb3)'Ior He Bce Qynxqun, a Ar'IIlIbre lI3 HI{x' KoTopbre MeroAoM cynepuo3laql{E o6ecrre'rl4salor npeAcrasr\eHl'Ie Aro6oi p,pyrori $ynxqurn, Ha6op raKl{x QyHxIIHIi Ha3blBaror Qtynnpoaattno noAHbtMnc6opou PnH). Cyulecrayer HecKoAbKo @IIH, B ra'Iecrse
t2r

Tadtuqa 4.3 MunmepnonHasrrnaror QyHKqrlrrc, KOTOpa.flIIpI'IHI'IMaeTI torrrxo upu - [p]r Apyrux (uHorAa B A]ITepaType oAnoM 3EaqeHlru aprylvteHToa n 0 ( e4r,tnullbr D). Koncrlrrysura TepMllrr lrcnolb3yercff

Ta6auquoe 3aAaHueQynxqm AByx nepeMerrnbrx rl

0

I

0

rz

0

0

I

!o

0

0

0

Ur

0

0

0

u-

0

0

1

Hanpuuep, 0

Const0, yo - 0

Konuouruus: lr- x,x, 0

3anperno r,: !2'

9t

0

0

At

0

1

u.

0

u^

0

I

llz

0

1

Ua

1

0

It ' trt

1

0

0

I

Ilorropurear r, i g, - r,

I

0

0

1

I,Icrgrn.ranrqc€ <xm>: ' r,; 9a- \'\+7, HJIH qnoxenfie no uo4y.nro2: Y6- rt(E xz

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

I

0

0

0

0

I

1

0

klnnepropx,: y,n --r

!n

0

I

1

u.^

I

0

0

I4Mnalrraulrqor xzr Nl u r r - V r +r , l4nreprop xr:y,, -V,

Ats

1

0

1

UM

1

!ts

l

I4lrnlnxaqrs or rt K 12: Urt- I, lV,

(Dyurqr.rnllle@pa Av - rr' r,

(u-ne)

leHeparop l;gr.- I

Hopuarruroli Qopuofi cquraror npeAcraBleu[e 3Trix Synrquri uocpeAcrBoM cynepno3urlzli scuoMorarerranrrx $ynxqnri - uuHTepMoB Lr MaKCTepMOB,

0

qerblpe AByx aprylvrenToB nMeeM

t

-

ci = xt' xz;

c t ,= ' r ' i , c t '= " ' t ' '

./loruqcrxas paBH(BHarr Hocrb

0

r2 2

ca

c'o= n'it

n) ,Ilrar,roHrrop (r.r.n At-xr+rz (DynxqnaIlupca (ur-rre)

ato

I

c2

Taxnu o6pasor"r, aar Synrqlrl'l MlIHTepMa:

Y r -t ' 4 + 4 ' i ;

0

C,

1

Ue- It * Y'

Us

C"

I

3an1rr no-rr: gt'xt'x2

0

N2

Ilonropnreru rrt U:,- xz

0

0

trl

0

0

I

44r QyHTIIUI{ AByx aprylvreHToBuMeeM:

\

IIpIlt MaxcmepuouHasrraaror QyHKIIIIIOTKOTOpaflnpnnurvraer 0 tolrKo l{Teparype (nHor4a B rrpu 1 u .a,pyroM apryMelrroB oAHoM 3HaqeHnE ECnOAb3yeTCfl TepMI4H (KOHCTrrrIygHTa HoA.fl)t)'

sMeeM: Haupuuep, p4r Syuxqur AByxapryMeHToB

e,

c,

xr

x2

eo

c1

0

0

0

I

0

1

I

0

1 I

1

I

0

I

1

0

I

I

0

1

1

I

t23

Taruu o6paeou, 4na QyHxqur.rAByx apryMeHToB uMeeM TaKrKeqeTbrpe MaKcTepMa:

C3= *r *' r i

ci =*,+i; C:

=x1*x2)

cl = \ + X 2 . [p"

* \

3roM, Mr4HTepM ecrb rrHBepcr.rfl MaKcrepMat C: =4,

4 =C) .

Oopny npe4c'ranaenr.rr $ynrqrarl rrocpe4crBoM cynepno3ur{Hn Llx Mr,rHTepMoB Ha3brBaror Sopr"rori npeAcraBleHr.rr rrocpeAcrBoM coBepruenubrx HopMa^rntrx Qopn (CAHO), a rocpeAcrBoM cynepnoA,lr3r,roHKrrrBHhrx - UOCpeACTBOM 3l{I-lll14MaKCTepMOB COBepIIIeHHbIXKOHbIOHKTLIBHbIX HOpMalbHbrx @oplr (CKHO).

B o6qeu cA) rae $opr'aa [peAcraBlennx cynepno3Hrlr4n vx MI4HTepMoBr4MeeTBHA:

$yHxqufi

uocpe4crnou

Ilpnuep. flpe4craauu $yHrqurc llle$Qepa ryreM cyrepuo3ullllu MHHrepMoB (CAHO) I,IMaKcrepMoa (CKHO). Ta6ara.uroenpqAcraB.rreHfieSylucqm llJe$Qepa nrueer ar4 (clt. ra6,r- 4,3): 0

rl

0

1

tr2

0

0

l

Uu

I

I

0

I

Tor4a coBeplueHHal M3broHKTI,IBHattHopMa bnaa Qopua cbyltxqnu llle$$epa 6y4er I,IMerb BIIA: lv=xt'x2+xtx2+xt'x2' Coorsercrsenno

CKHO Qynrquu

LUe$Sepa:

v , o= i + i ' flpNuenzr

3aKoH4e Moprana, noAfILrM: lA = xt'xz "

y(xrxr...x)=E' ,, .c|, N =22' .

I4a upuuepoB BI{AHo,ql'o AaHHafl $prxqnr rocpeAcrBotu CKH@ npeAcraBl;rercq 3HarII,ITebHo upou{e, qeM nocpeAcrBoM CAIIO }I, cleUMeeTMeHbUee quc o cxeM A^-gpea^u 3aql{[' AOBaTeAbHOT

[aa Qynxqul:ro4rrofi ,r"0"*""="oo' y ( x ) = y ( l ) 'x , + / ( 0 ) . \ . lrax $yHnqufi 4nyx [epeMeHHhrx: y ( x , x ) = y ( 1 ,x ) . x , + y ( 0 ,* z ) . i = = y ( l , l ) ' x r . x 2+ / ( 1 , 0 ). r , . f * . y ( 0 , 1' i). t , * / ( 0 , 0 ) t

t

rr T. A. Ana,roru.rHoaare6paruecKasr 3anr{cbCKHO r{MeerBr.rA: r'r'-l

n

y(xrxr...xn) = II (/, + C,- ). Aro6yro $ynr
4 3. AOTI4qECKI./M CI HT E3 rIEPEKAIOqATEAbHbIX 14BbIqI4CAI4TEAbHbIX CXEM 4,3,1,Cusre3 rrepeKlroqareabrrbrxcxem B sbr.ruclrlre,lbHblx I,I Apyrux aBToMarIarIec KI'tx ycrpotlctsax tuu cxeMbI,coAep)KaII{HeMHOt(eCTBO poKo rrpuMeHflloTct 3AeKTpI,IqecKI4e gAeMeHToB:pele, BLIK To'rare,[efi rar' n' Hpra pas[epeKlroqarelbHblx pa6orxe raKI,Ix cxeM c yclexoM Moxer 6rrrr lrcuoar3oBal{ auflapar a,lre6prr /rorfiKrl.

125

rl At

HeKoroflepexlwamellbnen cl;er,a - cxeMaru.{ecxoeugo6pauKeH}re poro ycrporicrBa, cocrosrqero r{3 [epeK rorrarenefi u coegHsroulux nx npoBoAHr{KoB, aTaKxe BxoAoBIt BbIxoAoB.HaKoTopblenoAaeTcaI,Ic KoTopbrx cnnMaerct gleKTpnqecxnft clrrHal. Kax
H

Cxer"ra He coA,ep)Kl{r [epeK lorlarerreri lt upoBo4llT ToK BcerA,a,cleAoBarelbHo, F= li

6)

---r;

A

Cxeua upoBoArrr roK, KorAa o6a nepexrrroqarels gaMKryrbr, c eAoBarelbxo,F(x)=x'y, el

r-{

I

I

Ho l

t

r

" -

l

Cxeua npoBora,HTToK, KorAa xorn 6u o4zn lrg flqpeK lo.rarelefi gaMKHyr, c^eAoBarelbHo, F(x) = x v y, flpu paccuorpeHr{E flepeK roqarelbHbrx cxeM peruaror, KaK [pa3aAaq: CHHTe3HAUaHaILI3 CxeMbI. BUAO,OAHylI3 OCHOBHbIX Cunmes neper
OHA IIPOBOAI{AA

TOKTOfAiA

I'I TOA5KO TOTAA, KOTAA 3AMKHYT

KoHTaKTuepeK roqarer.s t u xaxorl-uu6yAb

€4

Ir3 ocrtt bHblx rpex KoH-

TAKTOB.

Cxeua coAepxlrr oAr{H nocrotHHo pagoMxnyruft BarelbHo, F= 0; a) /f-

A-

-

KoHTaKT,cleAo-

Peruenne. Oyxxqnr npoBo.airrMocrlr 44.t AaHHoro c,r)ruat lrMeer BrlA F(2, y, z, t)= t'(zv y vz), a cxeMa HMeer BrrA:

-r

Cxeua npoBoMT ToK, KorAa [epeK roqarelb x 3aMKHyr, r{ He rrpoBoArrrr KorAa x pasoMKHyr, c eAoBarelrHo, F(r/ =r; nl

/.1--=

-r

Cxeua rrpoBo4lrT ToK, KorAa rrepeKlrorrarelb

x pa3oMKHyrr n He

npoBoAr{T, KorAa x 3aMKFryr,cleAoBare bno, F(x)= v;

r26

2. HocrpouM cxeMy c rrffTblo nepeK roqarelgMlt, Koropag npoBo.aiI{TTOKB TOMfr TO .bKOB TOMC^ylrae, KOrAa SaMKrryrhr poBHo qeTblpe Hg 9Tr4xnepexano.rareleli.

t27

Peurenue:

YnpoqeHnar

= F(a,b,c,d,e)

6)

cxeMa:

tr

L---

t-x t-y

= u . U . c . d .veu . i ' r . d . ev a . b . " . a ' "v a . b . c . I . ev a . b . c . d ' i Cxeua lrMeerBi,rA: a-b-c-d-e1 a-b-c-d-el

-

0-D-c-d-e1

'

o

PerueHue:

a-b-c-d-el

'

a-b-c-d-EJ 3aj,avu aHaAH3a, 3. Hari4errl Qynrqr,rro

F(x,Y,z) = t' (*"Y) v(zv'x' Y; = 1'

34ecr uepaoe orrqecKoe claraeMoe 7 ' @ " y) qa^-sercs orpl4qaHl4[poBo.0,]rMocrr{

cxeMbr :

*t.I,1"

Peruenne. I,Iueercg qerbrpe Bo3Mox(Hbrx flyrn upoxox(AeH[fl ToKa [rrpErl3aNrKuyrhrx [epeK roqarerrlrx e, b, c, d, e: uepes flepeK roqarelr.r c, b; vepes [epeK roqarelr{ a, e, d; uepee nepeKlroqare^u c, d u vepes flepeK^roqaTelr.r c, e, b. Oynxqr{r npoBoA,}rMoCTr{F(a, b, C, d, e) : :a.b v a-e.d v c,d v c.e,b. 4. Ynpocruu uepeK roqarelbHbre cxeMbt:

eM B'oporo Aor'rrecKoro claraeMoro (z v *'i) ueHnori c ee r4HBepcuefipaeHa 1. Yupouleunar cxeMa: H

, uAI,I3'bIoHKtlHtnepe-

Anarrr,rgu cr4HTe36orree clox(Hblx nepeKlloqarelbHblx cxeM Mo)KeT npoBoArrrbcq no TeM x(e upaBId aM, qTo H AA.EBbITII{CIATe^F,HbIX cxeM, 4,3,2. Cuwreg Bbrrrxcar4TelbHbrx

cxeM

C?rnres BbrrrncllrTelbHblx cxeM no 3aAaHHbIMyc,roBuffM pa6orrt cBoMTCfl K CAeAyrOquMTpeM 3Ta[aM: l. O6pasoaanue C!,HO (CKHO) Synxqua ro 3aAaHHofira6araqe HCTI,IHHOCTH.

a)

t

{-}

PeureHre:

F ( x ,y ) = x ' y v y . , = r . ( y " y l = x . l = x .

r28

\

Ta6tu4a ucmurunocmu- ra6nra.+roeilpeAcraBleHuegttqucalrreru'nofr BceBo3Mox((rr.ornuecxoli)cxeurt (ouepaqnu),B KoropoM[epeqPIcAeHbI HbIe coqeraHHq sHa.IeHr,rrlncrltHHocru BxoAHbIxcurHaI oB (onepan4oa) BMeCTe CO 3HarIeHHeM LICTI{HHOCTLTBLIXOAHOTO CItrHa paqun) 4a-fl KaDKAoro H3 grnx coqerauzti.

a (peaylrrata

one-

2. YupouqeHrle gtoli QyHxqura (npeo6pasoBaHlaroCAHO (CKHO) rrrtcloM axox<4eHIlIi nepeueuHux); e $opr"ryay c HauMeHbIrrI4M 3. IlocrpoeHlile coorBerctnyrouqeli cxeMbl. 9 a,zro

r29

O6pasonanue Crd,HO Qynxrlnu rro 3aAauHoft raGanqe ncrunnocru. Sror gTarr BK rotraer s ce6g cleAyloque uraru: 1) a sa4aunori ra6rrr.rqe Lrcrr{HHocrH BbrAe^firoTca Ha6opu 3HaseHnli apryueHToB, npn Koropbrx SyHxqzn [p]rHrdMaer eAuHr.rtrHoe3HaqEHI,IE;

2l lttt KaxAoro Br'rAe eHHoro Ha6opa o6pasyercr KoHcrr{TygHTa eAHHr{rlbr (uunrepu ), npr,rur,rMarou{arreAuHr{qHoe 3HaqeHEe rrpH rd,annou na6ope gxa.reHnri apryrvreHToB; 3) cocrasa.rercs AorusecKafl cyrllMa o6paeoaannbrx KoHcrr{TygHT eALIHHIIbI.

.ArLr o6paaoBaHux KoHcrr.rry3HTbr eAr,rHr,rrlbrC',, upraar.ruarorqeli e4uHHrrHOe 3HaseHrlre upx i-rnrHa6ope sHa'reHI'IIi aprylueHToB, Heo6xo4raMO COCTaBI,TTb .|rOrUqeCKOe[pOr{3BeAeHUe apryMeHTOB, B KOTOpOe apryrueHTbr, upnHr{Maroulrae s i-M na6ope eAHHnqHoe 3HarIeHIde, BxoMT 6eg sHara orprrrlaur{ffr a apryMeHThr, npuHr{Maroulue a r-u na6ope noAeBOe 3HaqeHUe, BXOMT CO 3HaKOM OTpr{IIaHHt. IIpn o6pasoBaHlr[ coBeprueHnofi KonbroHrrusHorl nopua,rrnoli

Qoprvrur(CKHO) Qynxqur.r : 1) n ra6auqe Br'rAel-srorcx Ha6opu gHa.reHfiri apryMeHToB, rrplr KoTopbrx SyHrqur npunr{Maer HoAeBoe3naqeHue; 2) utn Kaxpioro BbrAeleHHoro Ha6opa o6pasyercn KoHcrHTygHra Hol.ff, npr,rnr,rMaBruarHoAeBoe 3HaqeHne npr,r AaHHoMna6ope 3naqeurui apryueuroa; 3) cocraaa.aercfl AorraqecKoerrpor.r3BeAeHzeo6pasoaaHnbrx KoHcrr.rry3HT HO^fl. Ynpoulexre Qyuxqun. Hpn npeo6pasoBaHr,ril CA,HO (CKHO) qr{c^oM exor(AeHuri [epeMeHHbrx (unaaa Qopuyrry c Har,rMeHbruHM MH3arlr{ff $oprtryrlrr) ucrrolb3yror cleAyrcque ocHoBHbre npneMbr: r BbrHocsa cro6xn XYv XZ :_X(Yv Q; r flo,lrHoecKlenBaHr{e XYv XY: X; t norloulenue X v XY: X; . MHHr,rMr.r3ar{ntIIo MeToAy KsariHa; . Mr{HHMr,r3aI{I4fl C r4C[O b3OBaHr.reMXapr KapnO r4^r{ A}rarpaMM Beftqa. flpu urannrrx3aqr{il no uero4yKeariHa [peAnolaraercs, sro r{cxoAHax $yHxqur 3aAaHaa C!,HO. Bae4err HecKolsKo onpe4e,reHrft. Kou'rroHrqufl, rrolf{aeMaff B pe3y brare cKAer,rBaHr.Ir AByx KoHcrHrygHT eAr,rHrarlhr, Ha3blBaercfl nunauxagtori. I4unasxanra florloll{aer KoHcrnrygHTbr e4llHIiIIlbIr npl4 cKrrerlBaHur4 Koropbrx oHa o6pasoBa acb.

130

Ilpocran nurranKaHTa - lrMrrllrKauTa, cK elrBaHue xotopori c Apyttfi nMn^uKasrorl HeBogMox(Ho. 3a4a.ra MHHTTMlrgaqunfio MeroAy Keallxa cocrotrr [r3 cleAyloulnx utaroB: l) s C!,,H@ Qynxqnra BblnorrnflIorcfi Bce Bo3Mo)KHbIecK enBaHrrs KOHCTIITy3HT eAI{HIIII{bI I{ nOAyqaeMblx uMnA.}IKaHT' }I BbIl,ejl.flIOTCt BCe npocTble I,IMtt^r,rKaHThI; nanuenrtunfi no ]IMII LIKaHT BurAelfferct 2) ns na6opa [pocrhlx ,tnclry nM[luKaHT Iror ou{aloulnx upocrblx HMrrAnKaHT, no4xa6op E coBoKy[Ho crlr naa6 o,irbul ee q rlcrro KoHcrI{Ty3HT eAlrH]r IILI; orlrqecKas cyMMa npocrhlx I,IMnllrKaHT, Bo3) o6pasoruBaercfl no4Ha6op, H KoHcrLtryaHT eArIHLtIlbI, He yqaB BbrAeIeHHuft ueArrrux B cK errBaHI{Ll. cTByroqux raKr,rM o6pasornr $opuyrra Ha3blBaercfi tr,tnnr.rualrHoft IloayrenHar

,A,HOSynxqru. - ta6nnqa, o6aeruaroqar Haluarpanua Befrv.aulu xapma Kapno KoHcrErygHTeMHnIIbI I,trrol] reHl{eHa6opa xo)KAennecK er,rBarou{?txcq upocTbrxLrMrrAI{KaHT. Ta6rurqa 44a Qynrllrnri n apryuenroB coAiep)Kut 2n xrtetox. Kax
lI,/\U CO 3HaKOM

OTpI{qaHI.It;

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4.4. OCHOBbI 9AEMEHTHOIA EA3bI

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Pnc. 4.12, Oynxrluonaaruat cxeMalpurrepa

139

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flocxorrrxy oAHH Tpr{rrep Mo)Ker 3anoMHtrrb rolbKo ord,r,rH pa3prA ABor,rqHoroKoAa, To AAff 3anoMr{HaHza 6afira Hyx(Ho 8 rprrrepoB, AA.fl3anoMuHaHux xnrr,o6aftTa cooTBercrBeHHo B x 2to : Bl92 TplrrrepoB. Coapeuennbre Mr.rKpocxeMbrnaMflTr4coAepx(ar MIaA rdoHhr Tpr{rrepoB. a) 44.2. CxenorexHrKa

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flo npnnquuy flocrpoeHus 6agogsre ,rorutrecKr,re s eMeHThlAe,,rsrcr Ha cleAyrou{Ee ocHoBHbreTr{rrbr:3AeMeHTbrAHoAHo-TpaHsucropuori AorrlKr4 (ATA), peslrcruBuo-rpaH3r{cropnofi aornru (PTA), rpaH3ucTopHo-TpaHsucropHori lorrlKrr (TTA), 3MrrrrepHo-cssgaHHorl AoruKr (3CA), gleMeHrhr Ha raK Ha3hrBaeMhrxKoMnAeMeHTapHbrxMAncrpyKrypax (KMA\H), S,renenru KMAI ucrolb3yror napbr MAnTpaHsucropoa (co crpyxrypofr MeraJr -Ar.roleKrpr{K - nolynpoBoAnux) c KaHiIAaMup- u n-TvnoB. Eagogble gAeMeHTbrocraabHbrx rr,rrloB BbrrrolHeHbr na 6uuorrapHblx rpaH3r,rcropax, B ocnose [ocrpoeHl,Ifl TpaH3r.rcropoBr4Apyrrx flolynpoBoAHrdKoBbrxupu6opoa,rexcar csoricTBa u xapaKTepHcTr{KrrSAeKTpoHHo-AhrporrHoro IIepexoAa. O6pasoraHre u cnoricrBa gleKrpoHHo-Abrporrnoro [epexo4a. OcHosoll fiocrpoeHr{fl AoruqecKrdx 3 eMeHToBJ{B,,r-ff rorcfl nolyflpoBoAur{KoBbre cTpyKTypbr. Srrexrpnvecxue cs ori crga raxori crpyKTypbr orrpe .D\el-ffrorcrrB nepByro oqepeAb crerreHbro cBs3u nocrre.rr,efi 3apffAa c aToMaMr.rB KprrcTaJr^r{.recxofi perueTKe. B no4mporo4nuxoaofi rexHr,rKeqaule Bcero r{cuolb3yror qerbrpexBarleHTHbre repuanufi LrKpeMnrri - rerqecrBa Kpucra.rrana.recxoficrpyKrypbr c KoBarAeHTHbrMrr Mex(aroMHbIMu cBq3flMr{rrrprr Koropbrx xax4rrfi aroM cBfl3aH c coceAHnMlr rrocpeAcrBo]r socsl,rlr o6o6uleuubrx 3leKTpoHoB. 3ro o6crosrelbcrBo cxeMaTlIqecxn oro6pa:xeHo Ha prac. 4, 16 o, rAe 4aoriHrrur,r rruztnvrflMvl 142

6)

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sarI{ 44-fl ee pa3pblBa rpe6yercr Taxas cBff3b BecbMa ycroilqnBar sHeprlrrc. IIps pa3pblBax KoBaAeHrHbIx cBflparnrb orrpeAeleHHylo geft B [o^ynpoBoAHuKe lloflB^-fiIorcx cro6o4Hsle HocllTeJrr{ 3aptAa 3AeKTpOHbI H AbIpKHr KOTOpbIe COBepIuaIoT xaorl4qecKoe (renaoaoe) ABLIXeHI{e B KpHCTAI e. I{ Hx uepeMeIL[eHI{e B HeM nosslreHue AbIpoK B nolynpoBoAHlrKe KorAa B peSyrlbra3leKTpoHoB, Ba eHTHbIx c aos6yx<4eHneM cBt3anbr gHepruu ocso6ox(SAeKTpoHos I,I3 Bar eHTHhIx oAI,rH norlouleHnfl Te HOCUTe,/\eM 3apffnOABI'I)KHbIM CTaHOBflCb C arOMOM, or cBff3I,I AaeTcff B Mecre pa3pblBa Baga. HapyureHue sleKTpt{qecxofi nefttpa.lruocru Aenrnoft cBfl 3 I,I gKBIiBiIAeHTHo noff BAeHI'lIo raM gle MeuTapHoro nolro BaKaHTHat cBt3b uoxtet 6rrrr 3aptAa. O6paaoaaaluaflcff xuTelbHoro g^eKTpoHoM (puc. 4. l6 6), rax KaK Tacsnsu I{3 coceAHeir 3ano^HeHa (ace satpatauu SHeprerrrqecKl{M}r 6oa5lur.rura He cBt3aH c nepexo4 rofi gAeKTpoHbI arocBoI'IMII co peluerKe asauuo4elicrBytor B BaAeHTHbIe sAeKTpoHa MaMH rrpriMepno B oAI,IHaKoBoIi creneHu). llepeueuleHl{e ns o4Hofi cBs3u B Apyrylo sKBr{BiIAeHTHo HeIrpepHBHoMy nepeMeulelllrrc nOABIII)KHOTOUOAO)KI'ITeABHOTO3apnAa - AbIpKlI.

r43

Ilpoqe cc Bo3HI,IKHoBeHI'Ifi cBo6oAHbIx Hocnrerreft 3aptAa HocI4T Ha3BaHr{e reHepallilu. B upOqeCCe XaOTETIeCKOIOABU)KeHI4fi HocuTe/\u MOr.yT 3ano^HffTb oceo6oAlteulr4ecff paHee cBt3ll, TorAa npoucxo- gAeKTpOHa I4 AbIpKI4, ItX Ar{T r{cqe3HoBeHrae AByx Hocr.rTerreri sapr4a quc^o aKToB reHeparlr{r4r }r aKTOB peXOrvr6Iapexorur6unaqua. Cpe4nee Harlr4r{ B eAr4Hr4rlyBpeMeHr{ npu [ocToflHnoir rerrlueparype oAI4HaKOBO, [OgTOMy CpeAHee qnc^o A,bIpoK n gAeKTpOHOB B KpI4CTa /\e npu TeM[epaType rrB^.rreTcs BnoAHe onpeAeleHHsrru. IIpn ston 4annoi B qeloM SleKTpr,rqecxz ueritparreH' Kpucralrl To B o6paeoaaarueuEcrua x KpI-Icra ,ly npuAo)KI4Tb Ha[pffKeHre' eKTpoHoBI{AbIpoK[o'IB^fleTc'cocTaBcg3AeKTpI4qecKoMIIo^eyS necKopocTr{ IIo c]r^oBbrM ArfrHr,rflM. 3rrexrpoHrr /\rrculafl 4peli$oaofi K OTpl{qare^bpeMe rrlalorcfl K [oAO)Kr{TeASHOMy U o^}ocyr a AhIpKI4 HoMy. flpu erou uo.rrrrrrrl ToK paBeH cyluMe 3 eKTpoHHofi ra 4upovHofi cocTaB^-flroIqux. c KoBaIeHTTrbrMt4 CB'I3SMH BHeEcara s paccMaTprlBaerrlrrrl Kpr,rcTa cra6reurt nepnoAl4rlecxgrl cTH [pHMeCr{ gAeMeHTOs III un1l V rpynnn MenAerr,eesa, To oTHocIfrTeASHOeKOlr,rqecTBO 3IeKTpOHOB L AbIpOK I43MeHr.rTCt. IIpOqeCC BHeCeHLIfl nplaueCeli TIaCTOHa3bIBaIOT AeIvpOBaHI1eM' Arouu [pLIMecI4 sAeMeHTa V rpyunrr Ha3blBaror AoHopaMr'I. B neroTopbrx y3^ax KpHcTa^N,rqecxofi perueTKr4 AOHOpbr 3aMeuIaIoT aToMbI ocHoBHoro Beu{ecrBa (puc. 4.17 o). Herrrpe Ba errrHbD( 3AeKTpoHa AoHopa CBff3brBaIOTCf B Kp1{CTaIAI4.IeCXoIZ pelueTKe C COCeAHHMI{ aTOMaMI4' a ugrrrfi 3 eKTpOH, OCraSuII4fiCg HeI4CnoAs3OBaHHbIM' OKa3bIBaeTCtI cAaSO CBtr3iIHHbIMCaTOMOMAOHOpa (.rrraur Cr,,raMlit KyAOHoBCKOTOnpuTtDKeHraa). aroMa' 3leKTpuqecKas uerirpanurocrb IIpu etou o6ecnequsaercr

.A4xorpuaayKa3aHHoro3AeKTpoHaoTaToMaAocTaToqHo3aTpagHeprfiro. IlostoMy PKe npu KoMHarnofi reuneparnrr ne6onrruylo u l{oryr Type IlrrTbre s^eKTpoHbr AoHOpoB oKa3bIBaIOTCr Cso6oAHbIMLl AI'Iqepe3 npllMecllr' KpIICTa J\. Aror'rrr yqacTBoBaTb B CO3AaHLLI TOKa I4OHbI' tue HHbte oAH Oro SleKTpO Ha, IIp eBpalqarcTcs B [OAOX(I4TelbHbIe B y3^ax Kpr/rcTa J\uqecxofi peuIeTK]!. crre4yer oco6o pac[o^o)KeHHbre {ae He orMer[Tb, qro flouBlenne cno6o4noro S eKTpoHa B AaHHoM cA] npueHTnoi rtqTuBa cBff3aHo c [offBleHtreMAbrpKIt, T. e. B KpI4CTa Ae c COCTaBA-fiIOqyrc' Mecbro ror 6y4er lrMeTb B OCTToBHOMSIeKTpOHHyIO Ha3bIBaIOT flo grori flpr4qr,rHe noAyIIpoBoAHHK c A,oHopHoti npauecllo

g;rexmponubrrr,v!^v! no;tynpoBogrrtuxoil n-muna B norrynpoaoAHl{Ke

n-TI,I[aTaK,KeI,IMeeTcflI,IAblporlHagcocTaB^flIoula''HooHa3HaqI,ITe^-b-

cocTaB,l-glouleii o6lscHO MeHbrue 3leKTpoHHOfi . Ha.rrra.rne 4rtpounofi BelrlecrBa c ocHoBHoro Hflercfl pa3pblBoM orAe^bHblx csnseli aroMoB o6pa:oaanuel'r sIeKTpoHoB I'I AbIpoK. IroAylpoBoAHI'lK TpexBa eHTHbIx aroMoB ,A,o6anaenue s'rucrblfi nplrMecl,l,Ha3bIBaeMbIxaKrlenTopaMu'IpI4BOAI'ITK3aMeIrIeHI{roI4MlrB peruerKla aroMoB ocuoBuoro Bel4ecrBa (puc' 4'1'7 6)' orAelsHblxy3lax aron npLMecI4 HMeer Ha oAIzH 3AeKTpoH MeHbIue roro Tpexnaaentnrrri quc^a gAeKTpoHoB, KOTOpOeTpe6yerca 444 o6pasoaannx ycrori'ilarsrx aToMa KOBaAeHTHbrx csgseri. Llnurura cAoBaMu, [pI4 BBeAeHIIIiI TaKOro uepetiru Mo)r(er BaKaHTHafl cBfl3b' Ha Koropylo [pHMecI{ nolBlgercg AA.fl TaKOTO nepexoAa 3^eKTpoH n3 coceAHefr casslt. Heo6xo4ut"tat Bce cBoTeMrreparype gHeprur BecbMa Ma a' I{ y)Ke upl4 xolrlnatuofr a caMI4 3aHtTbIMI,I' 6oAnue MecTa y a,ToMoB npl,rMecu oKa3bIBaIOTCs Ha sonrt. aToMbr BcAeAcTBHe STOrO[peBpau{aloTcfl B OTpl{rlaTelbHble MecraxyureAul4xK3TI4MaroMaMgAeKTpoHoBo6pasyIorcflAbIpKI{' yqacTBoKOTOpbIe xaoTltrlecKu nepeMeularcTcq B KpHCTa ./\e lr Moryr cBf3aHo He qepe3 KptrcTal L lloge.teHue AbIpoK BaTb B CO3AaHr4r4TOKa cocTaBLEc rrofl B/!eHr.leM cso6oAHbrx SAeKTpoHoBr [o3TOMy AbIpOrIHat noABI4)KHbIx HocI'IT€Aefi sapa4a B TaKoM rcular o6ulero Koll{qecrBa COCTaBA'IOUIeTI. Pacupeo6^aAaeT HaA s^eXtponHofi no^y[poBoAnure norryn ponoAHI{K Ha3brBalor g Hp ov.nbr & uxu notynp o' cMorpenHhlrt

aognuxom p-muna. [plrMecHbrMv\vu\!rlen'Ipon- v p-TurraHa3bIBaIoT Ilo,rrynpono4nvrKkr 6) Puc, 4,17. Cxeuaruqnoe u3o6pa)KeHxe 3aMeu1eHl'lflaroMoB ocHoBHoro BeulecrBa: o) 4onoparrrr; 6) arqenropavu

144

uo^}4rpoBoABaHHbIMLT.Hocr'rteara 3apfiAa' oArrorl'IuHble c npI{MecHbIM HHKoM,Ha3bIBaIoTocHoBHbIMHlaHeoAHoTI4[HbIe_HeocHoBHbIMI,I. gB^fi IoTc'I 3^eKlpo. B noalmpoaoAHllKe n-TI4[a ocHoBHbIMI,r HocuTe^gMu Hbr, a HeocHoBHbrMr4 AFIpKH, a B p-IIo ylpoBoAIIzKe, nao6opor' 4prpxra '|BA'IoTcqoCHOBHI'IMI,IHocuTe gMI.I'agAeKTpoHLI-HeocHoBHbIMI,I. l0 a.zro

t45

[puHrluu 4ehctsua 6onuuuncrBa no y[poBoAHrKoBLrxupu6opon H SleMeHTOBulfrerpa,/\BHblx CXeMOCHOBaH Ha ncuo^b3oBaH_llv CgOIiCre 3leKTpoHHo-Abrpoquoro nepexoAa (p-n-nepexoAa) - nepexoAHoro clor MexAyApyun o6aacrrMr,{ no ynpoBoAx}rKa, oAna r{s Korophrx HMeer gleKTporrpoBoAHocrb p-Tlrnar a A,pyrafl - n-Tu[a. Ha pnc. 4.lB a [oKa3aHH 4ra O6pasqa IIo y[poBoAHnKa c pas^fiqHbrM T]rrroM SAeKTponpoBoArrocru. B Kar(AoM nolynpoBoAHxKe [OAB]rXHbre Hoczre^rt 3apflAa (srrexrponru n Arrpxn) coBepuaror xaornqecKoe .a,Bu)KeHue, o6ycaoaaennoe rrx reltloaofi sHepruefi , Heuo4enxHbre uo,ro)t(HTelbHbre lI orpr{qare^sHble npuMecHbre }roHbr o6ogHa.reHu 3HaKaMrrrr^roc s MIrHyc coorBercrBeHHo' a AbIpKlI x g eKTpoHbI - TeMn )Ke 3HaKaMH B Kpyxwax. O6a o6pasqa nerirpaasnbr, T. e. noABtr)r(HbreH He[oABHxHbre SaprAbr B Hltx B3a[MHO CKOMneHC]rpOBaHbr.

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Qysnonnrrfi rox. flepexoA gleKTponoB r{s rrptrKouTaKTHoft o6aacru n -n o^yrrpoBoAHuKa B p- r oAynpoBoAHHK HapyuraeT s^eKTplrqecKyro H€frrpaibHocrb yKa gaHuoft o6lacru. 3apn4rl rrorro)r(fiTerrbHbrxr.ronoB npHMecI{ oKa3bIBaIOTCffHeCKOMneHCHpOBaHHbrMu, T. e. COcTopoHbr n -nolynpoBo.a,Hr.rKay rpaHurlbr KoHTaKTanogBnffeTcs nolo:r(urearnrlft $paA (puc. 4. 18 6). Hoxaaenuro eroro 3apnAa cuoco6crsyer raK)Ke pexou6unarlnr c s eKTpoHaMH 4nQQysua AErpoK ns p-o6aacruuux n-o6lacrn, Bcle4crBne .rero [g6brro.rHbui no,rox(HTe.lrbnufi sapx4 co cTopoHbr n-o6rracrN yBe EqnBaeTcff . Anarrorn.rno B c,roqx p-o6.iracrN, np[MbrKarou{}rx K KoHTaKryr 06pa3yercfl HecKoMneHcupoBaHHbrft orpuqarearnuft saprA AoHopoB, lHggassuft yxoAoM AbrpoK s n-o6;racrr n pexou6unaqraeft AbrpoK c tAeKTpOHaMH,[p]rrueArrr]rMtr ]r3 n-o6.,racrs. noRs.[eHse npoTr{Bo[oAoxnbrx no gnaKy 3apsAoB no o6e cropoHbr KoHTaKTa Bbr3brBaernotBAeHr.IeS^eKTprFrecKoro no r c Hanpffx(eHHocrbro E, xanpaaaennoto Hs n-o6lacru s p-o6rracrs (puc. 4.l9).

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Pnc. 4.19.'06pa3oBaur{e p-n-repexoAa

BosHnruee g^eKTpuqecKoe rrole npennrcrByer 4nQQysuu ocnoBHbrx HocrrTe,,refisapr4a, Ho cnoco6crByeT [epeMerrleHuro HeocHoBHbrx xocureaeri 3apflAa, T. e. 3IeKTpoHoB u3 p-O6laCrN n n-O6rracrs n ALIpoK r{3 n-o6,racru a p-o6rracrrr TaK KaK .dy'rfiHnx Ha[paBieHr{e uo/\fl nBnrercg ycKoprrcquM. Agux(eHr,re HeocxoBHbrx Hocprreaeft 3apqAa nog sos4eftcrBueM non-ao6pasyer roK rpoBoAtrMocru (4peft$a), xanpaBleHHhrfi upornaonolox(Ho roxy 4uQSysnu. CocrogHne paBnoBecns B crpyKl"yper oqeBr,tAHo,HacrynnT TorAa, KorAa roK 4nQQysun u roK rpoBoAr,rMocrlr cpaBHsrorca. flpu groM B o6lacru nepexoAa ycraHoBr{Tcs HeKoropoe 3HaqeHHeHa[pffKeuHocTH 3leKTpuqecKoro rro.trr, a Mexqy o6lacrflMu nolylpoBoAHr{Ka pa3Hocrb rroreHrlua^oa V. (cu. plrc. 4. 19).

147

Taxrau o6paeon'r, s6lugn rpaHr,rqbr AByx [oly[poBoAHr,rKoa o6pa3yeTcfl caoli, ,rrmtuennrrti rIoABlrXHbIx Hocrareaefi 3apflAa lI nogToMy o6aa4arorquri sblcoxfi r\,IgleKTpr.rqecKr{M conporuBleur.reM, TaK Ha3brsaervrbrfi3anr{parcu{ui caorl. Torrrquna 3anr{parcu{ero clofl o6rr.rHo He rrpeBt ruraeTHecKo bKr4xMr4KpoMeTpoB, I4cuoarsosanrae csor;crB p-n-nepexoAa B rroly[poBoAHtrKoBblx uprE6opax s 6olburraHcrBe crr) raeB cBrgaHo c npr.rlc,)r(eHr{eMK nepexoAy pa3Hocrlr rroreHrluaaoa, flpu sroM B rrepexoAe Bo3Hr4KaerA,onorr,HHTeAbHOeSAeKTpr4qeCKOe rro^e, 143MeHreTCs BhrCOTa rrOTeHqUaAbHOro 6aprepa, a BMecre c 9Tr4Ml{3MeHrrorcfl u noroK}r ocHoBHbIx a HeocHoBHhrxnocHreaeti. Ecrru x p-n-nepexoAy rrpulox(r{Tb pa3Hocrb noreHqr{a oB TaKr,rM o6pasolr, .rro6hl rtll'roc prcrorlHr.IKanoAK roqulcfl x n-o6aacru, a MrrHyc - x p-o6aacrn, To 3To rrpr{BeAerK yBeluqeuuro uorenrlr{arlbHoro 6apr,epa B uepexoAe Ha U, rax KaK nole, o6ycaoaneHHoe BHeruHr4M rdcrorrHnKoM,4o6aaaaercfl K BuyrpeHHeMy rrolro, cyulecrByrou{eMy B repexoA,e (puc. 4.20 a). Yselu.{eHr,re Haupsx(euHocrtl 3 eKTpr4aIecKorouo,lfi ogHayaer yBenrrexr,reo6reunoro 3apgAa He[oABH)KHhIxI{oHoB Ha f{acrKax, ilpuerarcu{rax K KoHTaKry, a nocleAHee Mo)r(er 6rtrr 4,ocrurHyro rolbKo 3a crreT yBe,,\filleHnff paccToflHlrg, Ha KoTopoM paclro^afaroTcfl lloHbl c HecKoMneHcrrpoBaHHbrM 3apflAoM,T. e. 3a cqerro,rrqrrHhr rrepexo4a. llpn p-n-UepexoAa Be/\MKo,ToK qepe3 Hero Ma./r- oH 3TOMCO[pOTHBAeHr4e o6ycaoraen ABT.DKeHHeM HeocHoBHbrxHocr{Telefi sapa4a. B erou crryrrae roK Ha3bIBaIoro6parnulr, a p-n-[epexoA - 3aKpbrrbrM. - E p

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t48

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l*, mA Pnc. 4.21. Boi'sr-aunepnas

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151

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SAEMEHTOB. CTBE OTI4qECKI,IX Ecar,r na BxoA AorusecKoro sIeMeHTa (naupnrvrep, Ha BxoA A) noAarb Harrpgx(eHlle BbrcoKoro ypoBHg, To or rlo.rrox(HTe^bHoro no^loca r4cToqHrrKa nLITaHI4fl qepe3 pe3lacTop R.l ra 'repes 6asy rpan:HcTopa norerrer Hacuqarouquft rox. TpaH:ucrop 6y4er orKpbIT' coorBercrBeHcI{rHaA Ao3AeMeHTa 6yaer 4ericrnonarb Ho Ha BbrxoA,e lromuecKoro HI43KO|O Hanpqx(eHl4e rnrrecKoro uy,la. Ecrru Ha Bce BxoAbI uoAarb nolfrarb orKpblBaV7'I ne 6y4er ypoBHrr (saseruarart), To rpan3r{ctop roulero roKa r{ nogToMy 3aKpoercn. Taxzu o6pasou, paccuorpeuHatti LAy''IA-HE. Ta6r'nr1a lrc3 eMeHr pea lr3yer AorI,IqecKyIo Qyuxquro ua puc' 4.1 1. BI4A, noKa3annsrfi l{Meer -x THHHocrn A 4auHotl Qynxrlur'r

Crre4yroqrnM 3TarroM B pa3Brrllfi qnSpoaoli cxeMorexHuKn crillo ucnolb3oBaHr4eAHoAHo-TpaH3ucropnofi rr.oruxu, KorAa Ha BxoAeBtIecTo pe3r4cTopoBI{c[oab3oBa^I4cb .6,I{oAhI. PaccuorpzM cxeMorexHHKy rpexBxo,lroBoro AornarecKoro gleMeH(puc. 4,28) , nocrpoeHHoro no rexHolorr.Il4.A,TA. Ta6rruqa I4-HE Ta Hcrr.ruuocru 4rrx Qynxquu kI-HE [Meer BIIA, npeA,craaleHHbul Ha

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HUKOMCrIrHar a. Crre4oaateasHo, TpaH3lrcrop He npuH]IMaeT MHorHe noMexH oT LrcToqHHKanlITaHLlt. B erreuenre,,\TA axo4HbIM 3anycKaroulr{M ToKoM c yx(HT ToK HH3Koro ypoBHfi, p7r.flrarori cxeMbl aKT[tBHbIMffBl.flerct BxoAHoe HanpffxeHlre HLr3KoroiornqecKoro ypoBHff. flepexo4 x HHsKoMy 3anycKalouleMy ypoBHro oKa3alcr neo6xo4uMblM A .n o6crryxtnaaHlrt HcroqHlrKoB KoAoBbrx,quspoauxr KoMaHAHbIxclIrHaAoB - KHonoKrnepeK roqarer\eft I{ Kor{raKToB pe^e. 3augrxanuro ux KoHTaKToBHa npoBo.a,c Hy e BbrM noTeHq I{irAoM c onyrcrByeT ropa3.a,o MeHblrre Ao)KHbIx I{Mny "bcoBsanycKa (rax nasuaaeuuri 6pe6esr KolrraKToa), ver"rnplr ux 3aMbrKaHlru na sbrcox[ft rroreHr{Hill. 3alreruu, rITo ecllr ocraBuTb Bce BxoAbI HenoAKIIoqeHHbIMLI (
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159

3r4CTOpaw2 6rtytzox K HoAJo,a nepexoA 6asa - KoL[eKTop TpaH3r{cropa VTI orKphrr rrpalo)KennbrM B [pflMoM HarrpaBleHrru Hanprur(eHr,reMncroqnnKa ur{TaHug. Eoarruoli no cuae ror 6aghr reflepb [oreqer rrepe3 ornpururi nepexoA, 6asa-rolleKTop rpaH3r4cropa Wl u Aalee qepe3 uepexop, 6a3a-sMr4TTep rpaH3r.rcropa W2, nepeBop ero B pex(rdMHacburleHuq.Ha arrxoge B groM clyqae rrotB^tercq Hugxnrl rroreHrlrrirl (curnaa ^orurrecKoro uola).

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Prc.4.3l. Cxenapa6o'rus^eMenra TTA

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Puc. 4.33. Bagogas cxeMa AByxBxoAoBoro g.Aer\.reHra3CA

Hetpy4Ho 3aMerr.rrb,rrro A,aHHaflcxeMa pealrr3yer lorr,rqecKue onepaqnu 14, I4Ll4 B 3aBrdcr.rMocrr4or r,rcrrolb3yeMoro BbrxoAa. .A,elicrauTeAbHO,rIpU rIOAaqeHa OAr,rHr43BXOAOB3AeMeHTaHanpflKeHArI BbrCOKoro ypoBHrr coorBercrnyroquri rpaH3racrop W2 utn Zl3 orxpoercr. t{epes orxpurrrri rpaH3r{crop 6yaer [poreKarb ror, roroprrrl co3Aacr Ha pe3r{crope R3 na4e ar.re Hanpfl x(eHnr orpr,rqarenrrrori orHo clrTe,,rsHo Kopuyca nolipHocrr. 3ro nanprKeHne Hr.r3KoroypoBHrr (- 1,6 B) trepe3 sMlrrrepHbrft uonropvrre.lrb nepeAaelcfi Ha BbrxoA Y,. lloporonsrri rpaHsncrop BbrHyx
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3rreuentgr 3 CA otrru.ralorc g n o BbIrIreHHblrnr6urctpoA,etictgHeM a pe3yASTaTeI4C[O b3OBaHnfl B HI4X [p]tHIII{[a nepeK rolleHl'If ToKa Lr ug-3a orcyrcrBl,Iff HacbIIIIeHHr rpaH3r{cropos. Ho BMecre c reM oH}I xapaKTepr{3yrorcfl uoBbIrueHHbIMgHeprouorpe6rrennelr, uu3KoIi nOuexoyctori.u,IBocrblo I{ rroBbl[reHnotl vyacrrlaTelbHocrblo K KparKoBpeMeHHbIMnoMexaM. Cxeuorexnuxa KM,A,II. B ocnose acex quQpoBblx MlrKpocxeM KMAI HaxopTcfl TpIl lorfiqecKLtx sleMeura: 14,VII\IAu KoMMyraquoxsufi xaro.r (KK). C nouoqrto KK pea.rrusytorcq BbIxoAbI c rperbl4M cocroflHr.IeM or{enb 6o.rruuoro BblxoAHoro HM[eAaHca Z (npaxtuvecKI4 pasoMKuyro). llorresble rpaH3ucropbl ?uMoxHo coeArrHnrb rlocleAoBarelbHo (), nogroMy s eMeHTbIVI,VILIA crpoflT no pa3AuqHbIMcxeF-l a-4 x uau. B orlllque or fiA s4ecb He HyrKHo rleperrMeHoBblP Barb AorldqecKl{e ypoBHIa, }4-r KMA,[ ilpr'Iusror 'Iro6hl !!t \/t l eAr{Hnr{a oro6pa;raaacb BbIcoKI,IMypoBHeM, a Ho.,'ts

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163

KacKaA,a- 3To HarrpDKeHI,te BblcoKoro y-poBnfl. llpu uo4a.re Ha BxoA Ha[pff)KeHr{fl BbrcoKoro ypoBHfl TpaH3l,rcrop I4l"/ saxpur, a rpaH3r4crop W2 orKpbrr. Ha orrxo4e ycrauaBluBaercn Hanpfl)Kenue HH3Koro ypoBHr. Taxnu o6pasou, 4auHruft xano.resoli KacKaApeallr3yer rrornqecKyro QyHxrluro HE. Crre4yer orMerr4'rb oAHy BUKHyIo oco6eHHocrr KMTA,II-KArorra H HHTerpa^bHbrx Mr{KpocxeM Ha ero ocHoBe: B cTaTuqecKoM pex(rrMe norpe6menar or r{croqHr{Kanr,ITaaur MorrlHocrb MeubrueHa HecKoAbKO UOP.CIAKOBIIO CPABHCHI{IO C MOIIIHOCTbIO CAMbIX MAAOMOIIIHbIX

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\ A,tQanumwe onepamopht, 3agaBaeMbtec noMot4bn xaueqnofr cucmeutt npAB uL HQsbIBAIom Ar.rOpUmMAIraU,

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185

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B ro:re BpeMr upu u3yqeHr,rn KouKperHbrx alropurMoB )KelarelbHo, qTo6br Ka)I(Abrfi araropl4TMMor I{3} IaTbcE B TepMr,rHaxTex g.I\eMeHTapHbrx cpeAcrB, Koropbre Har{6o^ee yAo6Hbr A^.fl ero oflucaHlrr. Hanpr.rMep,a^ropHTMbr AnHefiHori a,/\re6pbr yAo6Hee Bcero orrHchrBaTb c noMorrlbrc qeThrpex aprQMeTuqecKrirx AeficTBHi, a €raroplrTMbrBbr- c [oMorrdbro Tex 6a3ucHbrxAoql,Ic./\eHr.rs SyHrrlllrl a^re6pbr AorvKr{ rusecKHx oueparlHri, B TepMr4HaxKoropbrx QyldKquvru 3a[ucaHH. llogTOMy OAHTTM r{3 Tpe6oBaHr{fr, KOTOpoe upeABrBlseTcfl K O[peAeleHHIOiIAfOpHTMarrpr{ ero npaKTr{qecKoM LIcuo^s3oBaHr.{r{rtB/\geTcf To, qTo6br Qopua npegcmaB\eHun nepepadam&BaeMot u}.Qoprtraquu u cpegcmBaee nepepojomxu Bbtfupcaucb B saBucuMocmuom l^acca paccwamp uBa e MbD(a^ro p umMoB [21. Kpoue roro, 44r KlaccvqecKvx alropr{TMr,IqecKlrx cltcreM xapaKTepHo, rrTo B Kax(AoM a ropHTMe cIIHcoK npeAnr{caHvfi o sbrnolHeHI4I,I S eMeHTapHbrxaKToB- (KoMaHA) a^ropr{TMa sr.rKcupyercr 3apaHee I,! f,BHOyKa3brBaeTcfl B 3anr.IcrilaArOpuTMa. Haupur"rep, B HopMatabHbrx a^ro pETMax Bce rrpr{MeHfle Mbre sopruyrru il od,cTaHoBKr,r 3apaHee yKa 3aHbI B 3a[UC]t aIArOpUTMa. cnUCOX AOITyCTI{MbIX,6,eiCTBUri MarurirHbr TrropuHra npu ee pa6ore ocraercr Herl3MeHHbrM.r{acru.rHo peKypCHBHaq$yHrqran 3aAaeTcr $raxc upoaannori uo caeAoBarel-bHocTbro ypanHenufi. B ro x<e BpeMfl,a,onyrqeHraeOopMr{poBaHr.rt KoMaHAaJlropI{TMa B npoqecce ero pearan3arlil}r np}rBo.a,}rTK cyr4ecTBeHHoMy coKparrleHr{Io }r yfipolldeHl,trc 3anl{cl{ al^ropr.rTMa.B cecsl1I c 3TIiM c^ed,ypulI,IM rpe6oBaHr4eMr npeAbfB^reMbrM K IIoHrTnro ei^roprTMa, npr{ ero npaKTliIrrecKoM ucllo^b3oBaHur{ tB^fleTct Bo3Mox(Hocrllb QopuupoaaB npOU,eCCe HUnKOMAHqCIATOQUnMA ero BHnOAneHUn, B o6qer"r cl'yqae Bce gleMeHTapHbre oleparlr{Lr, upora3BoAr.{Mbre B npoqecce Bbrno^HeHr4r a^ropr4TMoB, pacnaAaroTcr Ha ABe rpynrlbr Onepaquft, KoTopbre o6bI.IHo Ha3blBaror apu@ueruvecKuMrr H orurrecKr.rMr{,AprEQuerurrecKr4e o[epaquu ocyqecrB/\sror Hen ocp eA,CTBeHHoenpeo6pasoaanue uH$opMaIIr4H. Aor[.recx}le ouepaqur{ oIIpeAeLnlor,t albHe r:rrrtee HaflpaBleHr{ e ctrera, T, e. rroc,,reAoBarelrlHocrb BbInOIHeHIiIaapr.rQuernalecKlilx onepaq[fi. flpu srortt Bo MHOrTrxC OXHbrx a roprruax npeo6rraAaroT AoruqecKne onepaquH, B To BpeMf KaK npeo6pa3oBauue un$opMaqr.rr4 Hocr{T uHorAa oqeHb upocrori xapaxrep.

203

B fl BSrreueHrapHble aKTbr, aHiIAotI,IqHbIe AorIrIecKI{M ouepaqutM' HOM rr^r{ He'BHOM BnAe BBOMTCfl I{ UpI{ OIIpeAeAeH]r}I rloHflT]It BbIrro^HeHLrff AA|OpI,ITMa B a6CTpaKTHOfi TeopI4I4 iI TOpHTMOB. Haupr'rIrlep, Ilpla BbIIIoAHeHIitII HopMaAbHorO a ropI4TMa nOCAe paCCMOTpeHI'Ifl oqepeAHori Qopuyrru noAcraHoBKI4 ocyu{ecrB -flercfl A1460 rrepexod, K c^eAFouler:r $oprtryae noAcraHoBKHt |vr6o ocTaHoBKa, rrra6o uepexo4 x [epBori soprvryrre rroAcraHoBKI4 CXeMbI a^rop]rrMa. B rvraurr'rne TbropHHra AofuqecKorl onepallHeli Mo)I(Ho cqlITarb ABLTTKeHHeIeHTbI BnpaBo HAIII BAeBO B 3aBI4CHMOCTIIOT COCTOflHLIflMaIUlIHbl U UpOquTaHHOrO CI,IMBO./rA. O4naxo,

aAKaK npaBI4Ao, orrrrrecKne orlepaqul{ B KlaccuqecKl{x ropnTMr.IqecKlrx cllcTeMax HoctT TpHBI.Ia./l'bHbIti xapaxrep. Bo lrnorux raKag TpI{BI4tIAbHOCTb AOrUtrecKI,IX Onepaqu Ii cu^bHo yc^o)r( c^rrasx HreT rrocTpoeHHe KoHKperHbIx aAropI4TMoB, B cBt3u c gTI'IM C/leAyIOK oIIpeAeAeHHIo il^ropLrru{r4M Tpe6oBaHLreM, Koropoe upeAbsB^tercff Ma [llplrt ero npaKTI,IqeCKOM I{CnOIb3OBaHHI{, flBAteTCfl' gonyl4eHue 60' ,;ee yHuBepcQ bilbrx /toruqecKux S/teMe|.map/d.brx onepaquh Hex(eAlI Te' TeopHLr aIAFOpHTMOB. KOTOpbre r{MelorcE B a6crpaKrHoli B roifr vlrvr vtuoit Mepe grI{M Tpe6oBaHI,IflM orBerraror raK Ha3LIBaeMbIe OIIe parOpHble aI IopIiITMutIe CKI'Ie c ucre rvrru [ 2 ] .

5.5.1. OneparopHbre aanoPr4TMbrBan Xao

npr{Ka3a c HoMepoM d,. Ecrrn x<e @(x) He onpeAeleHo, To ueperiru x BbrrrolHeHr{rc HaA qr.IcAoMx [pI,IKasa C nOUepOU B. 3ax,uo.r[relbHoMy cocroff Hr.rroMarItI{HbrTbropr,rura B oleparopHbrx aAropHTMaX cOOTBeTCTByeT npr{Ka3 Br{Aa:

t :Emo , roropurl o 3Harraer, qro BbrrrucleHr4fl cleAyer o craHoBtrrr, 9racrr,o,Ha4 KOTOpbIMCAeAyeTBbrlo^Hr{Tb SToT npr{Ka3, ecTb pe3y^bTaT Bbrqr{c^esnir. llporpaurroft oneparopHoro irlropr{TMa Ha3brBaercfl nocrreAoBaTeA.bHOCTb npr4Ka3OBBr{Aa:

l+s

:

+

di

+

i-ln tAe (Di8), ..., o)i+"(x ) - sa4aHnsre {ryuxqr.rr{, onpeAelrroulze grreMeHTapHbreonepaquu HaA o6beKToM x,' d,, Fr- Harypalbubre qncla r!3 rrocleAoBarelbHocru i, i*1, ...,

r*n. arrropnru BaH Xao aa4aercfl nocleAoBare^buocrblo OneparopHuti [pI'IKa3 I{MeeT OflpeAerrennrul BIltAa. Kax4rui nprrKa3oB cueqlril^bHoro HOMep r{ coAepx(I,IT yKa3aHl{fi: KaKyIO Oflepaqurc cAeAyeT BbIfIo HI{Tb HaA 3aAaHHhrM O6beKTOM I{ IrpLIKa3 c KaK}rM HoMepoM c^e,qyer Aa^ee BI{A TaKOTO Bbruo^rrr4Tb HaA pe3y 5TaToM AaHHOli Onepaquu. o6qnft IIpr4Ka3a:

(5.1) rAe i-HoMeprpLIKa3a; tJ - s^eMeHTapHaflorlepaql'If HaA O6beKTOM; a, p - IroMepa HeKoropblx EpI{Ka3oB. B repuraHax MaIuLIHTuopnHra HoMepa [pIaKa3oB coorBercrByror HOMepaM KoHsr{rypaqHi MauluHbl, a 3AeMeHTapHaflonepaqpls HaA o6beKToM - 3AeMeHTapHoMyAelicrBl4ro ua4 xoHQurypaquei upt't HeKOTOpOM

COCTOffHI{I{.

Burnorursrr upuKa3 (5. 1) ua4 'lucaoM x B oneparopnoM alropllrMe 3HaquT HafiTH qLIc o A(x) w A.IAee [eperlTLt K BbltrolHeHvto HaA A(x) 204

flepepa6orarb x corlacHo AaHHoMy oleparopHoMy alropnrMy 3HaqHTBbrIIo/lHr4TbHaAX nOCAeAOBaTeSHOCTbCAeAylOulux 4ericraui. i-urar. Haxo4rau atx).Ec;. al,(x/ oupeaeleHo, ro pe3y sraror',r6yAer napa qucel lar(x),a,]. Ecr*r to,(x)He orpeAeleHo, ro peeyalrarou i ro uara 6yaer rapa (x,4). i * l-ruar, eclr.r pe3y brar npeAbrAyrqero Iuara x, B,, rge F,: i + l. I-laxo4rEuai+t (xl .Ecarl ona onpeAelenar ro pe3ylbrarorr 6y4er uapa 1@,*,(x),a,*,1eclr{ He orrpeAeleHa, To pe3ylbrarou 6y4er napa (x, A+r) HT.A. i'* n- I -ruar. Ecarl g KarrecrBe pe3y -brara Ha AaHHoMruare norrfrr{Tcq napa, yKa3brBaroulafl rra 3aK ro.rnrelbur,ui o[eparop (2, i*n), ro npoqecc 3aBepuraeTcflu rrHc,I\oz flB reTcg, pe3y^bTaroM nepepa6oTKlr rfHCAax cor^acHo 3aAaHHoMya^ropurMy z : oi+n-lx). Tzu Synrquft , Bbr.ruclseMbrx nocpeAcrBoM oneparopHbrx alroprrrMoB BaH Xao, eaeucr.rr or Toro, KaKHe $ynxqHrt o, BxoMT B 3alr4clt IlpHKa3OB,

205

5.5.2. OueparopHbre

alropr4rMbr

AtnyHoBa

AaroprrunuecKas cucreMa oreqecrBeHHoro )qenoro A.A. AarryuoBa, rrpeMo)r(eHHag nr'r e 1953 r,, flB -flercf o4Hofi I,I3[epBbf,x, rruTblBaroulr4xBcerpe6osauu, rrpeAbffB teMble KKoHKperHbIMa ropuruau. Oua Bo3Hr{K aIBcBr3H c peall4aaqnefi alropnrMoB pa3 I{qHbD(3aAaqHa 3BM. A.A, AruynoBblMr 6rrrro noHgBaxtuerluruM rroHrrHeM, BBeAeHHbIM Tr.reo[eparopa, flB^flrouleroct oAHoBpeMeHHou eAunuqefi AericTBHt, u e4uauqetl KoHcrpyl,tpoBaHufl nporpaMMbl. Kar e4uHuqa 4erlctarax oneparop BbItIoAHfferHeKoropoe upeo6paaoaauue Han uHQopuaqrerlr,a xax eAlrHHqa KoHcrpyl{poBaHr{fl [porpaMMbr - I'IMeer HeKOTOpoe o6oanaqeHl,IerrloKa3blBarouleerlru oleparopar ero Mecro B [porpaMMe r4KoHKperHoe coAep)KaHlaeorleparopa (cnequQuxaqurc) . BaxHsrlr cBoftcrBoM orreparopa 6ntAo ro, qro rpaKToBKa oneparopa KaK eAr.rHIaItrbI Aerlcrsus HocI4Tornocl4TellHrrfi xaparrep. Aga oueparopa A u B, Bbr[o HeHHbIeApyr 3a ApyroM, ocylqecrB^Jrlor KaKoe-To coBoKynHoe npeo6pasoBaHae nnsopuaqul4, T. e. TaK)r(e o6pasyror nexoropsrfi oneparop C. A.lrs roro uro6bl oreparophl A t4 B sblnolHsAr,rcb[oApflA, Idx 3auI,IcbIBaIoroAI{H3a ApyrHM: AB, a csqgr c onepaTopornrC BbrrltArlrr KaK: C : AB,I4HQopuaql{ff, HaupuMep, o roM, rrro A s B Mo)KHo BblrrolHqrb B Aro6oM nopflAKe' rrolfyraq oALtH LI Tor )Ke pe3y lrar, Mo)Ker 6rrrl arrpaxteHa paBeHcrsolnlA B : B A' Bupa:raacsfl3hlKoM a,'rre6prr,MorKHocKa3arb, trro oueparopbl upoB Koropofr Moryr cylqecrBoBarb onperpaMM o6pasyror rolyrpyrny, orleparopoB uprno6[olyrpynflbr I4ayreHue orHolueHl{s. Ae,rrrculne po^5 B TeOperLIqecKoMrrporpaMMHpoBaHI{I4' peao QyHAaMeHTaAbHyIO AHarr.orrasA,ByxpflAoM croslqlrx oneparopos AB c upoIa3BeAeHLr-

06ogna.reune f ncnolb3yercff r rrro6br BbrAelrrb flapbr coorBercrByrculux Apyr Apyry rpneMHbrx r{ repe,a,arcu{r4x crpelox. llpu oAHoM gHaqeHHHPynpaarrerude neped,aercn Ha oneparop, crogulnli Bc eA\3a nepeAaroudefi crpearori i, a npn ApyroM - Ha oreparop, croffrr{r{rl BCIeA 3a npr.rHr{Marcrqeft crpe,lxoli i. 3auucr aaropurua uo A.A, AanyHoay cocrolrr r,r3rA,Byxrracrefi. llepBaf rracrb - cxeMa a ropHTMa - o6pasoraHa cr,rMBoAaMH oueparopoB rr uoKa3brBaeTrropsAoK pacflo^ox(eHr{r onepaTopoB B nporpaMMe, a raK)Ke HanpaBleur{fl rrepeAaq yrrpaBleHnfl. Bropan rracrb - gro cnequQuxar{r{r Bcex oneparopoB, o6pasyroulux rporpaMMy. Paccuorpurr upr.rMep3aur{cs oueparopHoro alropwnr.ra AanynoBa 44t perrreHr.nr 10xaa.a;rarnbD( )paBHeHrarlan4a a,xz + b,x + ci = 0 (i : 1,...,10). ,[4.a xax<4oro ypaBHeHrdfl, upeAcraaua o6ulyro $oprry.ry peureHufl

-bt ^l a

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3ra sauucr o6ogna.raer n-KparHoe [oBTopeHlde oueparopos ABC, upuqeM cHMBoAbIA(i) u C/fi noxasuBator, vto cnequSI4KaIII{l erl4x or 3HaqeHrrflr{HAeKcauoaropenux i. orreparopoB 3aBI4cI4T A.lr.ssarurcu nepeAatl )mpaB eHl4fi B 3aBl4cr{Mocrl4 or ycloBl4fi A'A. AJr[yHoB BBeArroHtrl4e AorHqecKI,IxoneparopoB:

i"i. r4e P i

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cnMBoA orurrecKoro oleparopa;

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n l e K c H o r o- ( n p u s n -

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Ar-

nuvucleHue ArdcKpr.IMI{HaHTai t r : 2e, tr:2c, ducxp : b2- t,tri

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207

A, - auvuclenl{e uapu 4efrcrBl4TelbnblxKopHeu: xopl: p + q, Kop2 : p- q; npu3lt : sign (ducxp); A, - coxpaHeHue 3HaKaAHCKpI4MHHaHTa: perueHntl rrapbl KopHei iro yparB MaccI,IBe A, sauour4HaHlie

Ta6auqa5"1 HaesaHHecr{MBoJra

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npslleHflercr Errox
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208

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213

TO He CyU{eCTByeTar^ropurMa, Koropbrll pacno3HaeT ero 3a no./\r{HoMr{ar^bHoeBpeMr. perueHue c NP - Klacc gaAaq, lrMeloulnx HeAerepMI{HLrpoBaHHoe BpeMeHeMHa peuleHHe, I{l}I B TeploAtrHoMI4a bHo 3aTpaqr4BaeMblM Ml{Hollornu alrropurM}rrrecKoli crIcreMLI Trropranra, - Klacc t3brBpeMff HeA,eTepM]IHIrpOKOB, paCnO3HaBaeMbrX 3a IIO HHOMT4aAbHOe saHHoir Marunnorl TuopnHra. IIpu srou PCNP' Ho Boupoc roxAecrBeHHa I{HTeHC}tBHbre HOCTIiA,OHaCTOflrrIerO BpeMeHHHe peueH, HeCMOTpTI lrcc eAoBaHlrg. Ycuerunoe perueHue 4annori npo6rreurr Mox(eT lrMeTb 3Haqr4Te/rbHbre noc eAcraun. HaupuMepr B Kpu[rorpaQuu, rAe HaAe)Kuocru ruz$poBa bHbrx crdcreMocHoBbrBaerct Ha HepealbxoM BpeMeHz, Heo6xoAr4MoM44fl perueHur 3aAaqn pacuu$poaKr, peureHpre4aHnori npo6rreurr Mo)Ker rrpr{Becru K KoMllpoMerarlHu ruuQponaarHblx crtcTeM. Taxuu o6pasou, B 3aBHcI{MocrI{or clot(Hocrr.r ilpaKTuqecKofi pefran3aqr{}r Bce ararop}rTMr.rqecKHpa3peurraMbre 3aAarru noApa3Ae^fl rorct Ha 3aAaqu [o^rrHoMr4a^bHoro rr{[a u 3aAaqu HenoJLHoM]IfIAbHoro TItII4,

O4uurr,r r{3 cBorlcrB alroprrrMa flBlrercr ero MaccoBocrr. 3ro ogHaaraeT,qTo a^ropnrM [peAcraBager co60ri cuoco6 peureHr{fl HeKoropoli uacconoli npo6rreruu, $opuyrrupyeuoft a au4e npo6aeuar oro6pax(eHlag He oA'Horo, a qeloro MHo)KecrBa BxoAHbrx c oB B cooTBercrByroulue uM BbrxoAHbrecloBa. Tarnlr o6pasou, gcgxrari a roplrrM Mo)r(Ho paccMaTplrBarb KaK HeKoTopoe yHuBepcalbHoe cpeAcrBo AAr perueHHf rle^oro K^acca 3aAaq. O4naro cyu{ecrByrorraKue K accbr 3anaq, AAff perueuufl Koropbrx Her u He MorKer 6urr eAunoro ynuBepcalbnoro upureMa - alropr4Trvra.,4tpyrlrr"u4CAoBaMu,Bce 3aAaqu (npo6rreuu) tutoxcuopa3Ae^r{Tb Ha iraropnTMnqecKr.r pa3perrrr{Mbre n a^ropuTMr{qecKu Hepaspeul,IMble. B raqecrse [pnMepa,AoKa3arelbcrBa alropaTMuqecKorf HepaspeurLrMocrr.rpaccMorplru npo6aeuy pacrro3HaBarrr{r caMoupvMeHr,ruocru [2], Cytqecrayror KaK caMonpr{Men}rMbre,TaK r.rHecaMonpuMeHl{Mbre alropr,rrMLr. flprauepou caMonpriMe Hu Moro alropr.rrMa rBlrercq raK aaropvrru a aro6ou arr@aurreA, co4epHa3brBaeMhrrlrox4ecraennrrfi )KauIeM ABe rrllr 6oaee 4nyx 6yrn. 3ror aaropaTM npuMeHrau x aro6oMy cloBy p a aa$anr.rre A n uepepa6arrrsaer rrro6oe BxoAHoe cloBo B ce6n. IlpurrrepoM HecaMonpr{MennMoro alropr{TMa tBllercfl TaK Hagsrsael{bu:r noaesoft araroprirrMs ro6oM KoHeqHoM aa$annre B. Sror alropr4TM 3aAaercrr cxeuorl, coAepx(aqeri e4uHcraeHr{yro [oAcraHoB214

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nA4a4oxaaarelbcrBa allropurMH.recxoli HepagpeuuMocrll AaHHori npo6rreurr MorKHo ucrrolb3oBarb alrop]ITMuqecKylo cncreuy Trropr{Hra. B repuunoaornll MarlrHnu Trropunra npo6rreua caMonp[MeHuMocrr{ Mor(er 6uts cQopMyl}rpoBaHa c^e,a'yroquu o6pasou. Ilycrr a MaruHHeTsrcpuHra sa@rExcupoBaHaKaKafl-Hn6y4r ronQurypaqra. Bogr"ro:xnrr ABa c,l) rafl: 1) uaruuna uplrMeHuMa x groli xouSnrypaql{u, T. e. nocrre KoHerrHOIOrII{CAaTaKTOB(UrarOn) OHa OCTaHaBI}IBaerct B 3aK roq}rrerrrgofi xonQurypaqr.rN (cauoocranaBlrBaloulafl ct nporpauua) ; 2) uaunna He[pI{MeHI4r"Iax groft xonQrrypaqxl{, T. e. MaII]I{Ha oHa BnaHHKorAa He rrepexo.d,I{TB 3aKAIoqI{Te^bHyIo ronSarypaqnIo, Irpo(uecauoocraHaBlLrBaroqaf,cfl npoqecc Aaer B 6ecxone.*rurir

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215

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225

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226

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227

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228

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230

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240

B cexrope [porpaMMHoro o6ecueqeHl4fl I4 orIepaIIHoHHbIxclrcreM Be,a,yqee rolox(enrle sanuMaro'r Qrapr"ru IBM, Microsoft, UNISYS, Novell. Paccuorpuu nar.r6orreepacnpocTpaHeHHblerurrbl orlepaqnoHHbIX CI{CTCM.

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MoAynu pacut,lpeHr4e 6a3oBof cr4creMH BBoAa/BbrBoAa (lo. SYS)

MoAyns o6pa6orxu npepueanri MS-DOS BBoAa/BbrBoAa (MsDos. SYS)

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241

YrnrrNrrr DOS - 9To [porpaMMbr, [ocraBlreMhre BMecre c onepaqnonnoi crrcreMofi B BlrAe orAelbubrx Qalirroa. OHn sbrnolunror4erlcrBufl o6crryxraranu{ero xapaKTepar HanpnMep pa3MerKy ArircKer, npoBepKyMcKoB Lrr. A. ,A,oaroe BpeMfl gra onepaqr{oHHerfl crrcreMa 6ula ycraHoBleHa Ha nop,aB^trcIldelr 6oarurnHcrBe flepcoHalbHbrx KoMrrbrorepos, HaquHafl c 1996 r. MS DOS 6rr.rragalrenena OC Windows - 32-paspr4norl uHorosap,avnofi r,rMHororroro.rHoft olepaquonnort cucreuu c rpaQu.recrrau unrepSericorr u pacuupeHHbrMn cereBbrMr,rBo3Mox(HocrffMr,r. OnepaqnonHbre crrcreMrr Windows . Windows 95 npe4craalrer co6ofi yuunepca^buyro BbrcoKo[por{gBoArdrelbHyro MHoro3aaa.IHyro 32paspsAHyro OC c rpaQaqecKr{M unrep$eftcoM r pacuupeHnbrM}r ceTeBbrMlr BogMo)r(HocrflMr{.Windows 95 - nnrerpr4poBaHHar cpeAa, o6ecue.rnsarculafi s$Qerrnsrrsni o6uen unQopruaqneft uex<4y orAelEHbrMlr nporpaMMaMu r{ fipeAocTaB^sroulat uo^s3oBaTe^ro ruupo Kr{e BogMo)KHocrrr pa6orrr c MylbrrdMe4na, o6pa6orxr rercrosoft, rpaQr.r.recxori, sByKoBori r sxAeouuQopuaqnn. HnrerpnpoBaHnocrb noApa3yr[eBaeT TaKx(e coBMecTHoeucrro^bSoBaHr{e pecypcoB KoMIIbrorepa BceMu [porpaMMaMil. 3ra onepaqrroHHaff cucreMa o6ecrre.ruBaer pa6ory uolb3oBarelt B ceru, rrpeAocraBlflfl BcrpoeHHhre cpeAcrBa rrogepx(Kn 44-r o6uena $afirr,arvraI{ MepH no I{x 3alrdnre, Bo3Mox(Hocrb coBMecrHoro ucrrolb3oBaurr upr{HrepoB, $axcoa H Apyrux o6uqux pecypcoB. Windows 95 no3Bo,rr.a er orrrpaB -arb coo6ulennr sAeKTpoHHofi novtoti, Saxcnuun-rHori c gs gsrc r rroMep)Kr{Baer yAaaeHnuti 4ocryn. Windows 98 orafi.raercq or Windows 95 reu, qro s Heri onepaqnoHHarr clrcreMa o6re4nnena c 6paysepou Internet Explorer. Kpoue eroro, e Heli y yqrueHa coBMecrnMocrb c HoBbIMIlt an[aparHblMr,I cpeAcrBaMr{ KoMnbrorepa, oHa oMHaKoBo }Ao6ua KaKA^-sr4cno^b3oBaHHfl Ha HacroLbHblx, TaK lI Ha nopTaTI{BHbrx KoMrrbrorepax. Windows Nf (Nf - or aHr . N ew TechnoloW) - 32-paspa4nan OC co BcrpoeHHori cereBoir no44epxtxori u pasanrblMlt Mnoro[olb3oBaTe/t-bcKHMucpeAcrBaMr{. oxa npe4ocraBlrer Ilo^53oBarejrtM MHoro3a^arrHocTb,Hane)KHocTbrMHoroupoqeccopHyro noMepx(Ky, ceKpeTHocrbr 3arrluryAaHHbrx lr Muoroe Apyroe. 3ra ouepallrloHnas cncreMa oveur y4o6Ha 44s Iro b3oBareaeri, pa6orarou{rlx B paMKax loraaurori cerrrr Ay'\sKoJrleKTr.rBHbrxrrolE3oBareaeft, oco6eHHo .AA.ffrpyIIII, pa6oTarorrlux Ha4 6oauuuMn [poeKTaun r.ro6lrennBalolrlnxcfl AaHHbIMLL CeN{eficrso Windows 2000 - oueparlr{oHHafl cncreMa HoBoro [oKorl.enr4r 44r AeloBoro racrrol.b3oBaHuffHa caMblx pasnoo6pasHblx KoMnbrorepax - or noprarr.rBHbD(A,o cepBepos. 3ra OC ss .ffercn o4norl us ^yqtuux 44fi BeAeHHfiKoMMepqecKoft4earearHocru B l4nrepnete. OHa

242

o6ae4nxxer npucyrgpo Windows 98 npocrory ucrro,rb3oBirnr{fl c npucyulnrrlraWindows NT na4oKHocrbro, 3KoHoMuqHocrrro u 6esonacHocrbro. Celreftcteo Windows XP o6la4aer ylyrrureHuoft sauluroft cr4creMxux Qaft ,roa, fipo rpaMMHoe o6ec neqeHr.re,uoMeprKr{Baroulee 3anlrc b Cd, n Cp,-RW, BKrrroqeHoB cocraB cauori OC, urnreer pa4 noaux 4pafiBepoB ycrporicrn, noirnocrbro HacrparrBaeuurt unrep$eric, a raKxe MHo)r(ecrBo HoBbrx nporpaMM u My brr{Me4uftnux 4o6aaaeuufi. IIorunuo 32-pa3prAiuoro sapraaHra OC nlreercs u 64-paspn4nar uo4uQnKaq[fl , [pera,Ha3HaqeHHaflA^-EycTaHoBKH Ha KoMIIbIOTephr,OCHaIIIeHHue 64-pa:pffAnbrM npoqeccopoM. Packet (Windows CE) - onepaqlroHHar clrcreMa,ayrx uo6raarHrrx Bhrrrnc HTe BHux ycrpoftcrBr TaKrtrKKarKKapMauHbre KoMrrbprepbr, rInOpoBhre NxSopr'rarlNouHbre neft4:repu, coroBbre rerreQoHru, MylbrnMe 4rrinue u pa3BleKare bubre rrpricraBKn, BK rosar DVD-upourpbrBarerrr u ycrporicrBa r{eleBoro Aocryna s HnrepHer. 3ro 32-paspx4nax, MHorosarqoqHa-ff O[epaqHoHHafl cHcTeMa, ]rMeloUlafi OT, MHOIOnOTOTTHtI' KphrrFo apxlrTeKlypy, pa3peuaroqyro HcIIo b3oBalHrreMHo)KecrBa ycrpoftcrs. Packet (Windows CE) ro3Bo^rer ycrporicraau pasrrrrvHhrxKarencpnft (roBoprrrbD u o6uenugarrcx nH$opuaqne* p,pyr c ApyroM, cBs3hrBarbct c Kopnoparr{BHbrMn cerffMn n c l,IrrrepneroM, rro s3oBarbct gAeKTpoHHofino.rroli. Ona xounaxrrra, Ho BbrcoKonpon3BoAlrTelbHa. 9ro uo6wrrsar cucreMa, QynxqxoHupyoular c MuKponpoqeccopaMr{ pa3N,ItIHbf,X MapOK

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243

BbrnyIrIeHHbIe rrpoll3Bo.a,lrTe,lr-fl Mu alnaparHbrx naar$oprr 44r KoMnbrorepoB cBoero npou38oAcrga. OcHosHurrru SarropaMr.r, o6ecueqlrsarorqrdM rroly -rrpHocrr UNIX, rBlrrorcfl cleAyroque: 1. Koa cncreMbr Ha[ucan Ha fl3LrKeBbrcoKoro ypoBHfl C, vro cAelaAo ee upocrorZ 4rra uonuMaHut, I,r3MeHeHIaq I4uepeHoca FraApyrue rrlarSopurr. llpu srou UNIX rBrlnercrr o4noft rasHar,r6oaeeorKphrrbrx cuCTEM, 2. UNIX - MHolro3aAar{Hafl MHorouolb3oBarelbcKafl cl{creMa. OAzn uoulnufi cepBep Moxer o6crryz
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Ru 2R. IluQpoanaloroBbre upeo6pasoBarelu Moryr upeo6pasoBbrBarb B aHalloroBrrfi cnrHaa rurrrrb rrapan elbHhre KoAr,r. IIpz npeo6pagoBaHltlt B anaaorosblli curHal lrocleAoBarelsHbrx Ko,a,oBux cHaqalla rrpeo6pasyror B flapa ,[e.irbnbre. Cxeua npocrerluero AI-IH npeAcraBleHa Ha pr,rc.6.10. Ona BKrrrorraer B ce6x cyrrutu.rpyroquri crrerqr{K, IIAII, cparHr4Baroulee ycrpolicrao (K-ror'ruaparop) r{ reneparop raKToBbrx r{MrrylbcoB (fTn). llo upuHqruy,4eft craus rarorl AIIII HasrrBaercff nocleAoBarelbauu. BpeueHHbre AuarpaMMhr Ha puc. 6.11 uogcnrror npuHrlurr ero pa6oru. Ha o4un BxoA KoM[aparopa uoc4/rraer axo4Hori cfirHaA U,". Ha 4pyroi - Sopr"rupyeMoe I-lAlI Hanpax(eHr{e ropora cpa6aruuaHHfl KoMnaparopa. flpu 4ocrnx<eHur{ paBencrBa AiaHHoroHalpDKeHuflu Ha[pffr(eHnr BxoAHoro cr{rHar^aHa BbrxoAe KoM[apaTopa IIofB^.aercg crrrHalr', ocraHaB r{Barcuqnft cqer tl cyMMHpoBaHHe raKToBbrx rdMflyllcoB B cyruMr{pyrouleM cqerqnre. O4HonpeMeHHo cqurbrBaercff arrxo4r'rofi quSpoaofi KoAxox,..-x . OcnosHor:r HeAocraroK raxoli cxeMbr - Hn3Koe 6arcrpoAeftcrBue, TaK KaK BpeMfl npeo6pasonaHufl Too upoloprdr.roHitlbuo aMnllrryAe curHal/\a. 266

A{fl Pnc.6.10.Cxeuanpoctefirueroxacxap'a 3naqurelbxo 6oasruuu 6rrctpo4eircrBlreM orluqalorcfl AIIII napa .rrelbxoro KogpoBanug. B Hux ,q4t upeo6pasoaaHus aHaloroBoro crdrHa a B n-pa3prAHutl 4aonunrrfi ro4 ucuoar3yerct 2"'r xouuapatobublx BxoAoB Kax(Aoro KoMrapapa. Ha oAI4HI{3 AByx MQSepeHIIna Topa rroAaercr cBoe onopHoe Halps)KeHlle' Sopt'tltpyeMoe pe3llcropHbrM AeAlITeleM. PagHocrb Mex(Ay o[opublMlr Harrpflx(eHrrflMll AByx 6rrrnxairusx KoMnaparopoB paBua E/2, tAe E - ouopnoe HanptDKeHue, coorBercrBylorqee MaKclrMirabHoMy3HaqeHuroupeo6pa3yeMoro aualoroBoro curHa a, Apyrrae BxoAbI KoMnaparopos o6leAuHeubl' I{ urr$parop $opHa HI,tx ro.l,aercfl axo4uoft cl{ruaa. ilpraopurernufi Mr4pyer auxo4noft qnQporoft curHal' coorBercrBytotqrft caMoMy crapureMy cpa6orarureMy KoMnaparopy' Cnoco6 napalr;rerrbHoroKoAlrpoBaHnfl (nnor4a oH Ha3blBaercsc[oKoppoBanur) oT111qaeTcsnau6oagunu 6rrcrCo6or'r MTHOBeHHOTo po4erictaraer"r. Bperun 3aAep)KKI{ flpu nepeAaqe curHala or BxoAa K BbrxoAy paBHo cyluMe 3ana3ALIBaHuti xouuaparopoB n runQpatopa'

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quce^,

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croflTelbHbre nHSopuarluoHHbre o6texrrr u Ha3brBarorcr cloBaMH. Caoso o6pa6arunaercs B 3BM xax o4uo rle oe - KaK Marrrr{HHbrris,[euenr uuQopMarILrE. 2. PagHorrauubre cloBa nn$oprvraqun xpaHrrcs a o4nofi u rorir xre naMflTr{r4 pa3lnrrarcTcl no cnoco6y ncnolb3oBaHuJtr,Ho He rro cfloco6y ro4rpoaaulrs. Bce cloaa, lpeAcraBltrou{Ile sr4cla, KoMaHALTra rrpoqre o6rexru, Bbrr r4RT s 9BM coBeprueuno oAr4HaKoBo,r{ caMr{ uo ce6e Hepa3lrrqr4Mhr.Toarxo noplA,oK ricuolb3oBaul{rl crroB B nporpaMMe BHocr{T pa3lr{rrragB cloBa. B.taro4apa raKoMy
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Puc. 6.12. O6utas crpyKrypa

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271

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15

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Mpec onepaHAa,pe3ynbrara unr nepexoAa

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a) KOA onepaqlrh

Pacunpexue KoAaonepaqun

Puc. 6.17.(DopruanrKoMaHA: a) 6esa.qpecuaa a) uerupexagpecuas;6) oAHoaApecHas;

flpocrefiurarr r{3 srrax crpyKTyp (puc. 6. l8) uanouuHaer crpyKrypy rpoqeccopa MrlKpoK.rAbKyrropa, rpr4BeAeHr{yroHa plac, 6.16 [6]. IIpoqeccop coAepxulrycrpoircrno ynpaBleHnt, A y, perucrp 44s pa3Merr{ennr ncro^HfleMoft xouaH4rr (perucrp xouaH4) H perl4crp 4,n.apa3pe3y^braTa onepaqfiu B npoqecMer.rleHrrfoAHoro r{3 onepaHAoB H,/\r4 ce BbrrrolHenuq groi KoMaHAbr- aKKyrty srop (Ha prEc.6.16 o poar aKKyMylsropa Bbrnorrnrl perr4crp X) . Pac crtrorpllM, rITo rrpol4cxoAltr B flpoqeccope uoclre roro, KaK B ero perncrp KoMaHA6rraa nepenHcaHa u3 rraMfru KaKafl- r46o xor'ran4ar Ha[pI{Mep KoMaHAaBbrqnraHl-rt. Tar xar rrole perr{crpa KoMaHA,B KoropoM xpaHuTcq KoA ofieparlr.rH,cBr3aHo ruuHorl c ycrpolicrBoM ynpaB^eHufl, To noc^eAHee IIo-

282

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283

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cqrTaHa hcnonHHeMag KOMaHAa

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284

ca H3 cTapuero pa3pflrqar{ T, II.,], a aApec - aApec KoMaHAbr,K KOTOpori uyxcro neperlru, ecrrr,tycloBue BbruolHffercx (npu HeBbrnolHeHr4r{ycloB}ra nu6upaercfl KoMaHAa,paclolo)KeHHat BcAeA3a KoMaH4ofi nepexo4a). Bo uHorux clfraqx pe3ylbrar BbrrrolrleHr4r [peAlrA)nrleft xorr,ranAbr r{cflo,lr.r3yercr KaK onepaHA B cleAyroulefi. Ecarnpe3ylbrar BhrrrolHeHLrr KOMaHAbT He nepechr^aTb B [aMflTb, a coxpaHflTb, HanpHMep, B aKKylry srope, To Moxuo o6olirucr oAHoaApecubrMr{KoMaHAaMH: . apuQueruqecxori (aornvecxorft) o6pa6orKrr, Koropbre Aaror rrpuKa3 Ha BbrrrolHenue xaxofi-rru6o apu$ivrerraqecxofi r{Au rr,oru.recxoi o[epaqulit, ucrrolb3yg B KaqecrBe o[epanidioB coAep)KrrMoe aKKyrtry^rTopa r4 coAepx(rrMoe aApecyerrori s.rerixH naunru (perucrpa AaHHbrx,KyAia[epe[ncbrBaercs coAep)c4Moe aApecyeuoli xverirr.r); . nepecbrlKr!, Koropbre Aaror [pr{Ka3 na o6uen unQopr"rarqnelZ Mexqy aKKyMylrropoM u raMrrbro (vepes perncrp AaHHhrx), T. e. Ha 3arpy3KyaKKyruy -rrropa coAepx(trMhrMa^pecyeMofi s'{efiKH naMflTr4 rl^ra 3anlrcb n sry n"refiry coA,ep)r(HMoroaKKyrlryltropa (pesyarrara Bbrrrucrreuuft ) ; ! nepeAaqil ynpaBlennfi, o6ecnevlrBaroulr.rMr.rycrroanulir uau 6esycaornrrll [epexoA K aApecyeMoli s.reftre rraMrru (r. e. x xoMaHAe,Koropar AoDKHa 6nrrr noueuleHa B [poqeccop npr.rBbrrro,,'tHeH]ruxaxoro-rrra6o ycAoBHs r{Au BHe 3aBucuMocrr,r or pe3ylbrara npeAbrAyrr{Hx BLrrrucle}rurl), o6paqeH[e K uoAnporpaMMe 14Bblxo,AI,I3Hee; I

BBOAA-BbIBOAA.

Ha pnc. 6. l9 upe4craBleHa oAHa r{3 Bo3Mo)r(HbrxcrpyKryp npoqeccopa, peiran3yrorqero [porpaMMbr Lr3 oAuoap,pecHhrxu 6esa4pecnux KoMaH.[,,On cocrorar r.r3cleAyrorrdnx ycrpoftcra [6]: . apuQnemuKo-AoruqecKoro ycmpoicmaa, npor{3Boprqero onepaqul,r HaA AByMr Be .LrqI1IHaMH B qe^rx [o^rreHr4fl pe3y bTaTa u rupa6orxn pflAa [pH3HaKoB (pesyr'rrrar MeHbrrre Ho,lrr, paBen Horrro lrlri 6orrsue uo.rll, 6rra flepeHoc n3 crapilJero pa3prAa peeyarrara); . pefucmpQ cocmonHur, B KoTopoM xpaHsTcf [pu3HaKr,t pe3y bTaTa rlocler4r{ei ouepaqun, ucrrolb3yeMble KoMaHAaMnnepexoAa; . axKyMyLnmopa - perncTpar B KoTopoM pa3Merr{aroTcr noMelt(aulne o6pa6orxe AaHHbrer4lr{ pe3y brar o6pa6orxu; I pefucmpQ KoMaHg -perr4cTpa, c^yr(aulero AAs pa3MeuleHur xcuoangeuoft KoMaHAbr;

285

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ICNOAHEHLI'

KOMAHAbI

B CIIETqUKE

KOMAHA

BcerAa xpaHnTcfl aApec rorl xouan4u, Koropaff Ao rKHa r{cuolHflTbcff Bcle.a,ga rexyu{eri, 3To Mo)Ker 6rrrr xax cleAyroulafl rto nopflAl(y KoMarrAa,TaK n KoMaI{Ao, x xoroporl rpe6yetcx neperiru rrplr BhrnolHeHun ycloBuri, sa4aHurtx KoA,oMo[eparlr{Id KoMaHALr nepexoAa,

26 AApec 41

77 102

MaHAa. Paccuorpuu ucrroluenlle KoMaHAbr'pacnolox(ennofi s s'Iefixe 135 Ha pnc,6. 19 [6]. Ono na'ruHaerct B MoMeHT'KorAa B aKKylt(yltrope xpaHlrTcfl 3HaqeH[e yNleHbIIIaeMOror3allucaHHoe TyAa npil BbIIIO HeHlrr{ npeAblAyuleri xouaH4u, a B cqerqfiKe KoMaHA a4pec 135. 1. A4pec, coAepx(aquircs s cqerall{Ke KoMaHA' flepenvcblBaercff B perucrp aApeca n Aalee B naMflTb 3BM (curHal Yl)' a orryAa crruTbrBaercffKoMaHAa
134 135 136 137

Prc. 6.19. flpocrofi npoqeccop, pa6oraroulnft KoMaHAaMLI c opoaApecHlnrz n 6eeagpecHhrMr.r

286

.f4-a peueHut 3a^auu na raxori 9BM Heo6xopMo: 1) uepes yctpoficraa rro4a uH$opMal{uu 3arpy3r{TbB nausra 3BM [porpaMMy peureH[fl 3aAaqu (arrropraru, HarrrcaHHblrl na ngarxe 3BM) u HcxoAHbIe AaHHbIe;n [porpaMMa' ]I AaHHbIeMoryr 6utr pasMerrreHbl s No6oft o6aactu rraMtrlt, HaquHag c rqeIiKI'I 0 n,rua4pyrofi gqeftxu c rrro6rrlr aApecoM (cna.raaa nporpaMMa, a 3aTeMAaHHbre,ulrrl Hao6opor). 2) )noamocruo 3aBHCfiTOTTOrO,KaKiIt 9TOKO-

THnepenncblBaeTcgBperl{cTpAaHHbIxlII,Ic^eHHoe3HaqeH[eBbIIIuTaeMoro.

287

ta3naMsruOBM c'{l4TbtBaercg xoMaHA flo aApecyc.{entaKa B perucrp KoMaHAnpoqeccopa U nOMeUaeTCn KOMaHAa HaeArHuqy,yKa3hilBag c.{eT..rurxor,raHAyBenu'{uBaeTcs pacnonoxeHHytoBcneAsa eu6paxxoi Ha KoMaHAy,

' 5 BHnonHqtorcc aeficraucBcoorBercrBt4h

5, Brrnoarrgercfl onepaql{fl BbIrIr{TaHI{gco.a,epxorMoroperucrpa.^,aHHhrx r43coAepxc{Moro aKKyMy Jnropa (cnnrarr,u y5, y6 u Yll), a 3areM norr1n{euHafl pa3Hocrb rlepe[]rchlBaerct c BbIxoAa AAY s aKKyMy flrop (cr,rrra,r )€/, saueunfl gHaqeHI,Ie)rMeubluaeMoro. Tarralr o6pa3oM, npoqecc BbInolrneHufl KoMaHALIcBoAI{TcffK orrpeAeAeHH rO II oCAeAO BaTe/\bH OCTtt OTKpbIBaHI'Ifl

ALIT IirCK IOsI4Tb IIepeCbIAKy T. e, ycKopr4Tb

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B cqeTquK KoMaHA

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IIAH rrepcoHaarHaq 3BM

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143cqeiKr naMnru c aApecoM,l43BneKaeHa(oMbrMx3 aApecHortr,{acruKoMaHAba, Aflqeica BperucrpeKoMaHA cqrrblBaercf, onepalF a4BMecrec coAepxlrMblMaKKyruyncropanepeppercgBAny rAeBunon-

Pnc.6,20. Cxeua anropnrMa BblnolneHus KoMaHA rlpocroro fipoqeccopa

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uofi (uocroanHorl) nporpaMMnoi lr cupaaovnofi unQopMaIIulI' O3Y (ot anrrr. RAM, Random Access Memory - raMffTb c rpora3Bo.|l'bHbrM 4oCrynOrtl) npeA,Ha3HaqeHoA^.fl olepaTlrBHoi sanucu, xpaHeHnt I{ cq}ITbIBaH}rflunQopuaquu (nporparrM uAaHnrrx), nenocpeAcrBeHuo yqacrByroqeti a uHQopMaIIHoHHo-BbIrrr4clr,rrelbHoMnpoqecce, Bblrro,rHfleuou IIK s texyqlrli nepnoA BpeMeHu.,A,racxoaaxrraMtrb orHocllTcfl K BHeIuHrlMycrpoticrBaM IIK u ucnolb3yercff AAt AolroBpeMeHHoro xpaHeHl4n aro6ori nn$oprvraqnl4, Koropaff Mox(er xor4a-au6o uorpe6oBarbcq 4rrfl pelrreHl4fl 3aAaq, s Hei, B qacrHocrl{, xpaHl4Tct Bce uporpaMMHoe o6ecue.IeHI4e KoM[blorepa. B xavectae yctporicra sneruneri naMflTII, pagMelqaeMbIx B cI,IcreMsotu 6aoKe, Hcnolb3yrorcff HaKorIIlre.lrLIHa )KecrKr{x (HX(MA) rr ru6rnx (H|MA) MarHIlrrHbIxALIcKax,HaKorrI4TeIu Ha o[TI{qecKLIx ArIcxax (HOA) tt Rp; (a4anrepu) cayxtar 44.fl uoAKlloqeuut uepuQeKourpolleprr puftnux (aneurHax no orHouteHl4lo K flpoqeccopy) ycrpofrcta r rrrr{HaMMrlKporrpoqeccopa, o6ecneqxsafl coBMecrl'rMocrb Lrx unrepQeficos. OHlr ocylqecrBl.ffIor HerocpeAcrBeHHoe ynpaBeHrlrenepusepuriHbrMll ycrpofi crnaMrr IIo 3anpocaM M]rKpolpoqeccopa. KourpourepH peallr3yrorct, KaK rrpaBl4lo, Ha orAeAbHbIXnesarHbrx n^araxr rracro Ha3bIBaeMbIxaAanrepaMl{ ycrpoficrn (or rrar. adapto - upeo6pasoauaarc); cncreMHac IrIuHa - ocHoBHaxuurepSeficHaff clacreMa KoMnbrorepa, o6ecue.ruaarculaq corrpflx(euue I4 cBt3b Bcex ero ycrporlcra r"rex<4yco6ori. Cucrevnas [rI,IHa BKAIoqaer B ce6a: wuny gaHHbu (I I IA) , coAepx(audylo flpoBoAa Ir cxeMbl corpsx(eHl{ff 4;rq [apa rrelbuotl nepe4avl,I Bcex pa3ptAoB rrl'IcloBoro xo4a (varIlI{HHoro c^oBa) o[epaHAar wuHy agpeca ([IIA) , cocro.aqyrc r,r3[poBoAoB n cxeM corrpfix(eHuf 44t napal-lre;rrnoti neped,aqu Bcex pa3pflAoB KoAa aApeca n.refirn ocnoaHoli uaNrfr yr vr/\vrII opTa BBoAa-BbIBoAa BHeruHero ycrpoticrea I utttry ynpaB^eHun (llIY) , coAepxaPuc.6.22. Cocrae qyro [poBoAa H cxeMbr conptKoMnbprepa nepcoHanbHoro x(eHr4f A^-EIIepeAarrn r.IHcTpyK-

292

quft (yupaalffrolrlrx curHaloB, utuuyrrrcon) Bo Bce 6rroxra xourrbroTepa, il wu'i-y numaHuh r{Meroqyrc [poBoAa I{ cxeMbl conprDKeHufl 44.n noAKAroueHHn 6.rroroe fIK x cacteMe 3Hepro[uTaHEfl. Cucrer"rHaRruuHa o6ecue.rnsaer rptl Ha[paBAeHI,rtrnepeAarru nHQ opr"rarlnr{: Mex(Ay MEKponpoqecc opoM I.r BHyrpeHnefi (ocnoaHoIl) nauntbro, Mex(Ay MlrKpo[poqeccopoM I{ uopTaMn BBoAa-BbIBoAaBHeruHI4x yctporicra, Mex(Ay rnyrpeHHeft (ocHoaHoft) naMffTbrou uopraMl{ BBoAa-BbIBoAaBHeIUHI{Xycrpoicre (a pextnrvrenpflMoro Aocq/na x uauarra), Ycrporicraa, HelocpeAcrBeHHo ocyulecrBltroull{e npoqecc o6pa6orru raHSopr'raquu (aanucrreHuR),B ToM quc,re MI4Kpoupoqeccop,o[epaTHBHat [naMflTb]r IuI{Ha, pa3MelJdalorcrrraacucmewHort (uamepuncxofi) I,I KoHTpol ep KAaBLIaIrlare KoMnbrorepar na neft xe pac[olaraercf ryprr. Cxeubr, ynpaB,llflrou{I{e ApyrI{Ma BHeIUH}IMNyctpofi crnaMll KoMIrAaraX, BcTaBA.fleMbIx Irbrorepa, KaK IIpaBHAO,HaxOAffTCffHa OTAeLbHbIX (caoru) Ha MarepllHcxori urr.are.Hepes ayHr$nqupoBaHHbre pa3beMbl gTHpa3beMbr KoHTpoi eprr yctpoftcrB [oAl(ruoqalorcfl HelocpeAcrBeHHo K crlcreMnofr lrarHcrpaln [epeAarrl,rAaHHbIxB KoMnbrorepe - IunHe, I4nor4a 3Tr,rKoHTpoAAepH Moryr pacnolararbcfl Ha cl'IcreIr'IHofrnrare. Ha6opu MHKpocxeM, Ha ocHoBe Koropblx l,rcrrolHflrorcff cr{creMHble rrlarbr, Ha3bIBaIor quncemauu (ChipSets). B cncreunou 6rroxe pacnolaraercr raK)Ke 6aox usranuR, npeo6paayroullrri nepeMeHHoe HarrpDKeHIiIe ol'eKTpocerl{ B nocroflHHoe Harrprx(euue pasara.rHofi uol"ffpHocrr{ rd Be^r{rr[Hbl, ueo6xo4raMoe MJr fir,rrauufl cucreunofi nlarbl H Apyrux ycrpoficra KoMrlbrorepa, pa3MeuleHHbrx B cr.rcreMnolr 6aoxe. B.rrox nnraru{E coAep)Ktrr BeHTl{Lrropr cosd,aroquft qupKy lrpFou{r{e rroroKlr Bo3Ayxa .AAsox^ax(AeHufr cuc6rroXa,cereBoro 3Hepro[trranua IIK, Kporrre cereBoro, B KoMTeMHOTO rrbrorepe r{Meercg raKrKe aBToHoMHbIrir.rcro.rHlaxnHTaHut - aKKyIuy.l.trrop. K arxyrttyaaropy [oAK roqaercr mcd Mep - BHyrpIrMaIrII{HHbIe qacbrr o6ecneqrasarculne rlpu Heo6xoAI4MOCTH gAeKTpOHHbre aBTOMaqacbl, MIl(roA, Mecrld, rsqecxurl cbeM TeKyulero MoMeHTaBpeMeHH pa6oratr n npr Hyrbr, ceKyHAAr 14AOAr4CeKyHA).Talir"rep [poAolrKaer oTK rOqeHr,rLlKoMubloTepa or ceTI,I. Ba:rcrefiruyro poar n pa6ote 3BM ufpaer KoHTpo^ ep npepunaHnti.

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293

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H nocrre4oaarearHuri, fi flapanlel'bsrlri cnoco6br AouycKalor rracTHtrHOerlr,'\r{no^Hoe coBMerrleH}re$aau o6MeHa u $asrr ap6zrpax, I{ MoAy flM pa3peuaercr 3a[parx]rBarb Marrlcrpalb, To bKo ec^H oHa cao6o4na (Ha rrnHuu <3anqro)) Hragrrfr ypoaenr). lloayrna ynpaBleuue uruuoli, ne4yulurl MOAy .b nepeBoAr{T UHuTOB eALrHr4qHOe COCTOSHHe. cAe4OAareAbHO, noKa BeAyrrll,rri r',ro4ylr He 3aBepurrr o6uen, nuxaxofi 4pyroft, 4ax<e crapuruli rro [p[opr{Tery, He uolyqnr ynpaBleHue Marr{crpalbro, Ho n Hr{KaKr.rxcneqnalbHo Br.rAeAeHHbrxraKToB 44x ap6nrpaDKa He rpe6yerca. K npeflr"ryrqecTBaMnapal e^bHoro ap6urpa)Ka oTHocrrTcfl Maloe BpeMfl au6opa BeAyrrlero, Bo3Mo)KHocrb rrporpaMr,urofi HacrpotlxN cr{creMbr npr4opuTeroB Me)KAy MoAy rM}r. Ho xo,ul.recrso BeAyulax MoAyAei, [oAK roqaeMbrx K Marncrpalr{, orpannql{Baerct KOAUqeCTBOM BXOAOB lr BbTXOAOB ap6nrpa. H cxeuHo, r{ opraHrd3arlHonno 6onee npocr nocleAoBarelbHhrft cuoco6, ogaKo ero sQQexruaHocrb cur,r)Kaercr 6oasrurluu 3aAep)ruaMlr B pacnpocrpaueHur! crlrHa,lla pa3perrrenlrfl uo 4rr.nnHorl qenoqKe r4 HeBo3Mo)KHocrbro nporpaMMuoro ylpaBleHr4fl rrpuopr.rrerauu uo4yaeri. Peaa_uHrr e MarH crpa r{ AonycKaroT To r{ rirr{Hoe coBMerrleHfie AByx ocHoBHLrx cnoco6os ap6urpaxta, no3Bol-flrorqee coqerarb AocrouncrBa Kax(Aoro. @aea npepuBaH[r Hacr)maer, KorAa Hexoroprrri MoAyAb crpeMr{Tcfl o6parurb BHr.rMaHr{eBeAyrrlero Ha cBoe cocroflHze. Hauprlr,rep, rrpuHTep 3aBeprxul rre\rarb coo6ul ennfl u Mor(er uerrararb cleAyroqee, KoHTpoA ep AoDr(eHcoo6rqrarr o6 grolr upoqeccopy,ILt\y B rrpoqecce nepeAaqu lpynnbl ,d,aHHbIxB IIaMgTb ]I3 ALTCKOBOTO HaKOnUTeIq [pOr.r3orrr^aouru6xa, KaHa llpgMoro AocT]ma Ao t(eH HeMeMeHHOnOCTaBr{Tb B r.r3BecTHOCTr O6 SrOr"r[pOqeCCOp.Oprauzeaqua npepuaaHufi B Cr{CTeMHbrX Marr{CTpar^rxAocTaTogHo frpocTa, noKa AorrycKaeTct To bKo o4nH o6pa6orrrnK npepbrBaHufi, xax upaBlrlo, upoqeccopHufi MoAy,rb,a caMo KolJ,rrrecrBo3anpocoB HeBe HKo. B ruuHe yrrpaB eHHrI BblAelflercfl HecKoAbKo ttuuuit, rro KoropbrM 3anpocbl or Bcex ycrpoticra flepeAarorcrr o6pa6orvuxy. llo,,ryvua 3a[poc r4lr{ 3arrpochr, o6 pa6orvur r.rHr{rlrralu3prpyer Ha Marrlcrpaarl $asy np epbrBaHr,rfl, Bo BpeMfl roropori npoucxoAr4T BhrAeleHr.renarE6onee npuoplrrerHoro 3alpoca u n4eHruQr4Karlrrfl MoAy Jr, roropufi ero BbrcraBr.ra.Oaea npepbrBaHrrfl 3aBepuaercfl rrepeAavei a npoqeccop BeKTopa rrpepbrBaHr{fl- KoAaa^peca rrporpaMMhr,o6cly:rranaroulefi AaHHoeycrporlcrao. IIpa pocre qr4cla r,rcroqHr'tKoB 3anpocoB I{ orpaHuqeHuoM KoAr{qecTBe ttuttuir ux rlepeAaqlr yc^o)KHfleTcq opraHr.r3ar{urrupepuaanurl, 310

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311

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312

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319

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320

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352

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crB

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353

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355

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atTo oprannsaqus PII3Y oT r{qaeTcrr or opfaHr{3aqIau FIfl3Y reMr II/\aBKI'IMex(AyAr{Hr.rrMH CTpOK,I CrO^6qos ycTaHoBAeHbIHe AIiOAbIC Mr4nepeMbrrrKaMlr,a c[eqlrir^bHrre MOfI-TpaH3r4cTOput (c usoarapo-rpan3llcTopbl BaHHbrMsaraopor"r) . flocae }r3roToB^eHr.rflBce MOrI coupoTltB^eHr,reM (t. e. saxpr'Iru). llo4ao6rraAaror orreHb 6o.rr.orurar"r ueft uuuyrr,rca 6orrsurofi aMnluryA,bl MO fl-rpau3 HcTop ue peBoAllTcl B lrpoBoMlr{ee cocToflHl{e, KOTOpOeoH Mox(er coxpaHflTbAax(e IIo ficTeqeHur,r10 rrer. .A4a nosapau{eHlrfl MOFI-r'paH3scTOpOBB I,ICXOA,HOe (sarpuroe) cocTofHr{e r{x HaAo noABeprHyrb MI{Te bHOtuyaos,a,eticTBlrro yrrrrpasuo^eToBLrx r{efi, fpyuuoeoe o6rryreHne Bcex MOnTpaH3ucTopoBIIpoL|3BoAI{Tc'HacIIequ.I^bHblxycTaHoBKaxBTeIIeHue 10-30 MprHqepe3 npo3paqHoe (xrapqeaoe) orno r xopnyce EI4C' FIOCrreSrorO BtrIC Pn3y oKa3bIBaeTCfB lIcxOAHoM cocTogHvlv v ee CHOBarlporpaMMI4pOBarb. MOTKHO

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My rr.rrryneperporpaMMupyeMorofl3Y orHocnrcr raFlash Memory SHeproHe3aBr4clltMafIIaMgrb, AoflycKarou{at MHoroKparHyro nepe3arrr,rcbcBoero coAep)r(r{Moroc AIrcKerbL Ba:KHeriuraq Mr.rKpocxeManocroflHHoft wrs Flash-[aMrrlr e 3BM Mr.rKpocxeMaBIOS, coA,epx(ail{aflnporpaMMy Haqa/\bHori sarpysxu OC. 7,2.4. O csoBH bre rurrbr rnaM.firv coBpeMeHHrrx

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Kax 6rtrro orMerreHoBbIure,B coBpeMeHHbrxMnKponpoqeccopHbrx cr{creMax B KaqecrBe O3Y vauqe Bcero ucnolb3yrorcs AHHaMuqecxue O3Y c 3arroMlrHaroulr.rMKoHAeHcaroporrr.Taxne O3Y qacro Ha3brBaroTacr,rHxpoHHbrMr{, TaK KaKycTaHoBKa aApeca u rroAaalaynpaB/\.'Irculux cnrHa^oB Morrr Bbrllo^HflTbcr B npolt3Bo^bHbre MoMeHThr BpeMeHr{, neo6xo4nr'ro rorlbKo co6aro4eHne BpeMeHHbrxcoorHorrre xtEli ue:r4y 3TLMI,Ic[rHa aMI4. B ur,rx BK IoqeHbI TaK Ha3brBaeMbre oxpaHHhre HHTepBaAbr,neo6xo4raMbreA,,\ffycraHoBleHug c HrHaAoB. Cyrqecrayror raKrr(e cr{Hxpouubre BnAbr rraMflTrr, rrolytrarcque BHeurnuri cr{Hxpocr{rHal, K lrMny bcaM Koroporo )KecrKo [puBt3aHhr MoMeHTbrtroAaqn aApecoB r,ro6lrena A,aHHbrMu:ou]r no3BoLtrror 6olree rroll'no r,rcnolb3oBarb BHyrpeHHroroKoHBefiepusaqurc a 6ao.rHbrft Aocryn. Paccuorpuu HeKoropbre ue uux [241. FPM DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM - Ar.rnaMr4qecKarraMflrb c 6rrcrpurrr crpaHr.rqHbrMAocrynoM) oraravaercr or o6rr.rnofi 4unaun.recxoft rraMtrn TeMr rrro floc.lr'eau6opa crpoKr{ Marprarlbr H yAep,KaHHff clrrHarr.aRAS 4ouycKaer MHoroKparHyro ycraHoBKy aApeca crorr.6r1a,crpo6upyertroro cHrHa^ou CAS, a raK)Ke 6rrcrpyro pereHepar{Hro rro cxeMe , Ilepnoe ro3Bolfler ycKopr,rrb 6ao.rHble nepeAaql,trKor.a,asecr 6.[or AaHHbIx I{lrH ero rracrb HaxoAr4TcflBHyrpu o4noi crpoKr.r Marpnrlhr, Ha3brBaeMofie srofi cucreMe crpanuqerl, a BTopoe - cHrd3nrb 3arparbr BpeMeHI,IHa pereHepaqnro IIAMflTI4.

EDO (Extended Data Out - pacuupenuoe BpeMs y.0,epr(aHr,rs nped,craBagror co6ori o6rr.rHbre AaHHbrx na narxo4e) $axruvecrn Mr{KpocxeMu FPM, Ha BbrxoAe Koropbrx ycraHoBleuhr perr{crphr3arrIeAKH AaHrrbrx. llpu crpaurdrrHoM o6rrene raKr{e Mr{KpocxeMbr

362

pa6orarcr B pe)Kr.rMeupocToro xOnaeriepa: yAep)KIIBaIOTHa Bblxog'refixn' B To BpeAax AaHHbrxcoAep)KlrMoe uoc^eAHefi nu6pannotl Mfl KaK Ha I{x BxoAbI y)Ke IroAaerct aApec crre4yrou1erlau6upaertlofr c FPM fi.rerixu. 3ro nogeolser IrpLIMepHo Ha 15% rro cpaBnegr{ro MaCCIIBOB AaHycKoplrrb rlpoqecc cqI'ITbIBaHItflIIoc^e.d'oBareAbHbIX nux. IIpn crry'rairnorl aApecaquu raKat naMrrb HI{rreM He orll{rraercf or o6rr.rHoi' BEDo(BurstEDo-EDoc6ao.IHbIN{4ocrynou)-[aM'TbHaoca [aKeTHbIMLtqI'IK aMu qTenone EDo, pa6oraroularr He oAHHOaIHbIMI4, H Hus/ sailucu. CoapeuenHble [poqeccopu 6aaroAapfl BHyrpeHHeMy BHerrJHeMyK3tur{poBaHr,rroKoMaHAI4AaHHbIXO6}rennealoTcf c ocHoBrUr'rnofi ualrgrulo [perrMyrqecTBeHHo 6rroxaura c oB MaKCtl}(a bIrOfi nOCTOneo6xo4uUocTb oT[aAaeT BEDO pHHbr. flpu HaatuElt rraMflTt4 qnHoi rroAaqn rrocleAoBarelbHblx aApecoB Ha BxoAbI MLIKpocxeM c co6aroAenueu neo6xoAI{MhIx BpeMeHHbIx 3anep)KeK' AocraroqHo crpo6upoaarb rlepexoA K orlepeAnoMy cloBy orAeAlHbIM clrrHaloM' SDRAM(SynchronousDRAM-cl4HxpoHHaflMHaMI.rrIecKa'IIIaMflTb) - rraMqrb c cI{HxpoHHbIM Aocryloivr, pa6otarculafl 6uctpee o6H.rHoi acr4HxpoHHofi (FPM /EDO/ BEDO). Kpoue cl4HxpoHHoro pa3Ae eHI'Ie MaccI4BarraAocryrla, SDRAM r{crrolb3yer BHyrpeHHee coBMeulaTr art6op6anxa, qTo IIO3BOA.fleT MflTr,IHa ABa He3aBr4cr4Mbrx raK)Ke Ky r{3 oAHoro 6anxa c ycraHoBKoli a4peca B ApyroM' SDRAM SDRAM [per4Myrrrecrso ocnogsoe o6r,res. 6rro.rHbrft ,rt44"p^rraer cocToI4T B noMep)KKe rroc^eAoBaTe^bHoro AocTyna B cIitHxpoHHoM pex(LrMe, rAe He rpe6yerca Ao[o HI{TelbHbIX TaKTOBOXCu4anna'IIpu cKopocrr.yvafinou Aocryre SDRAM pa6otaet npaKrsqecKu c roft 'Ke .rro u FPM,/EDO. crbro, Mfq IIpN yaeallueHl4la qacrorbl rpoqeccopnoft tul{Hbr c 66 ao 100 qacrore (PC 66)' Mfq 66 na naMfrtr SDRAM, pa6oraroulefi ,r"""o pa6otara cuoco6sar SDRAM, cTa a l4cno1b3oBaTbcq6or1ee6rtcrpar B cooTHa rracroTe 100 MfrI. 3ra uaustr noAyrII{ a Ha3BaHuePC 100 BercrBrlu co cuequ$uxa4ueft Srlpr'ru Intel' r{acrorbl rlpoqeccopuofr runnrr Crre4yroulnri urar no yBe^fiqeHuro uaMflrll PC 133 (pa:pa6otRo 133 Mfq npuae^ K noflBlerrnrc MoAyAt .rux VIA Technologies). vcMl33.YgeN{.IeHneilpo[ycKHoftcnoco6rrocTu[aMsT suir, HO He eAr{HcTBennrrri cuoco6 [oBbIuIeHI4fl ee [po]I3BOAI4TeAbnpu o6Hocru. Btopoi cnoco6 - yrreHbueul{e 3aAep:xex (lattency) (Virtual Channel SDRAM VCM ualrsrra B pauIeHI4I{ K raMflru. 363

Memory), paspa6oranHorl Quprr.rofiNEC, yMeHbrrreHueBpeMeHn 3aAEP)KCK AOCTIITAETCff 3A CqCT OPTAHI,I3AIINH OAHOI'O II I{ HECKOAbKI,IX BI.IPTYAAbHbIX KAHtIAOB AOCTYTIA K IIAMSTI,I AAff KAX(AOrO r,rS O6PAIUU-

rrrr{xcfl ycrpolicra (npoqeccop, rpaeu.recxrarl a4aurep, rrruHa pCI u 4p.)' 9unu vcM uo BbrBoAaMnoluocrbro aHolorr,rrrHrr o6rr.rgbu\,r qnraM SDRAM. DDR SDRAM (DDR, Double Data Rate - yABoeHHascKopocrb nepeAaqu 4anuax). B DDR SDRAM Hcuolb3yercs 6orr,eeroqHa, BHyr_ PEHHflfl

CI4HXPOHI,I3AIIIIIfl , KOTOPAA SAXTUUECKI.I

BABOE YBCAI4YI{BAET

cKopocrbAocryna 3a cqer Bo3MO)r(HOCTI4 flepeAaqrr AaHHbrxna o6enx rpaHurlax cr{rHa^a TaKTOSOi.racrorrr. Tar<,[pr,I TaKTOBOfi qacrore 100 Mfq oHa uepeAaer AaHHbreB ABapa3a 6nrcrpee, .reMo6hr.rHasSDRAM PC 100' rro3roMyr{ Ha3brBaercfl PC200, ora-lr.{Hs ee or sDRAM eo BHyrpeuneri apxHTeKrype otreHbHe3Hatu4TelsHbr,rrosToruyfrpr.rupor,r3BoAcrBe r{ Tecrr,rpoBaHHLtl{Crro^b3yercfl Tor x(e rexHo^orrqecxurl upoqecc lr To )Ke o6opy4oaanue. Mo4yrrr naMrrr{ DDR SDRAM HecKo,rrKo orlrdqaercr or o6urqnoro MoAy r DIMM - rrr4clo KoHTaKroByBelnqeHo co 16g p,o lB4, a Ha_ rrpff)KeHr.renuraHvr y![eHbrrreHo40 2,5 B. flosroruy upflMoro fiepexoAa or SDRAM x DDR DRAM ser. RDRAM. flalrqrr ruua RDRAM (Rambus DRAM), paspa6oraunas Rambus Inc, nocrpoeHa na 6ase c,'eqfia^bHoro uHrep$efica Rambus Interface, KoropbrM cna6x
cqer cnequalbHoro unrep$eftcai BbrcoKHxcxopocreri nepeAatrn n ltroro6anxoaoft crpyrrypbr, o6ecrte.ruBarouleri eSQerrnanyrc o6pa6orry uepeKpbrBaroquxcr sarpocoB. A.lrg ncnoar3oBaHxr B KaqecrBe oneparliBHori uaugrn B KoMrrbroTepax rraMffTbRDRAM BbrrrolHrercfl B Br4Aer"ro4yaefi runa RIMM, necKoAbKo HarroMr{Haror4uxo6rnubre MoAy rr DIMM. Onu sueror 184 uo3olorreHgbrx KoHTaKTa.Ha uo4yrre rrpucyrcrByer 3anoMuHarou{ee ycrpofi creo EEPROM M-rr peall43aIlrara Synxqu H HAeHrnQuxaqun rrapaMerpoB MoAyAs cracrevrofi SPD (Serial Presence Detect). Hanpxx(eHrae[r,rraHng cocraslter 2,5 B. Kporr,reocHoBHoro O3Y, ycrporlcrsolt naMffTIr cna6>rcaetccu ycrp orlcreo oro6 paxrenHa ran$opr"rarlur,r - Br4AeoAu cnleft Has cucre Ma. Ha nlare Taxag rraMflTb Ha3brBaercff Br{Aeo[aMflTbro I{ pacnolaraercf BlrAeoaAa[Tepa. Bu4eonauarb cly)Krdr M;r xpaHeHua uao6pa;reHns. Or ee o6terra 3ABI'TCI4TMAKCHMAAbHO

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AxBxC, r4e A - KolnqecrBo roseK no ropll3oHtaat, B - rro BeprldKaar, C - KolrrqecrBo Bo3Mo)r(HbIxIIBeroB xax<4ofi TorrKId.Hanpurvrep, 44rr pa3peuesus. 640x480x16 AocrarorrHo rrMerb BlaAeonaMt"rs 256 K6arir, a,u 800x600x256 - 512 KE,44a 1024x768x65536 (apyroe o6o3garreHlre 1024x768x64k) - 2 M6atlr rat.4. llocxo^bKyA^-s xpaHeHI4rI qBeToB oTBOAnTCflrIeIOe TIHC/\Opa3pflAoB, KOlrlqeCTBOIIBeTOBBCer.^,4 flBl-rrercfl rleaofi creneHbro 2 (16 qaeroa - 4 paapxAa,256 - B paspnA o s ,6 4 k - 1 6 u r . 4 . ) . ucnolb3yelrotl B BilAeoaAa[TeOcnoaHbllurr rn[aMra BHAeonaMffTLr, pax tB^groTcfl: . FPM DRAM (Fast Page Mode Dynamic RAM -AnHaMurrecKoe O3Y c 6ucrpurr crpaHr4rrHblMAocry[oM) - ocHoauori tsu suAeolaMrr]rr HAeuTlrrrHbrrircnoaleyel,toft a O3Y. ArrusHo rrpuMeHrrlacb ao 1996 r.; . VRAM (Video RAM - ara4eo-O3Y) - rar Ha3blBaeMaflAByxnoproBafl DRAM c [oMeprKKor:I o4nonpeMenHoro Aocryna co cTopoHbr BrrAeo[poqeccopa u rIeHTpa bHoro [poqeccopa KoMlbrorepa. IIosgo^Eer coBMeularb Bo BpeMeHLInrrao4 uso6pilKeHrdf Ha gKpaH Ia ero o6pa6orKy B BI4Aeo[aMflTu,arro coKpau{aer 3aAeptGI{ u yBelrdsr4BaercKopocrr pa6otu; . EDO DRAM (Extended Data Out DRAM - AngaMurrecKoe O3Y c pacuupeHHblM BpeMeHeM yAepx(aHl{rl AaHHbIx Ha BhIxo4e) - naMflTb c gleMeHTatvrz xoneeIlepv3aIII4H, rro3BoA.aIo-

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SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics RAM - cr{HxpoHHoe rpaSuqecKoe O3y) - Bapr{aHTDRAM c c}rHxpoHHbrMAocr}moMr Korcl.lrHa^br r,r3MeHflroTcf oAHoBpeMeHHo Aa BCe ylpaBlrroque c cI,lcTeMHbIM TaKTOBbIM CI,IHXpOCI{rHaAOM, qTO fIO3BO,/\'eT yMeHbrrrtrTb BpeMeHHbre 3aAeprKKr,r; WRAM (Window RAM - oKoHHoe O3y) - EDO VRAM, B KoTopoM oKHo, qepe3 Koropoe o6paqaer:cfl Br.rAeoKoHTpoA ep, cAeAaHO MeHbrrrr,rMrqeM oKHo AA.flrIeHTpa bHOrO npoqeccopa; MDRAM (Multibank DRAM - unoro6aHKoBoe O3Y) - napuaHr DRAM, opraHl{3oBannrrri g Br,rAeMHox(ecrBa He3aBucr,rMbrx

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rorre6anue a) arrexrpnvecxuicumal; 6) cruycor'r4a-rr-rnoe I{3MeHlrb B B o6u.1euclfrae y eroro Kolre6anun (puc. 8.2 6) r'ro>xl*.o aro6oft r43ero [apaMeTC [epeAaBaeMbrMcoo6uleHr,rervr cooTBeTcTBr4r4 poB : [pr4 r43MeHeHLrr aMrIIr{TyA,bI IIOAr{aeM aMflj\]rryAHo -MOAy r'IpOsaHHbrfi curHa (AM), ec,ur u3MeHlrrb qacrory uau Sasy, To coorBer(9M) u $aso-rr'Io4yrrNpoaannutl cTBeHHorIacToTHO-MoAyAIEpoBaHHrrri (@M) cnrHarru. IIpu I{3MeHeHI'Iu A4l4TerlbHocril floryrrlM ruIlporuoHMnyAbcHyIo MoAyAtIlUrc, I43MeHffflBpeMeHHoe [o o)KeHI'Ie BpeMfr4Mrry bcHylo MoAy -ffIlI4rO. Hapsay c roHsrfieM MoAy -nqlrl4B Teopuu repeAanu nn$opuaquu cyrqecTByeT noHflTlre Manrr[y tqrnra. Manuny -firll4t [peAcTaBAfeT co6ofi no csoefi cyrr4 McKperHyro MoAy .flrllrrc. flpra 4ucxpernori uoAy -flr.lgr4coo6u4enne BbrcTyIIaeT KaK [oc^eA,oBaTeltHocTb Ko,l,oBblx cHMBoAoB(Hanpauep, <0> x ), KoropblM coorBercrBytor lIMrry bcbt nocroflHHoro Ha[pffKeH]It c oAI'rHaKoBofi4,aurearHocrbro, Ho pa3LIMny ICOB IIOCpeAnr.rHOri uOlrlrpHOCTIr.3ra nOCrreAOBaTel-bHOCTb gTopa npeo6pa3yeTcfl B noc^e.a,oBaTelbHocTb gAeMeHCTBOMMaHI,rny grou clyqae Mot(Ho nolfruTb aMn lrryAHyror qacrorToB curHd.lra. B Hyro H $a:oryro Mo4ylsquu (uaHrauyl'rqura). Ha pzc. 8.3 rroKa3aHbl npLI pa3A}rrIHbIXBI'IAaXN{Cpi\.gABOHqHbIxCI{MBOAOB QOpr,6,rCI{THaIAOB xperHoft MoAy tIIIiLr. Hpu AM cI'IMBoAy< 1> coorgetcrByer repeAaqa - orcyrxoae6anr.rs B TeqeHLIeBpeMeHI{t (nocuaxa), cnunorry (0D crBHe rorr.e6anuq (uaysa). llpu 9M uepeAaqe xorre6aHraqc.Iacrotoll (r),coorBercrByer cLtMBoA< I >, a c rracroroft 0lo- a0>. KoA

u(a AM .lM

Pnc. 8.3, BuAn 4nouuuux cxrHaloB

390

Hav6oaee noMexoycTofiqusori sBA-rreTCf$aSOear MoAy fllut uj\ll Maurtfiy rqur (oMn). 3ro o6tscnsercr (aMn,rulyAHbIMD xapaKrepoM ooa4erlcrayroulnx floMex, u raxori [apaMeTp, xar Qasa necytgefi, ueHee Apyrux [apaMerpoB rroABepraerct sToMy aos4eficrrnro' llpu OMH MeHtercfl $asa xorre6ansfl Ha 180'npu KaxAoM repexoAe or cllMBorra <1> x <0> u ot <0> r <1>, B rexropHofi Sopue ero MOXHOlrSO6pa:urrTaK, KaK [oKa3aHo Ha pIIc. 8.4 C. TaXOereoMeTpI'IqecKoe[peAcTaBAeHuecurH€I oBIIo3BoAgeT erKoIIoH'Tb,[oqeMy OMH CUTHa C ra,Byltlt3HaaIeHfitMU SaSu OKa3bIBaeTCgnara6OrreeuOuexoycroftur4BbrM. ,A,erroa ToM, qTo IIp]IeMHIIK npLI flpl4eMe CI4THtIAOB peuraeT 3aAaqy: B KaKOi ug o6aacreft peurenua HaxoAllTct cnrHal (aepxHeri r4^r{HHX(Hefi,pac. 8.4 a). B rou cayrae, KorAa o6lacTb upllHflTI{r peluenl4fl cocrol{T ToAbKo I'I3 Apyx vacrefi, BepogrHocrr ourra6xn Ha[Meuburar. O4naxo ecA]I AByxKparHat MaHLrny squl rrepeHocnr o4l,tH cnrH€rl, ro 4-rparnaJr uepeHocl4r cpa3y Apa curHala (prac' B'4 6)' B-xparnaa - qerblpe crrHa a (puc. 8.4 a/.

1 J

2 OMx

4
f+

a)

6)

a)

+

8 @Mx

Pnc.8.4. Oaaoaue4rlarpauurr 2-xparuoft (a),4-rparHoft (6) z 8-xparnoi (e) Saaoaoli Maaunyltl{uu flpeo6paeoBaHrre coo6ulenna B sleKTpl4qecxrafi CUrnal ocyulecTBnpeo6paeoAreTcf c noMorr{bro pa3^r4qHbrx AaTaII4KOB,Ha3bIBaeMbIx pequ 9To rlpeuepeAaare npu Tar, HauprrMep' Barel-flMll coo6ulenrrl' uso6paxceHur flepeAarre rrpn o6pasonaHrae BbIrroAHrer ruuxpoSoH' Ha BbIxoAe upeo6pasoraTe^.fi Curnal rpy6ra. 3leKTpoHHo-ArreBan Ha3bIBaIOT IIepBI{qHbIM CUIBbtIIIe, coo6uleHr4g, xar 6rrno oTMeqeHo cry{aeB nepBHqHblft Crrnaa flBJ\geTcq HII3KOHaAOM, B 6oaruuncTBe qaCTOTHbIM xO1e6anuer"r I{ He MO)I(eT 6AIrr uepe4an na 6O1uuue paccI4rHaAa na 6onHune [epBilrlHoro cToflHrrfl. Iloerovy A/\J{ uepeAaqr

391

paccrorHafl ero npeo6pa3yror B BbrcoKoqacrornsrri curHa,r. A7r.sgrori IIe rr B cucreMax rrepeAaqu uH$opuaqun upeAycMorpeHbr crreqnalbnue ycrporicrBa - MorAy rropbr. Ecar.r6rr nepeAaBaeMoe coo6uqerude44r rrol] rareitr aapanee 6rrao lr3Becrno c noaHoft AocroBepHocrbro, To [epeAatra ero He ur,re.ira6rr HuKaKoro cMbrcla, KaK HecoAep)Kaulaa raHQopuaqun. Coo6uqeHlrr, Bhrpa6arsraaeubre'rcroqHnKoM, cleAyer paccMarpaBarb xax c,ryraft nue co6srtNx, a cnrHallbr, coorBercrByloulM gTnM coo6uleHntlt, - KaK c y.rariHbre Qyxxrluu. B npoqecce nepeAarrn curuala oH ncKa)Kaercrr clyqariHofi nouexori. Bce gro o6ycaoanro seo6xopuocrb B Teoplrrl c]tcTeM IIe peAavraunQoprvraq]rH r,rcno^bSoBaTbauflapaT ],rarelvrarn.recxoft Teopuu BeporrTHocTtr. OcnosHbllvtld rrapaMerpaMrr c nrnala fl Blrtlorcfl Mr{TelbHocrb cltrHaaa T lr ruupuHa c[eKTpa. Aro6or:r clrrHirl HMeer Haqarlo 14KoHerr. I-Iosrouy 44urerrbHocrb crrrHala orrpeAel.aer uHTepBaA aper,reHu T, B rrpeAe^ax KoToporo cllrHel^ cyrqecTByeT. Cnexmpou curlona KaK BpeMeHnbft Qyxxquu u(t) Ha3brBaercflcoBoKy[Hocrb ero rapMonr{qecKnx cocraBlsrou{trx (rapuonnx), o6pasyrorr{Hx pa4 Olpse:

ug1= b * f, @ ocos2rfft + b osin2xl{rt),

(8.2)

. T

Z b* " = I u(t)sin2rkfrtdt,, To l/f r -

r4e I:

(8.7)

repuop, noBTopeHnt clrrHala (nepuo4uvecroft @yrx'

auul u(t).

.f,rraHaxox<4ennn xosQ$r.IqxeHroB (8.6) n (8.7) ucnoarsylot Qop' MyAbI qHC./\eHHOTO I,IHTerpUpOBaHHff

:

2 N-I

ok =z_ | u,cos2nkfriLt, N

br =-

(8.8)

iJl

2 N-r

(8.e)

L utsin}nkJiiLt

N i=o

rAe At: T/N - urar, c KoropbrM pacuolo)r(eHu a6cqnccrl u(t). Paccuorpuu B KaqecrBe npplMepa clIrHa B BnAe nepuo4uvecxoft rrocAeAoBaTeIbHocTI{ flpflMoyro^bHLlx I{Mny bcoB AAI{Te/\bHocTbIot I{ aunaury4ofi u0,cleAylou{rx c qacroroftro'rl.r:2n/T (puc. 8.5)' OrHoure:aue T/t Ha3blBaercg cKBalt(Hocrblo nMnylbcoa. .A4n AaHHoro cl{rHa^a

T/r:3.

r4e {, - vacrora [oBTopeHxfl curua il (taN .racrora nepaort rapuonnrcr); & - noruep rapMoHlrKn. Kpor"re pa4a (8.2), uLtpoKo r{cro^b3yercff prA:

ug1=!!1 rAe

+ 9t), pocrcos(2ttkf,t

(8.3)

cr=,[7 *t

(8.4)

gr = -arctg(bo/a2)

(B.s)

Pnc. 8.5. Cnruaa s BuAerlepxoA[qecxorl nocleAoBarelbuocrt npqMoyrolbHhrx xMIIyJ\-6coB

- aMnlr{ryA,4;

-

Qasa rapMoHHK (xocuxycou4). flpur,rensrorcr raK)l(e pqAbr c cnHycou,taMr.r noA 3HaKoM cytrMbl Ko eQQr,rrlr,renru Oypre oupe.aie.lrrrorcfl BbrpiDKeHHrMr.r :

Cnexrp raKoro cnrH€IAa co.a,epxur 6ecKoxe'IHoe KolfiqecrBo Barou{ux no aMrI J.{ryAe rapMoHIrK (pnc. 8.6). cBofi crBaM}r: cle.qyroutl{Ml{ Ou xapaxrepll3yercr

. ) T

a* = jIu(t)cos2rkfrtdt , '1

392

0

y6br'

lsinxl

Qopr'raorur6aroulericreKrpa onrrcblBaercx$yaxqueO l;l'

(8.6)

393

'TOTIKaX aMuAHTyA,a rapMoHHK CX raueet HoAeBoe 3HaqeHue B K / t r ,N : 1 , 2 , . , , i T/t'-l s o6.Lactu qacror cueKrpa or0 Ao l/t (fq) pacrolararorcs rapMoHHK; rrocroflHHaq cocraB^.'Iroulafl crtrHa a paBHa uot/T.

I I l/

0

t

pnc.8.6.

Cnerlp

oE

A2J lr, s
A

t

t

uocle4onarellnocTl,l

nepuopqecKofi

nptMoyro.trbublx nMny 6coB

Ha puc' 8'7' .A;.rarparrruacnexrpa $a3 AaHHoro c[rna^a npeAcraBleua

9x

- - t- - + - - - - - - aa

---+

fi

2-

,.

a

|

,.

A

4@, 5a,

a

^.

I

3tu t!

3 (t)t

2@,

4n

6Tc

e)

4 !

L

Pnc. 8.7. .A,garpauuacnerrPa $as

HarlAennueuo (8.8)u (8.9)xoeQQnquenru Olpre upu6lx
394

pre. llorryueHHiur rroc eAoBare,ltbHocrb LIMuyAbcoB OTAI{qaeTCf oT IIptMoyro^bHbrx B ocHoBHoM HeAOCTaTOqHO

shrcoxofr xpyru:Hori $poHroa. KpyTr.r3Ha $ponroa EMrry^scoBoupeAeJ\qeTcff HaranqlreMB HX cUeKTpe COCTaB-flrOU{r4X C rraCTOTaMr,r, MHOTOKpaTHO upeBbrrrrarculr{Mr{ ocHoBHyro qacTory. Tarnu o6pa3oM, rurrpltHa c[eKTpa cr{rHaraaAaeT [peAcTaB^eHrre o cKopocTrl u3MeHeHr,tgcurHa a. Xors cnexrp cnrHa^a xoneqHori Ar'\lITe/IbHocruHeofpaHllqeH, oAHaKo 44x aro6oro crlrnala Mox(Ho yKa3arb Anana3oH qacToT,B rrpeAe^ax KoToporo cocpeAoToqeHa ero ocHoBHafl sueprr{fl. Srnu 4uaua3oHoM H onpeAe./t'ffeTcgrrrHpuHa crreKTpa cllrHa./ra. Tax,44a r{M[y bcxbrx curnaaos 6olr_bIuat qacTb SHeprI4IiICOCpeAOTOTIeHa s o6aacru tracror or 0 4o l/'c, tosroMy rrnrpr,rHacneKTpa AF nepuo4uuecKoro rMnylbcHoro cr{rHirla npu6au3r,ITeIbHo orleur{Baercx no $opr"ry.rle L,F: l/t (frl). A^r peqeBoro urrHirla Puc.8.8,floayreuue curHa a n p u r e a e S o n s o r i c B s 3 r , rt u u p n H a nyreM cyr\{Mr,rpoBaH}rr ero cneKTpa orpaHuquBaercs uoaocori or rapMoHuK 300 ao 3400 fq. O6reuou cr{rHaia Ha3brBarorBeluuurty V: PLF| r4e P- r"rorr{Hocrb cl{rHa^a, Br; AF- urrapr,rHa ero cneKTpa, fq; T- apertla uepeAArmcrlrHaaa, c. IlporasBeAenr4e44r4Telbaocrlt cl{rr{aia T na ero uoaocy AF ua3brBaror 6asori curnaaa B : B : LFT. Ecas 6aga curHirla nopffA5a egHrlrrlbrr To TaKI{ecun{albr HagbrBarcTy3KorrolocHbrMr.l.IIpu B D I cur:raau Ha3brBaroT rrJr4poKono^ocHbrMll. Currra,lrr Moryr 6rrrs ueupepbrBHbrMr.r (aHaa.oroarruu) r.r4rEcrpernulrra. Currrarr cqnTaror gucxpelnHbtw no,AaHHoMy flapaMerpy, ecAH quc^o 3uaveHfifr, Koropoe Mot(er rrprlnuMarb gror napaMerp, KoHeqHo (raaracve'ruo). EcrrranapaMerp cr.rrnaJ\aMo)Ker upuHr{Mars .ruo6ue gHaqeH}IrrB HeKoTOpOMr.rr{TepBal^e, TOCr{rTraIA Ha3bIBaroTHenpepblBHbrMrroAoHHoMy[apaMerpy. Cr,rrrrarl 4ucxperHui rro oA]roMy napaMerpy r! HenpepbrBnrrri no 4pyroul, Ha3brBarroTgucKpernHo-HenpepbBrubtM.

395

B coorgercrBlrl,I c gTttM cylqecrBylor cleAyroql{e pa3HoBHAIrocrI{ MareMaruqecKlrx npeAcraBAenufi (tuo4erreft) 4erepuuHI'IpoBaHHoro cLrrHa^a: . Henpepblalran $yxrqHff He[pepblBHoro apry]IeHTa, Hanpl{Mep HenpepblBHax$yxxqux BpeMeHH(puc. 8'9 a); He[pepbrBHar QyHxqut A]rcKperHoro apryMeHTa, Ha[pr'IMep $ynxqur, 3HarreHuff xoropofi orctrurblBaK)T ToASKo B orrpeAeAeHHbreMoMeHTbIBpeMeHI,I(pnc. 8.9 6); AucKperHas Qyurqux HelpepblBHoro apryMeHTa, HarpnMep $yxrqux BpeMeHrr KBaHroBaHHasro ypoBHro (puc' 8.9 a); 4ucxpernar $ynKrlrrff McKperHorc apryluerrra, nanpuuep Qynxqnx, BO3MO)r(HhtX 3Haqe[pI,IHrdMiIroIrdiItoAlro I43KOHeqHOroMHO)KeCTBa nnfi (lpoaHeri) n oupe4elenHble MoMeI{rbI BpeMeHI!(puc. 8'9 r).

4t)

Pnc.8.9.BnArrcr.rrHaos Tax xax I{crotIHtIK coo6ulennfi Bbld,aer KilI(Aoe coo6uleHne c nexoropoft BepoflTHocrblo, To upeAcKa3aTbTorIHo n3MeHeHlIf 3Har{eHHtt nnoopruaruBHoro flapaMerpa HeBoSMo)KHO.crre4oaare^bHo' clrl'Hata rrpnnrlr{uait bHo npeAcTaBaser co6Oti CrryrarlHoe xOae6anraelr ero aHarulru.recxofi MoAelEIo Mo)Ker 6rrrr toabKo crryrafiHuri upoqecc, oupeAelreMblft aepoarHocrnblMll xapaKTeplcrLIKaMI'I. 8.2.2. Curr.al

KaK cayrrafi Hbrfi npor;ecc

CrryraliHrrfi npoqeqc M6x<er 6116 aa4aH ancarrr6rreMBO3Mo)I(HbIxero peaarsaquli (puc. 8. 10) c BepoflrHocrblo notBleul{tr roft mu unoft pealr3arluu. Kaxaaq lrg n peall{3aqufi cayrafisoro npoqecca uox<er 6srrr 396

u4U ur(t)

ult)

u/a

Pnc.8.l0. Ancau6nr peaAI,I3aI{HH c^frar:Horo npoqecca

couocTaB^eHa curHfray, HecyuleMy un$opr'rarluro o6 f-rr,Icoo6ulennu u3 n Bo3MorKnurx coo6ulenuri, sblpa6aruaaervrbrx rIcroqHI{KoM. 3naqeHne caysariHoro upoqecca B MoMeHTBpeMeHIltt : tr nsLgercr crryraiHoft se.lrn.runoti. 3ry crryraft xyto Be^uquHy Ha3bIBaroT ceqeHneM crrlnrafinoro npoqecca. B o sMo)KHbre3HaqeHI4t crryvalinori BeJ\lIarHHbl

B ceqeHHld

t :

f, coot-

MoMeHTBpe3HaqeH[flM cnrHa oB B.a'aHHbrI{ MTHOBeHHbIM BeTCTByTOT o4HouepHofi rrreHH.Aro6as cayuariHan Be/\}IquHa xapaKTepu3yercfl [nlorHocrbro BeporlTHocruW(u, f,) : I44u,). O4noruepHat [AorHocrb BepotrHocrn onlrcblBaer BeporrHocrHble caoftcrea crrlnraiHoro npoqecca J\r{rubA^t oAHoro MoMeHTaBpeMeHI{ r{ He Hecer Hr.rKaKofiun$oprtaquu, Ha[pI{Mep, o cKopocrlt lI3MeHenua cay.rafiHoro upoqecca, T. e. o cBE3lI Me)r(Ay AByIrrg crryrafinrrura Belr,tqr{HaMu 44r ceqeHnfi t: t,tt t: tr. Cssgr Me)r(Ay 3HaqeHHrMn cayvatinoro [poqecca B MoMeHTbI BpeMeHr4trn t, fr[TblBaercfl ABy]lepHofi u.totnocrbro BepoflTHocrl{ W(u, tr, u, trl ur*rW(ur, ur). Hau6orree noanoft xapaKTepl{cruxofi npoqecca rBlrerca n-MepHax (upn n --1 e) nrroruocrb Bepotrnocru W(u,, ur, "' un)' Haxo:x4euze n-uepnoi rnorrrocrlrMfl clfrafiHoro npoqecca s 6olbulr{HcrBe c^yqaeB 3arpyAHeHo, IIoSToMy Ha [paKTuKe I4CnOb3yIOTqHCAOBbrexapaKTepI4cTr{KI4CrryratiHoro flpoqecca - MaTeMaTuqecKoeo)KI'r: AaHI{e mu , AllcnepcilIo ou2I,I Koppe sqHoHHyto $ynxquro K(t), r4e t : tr- f, - nlrrepBa BpeMeHI{Mex(Ayceqegwlgyt crrlnratinoro [poqecca. Eorrrruuscrao cayratiublx np o qecc oB fl B.it.alorcff craIILroHapHbIMIa B ToM r{lrd }IHoM cMblcae. IlpuueHurelbHo K Teop[u c]IrHaIoB r troMex, AericrByloull4x B paALIorexullqecKux cucreMelx [epe4avu uHSopMaqur{r calnralinue upoqeccbl yAoBlerBoprlor ycloBr4ro He rolbKo crallHoHapHocrl{, Ho I,ISproAzrlHocrl4. IITO quclroBble xapaK.frrr-aeprO4uqeCKOrOupoqecca XapaKTepHO, orKI{AaHHe' (lrareuatuvecKoe 4lrcnepcldfl' KopTeplrcraKu upoqecca no aHcaMycpeAHeHHr nyreM auvrlcrreHHble pelrrll{ouHax Qynxqra), pea1r,r3alluld (aro6ofi) u3 ero o4uorl 6aro uporlecca LrBbrqr{c4eugrareno [yreM ycpeAHeHufl rlo BpeMeHI'I,CoBnaAaror'

397

EC .u C.Iuratbr qTO pea,ru3allurr C fIanHOrO [pOqeCCa COOTBeTCTByer cr{rHit y u upe.l,craBl-ffer co6ofi ToK I4Ar{ Harrpfix<eHl{e' To: ox(xAaHI'Ie a) r'rareuamsecKoe

mu=u;(t) = -lim :

lTc

lu,(t\dt

,"n* I" o

ecrb frocroflHHaff 6) 4ucnepcn

llpu erou P(0) : 1,P(*):0. crre4yer orMerl{Tb, qTo KoppelffIll4oHHafi syaxrlrx aaa-aercr $ynxquerl vetuotl, r. e, p(t) : -p(-r).Ha puc. 8.11 uoxasaHbr rrpuMepbl Koppe^-fiIII{oHHbIx SyHTIIHIi.

(8.10)

cI'IrHa a;

cocraB^grolqafi

o,'=ftr,{t)-*,1= -rir" lTt, ,(t)-m,)2dt rc-_ I^ 0

( B . l1 )

-

gro Mou{Hocrb [epeMeHHofi curnarra' BblAel-fieMafl cocraslttouleft coHa conporuBIeHI,IE s I OM, I,Ilrr yAelbnaJr MoulHocrb [epeMennofi curuaaa, B To BpeMff KaK BeAuqI4Ha craBlrroulefr ---I T" )

u , ' 1 t 1 =l i m :

I u., - ( t ) d t

Tr-* T. O

-

9TOyAe^lHaf MoulHocrb Bcero cHrHa a. KopperrnquonHan Qynrqrar (KO) paccMarpltBaeMoro rpoqecca Moxrer 6rrrr BbIrrI4c eHa B coorBercrBnla c BbIpaDKeHIaeM:

Ku(t\= ,r^ L'"1u,{t)ui(t+ r)dt tr*

I" o

(8.13)

a rleHTpr4poBaHnatKO -

A.lrs curnaaoB KaK cayratinux npoqeccoB HapffAy c rIoHnrHeM Koppe -rrrIHoHHoft$ytrxllttn rul4poKo I{cno^b3yercfl rroHflrl4e 3HepreruqecKOIOCneKTpa. Or4elrHaa pea I,I3aIlus c.tyrafiHoro flpoqecca - KoHKperHbIircut' nal . u,(t) ecrb AerepMI{HHpoBaHHanHeclyqarinar QyHrlrnr BpeMeuv. Ona uueer ceoi sneprerz.recxuli cueKTp S,,,(4, O"g"'recruli cMbIc - pacupeAeleHlIe yAeAbHoIi 3Heprull cI4rHaIAaB noloce qaKOTOpOTO CTOT CI,TTH€IAA.

+ )- m,) dt i r , 1 r=y- r* l ? rr,t t)- mu )@,(t t"-*

Pnc.8.1l. Koppeaaquonnrte Qyurqnu

(8.12)

l"

(8.14)

Sneprern.recxHfi cuexrp cayrarinoro npoqecca cBn3aH c ero Koppe^sqlroHHoli $ynxqHeft uapoft upeo6pasoraHnrl (Dypre:

o

qro Koppel-flI{I{oHHat $yHrqprx npu I,I: nupaxenua (8.13) BI,IAIaM, T : 0 paBHacpeMeMyKBaAparycl4rga a' eroyAeIbHoI'I cpeAHelr MoIqa qeHTpr{poBaHHaflKr(o) HOCTr4,

-

AHcrrepcnu c}IrHa a ou2'

flpu t -) 6 Koppe^flqr,roHHaffSyHrIlnn Ku(-)-)mu2, i,(o) -0 ' Ha II paKTr4Ke rlacTo I4c II o^b3ytoT HopMI'IpoBaHHyro Koppe^tquoHHyro Qynxqurc p(t), onpe4e^seMylo KaK

i,to

p\r) =--

o,

398

2 .

(8.1s)

atdt ; s, (r) = k,{")"-,."at =zTr,G) cos

(8.16)

| € l € -Ku- (t) = ; I Su(at)cos ondaJSu {co;e;ard@ 7t O 2n--

(8.17)

qro ueM lul4pe 3Heprerr'Iqecxni cnextp, TeM 6ucrpee Qrrroxrprpyet crrlnrafinrrir upoqeccr TeM yx(e ero KoppelsqnoHHafl qeM I[]rpe Koppe^-aquoHHafl Syuxqur' rer't SyHrqzn, I4 Hao6oporr MeMeHHee Q.rlroxryupyeT upoqecc, TeM y)I(e ero enepretuvecr
399

Cpe4Hrr yAe^bHaf MolqHocTb c,ryrafirroro upoqecca r'ro:rer 6utr oflpeAeleHa tlepe3 KoppeAtIlLroHHyIo Qyttxqnrc I{ ero SHepreruqecxrri cnertP:

uz(t) = K. (0) = j S" 1co;dro 8.2.3. Mareruarl4rrecKr{e

(8.18)

AloA'eltr curHaaoB r{ rromex

- 3ro cayraftnoe ros4ei.{4r noayvateas nHQopMaIII{H [oMexa curural, npuBoMulee K ero ]I3MeHeHI{IO.nOcTBHe Ha flepe,0,aBaepruri KaK crryraftHuft npoqecc' xapaKrepl{paccMarpuBaror noMexy 3ToMy aHcBoI4MBO3MO)I(HbIM pacnpeAeleH.fiflvr 3aKOHOM cBolrM syrouluficx pealla3allun' cau6aeu H ecTecTBeHHbIe. Bce nolrexu MoxGo pa3A,eIrITbHa LTCKyCCTBeHHbIe [oMexu (uc[poMbIIIIAeHHble OTHOCflTCfl noMexaM K ucryccreeHHbrM Kpsul[e ronrarrrr), [oMexu oT Apyrux paAHOTexHI{qecK[x cHcTeMr pa6oraroqux B AaHHoMAirtana3oHeBoAH, opraHI{3oBaHHbIeIIoMexIl' reHepl.rpyeMbIe CIIequiIAbHbIMIlt TeXHUTIeCKI'MI'I CpeACTBaMII' flB^-ffIoTCS CO6CtSeHHbIe ruyMbl IIp]IeMEcrecrseHHbrMr{ [oMexaM[ ct{creM rrepeAatllr nx$opuaqun' paAnorexnualecKl{x ycrpofi crB Hnx u BHeIUHI'Ie [OMexu' co6craeHnoMexaMlt, BrryrpeHHr{Mr{ Ha3blBaeMbre I{3 TeII OBbIX lIlyMoB pec^araloTcfl ycrporlcrr [pr{eMHbrx Hhre uyMbr ulrpoKo 3ncropoB, 4po6oarrx uryltloB gleKTpoHHblx AaMn (4o cux nop no^)mpoBoA' u uryuor ycrpoficraax) rrepeAaroull4x B ucrrolb3yeMblx HHKoBLIx npu6oPoa' Ten.rrosoli uryM BO3HI{KaeT B pe3y bTaTe TeIIAOBOTOXaOTI4qecKoro 3Toro Ha KoHIlax pesyarraTe ABHTKeHT{g 3AeKTpoHoB B pe3HCTOpe. B HaIIpfl )KeHI'Ie. cyMMapHoe pe3r.tcTopa Bo3Hr.rKaeT QrrroxryaqzoHHoe rr opo)r(Aalorca AaMn QaroxryaqusAeKTpoHHbIx uyItIbI .A,po6 oaue K aHoAy gMHTr4pyeMbIx H IeTSIIII4X KaTOAOM erl noroxa 3IeKTpoHoB, uPu6oPa. 3AeKTpoHHoro K sHeurHara ecTecTBeHHbrM [OMeXaM oTHOCflTCt I]JyMbI aHTeHHbI' Ha rpo3oBhre rroMexl4 I{ KOCMr4qecKI{e lllylubl. flo aos4eicTBI,IIO IIOMeX curHa^I,lxMox(Hopa3Ae^I,ITbHaa^AI'TI4BHbIeUMyAbTHII^I{KaTuBHbIe, L fi44r,rruenaff floMexa cKLanbrBaeTcf c IIepeAaBaeMbIM CUTHaAOM' cMecbno^e3HorocltrHal^artnoMexH3anl'IcblBaeTcgBBI{A'e:

n(t) ' u(t) = Y 111+ rAe n/f/ -

400

Pealrl3alltlfl

.A,elicrnue My l,Tl4nluxatusHoli rroMexu npI{BoMT x cayvafiHouy BO BpeMeHI'I[apaMeTpoB KaHaAa'IIo KoTopoMy [epeAar{3rvIeHeHI4rO ETC'I CI4THtI,I!,

Pesyrrsrar eOsgeficpua a44rrnaanoi u ll My bTI4II I{KaTIdBHofruOrrexrlr cocror4T B TOM,r{TOCl4rrra z3MeH'ercfl cayuaftnuu o6pasou. Bcrre4CTBI4ggTOrO11OyIaTeAb CI{rIIiIAa He MOX(eTTOqHOOnpe},C\ItTb, raxOfi cnrHaj\ [epeAaBa cfl. Flosrouy, Ha6rr,ro4ar r4cKrDKeHHbrficnrxarr, Ilo^yrlaTeAr B cooTBeTcTBHr4C OnpeAe eHHbrMKpr4TeplreMnpI{HHMaeT (Coupep,eaennofi BeporrTHocTrro) peruenue o ToM, raxoft csrHa uepeAaBa^cs. r'rn$op.A4r reopetl4qecKoro paccMorpeHl{t rrpoqeccoB rtepeAaqIa MaTe]IcEois3yeTcf IIIupoKo c[cTeMax paMoTexHl{qecKHx B Maqr{}r r noMex' pea^bHblx CrITHtIAOB EpoBaHlre MoA,e MarugecKoe - 3TO MaTeMaTUqecMarer,raru.recKafl MoAeJ\bcllrHa^a (nouexu) rax $oprua [peAcTaB^eHr4fl c]rrHa^oB r{ rroMex. Mo4ear 4oa;nHa 6rrtr pea bHbIM taxOri, qrO6bl OHaB Hal{6orrrUeft CTe[eH]I COOTBeTCTaOBaIa MaTeMaTI{qecQSfS{ putt BpeMeHa nHTepBala Hanprauep, aM. cr{rHa xoft lro4e.luo KoHKpeTHOro i-ro cHrHa a Mox(eT 6rrtr arrpaxtenue: uiQ)=Usin(aot+
= lC,r4pt) , u,(t) ' t=0

tB.re)

rAe C* -

pa3lot(eHufl; xos$$uq!{eHrhl pas^o)KeHl4s,yAoB^eTBopsrcque yc6agucnrre synrquu 1*(4 ./\oBnro opToroHaAbHocTI4: -

r. lC n7uk= e, = 1^ Irt{t)n"Q)at 6'^"'''. l0npuk+e' KorA,a 6asncesin{Drf,Cos(Drf, Ilpurrlep l. IIpu rpraroHoMeTpr4qecKoM pflA B Oypa3lo'KeHllte "u"tJrrt *put"rr 2xn/T"(x: !,2,'.'), [olyr{aeM pre, cnr,(8.2)u(8.3). Ilpurvrep 2. Basuc KorelurraroBa - 6aguc $yHrIIHfi orcqeros' B KaqecrBe 6agracnrrx@yarquli Bblcrynalor Synxqun nr'l4a:

rtoMexl4' 26 e-xo

401

4 -b \ a ) =

rae Al = -;

sin(2rFr(t - k&t))

(8.20)

2ttFr(t - k&t)

I

D "1 B

F, - aepxrufl tracrora B crreKTpe f-ro curnaaa, B paccuarpr.rBaeMoM clyqae i-ft cnrua.,r 3auuurerct B Bn,aie:

u,(t)=Lu,urqw!9 ' ' k4

2nFuQ

k&t)

(8.21)

r4e u,(ftAf)- 3HaqeHuecurnalil B MoMerrrBpeMeHHF kAf, k:0, 1, ....,n. Kpoue paccMorpeHHrrx 6asncoB pa3lo)KeHuff, uMerorcr u A,pyrfie oproroHallnue 6agncrr. Koropbre Moryr 6rrrr ncnoas3oBaHbr 47rr MaTeMarr,rqecKux uo4eaeri clrrHa.lra (nouexu).

8.3.KAHAAbTnEPEAArrr4AAHHbTX 14IAXXAPAKTEPI/CTI','KI/ Karrarrou nepe4gvu nnQopMarlur{ Ha3brBnror coBorqrrrHocrb rexHr.FrecKI.D(cpeAcrB, o6ecuevr.raarcu{Fo nepeA3sy gleKTprlrqecKlf,K c}rrualoB or o,a,Hororryr{KTaKApyrolry. Bxo4pr xauala noA5.rtroqauorct K nepeAarqr.rKy, a BbrxoApr- K [p]reMHr.rKy.B corpeueHHaur qra$poBbrx c]rcreMa:( cBfl3tr ocHoBHbreQysxqun nepeApTrruKaLrnplreMHr,rKaBbrnolxffer MoAeM. OAtroti lrg rlaBHbrx xapaKTepucrrlrK KaH€rAaflBlffercfl cKopocrb nepep,aqn uHSopuaquu. Marcnua.lrHo Bo3Mo)r(Ha.ffcKopocrb nepeAgtr[ unQopuaqun (4anHrrx) uo KaHa ycBs3u npr.rQnrclrpoBaHnbrx orpaHuqeu[rx Ha3brBaerct eMKocrbro KaHiraa,o6ogHa.raercr qepe3 C u nueer pagMepHocrb 6wr/c. B o6uleu clyqae eMKocrb Kauala Mo)KHo ofipeAelr.rrb uo Sopr"ryle:

C: I/T, r4e /-

(8.22)

Kolr,r\recrBo nepegannori3a BpeMflInxQoprvraqnn,

B ra.Iecrse Mepbr Kolrrqecraa uxSopMarluu Bo3bMeMr"repy P. XaprA-UOlperd,e reMyro KaK rrorapuQu Bo3Mo)KHbrxcocrorxuri o6rexra I:

I:logrl.

402

(8.23)

AAr naxoxaeuus. L Boc[oil3yeMcff TeopeMofi KotenuruKoBar KoTopag AoKa3blBaer, qro cr{rHiIA, He co.a,epxau1ufi r cBoeM cneKTpe qa3HaqeH[gMI.r CTOTBbrrue ffff,uO:xer 1rpeAgTaB1sttcg 2F HeSaBUSLIM6IM]I STor c]IroflpeAeJ\-fler no^Hocrbro Koropblx B CeKyHAyrcoBoKynHocrb upeo6paaHa oro-qnQposut"t Ha3blBaeMat narr. .A,anHaffupolleAiypa, 6una paccuorpeHa s rr\. 6. Ona cocronr I{3 AByx 3Ta[oB 3oBaHr.reM, MCKpeTr{3arIuu uo BpeMeHIt, T, e, npeAcTaB eHI'Ill curHaia B B}lA'en orcqeroB, BSrrbIxqepe3 vHTepBaJ\BpeMeHut: l/(2F1, lI KBaHTOBaHHS IIo y-poBHrorT. e. upe.aicraB^eH]rt aMn/\]rryA,bl ClIrHa a oAHIIM Il3 m BO3Mo)KHbrxgna.rennfi. Onpe4ear.rr"rKoLuqecrBo pa3 LrqHbIx coo6ulennftr Koropoe Mo)KHo cocraBl,rrb lr3 n S,reMeHTOB,IrpltHuMarorqux ruo6ue u3 m pa3luqHbrx H3 QuxcupoaauHbrx cocrosnnft. Hg aucalt{6^fl n 3AeMeIrroB, Ka)qqplfi cocroqus m B oArroM HaxogTbcfl Koropbrx Mo)Ker QurcupoBaHHblx uufi, uo;xno cocraB[Tb mn pa3.urvnux xou6unaqNft, t. e. L: mn.Tor4a:

I =logzmn = nlogzm.

(8.24')

3a rpeux T'rucao orcqeroB n: T/I:2FT. Ec.ur 6u uryMa He cyulecrBoBa o, To qficlo m AI{cKperHbIx ypoBneft Cursa,ra 6nno 6u 6ecxOne.IHblrtl. B Crryrae Ha Hqut ruylfa rroc ecre[eH]I pa3AlItllrMocrl'I orA'e^bublx y-poBHeu aMrr4nufi onpe4eller AlrTyAbI CHrHaIAa.Tax rax MoIIIHocTb nBlseTcs ycpe4nennoft xapaKTepncruxofi aM[A]rryAbr' qu c^o paSlllnraMblx yporn eri c]Irua^a no MoIqHocrn paBHo (P"+P-\/P-\, a no aMIr uryAe coorBercrBexuo: m--

P"+1)tP*,

Tor4a eMKocrb KaHa a:

(8.2s) Hrar, eruxocrb KaHiIAa orpaHuql'rBaerct Apyl!fi BeAlItIrHaMvr: \ru' punoft rro^ocbr KaHara u ruyruoM. coorxoruenue (8.25) u3BecTHoKaK B Teopulr nHSopQopuyrra Xaptrru-IIIeHHoHa u cquTaercfl ocHosnoft qacror r Qopuyay raBxoMT a c}IrHa Moll{Hocrb I{ Maqr{[. floaoca rrro xeo6xo4lltr'to uo^ocbl p,nn, IIpH cyrKeH]rr C:const xlrtu o6paaoM, z Hao6opor. a, yBe;ruqlrBarb MolrlHocrb cI,IrHa

403

K . r . . . .

ocnosHbrM xapaKTepr{crl{KaM KaHirAoB cBfl 3rrrornocflTcfl : aMrrlr{ryAHo-qacrorHarr xapaKTepncrr4Ka (At{X); fio./l'oca[ponycKaHr4rl; 3aTy)caHne; rrporrycKHascuoco6Hocrb; AOCTOBepHOCTbnepeAaqUAaHrrbrx; uoMexoyctori.rHsocrr, f4x onpe4eleuur xapaKTepr.rcrr{KKaHarAacBs3H upr.rMeHflercr anaAr{3 ero peaKrlun Ha HeKoropoe gTaAoHHoeaoe4erlcraue, 9arqe acero B KaqecTBe STaroHa ucno^b3yroTct clrHycoHd,a bHble cnrHa^br pa3Hbrx qacToT. AHX uorastrBaer, KaK u3MeHtercg aM[ ]rryAa clrHyco]r.dibl Ha BbIxo.A,eAaHHr{ cBt3r{ rro cpaBHeHrrro c aMrrlrlrryAori Ha ee Bxo,a,e44t Bcex qacToT nepeAaBaeMoroc?IrHaAa. floaoca nponycKanrrt - gro Mana3on rracror, M.rr Koropbrx orHoureHr{e aMrr^rrlyAbr BbrxoAr{oro cHrHa^a K BxoArroMy npeBbrrrraeTHeKoropufi sa4axnurl npe.d,el (44x uouqnocru 0.5). 3ra uo.roca'racror onpeAeArreTAuaua3oH rracToTcr,rHycoHAa^bHorocHrHiraa, Ilplt KoTopbtx 3ToT cr{rHal rrepeAaercfl rro A.rrH]rr{cBfl3r46eg gHa.rrrelsubrx ucxax<enuri, L[IupuHa no^ocbr [pouycKaHr.rr Blr{rer Ha MaKcr4Ma bHo Bo3Mo)r(rryro cKopocrb [epeAaqu nx$opuaqufi no rryrnuu cBs3rt. 3alyxanue - o[peAeirercfl KaK orHocnTelbnoe yr{eHbuenne aMnlr,rryAbr HAr,rMorrlHocTlr curHar^a npu uepeAaqe rlo AUHLIEcBr3lr cHrHaAa onpeAeaennori qacrorbr. 3aryxanue I o6u.rHo E3Meprercrr n 4erln6eaax (AE) u Bbrrruc.lrrerca uo Qoprrryrle: L = l0 log,o( P",* / P"*), rAe P"r* - MolqHocrb crrrHala Ha BbrxoAe r\vrH'uui - ruouluocrb cHrHaAa Ha BxoAe l\vrnuu. {, flponycrnas cnoco6nocrb ArHrrr (throughpuf) xapaxrepa3yer MaKCT4MaIAbHO BO3MOX(HyIO

CKOpOCTb rlepeAaqH.a,aHH6IX

nO

]IIiVIId CB.fl-

3n r{ u3Meprercs B 6rrax B ceKyH,Ay(6ur / c) , a raK x(e B npor.r3BoAHbrx eAnHr4qax K6ur/c, M6ur/c, f6ur/c. Ha uponycxuyro cuoco6Hocrb rrvrrrvruoKa3brBaer BAHrHr4e QzsrqecKoe u lorlrqecKoe KoAr{poBaHue.Cuoco6 npe4cranaeHnfl Ar{cKperHofi uuSopMarlar4 B Bl{ra,ecurHaloB, rrepeAaBaeMHx Ha AI,IHHIocBq3H, Ha3brBaercfl Qusuvecxuu .rrranerinrrMKoAr.rpoBaHr{eM. Or uu6pannoro cnoco6a Ko4rnpoBaullg3aBI{cr{TcIreKTp curna a u coorBercrBeHHo [po[ycKHas cuoco6nocrb ArrHr,ru.Taxur"r o6pa3oM, p;r.a oA,Horo r.rlrr 404

Apyroro cuoco6a KoALIpoBaHr{flJ\lrrruf, Mox(er HMerb pa3Hylo npo[ycKHyro cnoco6nocrr. Ecanacururarr ll3MeHgeTcg TaKr qTo MOX(HOpa3^Urrr{Tb ToASKOABa HaI{tO rO6Oeero LI3MeHenne6y4er COOTBeTCTBOBaTb erg COCTOflHnn, MeHbIIreft eAr{HI,Iqe unQoprrralluu - 6vrry' Ecng csrua,lr' I,I3MeHFercqraK, qro Mo)KHopa3/\nlaTb 6oaee,apyx cogrognufi, TOlro6oe eft) I,r3MeHeHLre HeceTHecKo bKo 6rr uH$opr"raqrtu. Ko.Araqecrso nsMeHelruft znQopuaquoHHoro napaMerpa Hecyu{ero xoae6anus (uepuo4n.recKoro clrrH€rla) a cexyn4yu3MepfieTcfl s 6oAax. llpouycxuas cuoco6nocrb IIHr'Ill s 6[rax B ceKyHAy B o6ulenr cayarae He COB[aAaeT C qHC OM 6O4. Ona MO)KeT6rrtS rax BbIIIIe' TaK I'1 oT CnOCO6aXO4UpOAa3aBr.rcr,rT HLr)KeqHc^a 6o4, n 3TOCOOTHOTUeHITe nug. Ecar.rcr4rHa^ r{Meer 6orree AByx pa3lr{rprMbrx cocroxuuri, To npo[rrycKnatncuoco6Hoctus 6ur/c 6y4et BbIIue,ver'r uucao 6o4' Hanpnlurep, e cAIl u tt$opuaq r4oHHbIMr{napaMerpaM}I fi B.lrtrorcfl $asa u aMnll{ryAa cI,IHycoI{AbI,nprlrleM pa3luualoT 4 coCtonnux Sasrt (0, 90, lB0 u 270) LI ABa 3HaqeHI4saMrllrftryAbl, ro nu$opmaquoHnuft curHa HMeer BoceMbpa3AHtrIlMbIxcoctoqHnfi, B etou clyqae MoAeM' pa6oraroulufi co cxopocrrro 2400 6o4 (c rarrogoti'racroroft 2400 fq)' nepeAaer nH$opruaqrarc co cKopocrrro 7200 6ur/c, TaK KaK npH oAHoM H3MeHeHnHcI4rHaAanepeAaercs tpu 6nta nH$opuaquu' o BaHr{H Clrf HaAa c AByMfl pa3^I{q HbIMI4COCTOfiHI4flMII ll pu r,rcuo,n-s3 MO)KeTua6.lro4arrcx o6paruar KapTHHa. 3ro npoucxoAl{T, KOIAa A -fi HaAe)KHoropac[o3HaBaHuf npI'IeMHHKoMuHSopr'laqrau rax45Ift 6ur Bnoc eAoBaTeAbHocTI,IKoAHpyeTc'cuoMolllbloHecKo^}KHxI43MeHeunri r-rHQopMaIlpIoHHoro[apaMerpa Hecyulero craruala. Hanpulrep, npr4 KoMpoBaHHl{ eMHr4rIHOfO3HarIeHI,If6nta nunyar- raucoM frolo)Kr4Te^tHori rro^-rrpHocTH,a Ho^eBoro 3HaqeHug 6uta Iry^bcoM oTpl{r{aTe/\bnori uoa-apHocTl{, cr{rHa ABa)IqbI MeHfleT cBoe cocTogHr.renpu [epeAaqe Kax(A,Oro6ura. llpu TaKo]{ cnoco6e KoMB ABapa3a HfirKerIIeM qI4CpoBaHurl [ponycKHag cuoco6nocTb r\yrl1^uu ao 6o4, rrepeAaBaeMoerlo raHI{I4. Ha uponycxnyro cuoco6HocTb oKa3brBaeTBAI,lflHI4e OII'IqeCKOeKOMpoBaHlre, KoTOpOeBbr[o^HseTca 4o susuvecKoro u [oApa3yl{eBaeT 3aMeHy 6ur ucxo4nofi unsopr"raqrau xoaori noc eAoBaTeAsHoctu 6ut, necyr_qeliry xe raHQoprrlarluro,no o6rragaroulei npu 3TOMAoIIoJ\HIrre,tsHbrMHcgorlcrsaN{I,I(o6Haplarurarolql'Ie xo4p, urn$poeaHue)' llpu erou ucKilKeHHarI [oc^eAoBaTel-bHocTb 6ut gaueggercs 6oAee Mr4HHofi nocrreAosarelsHocrbro' nogroMy upo[ycKHaR cnoco6HOCTbKaHaI/laylueHbulaeTcfi .

405

B o6u1eu clyqae cBr3b Mexqy noaocorl npouycKaHufl, I\vrrrvlfivr ee npOnyCXHOriCIOCO6HOCIHOO[peAe^serBO3MO)KHOft MaKCHMaAbHO cfl coorxourenueM (8.25). Hs groro coorHoureHr4flcleAyer, qro xorff TeopernqecKoro flpeAeyBellrrrenrrfl rrpouycxnori cnoco6noctu ,rrrHldlr (c $uxcupoaaHHofi ,ra uorrocorl flporycKaHna) Her, Ha rpaKTuKe raxoft [peAe^ cyulecrByer. flosbrcurr uponycKnylo cuoco6nocrb t\lrrruu Mox(Ho, yBe r4aluBMoIrIHocrb nepeAarquKa I,IAI{yMeubluafl MoulHocrb noMex. O4naxo yBeA}IqeHile MorrlHocrlr [epeAarrrr4Ka rrp]rBogT K pocry ero ra6apnroa ]I crorrMocrr4, a yMeHbueHne luyMa rpe6yet npI{MeHeHI{ff cnequillbuhlx gKpaHaMu Ii cHI,I)KeHHrluyMa B xa6eaeri c xoporunMn 3arrlr4THbrMr4 anuaparype cBff3n. Er"mocrr ranala [peAcras ter co6orl MaKcuMa^b]rylo Be,'rnql4rrycKopocrrl. t{ro6u 4ocrlrftryrb raKofi cxopoctn nepe.agqn, unSopr"raqut AoA)KHa 6Lrrb 3aKogpoBana Hau6orr.eee$$exnanuuu o6pasou. Yraepx<4eHr4e,lrro raKoe KoppoBaHue Bo3Mo)KHo,ffB .aercg suKHel:uruM pe3y bTaroM cogAoHuor:rLllennonou reopnr uHQopruaqnu. Lllennon AoKa3a^ upr.rHrlnuua brryrc Bo3Mox(Hocrb raKoro sQSexruauoro KoMpoBaHlrrI, He onpeAe xB, oArraKo,KoHKperHbIx rryrerl eFo peaan3aquu. (Orueruu, rITOHa [paKTnKe r4pKeHepbl llacro roBopflT o eMKocTr,IKaHaIAa,noApa3yMeBaurrroA grnM pealbrylo, a He noreHllualblryro cKopocrb nepe4avu.) 9$SexrznHocrb clrcreM cBr3r{ xapaKTeplr3yerct napaMerpoM, paBHbrM cKopocrl{ uepeAaqLruHSopuaqru R na eMHI4IIy IIlIapr,IHbIno^ochl .E,r. e. MF. At\fl r.r^ rocrpaqr4r.rcyulecrBylorrlfix Bo3Mot(Hocrei ro co3AOHHrosQ$exruanbrx cucreM cBfl3l4Ha puc.8.l2 npIlBeAeHbI rpa$uru 3aBr{c}rMocru sQQerrnaHocrr4 [epeAaqn uHSopuaqEI,I rrpr,rpa3lr4rrHblx Br.rAaxM-a.ruoli 4ncrpernoft aMIIAT{ryAHori,.racrornofi u $aaoaori rrloAylrrllrn (xporrre 6unapnoti tr,to4yrrrlluu litcrrolb3yercr raKr(e MoAy .aqnt c 4,8, 16 H AOKe c 32 noaoxrenfiflMu MorqyrurpyeMoroilapaMerpa) or orHorrreHr.rt3Heprr4rroAr{oro 6rata r cueKTpansHori naornocTl4 MouIHocTLr uryMa (Eo/No). .A4a cparHeHr{ff rroKa3aHaraK)Ke rpaHr4r{aLLIennoHa. CpaaueHue Kpr{BbrxrroKaghrBaer,B qacrHocr]t, qro Hau6oaee sQSexrnaHofi oKa3brBaercrrnepeAaqa c $asoaofi 4ucxpernoti Mo,qy .aqr,refi, oAHaKo [pI,I HeI{3MeHHoMorHorueulrr{ cr.rrHal-ulyM nan6oaee rony -ffpHbri ara4r',ro4ya-aqun4
aF , [wJl Fq

Pnc. 8.12.SQQerrnenocrr qnQpoanx crcreM cBq3E: 2 - M-l,r'raasOMH; 1 - rpanuqa LLIennoHa; r{M}r 3 - M-nqnas AMn; 4 - M-nqnas cpe'd'crB Be;rl{quHa P"- la" KaHaJ\oB cBff3ll 6es 4onoaHure^bHblx orrrosoaoxoHB o, l0-4.'.10-6. npaB' KaK 3aulnrbr ot o*"6-o^ "ocraB,'rer, : lO'n 10-e' 3to gna'Iur' sro npu PoHbrx ArlHltffx cBfl3lr {, coctaarrxet 3Haqenue o4noro 6rata' B cpeAHeM ug l0 000-bur ucKilKaercfi TaK Llcra:xenHg 6ur npoucxoAfiT KaK lt3-3a HaAI{tILtfl IIOMeXHaJ\I4HllI4' [porrycuoaocoir H r43-3a r,rcxa:xenrnft sopr'rsr cr{rHa ar orpaHuqeHHoft [epeA'ilBaeMblx KaHHrr 71rdglrs. fIOstO16y pu1t 11oBbll1reHvfl AocToBepHocTlI oc7]n t*tuuit, noBbIIIIaTb cTeIIeHb noMexo3axluqeHH AaHHbIx Heo6xo4zuo cBr3I{' A]lHIlu 6oaee ruupoKorrolocHbte a raKtKe llc[ols3oBarb .racTblo rrrc6oro KaHaAatB^-geTcfl LvtHVI'{ cocrasHoi Henpeuennofi cr{ruarrocrynleHrle cBfl3rl - QzszvecKag cpeAa' o6ecne'rusarculat gaeucaMocrlI or K [pIleMHoMy' B ycrpoficrBa AoB or flepeAaloqero CBfl3H tt'Ioryr 6urr: cpeAbl lrepeAaqH AaHHbIX J\hI:ts.VI:ld

407

. . !

flpoBoA,Hbre(Bo3AyruHbre); xa6enrrrue (ue4nrre r,rBoloKoHHo-onrr,rvecxae); paAr{oKaHillbrHa3eMnoft u cnyrnraxogoft cBfl3a (6ecupoeo4nue KaHaAhrcexsu), Ilpoao4nue rluruvr cBfl 3r{ [pe.t craB,lr.aror co6ofi [polo)Ke HHbre Mex(Ay onopaMr4 upoBoAa 6es raxux-,lru6o sxpauupyroqrx latvr vr3orrr{pyrou1ux onleroK. llorrexosauqnrrleHHocrb u cKopocrb uepeAaqu AaHHbrx B grl,Ix Ar{Hr{flx HH3Kaq. flo raxrau rrrnHufiMcBff3n flepeAalorcflr KaK [paBr{Ao, rerresoHuue x Te^erpa@xare cprrHa hr. 8.3. 1. Ka6elbgbre

l,lrLlg^vrtlcBtr3ra

Ka6ea-sHue J*rnvrn cBrr3rr rrpeAcraBrrflrcr co6oli [yrroK rrpoBoAoBr 3aK roqeHHbrx B oAHy Lr/\LrHecKoAbKo 3arrlr4THbrx(3^eKTpE.recKafl, MexauuqecKaff, 3IeKTpoMarHrlTHatru r. u.) rpy6ox. B coaperrreuHbrxcucreMax cBfl3u nplrMentlor rppr ocHoBnbrx rr{na xa6ela [18]: a) Ha ocuoae cKpyqeHnhrx nap MeAHbrxrrpoBoAoB; 6) xoaxcuaarHrre xa6e.ul c ue4uofi >xrarrori; r) aoaoxonHo-orrTnqecKue xa6erru. Crpyreuiraq fiapa upoBoAoB Ha3brBaercfl ellrofi uapori (twisted patr). CxpyrlrBaHr.re upoBoAoB cHr{)Kaer B r.rflHHeBHeruHr.lxnoMex Ha crrrHillbr, rrepeAaBaeMhreuo xa6earo, Burax rrapa KoHcrpyKTr4BHo Moxer 6rrrr: r HeeKpaHrapooauaofi (puc.8.13c)-Unshielded Twisted Pair,UTP; . 3KpaHr.rposaHnori (puc.8.13 6) - Shielded Twisted Pair, STP.

sarofi napu STP KaxAas H3 Br{Tbrx fiap B c,ry.rae sKpanr,rpoBannori n oMerr{aercfl B MeTa^Jlr4qe cK}'ro o n^erKy- gKpaH .A^-ffyMe HbrrreHnff r.r3.rrpreHnfi xa6ea-a, 3aII{HTbr or BHeruHr,rx g eKTpoMarHaTHbrx noMex H cHH)KeHrrr B3ar,rMHoro Brrtrflrrvrfl uap [poBoAoB Apyr Ha Apyra. SrpaHI4pOBaHHag BI4Taq napa rOpa3AO AOpO)Ke' qeM HegKpaHLIpOBaHHaq, a upn ee ncrrolb3oBanrau Heo6xoA]rMo upr4MeHgrb cnellr4aabnhre gKpaHLIpOBaHHbIe pa3'beMbIr nOSTOMy BCTpeqaeTCt OHa 3HaqI,ITeAbHOpe)Ker IIEM HCSKPAHI{POBAHHAff. OcnosHbre Aocror{HcrBa He3KpaHupoBaHHbIx BHTIIX flap - npocrora MoHTa)Ka pa3'beMoB Ha KoHrIax Ka6e -fi, a TaKrKe flpocrora pecpaBHeHI,Irc c p,pyrHMH ruuanr.r xa6eMoHTa rrrc6ux [oBpexAeHufino n-s. Bce ocranBHbre xapaKTepr.rcrl,IKl{ y HHx xy)Ke, tIeM y 4pynax xa6eaeli, HaupuMep, npu sa4aunorl cKopocrlr flepeAaqu 3aryxanr{e cnrHaero )rpoBnr rro Mepe upoxo)KAeHI,Is no xa6errro) y nux .ra (yuenrureHue ra6eaetl, rrogroMy lrltHxlr cBfl3rl Ha oc6otrsute, qeM y KoaKcrlalbHux HOBe BUTbTXUap, KaK npaBrir^o, AoBo bHo KoporKlre (o6ur.rHo B npeAerrax 100 rnr).B Hacrorrildee BpeMfl Br{Tafl napa ncnolb3yercq 4avn uuSopMar{r.ru Ha cKopocrxx p,o 100 M6ur/ c (ae4yrcx

cKopocrr{uepeAarru4o 1000M6ur/cl . [oBbrrrrenr.rro Paganrqarcr ceMbKareropr.rfixa6errefina ocnose HegKpaHr,rpoBaHnofi suroft napu (UTP): . xa6elr rareropuu I - sro o6rr.rrul rerreSoHnrrrl na6ear (napur npoBoAoBHe anrue), no KoropoMyMox(HonepeAaBarbrolsKo . .

nSomtun

uSoneLuQ

aHeuHufr

(----^, I

{I \t Ww \/ v/

gdulnfHas ObnOqKA

. .

ueanufr nPOBOATIUK ruECTrtaccoaag o6onoqKa

a)

ueHrpanbHuE npoEoguK

\\

o6onoqKa

6)

Puc. 8.13.Tunu xa6e,reri: a) xesrpauupoBaHHarBnrafi napa; 6) srpauupoaaHHarBr{Tarnapa;n) xoaxcua,runurira6ea.s

408

Mlr nepepa6oru no

. .

peqb; xa6errr Kareropnr{ 2 - gro xa6ear LI3 Brrrblx nap Aa-finepeAaqpr AaHHbrxB no^oce qacror ao I Mfq; Ka6elb Kareroplrlit 3 - gro ra6e,irr A.lrgflepeAatu,r A,aHHhrxB norroce lracror 4o 16 Mfr{, cocrotuluh Id3 Burbrx nap c A\eBsrbro BHTKaMnnpOBoAOBHa MeTp Mr,IHhI; ra6ear Kareropr4l,r 4 - gro xa6ean, nepeAarolrluri 4anHrre e uoAoce qacror ao 20 Mfq; Ka6elr Kareropr{I{ 5 - calruft coBeplrreHHuIi xa6err,r B Hacroflrrlee BpeMfl, paccrlr.ITaHnrrrina uepeAaqy AaHHbIx B rroloce tracTor Ao 100 Mfq. Cocronr r{3 B}rrblx rrap, IilMeroqux ne uenee 27 Br,rrKoBHa Merp ,a4IIHII (B aurxoa sa Syr); ra6elr Kareropuu 6 - uepcnerrrasHblli tnu xa6e,rr-s.A^s [epeA,aqr4AaHHbrxB rroloce qacror ao 200 Mfq; xa6ear Kareropr4ra7 - nepcuexrngHblfi trrn xa6eas M-ff nepeAarrn AaHHbrxB uoloce qacror ao 600 M|II.

409

IlorrHoe BorrxoBoeconporllBlenue xa6eaefi rareropuh3, 4u 5 co' craBlrer 100 Oru +15% B qacrorHoM Mara3oHe or qacrorbl I Mfq ao MaKCr4rMabHofi .racrorbr xa6ea.s. (Borrnoaoe coIIpor[IB eHHe 3KpaHrrpoaaHHorl sutoli napn STP paBHo 150 Ou *. l5o/o) Bropor:r saJKHeftruuli flapaMerp ra6errs - MaKcuMttabxoe 3aryxaHlre curHala, nepeAaBaeMoro uo ra6eano, Ha pa3nblx vacrorax' .{4.a ra6eaeri Ha ocuoBe Blrrbrx nap 3Ta BeAuqHHa orleHb 3Haqurelrbua Aa;xe Ha ne6oauunx paccroffHl{tx (uopx4xa coreH uetpon) cnrHalrocaa6a-sercs B AecflTKtI n corHl{ pa3. Euqe o4ran aax(Hblfi napaMerp lo6oro ra6eas - cKopocrb pacupocrpaHennrr cHrHiIAaB Ka6ele, T. e. 3aAep)KKapacupocrpaHeHlts curHarla B xa6ele Ha eAI4HI,IqyMI4Hbr, Tnuu'ruag BelurrllHa 3aAep)KKlr 6oauunncrBa coBpeMennrrx xa6erreft cocranlser 5 nclu, KoarcnaanHrrfi ra6ear uMeer cuMMerpuqHyro KoHcrpyKlluro ll cocror4T H3 BHyTpeHnefi ue4Hori xtzrrrr (qenrparr,rHurfi upono4Hux) N BHeruHero 3KpaHa, oT,a,eleHHoro or [poBo]dtHl{Ka c^oeM I43oASI{I{I4. llpuueHxercs raK)Ke BHeIrIHsfl3alrlurHafl o6oaoqxa (puc. 8. 13 a). ra6errr o6rraAaer 6oaee eblcoxoft rroMexo3alrltlKoarcuaarsuti rqeHHocrbro (6rraro4apr Merall uqecxoi ourrerxe), ararure 6orree gblcoKrrMI{, aIeMB c^yqae surol:t napbl, AonycrIrMbIM}I cKopocrtMu IIepeAarru AaHHbIx (ao 500 M6ur/cl ra 6orrrruuuu Aonycrl'IMblMlr paccrorHllrMrr uepeAaqn (4o xurrouerpa v BbIIre). K ueuy rpyAHee MenpOCAyIIII4xaHr{qecKu IIoAK/tloqr4TbcflA^JrHecaHKIIHOH]rpOBaHHOrO BaHr{ff cerl{r oH TaK)Ke rd,aer3aMeTHo MeHbIIre S eKTpOMaTHIdTHbIX usrryreuuli BoBHe. Cyule crayer rl,BaocH oBHbIx ru rla KoaKcIdallbHoro ra6elg : . roHruft (ffttn), auerot4uri MaMerp oKo^o 0,5 cu, 6oaee tu6xuit; . tolcruri (thickl, uueroult'Iti MaMerp oKolo I cu, 3Havrare^bHo 6oaee xtecrxufi, On npe4craBlger co6ofi K accl{arecKuft aapuaHT KoaKcl{atrbHoro Ka6ela, roropuri yr(e [orITI'{ nolHocrblo xa6erreu. BbITecHeH6orree coBpeMeHHhIMToHKLTM Tonrnti xa6ear Hcflolb3yercfl 44-u[epeAaqu Ha MeHbIuI4epaccrorHLII, qeM roacrrtti, TaK KaK B HeM CHTHarr3arrxaeT cI{AbHee. TunH.rHhIe BelHqLrHbI3aAepx(KrrpacnpocrpaHeHufl cIlrHiLLa B KoaKcr{a bHoM ra6eae cocraBltror A^-aroHKoro xa6ea-s oKorro 5 nclu, a A^5 Tolcroro - oKolo 4,5 uc/u. B Hacroru4ee BpeMa cqldraerct, qro KoaKcl4alurufi xa6ear ycrapel, B 6oaruruncrBe clfyraeB ero BrroAHeMo)Ker 3aMeHlrrb BIlTafl [apa r{ILr ouroBoaoxonHuri xa6ear. 410

BoaoxoHno-ofiTr,rtrecKuri ra6ear (op tical fiber) cocror.rr rr3 rIeHTpirabHoro [poBoAH[IKa cBeTa - cTeK flHHOTOBO/1OKHa, OKpyr(eHHOrO Apyrr{M c^oeM cTeK a - O6OaO.rxoft, o6rra4arcrqeri uenHuuM [oKa3aTeleM [peloMleHrdrr qeM cepdirleB[Ha (puc. 8. 14).

Crernnxxac o6ono.{xa

Llexrpaauxoe BonoKHo

BHeurHcn o6onoqxa

Pnc. 8.14. Crpyxrypa orrroBoloKoHHoroxa6el-a PacupocrpaHrffcb no cepAqeBrrxe, ^fru cBera, orpa)
.

cBeroBbrx

B o4Houo4osoMxa6e.re(Single Mode Fiber, SMF ) ucnoareyerct rleHTpirlbHhrft upoao4HuK oqeHb Maloro AlraMerpa, cor{3MepuMoro c p7r.rauofi BoAHbrcBera - 5...l0 rvrxrr.flpr 3roM rrpaKTr4qecKr4 Bce A)rlrr,r cBera pacupocrpanqrorcfl BAorrsonrrrecxofi ocr{ cBeroBoAa,He orpa)Kaflcb or BHeuJHero[poBoAHLtra. lloaoca upoflycKanr.rt oAHoMoAoBoro xa6ea.s Aocrr4raer corea ffq Ha KllrloMerp. B nxorouo4oabrx xa6el-rx (Multi Mode Fiber, MMF) npurueHxrorcg 6o"lee urupoKne BHyrpeuHne cepAeqHr,rKl{,Koropbre ,rerarer43roroB}ITb TEXHO

OTHqECKTll.

Hau6 orree ynorpe6HrelbHbr Mr{ fl Blrrorcs MnoroMoAosbre ra6e.lrfi c Ar{aMerpaMrdqeHTptrlbHoro r4tsHeruHero upoBoAHr{Ka: 62,5/ 125 vrxlt u 50/125 MKM coorBercrBegHo.

4tl

J

jao...roo"*

\

J

a) |

+

) 6) I -t\ \

:J

{lo...toor,*

't I

+I

- KpacHbIr-Iqner). Kpotrre HcrolIHIaKa Quoaeroarrri qaer, Ao 0,7 MKM cBera, B uepeAaroudee ycrpoficrBo BxoMT MoAy .srop. Ha npueunou KoHrIe J*rnurvrclrrHillbr AereKTupyrcrcn $oro4uoAoM; M-tr rIcK IoqeHIdt orur.r6ox qacro [p]rMeHrerct floMexoycrotZ.rlrsoe KoAr4poBaHse. Ilpe4earuare paccroffHvrs.M.fl. nepeAarrr{ AaHHbrx no Bo oKoHHoo[TrzqecKuM AHH]rrM cBfl.sr4{6es petpaucasqun) 3aBracrr or 4,irr{Hbr KlI OMerpOB. BO./\HTII{3 rreHHt LrAOCTr4rarOT AeCffTK.OB 8.3.2. EecnpoBoAnbre

Luuttu

cnr.str

B 6ecnponoAHbrx AlrHuffx cBrr3r.rrrepeAaqa rdu$opiuaqnu ocyqecrBA.aercrrHa ocHoBe pacnpocrpaHeHut 3IeKTpoMarHI{THblxaorur (pa4aonorrH). Han6orree ocsoeHHblli AHana3oH 4,axHBo H HaxoAr4TcflB upeAelax or l0 p,o 2 .10'er'r. Pa4uo ro;urrr, upeAcraBlsrou{ue c o6ofi gAeKTpoMarHI4THbIeKoAe6aumf , f BAflrorcff coBoKynHocrbro lepeMeuHhlx 3leKTpl{qecKoro u MarHurHbf,xnorrerl u xapaxrepr.r3yroTcfi HafipflKeHHocrbro SAeKTpHtrecxoro E r{ MarHHTHoro H noaefi.

Prc, 8.15. Tllnr,r onr:r'rqecKnx Ka6eleIi: BOAOKHOCOCTIIeHIIaTLIM I,I3MeHeHI,IeMnoKa3aTe7rqUpeAOM eHl1t; a) UnOrOrr,rO6OBOe 6) r.rHorouo4oBoe Bo/\oKHo c n/IaBHbIM Il3MeHeHI'IeM noKa3are q npe^oM^eHut; a) op,Horr,ro4onoeBo./roKltc

xa6el-ax Bo BHyrpeHHeM rrpoBoA'HuKe oAHoBpeB uxorouo4osblx MeHHo cyu{ecrByer HecKoAbKo nyreli cBeroBblx Afleri, orpa:rarclqlrxcr oT BHeIIrHero npoBoAHuKa noA pa3HbIMA yrAaMH' ra6elflx c nAaBHbIM lr3MeHeulter*t ros$$uquenB ltrorolroAoablx na:x4oli MoAhI ollpeAe/\fl pacnpocTpaHeHlltfi pe)KLIM Ta IIpeAoM.|leHI'Ifl roulge 6orree CAO)1(H6IMxapaKTepolr. MHOTouOAOBbIe Xa6eaz I.IMeIOT 6oaee y3Kyto nolocy nponycKaHur - 500. . .800 Mfq/xrur. Cylxenre noAOCbr [poHcxoAHT LI3-3a [OTepr ceeroeoll 3HeprHIl rrpn orpeDKeHLIfiX' a raK)Ke H3-3a l{HTepQepeurlun lyueft pa3Hblx MoA. ,A,rra o4no rr,ro4osblx xa6e/re I1 npuMeHfl roTcq B KaqecTB e lI cToq H I4Ka r.r3Ar{ eHlltfl cBeTa 1ro1ynpo BoAH I{KOBr,Ie Aa3epbl. f4-a uuorolroAoBblx 6oaee AeIueBbIe I'IcrortHI{KI{ ra6errefi p,lrt 3Ttrx qerrefr l{cnolb3yror cBeroAI'{oAHbIe H3A} rare/\l{. Bo3Mo)KHa (B oKB ontr4.Iecrux BoloKHax uepeAaqa xHrlopuaqul'l 1550 Hrnr(1,55 r*trr"r), 1300 nr'l (1,3r'rxru) n 850 nu Hax rpo3paqHocruD (0,85 t"txt't) . !ttra 4pyrnx BoAH 3aryxaHHe B BoAoKHax cyu{ecrBeHHo a3ep Ha BbIuJe. B xa.rectse Hcrot{HlaKa caeta o6bl'lHo I4c[oi53yercfl ruoulI'I cpe4nefi MKM 0,84 Lr3lf{euus apceHrlAe ral iJ,Ifl c 4artHoIi BoAHbI B HeBuALIr"rofr'racru HaxoAr'rrcf usrryreHl'Ie 10 rvrBt. 3ro or 1 Hocrbro 4o c[eKTpa (en4ur*luIi 4l{ana3oH cneKTpa 3aHI'IMaer o6rractr or 0,4 lrxrtl

412

Hanpaarrerure BeKropa Hanpgx(eHuocru 3leKTpuqecKoro no t onpeAelffer rolrpu3arlnro BoAHbI. PagaN.{arcr aunetlnyto I{ KpyroByro flo,rrtpu3arlurc parai]roBolurr. Aunerlnag no .apr!3alll{fl Moxer 6rrrr ropr.r3oHTa^bHofiu uepruxaablroi (ourocrarearuo 3euana), a KpyroBat no^flpH3arlufl -

npaBoro u^x AeBoro BpaII{eHHfl tseKTopa E ornocr.r-

TeAbHOHarrpaB^eHr4tpacupocTpaHeHl{t Bo/\Hbr. PacnpocrpaHeHr,repaAnoBo Hbr olpeAelserct Ha[pae eHI4eMBeK+ + - ) ropa llofinrunra II = Ex H r yKa3blBaloulero HalrpaBleHr{e pacupocTpaHeHr{ggHepruu, Pa4uoaoanaM rrpLrcyqn cleAyrolr{He Qnsu.recxue csoictsa: I npe^oM^eHr{e v orpilKeHl,Ie BoAHbrHa rpaHlrqe nepexoAa I{3 04,noii cpep,u B ApyrFo; . peSpaxqna (ucrpuulenlrerpaeKToptru pacnpocrpanennr) npll pac[pocrpaHeHr{r{ B Heo.d,HopoAHofr cpeAe; . 41r+paKr{ ms - oru1anxe sollroft npensrcrBl4t, KorAa 44fiHa BoAHhI COlI3MepIiIMa

C pa3MepaMl{

npeIIgTCTBlIfi

.

IIo oco6enHocrfl M pacnpocrpaueH!,Is B pa3AJ,IqHbIx$rnsuvecrrnx cpeAax cneKTp paAHoBolH Ae^tr Ha orAelbHble Ma[a3onrr. B cootBercrBur{ c peKo MeHAaLlvrfllau Mex<4ynapoAHoro KoHcylbrarllBuoro KoMHTera rro paAlao (MKKP) rrplrHtr Aectrl,rqHblft upunqun Klaccll$nxaquu paALIoBo^H(ra6,r. 8.1), 413

Ta6.,ruqa8,1 O6osxa.reHue Aaana3ouoB paAuoqacror HaNuesooanre

VcaosHoe o6osfla,{eHne

BOJTH

lpauuuu AI,IAIIA3OHA

AnanasoH qacror

oHr{ (vLF)

Mnpuauerponue

100-10xu

rlu 3...30

Hrr (LF)

Kn,rouerponue

10-l ru

30...300 xfu

cq (MF)

lerrouerpoaue

v 1000-100

rlu 300...3000

Bq (HF)

[ercauerpooule

100-10 t"t

3...30 MIU

oBr{ (vHF)

Merponue

10-l u

Mfu 30...300

vBr{,vKB(uHF)

.Ileunuerponue

100-10c-r

300...3000 Mfu

cBr{ (sHF)

Canrnuerponue

10-1cu

3...30 fru

KBr{ (EHF)

Mnrnrrr{erpogHe

10-1uu

30...300 IIU

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f f i "

TponocQepxar HeoAlropoAl{ocrb c-Q-t-! "ro.."::

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p . ,aO

coorBercTByroqero rracTKa rpaHr.rrlhrMexAy ser"rHorl[oBepxHocrbro u arr'locsepol:r 3euau AByrr!flo6aacrqMr,rc pe3Ko oT u-

hoxocQepxan HeoAlropoAHocTb

:9'-

rIarcu{uMuct g^eKTp}rqecK}lMH

napaMerpauu. Taxurr o6pa3oM, upe - HrvryqecrBeHHo pacnpocTpaPnc. 8.16.3ennas paAr.roBolua H'IOTCg paAr{OBOAHbr,Mr{Ha KOropbrx npeBhrrrraer 200-400 r'r. Pa4uoeonnu, pac[pocrpaHrrouluecfl a aruocQepe 3eurru H 3a ee rrpeAe^aMH, rAe HeT pe3Ko BbrpuKeHHbrx rpaHLrII pa3Aela, Ha3bIBarcT npocrpaHcrBeHHbrMr,r. Hpnseunyro o6aacrr arrnrocQepat, nMeloqyrc rolrrlnl{y l0-15 xrvr, HasbrBaror mponocQepori. Ona HeoAHopoAHa KaK no Bblcore, TaK LI BAo,rb geuHori noBepxHocrn. flpu groM gleKTpr4qecKl{e napaMerpbl rpouoc@epbr cyu{ecrBeHuo 3aBlcffT or Mereoycnosuri. TponocQepa 4t4

r{cKpHBAreT TpaeKTopr.rrcpaArroBorrH (pe$parqnx), paccerrBaeT r{x CBOHMIIHeO.aiHOpOAHOCTflMI{ u OCrra6.l-ser, Ha puc. 8.17 a noKa3aHbrBo3Mo)r(HbreBr{AbrrpaeKTopnripa4zoao,rrx, pacupocrpaHflrorquxcff a rponocQepe. 3ru paAr{oBolHbr Ha3hrBaror rponocQepHbrMlr. furxHa Bolrrhr rpouoc$epHbrx papproBolr{ He npesbrruaer 5 M.

6)

T:.$:HH"T#ff'i"H;T:S' O6aacrr arr'roc$eprr, pacrrolox(enHyrc Bbrrrre60 xr"r u flpocrr{parcqyrocr ao 20000 KMr Ha3brBatot uonocQepori. 3ra BecbMa pa3perKeHnas o6aacrs coAep)Klrr 3uaqr,rrelbHoe Ko,lruqecrso cao6o4nbrx sireKTpouoB B epnaqe o6reua. B neft sbrAelrror o6lacru [oBbrrrreHHofi rconrleHTpaquu sAeKTpoHoB - clon A, E u F, oxasrraaroqnx cyqecrBeHHOeB^lrflHrre Ha pacnpocTpaHeHlre paAlIoBoAH.

415

I4ouoc$epa raKrr(e ?rcKpuBlrer rpaeKTopurc paArroBoAH,pacceuBaer Itx cBoHMrltHeoAHopoAHocrflMH u ocaa6a-uer ux. IrlcrpHB/reHrlre TpaeKTopr{u paAHoBoIHbr a uonocQepe HHorA,aoKa3hlBaercfl cro^b IITOMOXeT paCCMaTpHBaTbCs KaK OTptDKeHIrepaA[O3HaqLITeAbHbIM' puc. 8.17 6 norasanbl Bo3Mox(HbrexapaKBo,r.Hbror uonocQeprr. Ha B ]roHocrpaexroputi pa4raoBolH, pac[pocrpaatroulrxcfl TepHbre Br,rAbr Qepe. Pa4uoao.urH, pacnpocrpaHflrou{uecfl rryreM orpatKeHr{tr or uouocSepu Ii r{ pacce[BaHr{t Ha ee HeoAHopoAHocrrlxr Ha3tlBator nonoc$epubrMr,r paAnoBo HaMs. Taxorl xapaKTep pacnpocrpaHeHl,tff rtpucyru paAr4oBo HaM, 44]rna Koropbrx npeauruaer 5 u, 3a npe4eaauu uonocQephr [^orHocrb ta3a n KoHIIeHTpaq]rs 3IeKqTo 3Ta o6^acTb [paKTHqecKr{ Moxer TpoHoB croJ\b He3HaqI{TeAbHbI, pac cMaTpr{BaTbct KaK BaKyyM, a cAeAoBaTelEHo, paAI,IoBolHhI, BbIIueAru r4e 3a npe.a,e^slnonoc Q epu, Mo)r(Ho crrurarb pacnpeAe^-glolldl,IMlltcff upar'roarnHefino. v MeroTcBor'roco6eunocrs pacnpoBorrHu pa3^r4rrHbrxAr4ra[a3oHoB cTpaHeHr4f. ,A,rrunnue (1-10 xr"r) N cnepx44uHnrre (carnue 10 xt't) Bo^HbI pacnpocrpaHrrorcr 3eMHoi u raonoc$epHofi Bo HaMH. 3eunas BoAHa Molr(er pacrpocrpaurrrbcr Ha paccroqHue Ao 300 xM. Ha.rHHas c paccrosnr{s 300-400 KM, noMnMo seIvIHoIiBo.irHbI,B ToqKe flppleMa [pI4cyrcrByer BoAHa,orpaDKeHHaxor uonoc$epu. Ha paccroaHuu cBbIIle 3000 xt"t 44riHHbIe lr cBepxM]rHHbIe BoAHhI pacilpocrpaHff lorcfl ToAbKouonocSepnofi sorrHol;. ArrranHrre lr oco6enno cBepxA -rrHHbreBo^Hbr Ma,ro [orlorqarorcl ilpu ux fipoxoxAeHun nr,rly6r cpu ntn Mopfl. 3ror 4xaua3on BoAH Moxer 6rrrr racuonr3oBaH AAfl cBt3H c norpyx(eHHblMla [oABoAHrIMI{ AoAKaMlr, a raKxe 44t rroA3eMHorl csqglr. .A,a,lsxocrr cBg3li B oroM AHa[a3oHe Mo]r(er 6urr o6ecueqena Ha paccrornuu 6o,ree 20 000 KM, Ho Ala sroro rpe6yrorcx MoulHbre rrepeAarqlrKu u 6ortsutue aHTeHHbI. Cpe4HNe Bo Hbr (100-1000 rnr)o6uuno Ecrrolb3yrorcfl .a4ffBelqarrvrr.vrMorfr pacnpocrpauffTbcr KaK 3eMHbreu KaK uoHoc$epHue so.trHu. .A,aarHocrb pacnpocrpaueHl,tt ger"rnori Bolrnbr orpaHr.rqeHapaccrorrHrlreM500-700 rcn. Ha 6olHuue paccrotH[fl paMoBoAHbI sToro AIIauasoHa pacnpocrpausrorcs nonoc$epnotl soAHoIt. Ha yc.rrorue pac[pocrpaneHufl paArroBolu cpeAuero,a,Irafla3ona cyuIecTBeHHoBlr{rroT BpeMr cyroK H BpeMr ro4a. Tax, B HoqHoe BpeMff cpeAnue BoAHbrpac[pocrpauflrorcfl 3a cqer orpa)KeH]rfl or caoq F uoHoc$epu, B To BpeMff KaK B A,HeBHoeBpeMf Ha rryrrr BoAHbIBo3HtIKaer clori D uouocSepbr, cr{ bHo [orlorr{arculnri cpe4nue BolHbr.

Iloerouy B AHeBHbreqacbr paclpocrpaHeHne cpeAHlrx BoAHrrpoltcxoAIIT npaKTr.rqecKrr ro^bKo geunorl eo^Hori Ha cpaBHI,tTelSHo ne6oartuue paccroanrar (nopa4xa 1000 xt"t). B 4r,ranaeone cpeAnr4x go;rH 6oaee Mr.tHHbIe BoAHbI r4cnblTblBator MeHbrueeuorlo[{eHue. llorrr,orqeHze yBeluql{Baercg B lerHse Mecrrlbr r.r yMeHbrrraercl B 3I4MHI{e. Sror'ry Ar{ana3ouy aoaH upucyul s$Qerr sauupaHvfl BoAHbr.Tax, n Hoarubleqachl Ha HeKoropoM paccroflHHr{ or [epeAarqr{Ka Bo3Mo)r(eHoA,HoBpeMennsrriupnxo4 selvtrofr u uoHoc$epnofi so H. B gaeucuMocrn or pa3Hocrn Sas srl4x Bo H B ToqKe [plreMa MorKer npoHcxoAI,ITb ycHAeHHe zrul ocaa6leHue IrpI4HI{MaeMoro cr4rHala. Ha gHa.rurelbHbrx paccroflHutx or [epeAararnKa 3Tor BorrH,[puuteNxlrx sS$exr Moxer Bo3Hr{KHyrbnpt4 B3al4MoAefrcrBrnu B TOrrKyuprreMa fiyreM oAHoro I{ AB]rx otpaxtenzti or uonoc$epu. - 3eMHbIxu raonoc$epHblx HaxoAHTcfl .A,uanasoHKoporKr4x Bolrn B rrpeAelax or 10 4o 100 t"t.B oroM Ar{aua3oHeMo)KHoco3Aarb HanpaB,rreHubreaHTeHHbI. OAnaxo B HeM uor oIrIeHI{e 3eMHbIx Bo H cn,rbHo rroSToMy3eMHbIeBO/\HbIpacnpocTpaHtroTcfl Ha paccTogBO3paCTaeT, Hnfl, He [peBbuuaroulne HecKo bKHx AecflTKoBKl{AoMerpon. I,IoHocSepHoft so,[Holl KoporKl4e BoAHbIMoryr pacnpocrpaHqrbcfl Ha MHorrle rbrcfl ql,r KlrAoMerpo B n pl,t cpaBHI,ITeIbHo ne6oauu or:r u oulnoctra rIepeAaTqIuIKoB, Ha 6oasrune paccrorHl{t rryKoporxue Bo Hbr pac[pocrpaHffIorcr TeM orpax(eHr4r or BepxHero Fclos tEoHoc$eprr H noBepxHoctN 3elrArr, npoxop [pr{ 3ToM trepe3 c.rror.rD r.rE, a xoropblx oHI4 uperepneBaror rrorlorrleHne. B sroM AI,Iana3oHe raKx(e na6anoAaelca sSQext eauupaHufi. t{auqe Bcero npuqunori sauupaHl4t c.lr'yx(trrupLIxoA B ToqKy rrpr.eMa AByx Bo^rr, pacnpocrpaHflIolrll{xctt [yreM oAHoro I,I AByx orpax<euuri or zoHocSepu. YarrparoporKr4Mr4 Ha3blBarorcfl paAHoBo HbI Kopose I 0 u.,A,uaua3oH YKB coaepxu.rr qerblpe [oAAI4a[a3oHa: Merposblft - ot 10 - ot 10 4o1 rrr,Aeqr4Merposbrfi- or I u Ao 10 cu, caHTl4Merponuri MerpoBblx 1 Kopoare crnr. .A,uana3ou 4o I cu t't Mnllrl{Merponuti BOAHvrCUOb3yrOTB TeIeBLIAeHI'II{I4BeIqaHI{}r,Aeql4Merpoaui I4caHTr4MerpoBbrit - s releBuAenr{u, paAI4olroKaqul{ I4 l\rHoroKaHaarnoti CBfl3I{, I{Meror cBoI4I BoAHhI Kilr(Aoro Ir3 [oAAna[a3oHoB YarrpaxoporKue pacupocrpaHeHufl, O4naro Ha [paKT]rKe qau{e paccMaroco6eunocru pr.rBaroT: . pacupocrpaHeHrae YKB ua paccroxHutr He rrpeBbll[arolqne npeAeAoB upnuofi BLrAI{Mocrrr;

416 27 a-uo

4t7

I

!

uouocSepnoepacrposrpauenneYKB (pa.ccroanue cBbrrue1000xru); YKB c ucuols3oBaHr4eM AalbHeepacnpocrpaHeHrae ucKyccrBeHHbrxcrrvrHr{xos 3eMlr.t.

Pa4raoaoarrrr YKB 4nanasoHa B cr4ly rur ua.rr'ori4araHbr rrloxo 4r,reparnpyror BoKpyr cQepnvecxoft uoaepxnocrr,r 3euara r4 KpylHbrx HepoBHocreri geuHori rroBepxHocrfi r,rApynu uperrflTcrBlrli. Ilosror,ry npu pa6ote s 4rauasoHe yKB aHTeHHbIcrpeMflTcr pacuolo)Kr,rrb Ha 3Hartr4Telbnoti ablcore HaA floBepxnocrbro 3eMlr,t, rrro rlo3Bo -fler yBe uqrdrb paccrotuue npalrori Br{Ar{MocrHro (xrrr),onpeAe fleMoe coorHorrreHr{eM:

ro=3,75([4.,[4\ rp,e ft,, ftr-

alrcora coorBercrBeHHo [epeAaloqefi

(8.26) u npueuHhrx aH-

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Anuaparypa ar,rur,rrlcBfl3r.rnoA,pa3Aelrercr Ha a[naparypy [pr4eManepeAaqa AaHHhrx, Ha3hrBaeMyroonnapamyport oxonuaHun KaHe a gaHtbtx (DCE - Data Circuit terminating Equipment) , xoropax nelocpeAcrBeuuo cBs3brBaer r,rcroqHuK r.rnolfrarela coo6qerrlafl.u npoMUKW o ttHyro annap tmwy. DCE pa6oraer Ha SusnvecxoM ypoBne, orBerrafl 3a [epeAaqy u [prdeM cr4rHerla Hyxnori $opuar ri Morr{Hocru n euenvecKyro cpeAy. llpnuepu DCE: uo4errrLr,TepMr.ruallbHbreananreprr cereri, onrurrecKue MoAeMbr,ycrpoftcrBa [oAKAroqeHHx K rqnSpoarrrnr KaHa aM. llporvrexcyroqHar alnaparypa r{crro,,r-s3yercflHa lr4Hr.rflx csq eu 6olburori upornx<eHHocrn u peuaer ABe ocHoBHbre3a^arrn: . y^yqlueHHe KarIecTBacLIrHaIa; r co3AaHI{ecocraBHoro KaHarAacBE3n Mexqy a6oHeHrauu B BhIqI{clJ.ITelSHbIX

C eTf X.

IlpouexyroqHafl aunaparypa Mox(er coBceM He r{cnolb3oBarbcfl r ec.,r-Lr [porrrr(eHuocrb $usuvecxofi cpe4u - xa6eaeli E u paAr,rolfiHI{H no3Borrfier ocyrqecrBlrrb npr{eM-flepeAarry 6es npolrexyrorrHoro ycr{ eHr.rr.B upotnaHoM clfrae npr{MeHrror cnequa bubre ycrpolicTBa - rroBTopr{Te^r4, 418

Ecara rpe6yercs oOecuequrb KarrecrBeHr{yrc rIepeAaqy cnrnarloB Ha 6oarurue paccroflHufl, ro Heo6xo4zMbr ycr{Alrrellr curH€L .oB, ycraHoBAeHHbre qepe3 orrpeAeleHHbre paccrorurrax, B cerrx [epeAaqr,r AaHHbrx H Crro^53yeTcfl TaK)Ke r.rApyrafl rrp oMe)r(yToqHafl auuapaTypa : . MyAbTUfrAeKCOpbr; . AeMyi\bTr4u/\eKCOpbr; . KOMMyTaTOpbr. 6.

TeHH, M.

8.3.3. Annapurypa

yctporlcrao, o6ecnequsarcqee coxpauenne Sopur,r IlonmopumettH aMn/\r.rlyAr,r curHa a IIpa flepeAarreefo Ha 6orr.rruee,qeM [peAycMorpeTLrnoMSusuvecxoft cpeAr-r,paccrosHne. HoAaHHbrM

coBMerrlenrle Myatmuntexcop - ycrpoftcrno,o6ecneqrsarculee coo6u{eHuft, nocrynarcil{rlx HOM KAHA

rro HecKolbKrrM KaHaIaM BBoAa,B oAHoMBLrxoA-

E,

- ycrporicrro, Br,rrolHsroulee oreparluro, o6par,Qexyttmuntexcop Hyro MylbrnnleKcupoBaHnrc (ynrlor:Heunrc). - xorvr6uuarlr{oHHarr cxeMa, KoMMyrnpyroular o4rlH H3 Konnymamop n BxoAoB c m BblxoAaMr,t.

3ra auuaparypa peruaer BTopylo 3a^a{}, T. e. co3Aaer MexAyAByus a6onentaMr.r cerlr cocrasuorf KaHarrH3 HeKoMMyrr.rpyeMbrxorpe3xoa $nsnuecxorl cpe4u. llpor*rexyrorrHaf aflnaparypa KaHir a cBfl3r,Inpo3paqHa A^-rrIlo^b3oBaTe^r, oH ee He 3aMegaeTI,IHe r{I{TbIBaeT g csoeft pa6ore. Paslu.rarcr [pocrpaHcrBeHHbre r.rBpeMeHHbreKoMMyraropu [l9]. llpocmp ancmaenauil KoMMymamop paavrep a NxM npe4craBlter co6oli cerKy (rrrarprqy), a xoropofi Naxo4oa [oAK roqeHbl K ropl{3ouBeprl4KalbHut"t (puc. B.lB). T.L,r.bHbrM ruHHaM,a M sblxoAo

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1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5

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BuxoAu Pnc. 8. lB. Marprqa

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419

B ysaax cerKu HMerorcfl KoMMyrlrpyroullle 3leMeuTbrr flpuqeM B Kar(AoM croa6qe cerKLI Mox(er 6urr orxprrro He 6olee qeM rro o.a'HoMy 3AeMeHTy.EcaraN < M, To KoMMyrNaropMo)Ker o6ecne'rl4rr coeAl{B rrpOTlrBHOM Herrr{e Kax(Aoro BxoAa c He MeHee qeM oAHI'IMBbIXOAOM; ne o6ecue'rrnsaT, e, clfrae KoMMyrarop Ha3blBaercl 6rroxnpyroulllMr upl'tO6uuno Bblxo.a,oB. roulr4M coeAIaHeHI,Igaro6oro BxoAa c oAHnM I{3 tII4cloM N. Nx I4 BbIxoAoB paBHbIM BxoAoB MeHfltorcfl KoMMyraropbr c quc,ro KoMMyrI{6oluuoe He4ocraror paccMorpeHHoft cxeMbl pyrcqux 3AeMeHToBB KBaAparHoft uarpuqe, paBHoe M' ,f4a yctpaneHLIfl STOrO HeAOCTaTKa [ppIMeHf

IoT MHOrOCTmeHrraTbIe

Hanpuuep, cxeMa rpexcryueHqaroro rrpeA,craBlenHrrti na pr,rc.B.19.

KoMMyTaTopbI.

KoMMyraropa 6xO I4Meer BI4A'

a1 a2

Puc. 8.19.Cxeua rpexcryneHqaroro npocrpaucrBeHnoro KoMMyraropa 6rroxll p on oK BxoAoB rBlger.A,ocrarovHsrM yclo BI4eM orcyrcrBl{ff cs paBeHcrso k 2 2n-l. 34ecr k - qucao 6aoroe B flpoMex(yroquoM KacKaAe; n : N/p; p - qficrr.o 6.[oxos Bo BxoAHoM KacKaAe. B npuae4ennoti Ha pr{c. B. 19 cxeue 3To ycIoBI4e He BbIrIoAHeno, uoerouy 6rroBbIuoAHIaTb coeAuKrrpoBKr{ Bo3Mox(HbI. Hauputrrep, ecax rpe6yercq ar-br-_cn-dr, HeHHe ar-dr, Ho paHee cKoMMyrI,IpoBaHbr coeMHeHI{l ro AAt dr AocrynHbl lulrHbl br, cr14 csr oAHaKo oHI4 He ar-br-cr-dr,

re4yr r d,. r{uc' B unorocryneHqarblxKoMMfraropaxcyulecrBeHHoyMeHbrueHo AO nepeK IoqaTeAbHbIx gAeMeHTOB 3a CrreT HeKOTOpOTOyBe/\-uqeHl{q 3aAep)KKI{. Bpeuennort KaMMymamop nocrpoeH Ha ocHoBe SyQepHoti [aMflTI4' 3a[r4cb npolr3BoAl{Tcfl B ee gqellxu nocAeAoBareAbHL'IM oupocoM BxoAoB, a Ko MMyraIII4q o cyulecrBl-fl ercfl 6aaro4apa cqHTbIBaHH ro AaHHbIx

420

3aAepHa BbrxoAbr lr3 rryxHblx tqeeK naMflTH, llpu srou upoucxo4rlT )KKa Ha BpeMt oAHoro quK^a (34[LIcb-qTeHueD. anuaparypbl Bce rrlrHllri or runa fipoMexyrounoft B gasucntlrocrrt cBfl3r4 AelrTcfl Ha: r aHa^oroBble:

.

qu$poaue. B an ato ro n ax AuHunx cBts u upoMex(yrovHafl a[fiaparypa npeAHa3HaqeHa A^.'I ycrr^eHrn aHa^oroBblx curHaIAoB,Koropble HMeIoT Henpepuanufi 4uarra3oH sna.reHurl, Tarne irr.:vrrnvr cBg3I{ TpaAsIII{oHHo flpnMeHflrorcfl n teaeSonnblx cerflx ,q^-ffCBE3HATC r"re:r4y co6ofi. ,{4-a coe4arultr Bblco KocKopocrHblx KaHaIAoBB aHaIAoroBbIx lIHr{tx cBfl3H llcno^b3yercfl TexHLrKa rlacrorHoro My^brr{n^eKcHpoBaHl,tfl (FDM), rrpn Koropoli n o4xou KaHale o6te4nnrerct HecKoAbKoHI.I3KocKopocrHux a6onenrcKux KaHa oB. B tquQpoaux AUHuflx ca.E3urrepeAaBaeMble crarHa,lbl I,IMeIor KoHeqHoe quclo cocrognufi, C nomoqrro raKux cltrHalloB nepeAalorct KoMnbrorepHbre AaHHbIe,a raK)I(e oqu$ponanHble pesb r.rnso6pa;xenne. flpor're:ryroqHarr an[aparypa o6pasoaaHufl BblcoKocKopocrHblx quSponux KaHaIAoBpa6oraer, KaK npaBI4 o, rro upI,IHIInny BpeMeHHoro Mylrru rrle Kcr4poBaxl{ff KaHaIoB (TDM), Kor.a,aKax(AoMy HLI3KocKopocTHoMy KaHa y BblAe/\seTcfi o[peAe^eHHaq,a,oJ\JIBpeMeHr{ BbIcoKocKopocTHoro KaHa a.

8.4 I,1HOOPMAUI,IOHH bIE CETV B o6u1er'rclfrae rroA TeleKoMMyHlrKallnonnofi cerrro noHr,IMarorclrcTeMy, cocrorlqyrc ug o6lexroB, ocyulecrB .'Irolqilx syHxrlHn reHepaquu, upeo6pa3oB6rHr4rl, xpaHeHlra H norpe6leHur npoAyKTa,rra3blBaeMbD( rryHKTaMIa(yalauu) ceru, H l.tuuh flepeAatrlr (cansv, xor"u"ryar'rxaqnri, coe4unenuri), ocyulecraaarcull{x repeAaqy rpoAyKTa MexAy n}rHKTaM}r. B gagncl,Irrocrr.I or BLIAanpoAyKTa - llH@opMaql4fi' 3Heprllr, Macca - pa3lrdqaror coorBercrBeHHo r.rHQopuaquounbrer gHeprerr,rqecKrner4Beu{ecrBennble cern [19]. Tan, cpe4u BeIr{ecrBeHHbIxcereli Mox(HOBhrAe r{Tb TpaHc[opTHbIer BoAoupoBoAHbIeceTH rr Ap.

\

cerb, B xoropofi npoLlnQopxaquotrnan c emb - KoMMyHI,IKaIILIoHHIUI AyKTOMreHepr.rpoBaHraa,nepepa6orKlr, xpaHeHl4t I{ I.Icno^b3oBaHHs flB./\.'Ierca nH@opuaqvx.

421

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425

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ll cuuntexcnrre, no3BolflIoulue flepeAaBarb AaHHbIe rolbKo B o,r,HOMHanpaB eHHU; 2) notrygyruexcHbte, uepe.0\alou{neAaHHbIe s o6oux HarrpaBlennsxr HO He OAHOBpeMeHHO; 3) gymexcnbre, rlo3Boltroulue s o6oux HarrpaBrreunffx.

426

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429

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430

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431

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[praMeHflrb lAAs rar^bBaHnqecKoft pa3Bff3KH ]rM[y bcHble rpancsopuaTopbr. flpu srou xe rpe6yercr .A,o[oAHr{Te bHoro r4cTorIHI4Ka IIHTaHIIS ucno^b3oBaHnfl onTpoHnoii pasaaaru), (xax B cryrae carsu lrHlrr{ AJ\r pe3KoyMeHbIIIaeTcfB]\yrfrIlneHu3KoqacToTHbIxIIoMextKoTopbleHe erKo peuaeTcn npo6aeua cor^acolpoxoArrT qepe3 rpanc$oprtlaTop, BaHHfl. Ecau xe oArln r43 yponneli curHar a B MauqecTepcKoM KoAe Hoaesori (rax, naupraMep, B Cetu Ethernet), tO BelI4rIHHa nOCtOqHnoIi cO-

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Bce ynounuyrble KoAbI npeAycMarpl{Balor HeuocpeAcrBeuHyro repeAa.ry B cerb qnQpoaux 4p1gr.-ur\!r rpexypoBHeBblx nptMoyl'olbnblx r{M[y bcoB. Anarrorosble cHrHiIAbI c AM, tIM raOM Hcnols3ylorcfl np[I nepeAaqe unQopuaquld no KaHaIAyc ysxofi no,rocoft upouycKaHl'rq' Harrpr4Mep uo teleQonHblM AriHHrMr r{ B oKiIAbHbIx cerffx npl{Menflrorcfl pe,a,Korr3-3a BblcoKoft caoxcrocrtr I4 crollMocru KaK KoAltpyroulero, TaK n AeKoppyroqero o6opy4oaaHIax. 8.4.3. Cnoco6nr ro.rarnyrarJuvr 4aHrrbrx FIo4 xorur"ryraqueli AaHHbrx rlonuMaercl ux flepeAaqa, np]I Koropoli xanaa flepeAaqu Mo)r(er l,Icrrolb3oBarbcfl nonepeMeHHo 444 o6ueua nHSopr"raquefi Me)rqa,ypa3,lr'utIHbIMI{uyHKTaMH unQopuaqu oHnori cerr.r s or r,rrrgeor cBr3H qepe3 HeKoMlvryr[pyeMble KaHiIAbI,o6H'rHo 3aKpe rrAeHHbIe3a oupeAelenHbrMtt a6onenraltu. Pa gllu.rarcr cleAyloqve cuoc o6u KoMMyraquil AaHHbIx: ! KoMrvryraql,IflKaH.r on (circuit switching); ! KoMMyraqun coo6rqeHaft (message switching); . KoMMyrarlr{ffnaKeros (packet switching). Konxyma4uf, xano,l.oB - o6pasoaaHl{e HerpepblBHoro QasuveceHHbIX OTAeI-bHbIXrracTKo B COeAI,IH KOrOKaHaAalr3 UOC/IeAOBaTeAIHO ceru. YcranoBleHue cBfl3I,IMexAy l,tcrorrHuKoMlI aApecatoM lrpol{3BOAr4TCtnyTeM no cbIJlKLlIyHKTOM OTrlpaB.tleHr!fl cl'IrHa/\rr3Hpylou{ ero coo6uleHuq, Koropoe, nepeMelrlarcb rro cerl4 uepeAarlla AaHHbIx or oAuoro y3la KoMMyraIlHI{ KaHaAoBK ApyroMy lr 3aHIdMat upotl4eunue Sror KaHa br, upoK aAbIBaeTnyrb or lltcroqHl4KaK nyHKTy Ha3Ha'reHLrR. lrMeloqux nyrr (cocrasuofi xaHa ) cocrour ns @usu'recKux KaHarAoB, oAHy n ry )Ke cKopocrb nepeAaqu AaHHbIx. 06 yctanoa,reHl'Iu SusuIICCKOTO COEA,I,IHCHHff }I3 IIYHKTA HA3HAIIEHI4ff

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435

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Pnc. 8.30.Kottluyraqir.aHa ocHoBepa3AeleHuflKaHaiano BpeMeHlr npLIHHMaer yrIAoTHeHHrrri xa4p no cKopocrHoMy KaKournryrarop I4 3arllacblBaer ralx4alft 6aftt ug Hero B orHa y or Mylbrl{nleKcopa rIaMflTI'Ir rtpl4qeM B ToM rlopsAKe' AelbHyro aveirxy csoeli 6ySepHofi grla xa4p' praa arr6allrbl 6uau yuaxoBanbl B ynlornenHsrfi B KoropoM uo^HeHr{rr oneparlr{Lr KoMMyTarInz 6afiru H3B^eKaroTcr raa 6yQepHofi a B TaKOM nopflAKe, xotopr'rfi coflaMflTr,r He B rropflAKe rrocTynleHr{fl, oTBeTCTByeT [oMep)KHBaeMhrM

B ceTr4 coeA]rHenr{fl tvra6onenros.

437

Hanpnuep, ec ll nepBblti a6onent aegorl qacrlr ceru Ha pnc, 8.30 AOAJI(eHcOeMHIlrTbCt Co BTOpbIMa6OneHror"r a upaaotl qacTlr ceTLI, To 6afiT, ganrncannurt B nepByro ruefiry 6yQepuofi lraMffrlt, 6yAer u3B,reKarbcr H3 Hee BTopbIM.
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roM HaIIpaBAeHI'In' pex(IrM Ha AFyxrIpoBoAflpn quQpoBoM KoArlpoBaHuI'I AyrnexcHufi .Iacrr ralir'I-c^oToB upLIMeHflnorl aunrara opraHu3yeTcn Ha 6ase TDM: qacrb - B ApyeTcf A^-fl [epeAaql4 AaHHbIx B oAHOM HanpaB.|reHnu' a vepe4ytoTcfl , I'l 3 rou. Taft u- cloTbr IIpoTnBoII oAo)KHbIx HanpaB^eHufi ([LIHr-IIOHrOsoIi)) nepe4auei, 3a rrero raxofi cnoco6 Ha3brBaIoT naxemo' rro3Bo^-fl er A,o6Utrcx 4alblreft urero ynerrraKonnyma4un qeHr4q nponycKHofi CnOCO6HOCTr4CeTI4rCKOpocTll u HaAe)KHOCTI{IIepeAatrn AaHHbIX. oT a6oHeHCyrs r"rero4a 3aK rotraeTcff B C^eAyloulernr. Ilocrlmaloulee Ha trapas6uaaercff r' e' [aKerrapoBaurllo' ra coo6rqeHrre [oABepraerct (puc' 8'31)' I K6rnr Kerhr, uMeroulue QraxcupoBaHHylo Mr{Iry, HanpuMep aAHaxoALITcfl (3)' n roropoM 3aroAoBKoM Kax4r,rft naKer cna6:raercs c6oppecHafl uH$Oprrlaqr.rq, a TaKx(e HoMep naKeTa, neo6xoMttlufi,qa-s K}Icoo6[leHug.flaxerrrTpaHcIIopTl{pyloTc'ceTbloKaKHe3aBucI{MbIe r,rn$opuaqraoHHbIe 6rroxra. llcro,axrx coo6ulexnn

llonylarenu

coo6qexnr 3aronoeor coo6uexuc

3aroaoEox coo6qexuc

Coo6u.tenne

Pnc. 8'3 l. flpuuqlu

Coo6urexre KoMMyra4uI'InaKeroB

ceru npl4Hr{Maror rraKerbl or KoHetrHblx y3loB v Ha Kouruy-raropbl uepeAalor I{x Apyr Apyry' a B Konn$oprrraqul{ a4pecHoft ocHoBaHI{Lr [aKeTHOfi Cerr'r coo6uleHraR. KOt*luyraropbl HeqHoM uTore llo^yraTe^ro IITO I'IMEIOT BFTYTPEHHIOIO OT KOMMYTATOPOBKAHA OB TEM' OTAI,TAIAIOTCfl eclra BbrxoA[aKeroB' xpaHeul4t BpeMeHHoro uaMflTb 6yQepHyro Mt uepe4aueir HOrl nopr KoMMyTaTopa B MoMeHT upI4HflTLIf IIaKeTa 3aHflT HeKOTOpoe BpeMtt groM c^rlae HaxoMTCt lraKer B IIaKera. Apyroro a KOrAa AO B orlepeAla naKeTOB a 6yQepuOfi naMffTI'I BbIXO.A'HOrOnopTa' KoMMyraropy' cAeAyIouIeMy rlepeAaercs oH To oqepeAb' Hero 4oirp,er uy^bcaql4l4 Taxag cxeMa uepeAaarr4 AaHHbIX IIO3BO .fleT cr at(I4BaTb Ia reM KoMMyraropaMl{ MexAy Ar/tHl4flx bublx Marlrcrpa Ha rpaSnxa

439

caMbrMrrcuoLb3oBarb rx 6oaee e$Serruano M-rr rroBbrrueHr4ffrrpoilycnHori cnoco6Hocru cerlr B l{e.lroM.B nyHxre Ha3HarreHr,rff r,r3[aKeroB $opr"rupyercfl rdcxoAHoecoo6rqeHne. Paganr.rarcr qerbrpe pe)KHMa nepeAarrr4fraKeroB Mex(Ay AByMt KoHer{HbIMI,I

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y3AaMLI CeTI,I:

4erirarpar"rlcmrfi pe)KHM;

I .

pe)KLIM BHpIyaAbHOIO BbI3OBa; MeTOA KOMMyrarIHr4 fraKeToB c ycTaHoBAeHr,reM Br,rprya bHoro KAHT A; . MeTOA KOMMyTaT{}rr{ rraKeToB c Br,rprya^bHbrM coeAHHeHraeM, P excu n g e il.marp a uM AolycKaer He saBrrc nMoe fiepeMerr{eHr{e uo cerr4 naKeron coo6u4eHrEn (naauaaeMbrx B sroM cA) rae 4erirarpanuaur) u ue rpe6yer [peABapr{Tel}Horo ycraHoBleHrlfl Aorr{qecKoro coeAr4HeHr{r, T. e. B Br,rAe4eftrarpaurr uochrlarorcfi HcrorrHrrKoM uorpe6urearo

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6es upe4eapnrel5Horo

yBeA,oMAeHaff ero o rarori

BblcoKat creOcnoaHbrrur AocroHHcrBoM groro perKI4Ma flBlflerct rwrljuu cBff3l{, a raKlKe MiIAoe BpeMff fiepeAaqu neHb Lrcllo/\]3oBaHrrf ga cqiir uapillleilbHoli nepe4avu rraKeroB tro pa3 r,ItIHbIM coo6ulenna BxoxAeHLIs B cBfl3b flyrflM r{ Haqa a cBfl3u 6es upe4rap}rrelbHoro r.rHQopMaIlHI{. c uorpe6vreaeu 3rn npeuuyuqecrBa o6ecuevraearorcff He3aBracut"roi Maprupyrl.r3aqueft rax4oro naKera, llpu sroru KoMMyrarop - y3el KoMMyrarlutr (yK) - Mo)Ker H3MeHrrrb Mapupyr ^106oro naxera B 3aBltcuMocru or KaHa oB Lr Apyrr4x KoMMyracocroflHr.rt cerr4 - pa6orocnoco6nocrra TOpOB, AALIHbI oqepeAl4 naKeTOB B cOCeAHI{x KOMMyTaTopax II T. II. cAeAyIo OcHosHHe HeAocrarKLI AaHHoro pe)KI{Ma o6ycaoaleubl UII,IM: . r{3-3a flepeAarru naKeroB oAHoro coodrqeHun uo pa3HbIM nyrflM naKerbl Moryr npuliru ne a roi rrocleAoBarelbx uorpe6rlrelro

nepeAaqe. I

\q

l,etrmarpanna (datdgran/ - o4rannaKer AaHHLrxc corryrcrByroqerl unQoprrrarlnefto nynrre r{a3HaqeHnr, nepeAaBaeMrrft s cerr4c nareruori xolruyraqr,reri. llpn erou naKerbr oAuoro 14Toro )Ke coo6uleHur Moryr rrepeAaBarbcfl rro pa3HhrMMapurpyrau. B xa.recrBe npuMepa Ha pr{c. 8.32 uoxasaHa uepeAaqa no cerr{ cBr3rr coo6uqenzri C,. or a6oneHra Al a6oHenry ,{3 r.rC, or a6onenra A2 a6onenryA4.

I

HOCTITr.r HX UpU4eiTCf nepecraBl-flTb; TAK KAK B AoOHEHTCKI,TXIIYHKTAX HC PE3EPBI,IPYETC'I rIAMqTb AAg npl{eMa coo6uqenrax, To Mox(er oKa3arbcfl, .rro a6oHeHT He cMo3ro uoxter upI,IBecrI{ xcer rrpr{HflTb Bce rlaKerbl coo6uleuun, (6azxarlurero) yarra KoMMyra[aMtrI,I Bxopulero K [eperpy3Ke qrdr4r Koropsui npu 3ToM orKax(er a upuelue rlaKeroB or Apyrux HeKoroprre naxerar 6y4yr 6rr'oy3 oB KoMM)rraIInn. B pesyalrare KHpOBaTbCS B CeTH I{ He CMOTyT AOCTI,IqbrryHKTa Ha3HaqeHl4tr; Ha ceTI4 BO3MO)KHbI (TVrrr{KOBbIe CHTyarIUlID, BO3HI4KarOq[e e cert [oroK naKeroB rrpeB ToM clfrae, KorAa rroct-yflaroqun e nefr Bbrruaer Aonycruuarfi. B peayrlrtate cerb rreperpy:naercr, HerrpepblBHo III4pKy r{pyroT rIaKeTbI, Ho H}r oAHH I{3 HI,IX He IIe-

peAaercq uorpe6urearo, I{ cerb rle flprrHnMaer HoBbIx [aKeroB. Pex
440

He HaqraHaeTct,

441

Taxuu o6pasor'r, npu 4erlrarpaMMHoM pe)KlIMe c BI{pryiI bHbIM Bbr3oBoM,KOrAape3epBr{pyroTcupecypcbl a6oHeHTcKoro nytrxra (nar"rnrr) A4a [pr4eMa [aKeroB scero coo6u{eHr{fl, ycrpaHflercr aropotl qTOupr.rBOAHTK yrweHbllleHr{rOBepOflTHOCTI{n epe rpy3oK HeAOCTaTOKT (yuenb[raerctr BeporrHocrb Bo3HIitKHoBeHHtryrrnKoBblx cI,ITyaceul qrafi). OAnaKo npu sroM yBelr.rqr4BaercflBpeMff nepeAaqa coo6ulenus r,ryc^oxHflercfl caM 3ToT npoqecc. Pez
npoucxoAr,rr. naKeroB 6anrgxauo .A,aHnaxrtto4uQnraqur MeroAaKoMMyrardHI,I

opraHn 3arlr{H cBfl 3r,rMeToAy KoMIvryTaIII4a KaHaAOB. ECrrranpHHATbr qTo rrprr Bbr3oBe 6y4yr 3apegepBnpoBaHbl I4 BpeMeHHbIe I{HTepBalbI B TpaH3UTHbIX I,IHI{flX AAg nepeAaqu [aKeTOBr TO KOMMyTaIIU' [aKeB aHalor KoMMyraIIuLr KaHiI oB, Pagrrr,r.rus 6yayr ToB flpeBparlrrcfl cocroflTb Ar,rurbB pa3Mepax [aKera ra s cnoco6e KoppeKIIuI4 orun6ox, BO3Hr\KarOUInX npu nepeAaqe uo ceTLI rIaKeToB, Tar s ceru KoMMyTaIIHU KaHa OB IIpOBepKa UpaBHAbHOCTH [epeAaql{ I'I KOppeKqLIq Bo3o6blqHo (no ne o6aaarearno) Hr{Karoqux ourrl6ox ocyulecrBlfferct

Ha BxoMIrIeu a6onenrcKoM [yHKTe, B To BpeMfl KaK B cerli KoMMyraquu [aKeToB - Ha KOKAOM TpaH3I4THOM y3^e KOMMyraqnU, IIpI1IqeM c roBTopHori uocsraxoli naxera c npeAblAylqero y3la KoMMyTaIII{I{ o6uapy:rearas ourn6ox. B clfrae

442

Kouuyraqnr coo6uqenufr. IIpN sroM MeroAe $ueuvecxoe coeAuHeHr4eycraHaBlJ{Baercr roltKo Mex(Ay coceAr{r{Mr{ y3laMrd cerr,r (HagbrBaeMbrMlrqeHTpaMrar4lrr y3laMu KoMMyrarlr4u coo6uleuuri) u rorrrKo Ha BpeMr [epeAaqu coo6u4enuR. Ka:r
Coo6ulenze B orlurrue or naKera liMeer [poI,I3Bo bHyIo MIaHy, KOTOpafOlpeAe^-feTcfl He TexHo orI4qecKItMu orpaHuqeHHfMl4, a coAep)KaHrreMnnQoprvraqur{,cocraBl-ffrcu1ericoo6ulenrae. Coo6ulesueu MorKer 6rrrr rexcroaufi 4onyrvreHTrgAeKTpoHHoerrucbMo u r. u, Tpan3r{THbre KoMflbrorepbr Morfr coegHflTbcfl Mexqd,yco6ofi KaK cerbro c KoMMyrarlrlerl naxeroB, TaK ri cerbro c KoMMyraqueft xanaaog. Coo6qeHue xpaHr{Tcr B TpaH3}rrHoMKoMnbrcTepeHa Ar.IcKe,upuqeM BpeMr xpaHeHnt Moxer 6rrrr 4ocraroqHo 6o/sutl.tt"t, eclr4 KoMlrbtorep 3arpy)KeH ApyrlrMr4 pa6orarrru.iua6o ceru neperpy)KeHa. llo rarofi cxeMe [epeAaror coo6u4enrar,nerpe6yroulrie HeMeMeHHoro orBera, qaule ncero coo6uleHlrff sleKTpouHori uorrrbr,

443

8.4.4. S}rattoHHa-s MoAeab nzaumogeitc:rn,ufl. a nporoKonrr o6.,uerra

orKpbrrbrx

cacrem

3a4ava cor acoBaHuoro B3arrMo4efrcraran pa3lr4rrHbrx pecypcoB ceru (9BM r.ruepu$epuft Hux ycrporicra, ff na.rtouluxcn vcrorrHnKaMpl r{ [pr4eMHr4KaMH AaHHbrx)peruaerca c [oMorqbro cracreMbrc[erlr4albHbrx nporleAyp, Ha3brBaeMhrx[poToKo^aMr{,

HaxopTcfl pflAoM c HHM (nuure Hero I4 uuxte nero), Bepxnuri ypoBeHb coorBercrByer npI4K aAaori saAa.re,pa6oraloil{eMy B AaHHbItluoueHr nppnox(eHuro, urot
A6onenr A

A6oxexr B

\ IIp o mo xolt - coBoKy[Hocr[, c orlarxexrarl ornoclrrelbHo cnoco6a [peAcraBleHr4s AaHHLrxr o6ecne.{Hsarou{ero r,rx uepeAairy B Hy)KHbIx Ha[paBAeHI'tfl x I{ [paBH bHyIO I,IHTep[peTaIII4]o AaHHblx BceMLI yqacTHI{KaMr,rnpoqecca rHQopuaquoHHoro obueHa.

Ilpurnagxoi f'lpeAcraeurenuxsri CeaHcoeHX Tpaxcnoprxufi

Ilocxorrxy unSopvraqnounrrfi o6uen -- [poqecc uHoro$yHxqraona.rr,rHsrri,To nporoKo^br AeA.gTcgHa ypoBHLI. K xax<4oruryypoBlrro orHocldrcfl rpynla poAcrBeHHbIx SyHrqufi. [r'r-a npaeulbHoro B3a]rlro4erl crarax y3AoB pa 3lfi rrHbrx BbrqrdclrtrelbHblx cereri nx apxuTe KTypa AoDKHa 6lrrl orxprrrori. 3rnu qea-aM clyr(ar ynuQnxaqua u craHAaprlr3ar{[r B o 6rracrr.r releKo MM-FHuxaqu ii H BbrqI{ clrarelbHhlx cereri. Haz6o,lruree pacupocrpaueHr,rerrolyrrula B Hacroflulee BpeMt graorxparroir cucrermr OSI (Open oHHar MoAe,lrb o6uena un$oprurar.luer)r System Interchange) . floa repMrruoM (orKpbrras crlcreMaD B AaHHoM clfrae rroHr,rMaercrHe3aMKHyrasa ce6e cHcreMa, ]rMeloulafl Bo3ruox(Hocrb rsarauo4ericrr.ufl c KaKr{Mr4-To Ap}rrurMHcltcreMaMu (n orauvrae or 3aKpbrrori cncr:euu). Mo4ear OSI 6ua rpe4o)KeHa s l9B4 r. Mex4ynapo4nol:r opraHl{saquerl craHAaproB ISO (lnternational Standards Organization). Kax a rr,ro6aayHrrBepca bnafl MoAe br OSI 4oaorrrHo rpoMo3AKa,u36utoqHa H He clr,rrrrKoMrlr6xa, [o3ToMy pealbHble cereBble cpeAcrBa, [peAAarae r\rbrepa3lr,rrrHbrMu Q uprvraruru,He o6q garelbno nplrAe px{rr Barorcfl npnHrrrofo pa3AeleHvn SyHxquft. Bce ceresbre$ynxqun n noAe^r.rpa3AeleHu na 7 lpoeueft (puc. 8.33). IIpu srou Bbrruecroffu{He ypoBHra BbruolHflror 6oaee cAo)KHbIe, rlo6aalnrre 3a^aqrr, M.rr qero t,tcflolr3yror B cBonx IIe sx Hl{x(ecronlJilte - IIpe)4)oBHr.r,a rarur(e yupaB^-rrror r{Mr.r.I-lenr nrurecrofrqero ypoBHfi Ir{eyc^yr rr{eMy ypoBHro, npuqeM Bblluecrofl BbrrUeCTOf AOCTaBAeHHe MyypoBHro He Ba)KHbrAera lr BbrnolHeHr,rs 3Tr4xyclyr. Hnx<ecrogulue ypoBHH BbrnolHqror 6oaee [pocrbre, 6oaee KoHKperHbIe Syuxtluu. B lrAeale xax4uri ypoBeHb asauuo4ericrByer rolbKo c reMr{, Koropr,Ie 444

Cereeofi Kaxansxuil Oneu.iecxufi ntaxusceqgr

Ilunus css3u

Pnc.8.33. 3raaonnas rr.roaearOSI Oynxqnn, BxoMu{I4e B noKa3aHHble Ha puc. 8.33 ypoBHH, peall43yypoBeHb Ha oArorcq KaxAsrvr a6ouenror4 cerH, llpu erou xaxAuti cBt3b c co[pflMyro oH I{Meer pa6otaer raK, KaK 6y4ro nou a6onenre r, Mex(Ay oAHoI'IMeHe. ypoBHeM a6oHeHra, orBercrByrorrll4M Apyroro tsLtpryalbHafi cBfl3b. cerlt cyu{ecrByer HhrMr,r ypoBHflMr{ a6onenroe ?ltvlelor rollbKo Ha caMoM op,Hoi cerlI PeaarHyro )Ke cBfl3b a6onenrur a6onenre ypoBHe. B nepe4arouleu Hr4x(HeM, [epBoM, $tEsu.recxoM I{ 3aKaHrrI4BepxHero y-poBHLI, HaqHHaq c Bce npoxoAI.IT Hn$opuaqzfl zn$opuaqua flolfreHHar a6onenre Bat Hr4t(Hl4rrr. B npunuMarouleM [yrb: or HI4x(Hero ypoBHfl K BepxHeMy. coBepruaer o6parHui ypoaHeft MoAe rd OSI, nassauufl HoMepa Hux<e npI{BeAeHbI

u r.br'

rrolHfleMble Qyuxquu. 7-rl ypoaenb - npuKuagnoi {Application): BKlrorraer a ce6x cpe43TH [pOLIeCbI Moryr cTBa ynpaB^eHHfl npI4KAaAHhIMI4 npoqeccaMx; O6]renusarr3anaHl4ti, [OCTaBAeHHbIx O6teAnnnrrcg Alrfl BbInorrHeHug ypoBue o[peHa 3ToM cAoBaMI4, crr Me)KAy co6ofi AaHHbIMrr. .A,pyruun rro4lexar Koropble re B 6.r.oxu AaHHbIe' Ae.lt.arorcr r,r o$oprua-alorcfl nepeAaqe no cerl4. Ypoaeur cocronT HarIpHMep I43 TaKVx cpeAcrB 4a-n

445

B3aHMOAer{CTBr,rt npr{K aAHbIXnporpaMMr KaK rrpr4eMr{ xpaHeHrle naKeroB B (rroqroBblx ru{[KaxD (mail-box). 6-ft yponeHb - npegcmoBumetbnbtfi (Presentation) : peaau3yrorcff Synnquu rrpeAcraBleHr{E AaHHbrx (xop,u poaaHrae, Qopuau4poBaur{ e, crpyKTyp!{poeanue). Hanpur'rep, Ha 3ToM ypoBHe BbrAeAeHHbre4rrlr uepeAatu4AaHHbreupeo6pasyrorcr r,r3roRa EBCDIC s ASII u r. u. 5-ri yporens - ceaHcoBbtd(Session):rpeAna3HaqeH 44r opraur43a\uu u cr4Hxponr{3aqr{r,rAr,ra ora, Be.\)ru{erocs o6texraun (crauqrarrlra) cerra. Ha sroM ypoBHe o[peAe rrorcr ran cBrr3tr (4yuaexc r4lr4 rrorr,yAyn eKc), Haqa o u oKoHqaHue sa4anufr, [ocleAoBare buocrb LIpe)r
I{3 OArrOrOH./I'IIMHo[aKeT Ha npeAblAyulux ypoBHfx Mo)KeT COCTOflTb nrx KaApoB.B ABC Sytrxquu xaHalbHoro ypoBHfl noApa3d'e tror HaAEa rroAypoBHr: y[paBAeHI{e.a,ocryrloM K KaHa y (MAC - Medium Access Control) u )mpaB^enre AorI{qecKLrM KaHa ou (LLC - Logical Link Control). K uo4yponHro LLC orHocl,trcfl vactr Qynrqrari ranaarHoro y-poBufl, He cBff3aHHrrx c oco6enHocrflMu [epeAarcqetl cpeau. Ha no.qypoBHeMAC ocyuqecrBlsercff Aocryu K KaHa y uepeAarru AaHHEEK; l-ft ypoaeHr - Qusuuecxurt @hysical).' npeAocraBlzer MexanlrqecKr{er 3 eKTpErrecKI,Ie,Synxquona.mnble u [polleAypnbre cpeAcrBa 44t yCTaHOBAeHnff ' uOMeprKaHHt u pa3GeALIHeH[ffAOnlqeCK]Ix Coegnenufi MexAy lorutrecKnMu o6textar'rrn KaHalbHorrc ypoBlrfi ; peaaueyer QytutrIHLr rrepera,aqu6uros AaHHbIx qepe3 $usuvecxue cpeAFr. Huenno Ha Qu:uvecrou ypoBHe ocyrqecrBlffrorct npeaicrilBleune un$opuaqun a BHAes^eKTpr{secK}lx r.I/\I{ orITI{qecKId( cnrlra^oB, npeo6pasouanua $opMbr cnrrralon, arr6op uapaMerpoB Qusnvecxrnx cpeA [epeAaqn AaHHblK' B xonxpernblx clftasx Mo)Ker BosnlrKarb uotpe6noctb B peaIAH3aldr,rrrArrlub gacrlr Ha3BaHHhIxSynrquft' TorAa coorBercrBeHHo B cerl, r.rMeercfl IrIrIrb rracrb ypoeHefi. Tax, n upocrblx (xepasaernrreuHutx) ABC orna4aet neo6xo4l4Mocrb B cpeAcrBilx cereBoro LrrpaHcnoprHoro ypoauefi. flepe4aua 4aHHbIx qepe3 pa3BerB eHHbIecerr{ [poI4cxoAI{T [pI4 lacncyunquu/ g exancyan4 u u uopqnfi AaHHbIx (puc. 8.34) . ro bsoBaHI{vr urut
CoAgpxruoe

naxela

osl

BnA Bua AngrHa,rxn h HoMep npuroxeHl,|c norroxeHrc fpaHcnoprHbri ornpaBa4Tenc nonyqaTeni naKeTa

CereBofi

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t-d

cyMMa

CereBofi aApec CereBotraApec All.uqa, Thn nonyqarerc ornpaBxrenc u HoMep (ceTH (ceru naKeTa 14KOMnbpTeoa) x KoMnbpTepa)

Ha9 cyMMa

Apyrae cnyxe6Hac 4HoOpMaqil9

AaHHbre

Apyrac cnyxe6xan hHQOpMa|u4c

MAC _ MAC _ ArxHa KoHTporbHan nrun AaHHue aApec aApec cyMMa nonyqaTetc oTnpaBuTens AaHHbrx

flpeau6yna

npx3Hax npn3HaK Haqana AaHHbre KOHqa AaHHbrx AaHHbrx llopsAor nePeAa'{u

Pnc. 8.34. Cxeua r,urxancy ta\vt1 [epeAaBaeMoro rraKera

447

Tax, coo6uleHue, npr{rueNrree Ha rpaucnoprHufi ypoBeHb, Aelrrrcfl Ha cerMeHTbI,KoTopbre rrol] {aror 3aroloBKr4 r,ruepeA,aloTcgna ceresoli )4)oBeHb, Ha cereeoM ypoBue cerMer{T Mo)Ker 6urr pas4eleH Ha rracru (uaxerrr), eclr{ cerb He rroMepxnBaer nepeAaqy cerMeHToB rlelr{KoM. llaxer cnadx (Ethernet) ; . 802.4 - AoKalbHarr cerb c rorrolorr4eri lr viapKepgbrM AOCTyIIOM; . 802.5 - .|roKa^bHaflceTb c Torro^oru efi <xorrlqo> I4 MapKeplrblM AOCrynoM; . 802.6 - ropoAcKat cerb (Metropolitan Area Network, MAN); . 842,7 - urvpoKoBelqarelbuafl Texuolorlafl; . 802.8 - orrroBoloKoHHafl TexHolorut; . 802,9 - r,rnTerprapoBalrHbrecerr c Bo3Mo)r(Hocrbro nepeAaqu peqllI r,rAaHHbrx; . 802.10- 6egonacnocrr cereli; . 802.1I - 6ecnpoBoAgirr cerb; ' 802.12 - rloxa"lr.r,Hafl ylpaB eHIteM cerb c qeHTpaAr.r3oBaHHhrM (3Be3A,a)), rro [puopr,rreraM 3anpocoB ]r ronoloruett 4ocrlmoM YHr.rQuxaqufl r{ craHAaprrd3ar{rls flporoKoloB BbrrrolHfl rorcfl pflAoM MerKAyuapoAHbrx opraHr43arluri, vro HapffAy c pasnoo6pa3r4eM Tr4uoB cerei uopoAr{ o 6oauuoe qprclo pa3lJ4rrHbrx rrporoKoloB. Hau6orree rurapoKo pacnpocrpaHeuHbrMr4 fl Bl.arorcfl nporoKolll, pa3pa6orannble M.a cern ARPANET ra flpr4Meuqerubre B rrr,o6aarsoi ceru I4urepHet, rrporoKolbr orKpbrrbrx crrcreM Mex4yHapo4uofi opraHu3arluu uo craHAaprr.r3arlrru(ISO - International Standard Organization), upororolsr Me:r4ynapoAHoro releKoMMyHuKar{,r{oHHoro coIo3a (international Telecommunication Union - ITU, paHee Ha3brBaBruerocaCCITT) u rrporoKolbl Irlncruryra HH)KeHepoBrro 3leKTporexH]lKe H gAeKTpoHr4xe (IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). 448

Cyrqecrnyer HecKolbKo craHAaprHux ua6opon (uasrraaeurrx cre[poroKo oB, rrolf{nBrrnrx cerYr.rac nan6orree ruxpoKoe pacflpoxarr,rra) crpaHeHue (ra6,r. B.2l l27l: r Ha6op rporoKo^oB ISO/OSI; . IBM System Network Architecture (Sl'{A); ' Digital DECnet; . Novell NetWare; I Ha6op uporoKoloB rrro6a;trnoti cetH l,lHtepHet, TCP/lP. Ta6^uqa 8.2 Coornercrsue Houep yPu6d

ocHoBHbrx creKon nporoKoioB MoAelrr ISO/OSI

VponeHr MOAenr{

osI 1

flplrr.iralnori

Crer nporoxoloa

IBM/Microsoft SMB

TCP/rP Telnet,FTB SNMq SMTq

Novell

NCq SAP

rso/osr x.400, x.500, FTAM

www

o

flpeAcran.lrennr

SIvIB

Telnet,FTR NCq SAP flporoxo.rr npe,[craB,leHHrl SNMP, SMTN OSI

www

Ceaxcosr,u"r

NetBIOS

TCP

Tpaucnoprnr'rii

NetBIOS

TCP

NCB SAP Ceanconufi nporoxo,r OSI

c

Kauanunuii

Orranqecrcui;i

29 r-zto

IP, RIP, OSPF

Cereaori

Ethernet,Token Ring,FDDI, FastEthernet, slrq 100vGAnyLAN, x.25,.{TM, LAP.B,LAP.D, PPP

Ethernet, 'Iioken Ring, FDDI, Fast Ethernet, SLIP, 100vGAnyLAN, X.25,ATM, LAP-8, LAP-D, PPP

SPX

TpancnoprHufi rrpororo,r OSI

I P X ,R I B ES.ES,IS-IS NLSP Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Fast Ethernet, SI-IR 100vGAnyLAN,

Ethernet,Token Ring,FDDI, Fast Ethernet,SLIP 100VG-AnyLAN, X.25,ATM, LAP.B,LAP-D, PPP

x.25, ATM, LAP.B, LAP-D, PPP

MeaHr,lfixa6e.nr,orrruqecKoeBoJroKHo

445

\ Cmex xounynu{ctl uoHHAtx npomoxoaoB - raepapxllqecKl4 opraHl'l3osariHbrri na6op nporoKoloB, 4octarov Hlt ri M.s oprann3aqun nsauuo4efi cTBr,rr y3AoB B Cerl,l.

Crex nporoKoloB ISO/OSI. Cran4aprusaqnrl cereBblx KoMMyHLIKaqr,roHHLIxflporoKo^oB - o.d,HoLr3 BOKHeftTUHXHaUpaBAenEfi g o6CEtCTi.CPC4N AACT}TBbIIILICNTE bHbIX I1ITE CKOMMYHHKAqI4OHHUX IrporoKo oB HaH6oaruroro Ko,llur{ecrBacreKoB KoMMyHI4KaqaoHHbIx u TCP/lP 6oaee pacnpocrpaneHnhlMlit tBl-f,Iorcff creKl,t nporoKorroB OSI. B 6orruuunctBe I,I3 HHx Ha HI{)KHIaXypoBnrlx MoAe,,tlIOSI $t't3HqecKoM r,rKaHaAbHoM- Ircno^b3yloT oAHll r{ Te )Ke xopouro cTaHAapru3oBaHHbreflporoKorru Ethernet, X.25, ATM u HeKoropble.lipyII,Ie, KOTOpbIeUO3BOA'IOTIIpHMeHtTb B pa3ILIYHbIX CeTfX OAI4HI'l ToT )Ke rr.rn a[[aparypbl. B nporuao[o^or
450

Ilporoxo,rar cTeKa ISO/OSI oT^UrraroTcff 6oabluoli c^oxHocTbro r{ HeoAuo3HarrHocrbrocneqn$uxaqufi ns-sa rax eblcoxofi yuuBepcalbHocTI4npI,IMeHI.ITe^sHoKoBceMcyu{ecTBytou{uMIIBHoBbnofB^-ffIo. OnU rpe6ytOr 6OarHg-ga CIOx(HOCTII rrlr{McflCeTeBbIMTexHOAOTUq}r, urrdx 3arpar Bblqt4clr4TerrsHori Mouluocrrl IIeHTpa bHoro upoqeccopa r.rflB^.Erorcs rroAxoMIIII4MI{ A^t pa6ovux cranqni, a He AAf cereft uepcoHiI bHbIX KOMnbrOTepoB. Crex uporoKoloB ISO/OSI - 3To MexAyHapoAHuri crarp,apr' He gasrdCr,rrubrft OTpa3^xtlHblx IIpOH3Bo4zterrefi ceTeBOI'OO6opy4Oaanun. On nonyaapHee a Eapo[er areMe CIIIA, TaK KaK TaM uorrrl4 He ocraAocb crapblx cereft, pa6orarculux no co6ctseHHblM lrporoKolaM. MIaHr.rcrer nporoKo^oB TCP/IP 6rn paapa6oraH no r.rHr4qr4arr,IBe crepcrBa o6opoHu CIIIA 6oaee 20 ,rr'erHa3aA4rrq cBt3la sKcnepI'IMeHra.rruroft ceru ARPAnet c 4pyruIrrll cerflMl{ xax na6op o6ulux rrporoKoAoBpv\fl pa3HopoAHofi sbl'ruc/\urearsoli cpeAFI. 3rot ctex ficllo^s3yror M5 CBfl3Lt KOMnbroTepoBBCeMr4pHorl nH@oprvrarluonnori cetu I,InrepHeT, a TaK)Ke B OTpoMHOMrtr4cle Kop[opaT]rBurrx cereft. Ha nnxHen ypoBHe creK noMep)KI,IBaer Bce pacnpocrpaHeHHble craHAaprbl $usuEthernet' rrecKoro ri KaHa bHorO ypoaueft: Atg AOKa bHrrx Cererl - rporoKoa-u pa6orrr xa Token Ring, FDDI, A\.fl r.ro6a^bHrrx cetefi aHar^oroBblx KoMMyrI,IpyeMbIx I{ BbIAeAeHHbIx r4Hr{tx SLIP, PPP, uporoKollr cererlr X.25u ISDN, ATM [27]' OcnogHbuuu nporoKolaMr'I creKa, AaBIITIaMIIeMy Ha3BaHuet frBtflrorcs IP u TCP, KoTopbre B TepMr4Ho^orur,rMOAe T{ ISO/OSI oTHOC'Tcfl K cereBoMy I4 TpaHcrloprHoMy ypoBHrM coorBercrBeuuo' llporoxorr IP flepeAaer naKerbl rlo cocraBHofi ceru, a [poroKol TCP rapauTr{pyeT HaAe)KHocTbLIx AocTaBKH. Crex nporoKoloB TCP/IP ao6paa n ce6q 6olburoe qPIc o nporoKoypoBHs. K nHrrroTHocfTcfl TaKue, KaK [poToKoA IIeOBrrprrKAaAHOrO pecbr^Kr,r$aftaoa FTP, upororo^ sMy^flrlr.u{TepMr{Ha a Telnet, noqToarrft nporoxoa SMTP, ucno/\b3yeMtrrlr n srrexrponnoti [OtITe Cern IrlnTepHerr rlluepreKcroBble cepBl4cu crry:r6u \MWW ra4p. B nacrosulee BpeMr creK uporoKoloB TCP/IP - oAI{H H3 caMbrx pacnpocrpaHeHAOKaJ\bHbrx cTeKoB TpaHcIIopTHbIx npoToKo^oB B BbIqHCALITeAbHbIX HbIX U r1O6arrurUX,

a TaK)I(e MarI4CTpaAbHbIX

Te

eKOMMyHI'IKaIII{OHHLIX

CeTrrx.B ceru tr4urepHet o6leAuueno y)Ke cBbIIue 10 uraarruoHoBKoMubrorepoB rro BceMy MI{py, Koropble asauuop,eicrBytor Apyr c ApyroM c uoMou{blo creKa nporoKoloB TCP/IP. I'IHtepuera nplIBeA K ToMy' CrpelnrurearHuti pocr [onyltpHocru qTo [poToKoa_srTCP/IP B 3HatrlrTe^bnori uepe BhrTecHsIOTCTeKIIpO-

451

ToKoAoB IPX/SPX KoMnaHHlI Novell, Heo6xo4ranuri 44a Aocryna r QallaoarrM cepBepaM NetWare. Ilpoqecc craHoBleuua creKa rrpoToKoAoB TCP/IP B KaqecrBe creKa HoMep oAr.rHs Aro6brx cer.flx rrpoAolrKaercq, n ceriuac nro6ar ilpoMbrruleuuat ofiepaq]roHHas cr4creMa o6ssare./rrHo BK roqaer [porpaMMHyro pealr-r3aqr{ro 3Toro ctexa. HapflAy c srHM cyulecrByer 6oaruroe KollrtrecrBo oKarlbHbrxr KoprropaTr{Brrbrxr,rreppr4Topua:rbur,rx cerefr , HenocpeAcrBeuHo He tBlJrrorrluxcfl qacrflMr4 I4nrepnera, B Koropbrx raKx(e ricnols3yror nporoxorru TCP/ IP. t{ro6u orlrrqarb I{x or ceru I,lnrepner, 3Tlr cerrl Ha3brBaror cemnnu TCP/IP, r{Ar4rrpocro IP-cemnuu. Ilporoxoa IP (Internet Protocol) pa6oraer Ha cereBoM ypoeHe. 3ro Ha ycraHoBleHr{e 4erlrarparruHuri nporoxol, He oplreHTr,rpoBalrHbrr-r coeAuHeHr4s.Flaxerrr IP HasbrearcTcrrraK)Ke gertmarpauuauu IP. B upororoae IP ucuoar3yercr KoMMyrarlufl rraKeroB, a au6op MapupyroB BbrnolHriercr c noMorqbro AnnaMr,rqecKr,rxra6lzq Maplupyru3aqLII4,KOTOpbIeaHa I'I3I{pymTCflnpfi npOxO)KAeHIiHKaX(AOrOMapupyru3aropa. Ilaxerar, cocraBlrroque coo6u4eur.re,Mo)KHoMapurpyrrl3UpOBaTbB r{HTepCeTr!B 3aBr,rCrrMOCTH OTCOCTOTIHLIfl KaX
Qafiaoa uau e eKrpoHlryn noqry. Ilpotoxoa FTP (File Transfer Protocol) npr{MeHrrercfl 44.x flepeAavu $aftaoa Mexqy y3rraMz HHTepcerH. Kpoue gToror oH uo3Bol.fl er uorr"u3oBarell{M B3auMo4eircraonarr c y4arreHHofr cucreuoft. 3rot npotoxorr pa6oraer Ha rpex BepxHltx ypoBHlx MoAeIra OSL Ha ceaHcotsoMypoBHe oH aAMr.IHucrpl'rpyer ceaHc, ycraHaBlr'IBaer coeArdHenr,rernepeAaer Qari,ir.rrr{ 3aKpblBaer coeAl4HeHue. Ha ypoBrle ypoBupeACTaBAeHr4tBbrrIoAHRerrpaHc rqun SaftrroB, Ha rlplrK,tralAlroM He npeA^araer cereBble cay:r6u, a LrMeHHo,$affrroaue n cpeAcrBa KoAAerrrasHorl pa6oru. Ilporoxol. FTP o4nopaHroaufr, rro3Bo .aer [epeA,aaarr Qafiau MexAy pa3HopoAlrbrMl{y3AaMI,I,nocKo bKy ucno.rusyer o6u4yo SaftaoByro crpyKrypy, He 3aBI4cHMytoor onepaIII{oHHbIx cl{creM. Ilporoxorr Telnet IiIcloAL3)rIor 44-a sMy sqnu yAiIAeHHbIx repMHHaaos. 3ra cayx6a uo3Bol-aer rlolrb3oBarel.au o6paqarscz K rrpI,IAox(eHEsM yAa eHuori cHcrelrrr nyreM 3MyA.sIII4noArloro H3 ee repMrlnaaoa. Ou O[epaqUoHHbIM]I CI{CrroAAep)Kr{BaeTcoeMHeH}re Me)KAypa3AI'IIIHbIMI,I TeMaMrlrpa6oraer Ha BepxHrrx rpex ypoBHrlx MoAeAr.IOSI, a Ha ceaHcoBoM ypotsHe o6ecneq[saer yrrpaBleHue AI{aAoroM, ucrrol.b3yr Iro yAyu,rexcHurlr ueroA! a Ha ypoBHe [peAcraBAeHI,Ifl oH Bblrrolntrer rpagcl.flIll4]or r{c[olb3yfl rrocleAoBarelruocrb 6arlros n KoAbIcHMBoAoB.Ha nprar,m4HoMypoBHe [peAlal'aer Qynxquu uogep)KKr{ yAaAeHHbIxonepaquli. flporoxoa SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - yupouleHuatfi lporoKoA sAeKTpoHHoft uo.Irbl Mapupyrlr3l,Ipyer rrorrroBble coo6ulenus. On pa6oraer Ha npLIKAaAHoMy?oBHe lr o6ecnequBaer cpeAcrBa o6uena coo6r4euran'rn. SMTP He [peAycMarpaBaer rlolb3oBarelbcKoro r.rHTepSerlcaA .a uplreMa u nepeAaqll coo6uqeuuli, oAHaKo ero [oAAepx(r,rBaroT MHOEuenpLIAO)KeHLIflglreK'rpoHHOriUO'rrbI l{UrepHet. lrria nepe4atrr4 rrorrroBblx coo6uleHvrtl r uurepce'ru SMf'P ucrrolb3yer nporoKolbl TCP u lP 1271. Ilocxoarxy crex TCP/IP usna'ra buo co3AaBalca pTra rao6aasnoti ceru l,lnrepHer, oH HMeer ptrA upeulry[{ecrB rrepeAApyrvrMu creKaMlt, KofAa pe.{b 3axoALIT o rlocrpoeHuu cerefr, BK rosarou{rEx rrro6a-irrHsre cBffglr.B qacrHocrn, orleHbnoaesHoft.flBlsercq ero cnoco6Hocrr SparIraKeTbI,qTo oKa3blBaeTct BecbMaIIpHBAeKaTeA-bHhIM MeHTr,rpoBaTb Ay'r-a ero flpr,rMeneHl4ffB 6oarurnx cerqx, [ocrpoeHHblx rlo coBeplueHHo pa3HbrMnpuHrllrrraM. B xa:xAori H3 TaKIax cerefi uo:r<no 3aAarb co6crBeHHOe3HaqeHr,reMaKcuMa^bsofr Apilru eA}IHI'IIIhInepeAaBaeMbD(AaHHbIX (xaapa). B raxor"r c yqae [pI4 rlepexoAe us o4uofi cerv, vMelouleri 6oar'ruyro MaKcr{Ma bHyro 4ar4rry KaApa, B cerb c uenrurefi sogH}rxaer Heo6xo.4uMocrb Ae eHI4fl [epeAaBaeMoro KaApa Ha HecKolsxo qacteti, sro RecbMaeQ$exrzano rao6ecueql{Baer flporoKoA IP crexa TCP/IP' 453

Apyrofi oco6eHnocrbro rexHo^o run T CP / IP TB fl ercfl ru6xas cncTeMa aApecaqur4,[o3Bolsroular 6oaee flpocro no cpaBneHxro c ApyrrrMlr BKAroqaTbB r{HTepceTbceTr{rd,pyr}rxTexHoaorrlrl. 3ro rax;r<e cuoco6crayer npr,rMeHeHr.rro creKa TCP/IP 44r rocrpoeHng 6oauur{x reTeporeunbrx cereri. B neu oqeHb 3KoHoMHo rdcnolb3yrorcfl Bo3Mox(Hocrn ruupoKoBerqarelbubrx paccbrloK. 3ro csoricrao xparine neo6xoAHMo npu pa6ore Ha Hu3KocKopocrHbrx KauiLlax cBfl3r.r,Korophle xapaKTepubr 4a.areppnToprialbHhrx cerefr . IlperartryulecrBa, Koropbre Aaer creK rporoKoloB TCp/Ip A'.r.auocrpoeHllfl cereti, Hepa3pbrBHocBff3aHbr c BbrcoKI{M}rrpe6onannnvra, upeAbfl B^reMhrMlr K pecypcaM, 14c orKHocTbro aAMr{Hr,rcTp}rpoBaH}rt IP-cerei. MorqHue QynxqraoHa,,rrHbreBo3Mox(Hocrr{rrporoKoloB crexa TCP/IP rpe6yror 44t cnoeft pea^a3aqr,ru 6oarurrax BLrqxc,,rr,trelbHbrx pecypcoB r{ 3arpar. Pea.ulsaqus ru6xol:r cucreMbr aApecaqnu n orKa3 or ur{poKoBerrlarel-bHbrx paccbr oK rtpr,rBo4rT x naara.rrarce IpceTLI pa3il{sHhrx qeHTpaAH3oBaHHbrxcrryxr6 ruua DNS, DHCP H T. II. Ka:r4ax r,r3srux cayxr6 npeAHa3Haqexa AAff o6aer"renuq aAMunt4crprrpoBaHr,rscerlrr BKlrorraa xonQr.rryprpoBaHr{e cereBoro o6opy4oaaHVtfl.

Mn oroqracaeHHble [perrMyrrlecrBa I4nrepnera cAellalr.r 3Tor creK IrrupoKo ldcnolb3yeMbrM KaK s rao6a .uHbrx,TaK lr B oKalbHbrx cerflx. Crex nporoKoloB IPX,/SPX. Sror crer KoMraHur{ Novell pa3pa6oran 44a cereaofi oleparlrlonnorl crlcrer"ru NetWare eule B Harrale BO-xro4oa. llporoxoau cereBoro r ceaHcoBoro ypoanei Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) u Sequenced Packet Exchange (SpX), xoropbre Aa H Ha3BaHHecreKy. llonyarpnocrb creKa IPX/SPX cBfl3aHa c [ory rpnocrbro onepaquoHnori cracrer'ru Novell NetWare [27]. MHorne oco6ennocru creKa IPX/SPX o6ycaoarreuu opuenraqraerl OC NetWare paHur.rx aepcufi Ha pa6ory B rr.oKa,rbuhrxcerqx ne6onrIxPrx pa3MepoB, cocTotrrdr,IxI{3 nepcoHal^bHbrxKoMrrbroTepoBco cKpoMHbrMu pecypcaMr{, r.r3-3arrero nporoKolbr creKa IPX/SPX xopouo pa6ora,,rr B oKalbHhrx H He oqeHb xopouto s 6olrbluux Kopfloparr,rBHhrx ceTrx, TaK KaK nocAeAHUe Clr4lrrKoM neperpyx(a 14MeMeHHbre r O6aa-urtue cBff3r4 lur,rpoKoBelqarelbublMl{ [aKeraMl,r, Korophle EHTeHcrlBHo r{c[olb3yrorcfl HecKo.lt'bK]rMnnporoKolaMr{ groro crexa (nanpuMep, 44r ycraHoBleHun cBr.3vrMexAiy K ueHTaMr.rH cepBepaMra). OaHaKo c MoMeHTaBbrflycxa OC aepcuu NetWare 4.0 xorunaHrls Novell BHeCAaIA[pOAO X(aeT BHOCHTb B CBOI{IpOTOKOIEI Cepbe3Hbreu3MeHeHHff, HanpaBleHHhre Ha LIx aAa[Talln]o Arrrt pa6oru n 6oauuux xopnoparuBHbrx cerrx, Cerl.rac creK nporoKoloB IPX/ SPX pealr{3oBaH 454

He rolbKo s NetWare, Ho Id B HeKoropbrx Apyrux rrorry -upHblx ceresbrx OC, HarpI,IMep SCO UNIX, Sun Solaris, MicrosoftWindows NT. Crex nporoKoloB NeIBIOS/SMB uruporo lrcuo^b3yercl B upoAyKrax KoMrraHufi IBM raMicrosoft. Ha $nsuvecKoM u KaHiIAbHoMypoBHsx B KaqecTBe[poToKoAoB 3TOrOCTeKanpHMeHflIOTClnaU6oaee pacrpocrpaHeHHble rporoKorru Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, NetBEUI rn SMB (nepxnze ypoanu) u gP, 1271. llporoxorr sroro creKa NeIBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) rroflBltlcr s 1984 r. KaK pacIIJI{peHne cranAaprxrrx Qyaxunfi 6agoeorl cucreurr BBoAa-BbrBoaa(BIOS) IBM PC pJ\fl cereBoli [porpaMMbl PC Network rouuanur'r IBM. B 4aarnetirueM 3ror npoTOKOA6rr^ gar,reHeH[poToKoAoM pacuupeHHoro [O b3OBaTeAbcKoro unrep$efica NeIBEUI - NeIBIOS Extended user Interface. p,a-a rrpn OX(eHI4fis xaqeCtse unrep$efi O6eCue.reHugCoBMeCTI/IMOCTI,I ca K uporoKoay NeIBEUI6ua coxpaHen uxrep$eric NeIBIOS' llporoxorr NeIBEUI paspa6arbrBa^cr rax e$Qexruaxuft , uorpe6axrorquti HeMHoro pecypcoB r{ [peAHa3Havennrrri 44a cerell, HacqI{TbIBaIOu{Ux ne 6orree 200 pa6ovr.rx cranrluri. 3ror nporoKo^ coAepx(LIT MHOro [llo^e3HbrxceTeBbrx Qynxqnfi, KoTOpbIeMox(Ho oTHecTu K ceTeBOMy, TpaHc[oprHoMy r{ ceaHcoBoMy ypoBHnM MoA'el}r OSI, oAsaxo c ero noMoulbro HeBo3Mox(HaMaprupyTn3arluq rraKeToB.3to orpanuquBaeTeroupI4MeHeHLIe^oKtI^bHbIMI4ceTfMH'Hepa3A'eAeHHbIMHHanoAceTV|y|Ae aeTHeBo3Mo)KHbIMI4cnoAb3oBaHHeeroBcocTaBHLIxcersx. Hexoropbre orpaHr{qeHr{ff NeIBEUI CHuMaIoTCTIpeaausaqnei 3roro uporoKola NBF (NeIBEUI Frame), Koropat sK IoqeHa s oC Microsoft Windows NT. Ilporoxoa SMB (Server Message Block) Bblno^Hfier Synxquu ypoeHei npe4craB/\eHlrf u rpl'lK aAHoro. Ha ocHoBe SMB peaau3yerct u [epeAaqH coo6u{eHI'tfi Qaftrroaaa cayx<6a, a raKrKe crry:x6rr nesarfi MexAy [pulo)Ke HI{'MI'I. Crexs nporoKo,ros SNA KoMraHllll IBM, DECnet xopnopaquu Digital Equipment z Apple-Talk/AFP KoMrraHI4uApple upruentlorcq B ocHoBHoMs OC Ll cereBoM o6opy4ouaHngr erux xor"ruanufi' B ra6rr. 8.2 uorasaHo cooTBeTcTBueHeKOTOpatx,Hau6o^ee pacupooSL 3avacrpo ero cTpaHeHHbrx cTeKoB [poToKoloB ypoBHEM MO.a,eAu - 3TOTO^bKOKOHosl MOAeis KaK TaK cooTBeTcTBlIeBecbMaycAoBHo, IIpIrqeM AOCCtiCTeMr CTBI{IO rlenTyar^bHoe pyKoBoAcTBOnO asazr"ro4eft Texuopa3^HqHblx CeTeBbIx o6ulee. KoHxperHue IpOToKOA]I TaTOTIHO [pu3aAaq, aorufi paapa6aruBarar4cb A/\-ffpeueHua cneqnQfialecKl,Ix

455

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ro KaHaAa. cuoco6oM noBblrIreuufl BepHocrl4 upl4eMa Borree s$Qextraaurru f BA-rrercn ncrlo^r3oBaHI,Ie KOppeKTupyrouIHx KoAoB' l{cupaBlttouII{x ouru6nu. IIpu srou B KoAoBbIe xou6uHaIIxLI BBoAI'ITcfl uocroflHHaff' (4ono.rrnurelrruhle 3IeMeHThI' 3apauee paccrruTaHHag us6hlro'{Hocrb KoAa I'I ero Crpyx44)a npaBulau). uo I{3BecrHbIM cSoprr.rupoeaHHble uAet HeKoroporo paccqHTblBarorcq Bo3MO)KHOCTI4 A r{cupaBlflroullle orun6ox. OAHaxo a,rn3r.IpoBaHHoro KaHaLAac l,I3BecrHoft crarucrnxofi pe3KO oT I{rIaTbCq 14 MOryT HeTIOCToflHHbI peaAbHOrO KaHaIa CeorlCrea ouru6KorAa curyaIII4I{' 6urr Moryr IIpn srou Ir.ro4ealr. or arr6panuoti paspfAbl rag6lrro'rHble bHbIe I{ orcyrcrByror Kr{ B KaHa e AonoAHHTe He HyrKHbI, a raKx(e curyaIIHH, KorAa aee4enHoli us6uro'rsoo6qe Hocrr4 oKa3blBaercfl HeAocraror{Ho 4,1-EI'IcnpaBAeHr{t Bcex ourr46ox.

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B cucteuax c VOC pelreHr'Ie o Ha HTII'Iuorun6ox (uarl ee orcyrcrnuu) npr.IHI,IMaernepeAaroqaq craHllr4tt. llpueunux uo o6paraouy KaHaI y nepeAaer lwr6o tpuutryro KoAoByro xou6rnaqnto, au6o cneurra4bHbre clr rHa^br r r4MeIOUIfie r"reHrruuri o6teu, ueu uu$opMal{?IoH Hbre, Ho xapaKTeprir3yroq[e KaarecTBOnpaeMa upr.rnxroti uo,rr,egnoft U. TaXrau o6 HHQOp r"raquu. 3ru cBeAeHrirflHa3brBaroTcfl KBUmAHU,UnU pa3oMrB cHcTeMax c LIOC uo o6parHoMy KaHa y repeAaercfl ^146oscs gplrno^e3Hafl uH$OpruraIlun,/.t6O uH$Opnarll{fl O ee OT LltII4TeAbHbIx llpr.rHflrofi xou6unaql,IH [pIlHr{Ma3HaKaX.PeureHne o IIpaBI4AbHOCTH cnequalbHoe KoAHpoBao6pa3oM, Taxrlu craHllus. nepeAarou{at er B clrcTeMax c I,IOC rtlorxp,ts olIIH6ox o6napyxeHl{q coo6uleuuh srae no xaHa;ry o6patnofi [pr{HfTbre I{ rrepeAaHHbre a HCnOAb3OBaTb, HOHe orreparop' HanpLIMepr cpaBHI'IBarb, MorKer coo6ulenr.rn cBfl3rr cncrermr c KOC upeAcTaBlfrcr co6oft cotreTanne rnQopruaquonuoh u peurarculefi o6parnux cesgeri. B rarux cncTeMax peIIJeHI,Ie o BbrA,arrenHsoprr,raqnu a6oHenry u yr o noaropuofr uepeAiarle MO)KeT 463

npr4HuMarbcfl I{ B npIdeMHI4Ke,v B nepeAarqr{Ker a KaHaA o6patHoi cBtr36 Mot(er lrcnolr,3oBarbct 4,lr-guepeAarrl4 KaK KBHTaHqrali, rax ra perueuuri o HeIIpaBH bHo npHHflTotl xo4oeotl xorr6nuaquu. Cncreuur c KO C o6rragaror sblc oxo Ii rroMexoycroli'r Heo crsro. B o6u1er"rclflae Bo Bcex cucreMax c OC aas floBbllueHlrf BepHoc' Tfl np[eMa obrtqno ]rcuolb3yrorcfl KoppeKTHpyroII{I4eKoAbI' 8.5.2, fTpuurJr4rrbr rroMexoycrofi

'rranoro r(oAr4PoBaHtrr

B o6H.rHorr{paBHoMepHoMKoAe qqclo pa3prAoB B KoAoBbIx KoM6rEHaqnxxo[peAelflercg qucloM coo6qenlul I4ocHoBaHHeIrlxop,a'Tax, eclu neo6xoAuMo rlepeAarb 32 6yreu arrQlaaura4BoaqHbllvlKoAoM' To neo6xo,a,nuafl 4nrdHaxo4onofi xon6uHaqzu (vucrro paspa4oa) orrpeu3 r'eMeHTHbIxKoAoBbIx KoluAe fl ercfl xar n : lo gr32 : 5. Aro6a fl,v3 r:^flT snax aaQaauta. Ecas B [po6:aua4uir npeAcraBl:rer co6oli raxofi-ro oAHaorus6upousoriAer qecce fiepeAaqu raxoir xo4oeoft xou6uuaqxu l4HTepnpeTl4poBaTbcq 6y6et Ka, TO IIpfiHflTas KoAoBafl xot'l6nnaqr-rn npHeMHHKoMKaK KoAoBag rou6ranarlsfl , coorBercrByroqafl ApyroMy 3HaKy. Hanpuuep, rocleAHfln 6yxaa arr<paaura (1 1 1 1 l) upu ucxar(eHHH 1-ro paapn4a c l na 0 6y4er (rrpoqlaTaHa>lKaK 6yrcaa (1 1 1 10). Taxxm o6pasou, Bo3HI,IKaIouII4eB KOAoBrrx rorr6r-traql{rx 11oCKObKy He1b3t of'AllqgTb OIIII4Orun6xu O6uapyXlt'rb HeBO3Mq;1(HO, 6ouHyro xon6unaqzro or 6esoua6o'{Hoii. Bce 32 KoAoBbIexorl6aHarIHn pa3peueHbl, H Bo3HuKaIouIue ourra6xs flpocro nepeBopT oAHy pa3peueHHyto xon6zuaqnlo B Apy-ryro,TaK)Kepa3peuieHnyro. O6uarlposrfl pyx(rlTb oruH6xy B AaHHoM clyqae Mo)Ker rolbKo nolfrarelb' u sgnxosofi c'{et orporrruofi 3a upr.rHrroe reKcroBoe coo6ulerure. nepe BoccragoBrrrb erKo Mox(Ho ns6rrro.rHocru T'eKcra cNmrc.^,oeori Ha no KoropblM rrpuquHr I{3 op'Horl AaHHoe coo6uleHue. 3to sslsetca He rIpuMeHflercfl rIOMexoycrerrerpaSuofi cerra o6ulero uo^-b3oBaHHtr KaK B TaK rOrl.rusOe KOAI4pOBaHlIe, AaHHOMCAfIae (OTITITMarr-IHIIM) AeKoAepoMflBlserctr caM rlolf{arelb relerpaurrtu [9]. I,Ip,eanouexoycrorZuuaoro KoAHpoBaHu.flcocTolrT B ToM, qTo B nepeAaBaeMyIo KoAoBylo rou6lrnallran rlo olpeAeAeHrIbIM npaBI{AaM Hs6HTO.IFIoCru(upuSuaKl{ pa3peuennOri rolr6anaqnu). BHOCTiTTCTI Ilpaaurra BHeceHI4flrig6r,r'ro'rHocrl,IrT. e. rIpH3HaKlr'AolrKHbI 6strr r4eBecrHbI KaK Ha nepeAarorqefr, rax u Ha upneMuoti cropoHe, Ec,tz na upuelrHorl cropoHe orI,I [pn3HaKrr B KoAoBori xotu6nuaqula He o6Hapy)KuBarorcfl, ro crluTaerctr, qro rlporl3ollrla ours6xa (rlaraoruu6xu). B nporHnnoM clf{ae (upn uaanvHI,I[pLI3HaKoe) cvuraercfl, tITo KoAo464

saq xorrr6r4HarlusIIprIHfTa IIpaBu^bnp (nenxercf pa3peIIIeHnofi). BueceHHe u36uro.rsocrrl rIpH Ilcnolb3oBaHI'Iu noNlexoyctoftvuoux (xoppeKTr,rpyuqux KoAoB o6qgarearHo cBfl3aHo c yBeAI4rIeHI4eMql{c^a pa3prrAoB(p4lrHrr) xop,oeofi xotrl6ltraqnu - n' ilpr srort Bce MHo)Kec'reo No:? xou6unarlnft uox<no pas6u'E Ha ABanoAMHo)r(ecrBa:IIoAMHox(ecrBo pa3perueHHrrx xou6rEnaquri, r' e' o6aa4aroull4x o[peAe3aIIpeqel{Hux xOttl6nuaqufr, AeHHbrMrrllptl3HaKaMH,14gOAMHO)KeCTBO gTraMlr[pr{3HaKaMu ne O6na4aIOullrx. KOppexrupytOUltll'l KOAOTAfiqaeTCg OT O6H.rHOrO TeM, IITO B KaHaI [epeAaIOTCt He BCe KOAOBIIe KOMqnc71a 6nHaqurl (No,l,xoropue Mor(Ho c$opr"ruponaTb r1r314MeIoulerocfl pa3pflAoB n, a ro I'KO ZX'IaCrr N KOTOpafl cocraB^-fier [oAMHOrKecrBo pa3petuelrHr'rx xou6r,rnaquft : N
N(Nn - N) NA;

N =I---.

No

(8.27)

Haupurtep' ec.tu No:100, N:20, ro ouua6ra o6uapyxruraercfl B 80% crry.raes. Ana./rornqHoe paccy)KAeune Mo)r(Ho [poBecrl4 u avrs' c^r{afl uc[paB^eHras oruu6ox, ec/\rl paccr{aTplrtsaTbKoA, I1cllpaBr'|.flroulur:r oula6xra. IIpu racnoab3oBalrl4ll gToro KoAa Hy)r(Ho [pou3Becru pas6neulte Ml{o>t(ecrea{Bi} (i : 1,2,'." Nr-lV/ Bcex 3arpeqeHHbIx 1M*1.Ka:r4oe ror,r6uHarlufi na N nenepeceKalou{axcf 11oAMHo)I(eCTB K3 IOAMHO)KeCrz{Mr} [prrnucbrBaercx o4nori H3 uepeAaBaeMblx Ko.rro eclu AoBbrx nou6unarlvti Au' Cuocod upnelra cocrol{T B ToM' qro [epeA'aHa Au t' e': lprrHtra xou6unaqrax B, e M*, To call4Taercr' ec^r4 IlplrHtr.rafl KoAoBar rou6uHaqHfi ocTa^acb B ToM )r(e [OA,MHO)KecrBe, qro LI EepeAaHHafl, TO npl{Hl{Maercg peueHlre o rrpHeMe KoM6uHaquu A* (prac.8,39) . Ha prac.8.39 upr.rHarblc^eAyroull4eofioguaqeHufl: A,,,,A* -- MxorKecrBo pa3peruel{Hblx (nepe4aaaeMblx KoM30 r-zro

465

B, B^

lI M ,

6unaqnfi); B,... Bro-, BCeX BO3MO)KHbIX

MHo)KecrBo

3aIIpeUIeHHbIX

KOM-

6aHar{ufi, B Koropble B pe3ylbrare A1 pa3,ruqHbrx orua6ox Moryr nepetiru xou6raxaqzu {Ar}, M,, M2 ..., M* A2 [oAMHo)KecrBa, Ha Koropble pas6urru saupeuleHHrre xou6nnaqnu. Cnoco6 4 [pr,reMa cocror4T B ToM, qro ec/\H npnHr{Maercs KoAoBasror'r6rnaqun (8,, B, vtrtt4B r, nplrHaA^ex(aulat IroAMHox(ec'rBy M,), To crrr4Taercg, tITo rrepeA,aBaaacr ropr6rnHaquRA, (noxasaxo Ha pLIcyHKe crpeaxar"ru). Ecau 4eticrBHTei\s,". " ]'no rou6unaqma B, (uttu Bo Br/ o6pa3oBalacb vr3A,, To oruu6Ka ucflpaBlrePuc.8.39.flpuuqun sa. Ecrur npHHsrat KoAoBaffrou6nnaHcrrpaB,leHr{ff ourn6ox III{fl IIepexoALIT B Apyroe IOAMHo)KeKoAoM norr'rexoycrorlvHBhlM crBo M/ To AeKoA,epnplrMer ourr.r6oqHoe peureHlle o uepeAa'Ie xoM6nHaquu A, O.resn4Ho, qror KaKI,IM6rr o6pasou nn pae6raarrocb MHo)Kecrzo {B) Ha roAIuHo)Kecrza(M*}, oruu6xa BcerAa I4cnpaBlserca a No-N cl1nraffx. Cuoco6 pas6ueaux Ha noAMnox(ecrBa saBLrcI'ITor roro, Karne oruu6xl{ AoAt(HbI ucnpaBlarbcff AaHHbIMKoHKperHbIM KoAoM' Boauuruncrno paspa6oraHHhlx Ao Hacroffu{ero BpeMeH}I KoAoB OIuI.InpeAHa3HarreHoA .f KoppeKTI{poBaHI{qBSaHMHOHe3aBuCI4MbIX 6ox oupe4errennofi Kparnocrrr I{ rraqeK (naxetor) ourn6ox.

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85 J",

\ cLrMBoAoB Kpamxocmtn ouu6xu nasHBaercs Ko HqecrBo LIcKa)KeHHbEK o no4onofi xou6zHaqur.

IIpn asauuHo He3aBI{ctrMbIxoruu6xax BepoflTHocrb [cKa)KeH]rfl ano6arxrcuMBoloB B n-paspn4Hofi xo4oaoft xotu6unaqua coctaeur [8]:

p, = ciP'(l- pY-' Ecrru yvecrb, qro p<<1, To B gToM clyqae nau6oaee BepotrHbl ouru6xu nusrueli KparHocrl{, Koropble r{ AolrJKHbI6rrrs o6xapyxeHbr r{ r{cupaBlenbl B nepBylo oqepeAb. Kporue roro, upll B3a[MHo He3aBucr.rMrrx ourn6rax nau6orr.ee BepoflTeH nepexoA B KoAoByIo 466

ror"r6uHaquro, oTllrsaroudyrocg or 4aHnori B HalIMeHbureM qHc/\e CIIMBOAOB,

Crenenr orlr{r{r{fl ,iuo6ux 4ny:r KoAoBbIx xou6uuaquft xapaxrepu3yercfl xogoBbrMpaccmon*ueu (paccroxHraeu Xgr'ruunra). Ono aupax(aercrl quc^oM clrMBoAoB, B KOTOpbIXXOr"r6Unaqrauor uqaloTcff oAHa or 4pyroft, ra o6ogna.raercR.repes d. 9ro6sr nolyqnrb KoAoBoe paccrotul{e Me)<4y AByMx xou6uHaqrnnoAcqHTaTb qrc^o eAHHI{IdB cylrMe KOAarrA,OCTarOqHO ffMH ABOLTTTHOTO grnx xoM6rHaqui rro MoAy ro 2. Haupuuep: a\l001111101

vt toooototo 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1, 1d 1. : 7 . pa3paccroflHr,Ie,B3ffToeno BceM[apaM Ko.a,oBhlx MrEnralra.rrrnoe

perrrenHbrx Kou6uHaqufi KoAa, Ha3bIBaIor it{uHun@rl HbtMI
000, 0l l, l0l, 110 - pa3peruegHurerou6nHallnn; 001, 010, 100, 111 - sanperqeHHblerou6uHaqzN. .A,anHnfi xo4 o6Hapy:r[Baer oAuHorIHbIe otuu6ru, a raK)Ke Apynde orus6ru neqetHofi KparHocrll (npn n : 3 tpotinue). B o6u1eu clyqae upn Heo6xoAnMocrl{ o6napy:rurars orun6rn KparHocrl{.a,o ro BK roAII.ITEAbHO IA,OAJKHO BbIfIOAH'TbCfl

YCAOBHE:

d2ro+l

467

.A,eHcreureabuo, oAHoBpeMeHHaflourn6xa B ro pa3pflAax KoAa co3Aaer HoB]'ro KoAoByIo rou6uuarluro, orcroflLqyro or uepnoti Ha paccrofllevru ro. Hro6u oHa He coBna a c raxorl-rr.ra6o 4pyroll pa3pelxeHHori xo4oaori xor*r6unaqHefi, uaHuMiIAbHoe paccroflHue Mex(Ay AByMfl pa3perueHHErMHKoAoBLIMLtXOlr6r.rnaqnsMlrAo x(HO6sIrr xorg 6u Ha eAr,rHlrqy 6onrure, qeM ro. S4a racnpaaleHrlrl r,-rparnotl orur,r6xn neo6xo4utrlo, uto6ut HoBafl KoAoBafl xoru6uHarlrttrr IIo )AIeHHaJ{B pe3ylbra're raxori outu6xu, He To bKo He coBnaAalla c xaxofi-an6o pasperuennol-r xou6suaqneir, Ho 14ocraBalacr 6rlux<e K npaBr{AbHori xolr6usallrirl!, qeM n rr'ro6oii 4pyroli paspeuessofi. To ecrr' AoA)r(HoBblrrolrr:rrbcfl coornouteHze [B]: I r, 1-d , Y.rurarsafl, r{To ' r4 d qe,uIe t"ai.u, uo^yqaeM:

71eHrrg o4nHOvHOfi ourn6xra B HaIueII :2 paePx4a. .a4uHbr KoAo Ha x

\ Beafi.rnrry w, paBHyIo orHoureHuro qncla Ao[o;rHHTelrbHEIx IlpoBepoqrrbrx pa3pnAoB KoAa (x) r paspa4uocrll KoAa (n) uarr,rnaror usdumotnocrlbto xogai Koppexmupwt4ello rAe m - {I4(t:\o l'tH$opvaquo}Inhlx crIMBot^7: 19/n:(n-n)/ n:1-m/n, KoAa. OBKoppeKTI4pylorqero Berurqusa rn/n : I -w uOKa3bIBaeT, KaKYIOrldcl'r O6ulerO uuCla CIIMBOxou6nnaqrau COCTaBASISTunCpOprr.laqraoHgbleCHMBoalt. OHa AOBKOAOBOTI xapaKTepr,r 3yer orHocrf re^bHylo cKopocrb uepeAarlE. Tar, ec,ttl nporr3paBHa R cztt'tso.[oe B ceKyHAy' BoMTeAbHocrb I4croqHnra uHsoptrlallnu 6yp,et: erori uuQoprraqnu To cKopocrb lepeAarru rroc e KoppoBanlls m R'= Rt7

d 2 ? . r , + 1. Tar, 4aa r4cnpaBAeHLIsoAsHoqHoir otttu6xu paccroflHl4e XsMlII4Hra Me)KAy pa3peIueHHbIMHKoAoBrtuu xou6raHaqnflMlI AoArKHo6urts ne Meaee rpex. Ilpra n:3 ga pa3pelueHHatexou6trHalllru Mox(Ho, Ha[pI{Mep, nprHflrr 000 uttu 1ll. Tor4a pa3perrreHnoii xolu6slraqun 000 neo6xo4rauo corlocraBnrb noAMHo)r(ecrBo3anpeuleHHblx KoAoBbrxKoM6uua4uir 001, 010, 100, o6pasyoull4xcfl B pe3y lrare Bo3HIlKHoBeHI4fl e,apnu.rHori oruuSxz e xou6nnaqr.ri.r 000. Ilo4o6Hurrtl x<e o6paeou paapeureHnori nou6uuarlura 1 I 1 neo6xoglvlo corlocraBnTb noAluHo)I(ecrBo 3anpeu{eHHblxKoAoBhrxrou6nnaquri: 110, 011, 101, o6pa:yroquxcr e4unu.rHorl ouru6xra n xorr6unaquu lll: B pe3ylbrare Bo3HHKHoBeHI4r

0 0 1 'l o 1 0| Paspeureuuo"Jooo/to0 f 3anpeuleHrrble t tl?,11 xon6ranaqrau Lt |xorr6uuauuu ltoJ Taxuu o6pasou, npu rl:3 uueevr No : 23 : B xop,oar'lx xolr6HHaqrafi, us KoropLrx ro^bKo 4re N : 2 pasperuel{Hhlx. C racrroargoBaHllMo)KHo nepeAarb roj\lKo ABa pa3Tpexpa3prlAHoro Ko.A,a eM AaHHOTO uepeaaqld ur{Hbrx coo6u1eHr,rr.A,a.s AByx coo6ulenufi o6rrrnbINr HerIouexoycrolivnBblM cnoco6orr AocraroyHo 6alrro 6u oAHopa3pqAHblx rou6vHaqnrt <0> u < 1>"To ecrr o6ecnerreHneBo3MolI(HocrELIc[paB468

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llpu sauucr.r xo4oroti xou6znaqralr B BrrAe MuoroqleHa eAr.rHurla a i-rr,rpaspxAe 3anucbrBaercr rrAeHoMxi, a Hoar aoo6u4e He 3a[r{cbrBaercn. llpe4craBleHr,re KoAoBbrxxou6rHaquli a nu4e MHororr eHoB no3BOlreT ycTaHoBr,rTb oAHo3HaqHoecooTBeTcTBr{eMe)r(AyHr.rMr{n cBecrH 4eficreur na4 rou6unar{uflMu x 4ericrararo HaAMHoroqaenaruu.Tax, cAox(eHI,Ie

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ruo 2 xoe$Qr4rlaeHToB nprr paBHbrxcreneHrx nepeuennofi. 470

1 . . f+ x 2 * 0 . x * I 0 . f + 0 . x 2 +x * 1 f+x2*x*0

+

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( - f* x 2 * 0 + l ) ( x +1 ) : l + f

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raKx(e ocylqecrBlgercg xax o6rrlHoe Aelrenue MHoroqle,A,eaeHrae HoB; npu gToM oflepaql{t BblrruraHuff 3aMeHqerct ouepaqueft caoxteHur rro uo4yaro 2:

-^ rl d++0t d* x 2 * x * 1 l x) f++l* + l

Cl\OBa :

O6H.rHo KoAoBbrexou6unaqnn quxlnqecKoro KoAa paccMarpr.rBaror He B BlrAe [ocle,a,oBarelbHocr]t noaerl ]I eAnHuqr a B BuAe trolxnoMa HeKoropoft crenenu [9]. Aro6oe qucrro s lrc6or1 rro3r.rrluounoft cucTeMe cqucleHr,rfl Mo)KHo upeAcraBfitt o o6ulelr BrrAe KaK:

HOBaHIiIe, u OAHOBpeMeHHO

Hanpnuep, f*x2*l x * 1 f * * * x

f+f tf + x2 ^ 0 * x * 1 v x * 1 .

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+... + arxz* arx * on-,. F(x) : a^-;rd.-t

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471

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R(x) O(x)x, =_:____=C(x)@__j_: P(x) P(x)'

(8.28)

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472

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(8.2e)

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473

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1 100001 1100111

f+f+l rt+l+f+x+l x7+/+f+l+1

10001001 10001111 10011101

8

f+f+f+l+fi+r+l f+l+f+f+l f+f+f+r+l

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f+f+f+t+l f+f+f+f+t+f+l

101 1000101 1111101001

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rtl+'lo+f +f+f+r+l +f+7 rtl+l+f

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nno[qnac aanxcl P(.r) nruoro.raena

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475

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477

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481

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509

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A= B(modp).

(e.1)

YpaaueHua runa (9. 1) Ha3bIBaIor cpaBHeHHflMI'{. KoHTpolE IIo MoAy ro. Pag.Nr.rarcr qucloBori u qu$poaoti

(s.2)

r4e a $rarypnrrx cxo6rax { } - IleAiIfl qacrb or AeIeHI4t vl{clai A - xonrpolfipyeMoe rlucrro. Bearn.urHa MoAy t p o[peAelfler qrlclo K accoB gKBLIBaAeHTHocrIl u cyulecrBeHHo BAI{ffer Ha KaqecrBo KoHTpo;t.a.flpu stor"r, .reM 6olbIIre pr TeM 6orrrrue flolrHora KoHTpol-ffrnocKolbKy.reM 6olEure K acTeM MeHbIIle MoIrIHocTb Kax(Aoro K acca u, coB 9KBTTBaAeHTHOCTX, MeHbrrre BepoffTHocrb roro, IITo B peSy^braTe HeKoc eAoBaTelEHo, topori orux6xn.rplclo A ocraHercn B ToM )Ke Klacce gKBLrBa^eHTHocrI{ (u ncae4craae sroro oruu6xa He o6Hapyxturaetcr). 510

roA+B=rA*rr(modp) u

(e.3)

rA*B= ru + rr(modp) .

qlIcIoBOrO KoHTKporue cooTHorrreHua (9.3), ucuo^b3yeMoro Ay'r-fl CpaBucllo,\63yloT pojlg IIo MoAy ro Bbrno^rreHrn onepaqnft c^o)KeHnt, HCHI,T' BI,TAA:

tA_B= rn - rr(mod p) i

(e.4)

rn, = rurr(mod p) ,

(e.5)

KoHTpolfl coorBercTBeHHO, A^-ff arltcloBoro . yluHo)KeHl{f 14 BbItr[TaHHfl ouepaqnft

uo MoAyAro BbIIIo,\HeHHfl

n B :89 onpeAelrrM KoHTIlpnrvrep. .{,rra sa4aHnblx qlrcel A:125 qllce^, pa3HocTLIr ecJl}I MOAyAb p: ll. I{ Lrx cyMMbI polbHbre KoAFr caMsx Pewenue.Konrponrrrble

o[peAelser"r

KoA,br vucel

no $opr"ryle

(9'2) :

r A = r 2 5 - I 2 5 / 1 l } t t = + ; r a= 8 9 - { 8 s / t t } t = t . Anaaoru.rrro

HaxoMM

A*B:214,

KoA 3aAaHHoro flpu vucrr,oBoMMeroAe KouTpo,rfi olpeAelsercr rrr{c^a KaK HaI,IMeHrrUUtiUO O)Kldrelbnrrrl ocraroK or.d,eAeHI,IffqHc^a na ru6panxnft uo4yar p;

rt = A-{nt o}o ,

coorHolrreHI'It: AAs'ruc^osoro MeroAaKoHTpoIt cllpaBeAy'lxBbl ectayt A= rr(modp) ; 3 =rr(modp), rAe0Srr
KOHTpOLbHbre KoAFI A t cylllMbl I'I pa3HocT]I:

rA+B: 214 -

A _ 8:36, ro.": 36 -

l 2 l 4 / L1 ) I 1 : 5 ; l 3 O /| 1 ) 11: 3 ;

Ilpoaepxy npaBl'IlbHocru orrpe,a,eleHl{t KoHTpo bHblx KoAoB cylll(9'3) n (9' ): MbI lI pa3Hocrll Mo)KHonpoBecru Ha ocHoBaHun $opr"rya tA+B= 4+l= Otset: : r^: 4; r":

5(modl l); l; ro*r:5;

rA-B = 4'l=

3(modl l) '

ro-":3'

tlltcrra o6pallpra qraQpoBoM MeroAe KoHTpoLr Konrpolbublri xo4 ql4cla A Ha MoAy b p ' 3yercff KaK ocraroK or AeAeHI{r cyMMbI IIuQp oi 1 11 0 1 1 1 0 'n o A 1 n r H M : Hanpnuep, ecrrrap:5, A:

=t =o-{ersJ5

'n=la' {?}'

511

B .racrHocru, npr4 ucilolb3oBaHuu ABoI,IqHoricucrelru cqtrcleHrrfl qu$ponori KoHTpoAb no MoAyAro 2 czo4urcn, K )) Koroporo Qoprvrnpyercfl BceMH rrepeAaroqzuu nHdropMarlproHHr,re MaccHBbrycrporicreauu n1'rdu cyMMrrpoBaHnrr3rrarreHuir uH$opuaqHorrHbrx 6uroe 14rrpoBepr{ercs BceMu upI{HIrMarouIHMHuH$opvraqnycrp ofi creavru. HecoorBercrBr{e 3HaqeHr4ff6ura .reroHHbreMaccr,rBbr HOCTrlrCyrUMeSHaq eHr'rri u n $oprr.raqHoHHbrx 6aros c fi rHa/\H3r1pyer o6 ouru6re. Hn$oprnrarlrarnpu rrepeAarrepaccMorMerogu KoHTporrsra:Jau{r,rrbr peHrJ B n. 8.5.

COXPAFTHOCTVI4H@OPMATV! 9.3.OEECTTEqEH'4E B ABTOMATV3UP OBAHI{ bIX C I4CTEMAX llpn sxcnayararlrlu AC cyrqec'rByer Bo3rlro)KHocrbpa3py[reur.rf r,rn$opuaqr,roHHbrxruaccr.rBoB(I,IM), Koropoe npr,rBoAr{'rK rroflBleHr.!rc oruia6or-B pe3y brarax, HeBo3Mo)KHocrrlpeureHrirr HeKoropbrx Sysxrlr{oHalrr}rbrx 3aAarJl{zr.lrK rro,rHotly orxaay AC. OcHoeHsrN{IirrtpHqIlHaMn HapyueHlrr qelocrHocrr{ H roroBrrocrnL4M B npoqecce Hx IrenocpeAcrBeHHoto Ltcrlo^b3oBaHr.rfl r,r^uxpaHeHlirr Ha Hocure,\-qx fl BJ\rIroTcq ouru6xll s upeAuaMepeHHbre4elicrana oueparopoB ur o6cayxuaarcnlero rrepcoHala, Aecrpyx'ruBnue 4erZcreuJrKolrflbrotepHbrx BrapycoB, arpeccuBHocrb sserunefi cpeAbl (rerr,rueparyparB a)KHocrr r,t4p.), c6ou H orKa3bl A|IC AC, upI4BoMr{3Hoc Hocr.r'reaerlun$opuaqur, ulue K pa3pyueHr4ro ru$opuarlrdoHHbrx MaccHBoBvrttr r4xnocHre.neri. i-lpu erou Ha BoccraHoB eHue borruurax nnQoplraquoHHblx MacclzBoB rpe6yrorcr 3r{arruTelbHbreBpeMeuHbre,MarepualbHbre, r{HTe AeKTyalbHbre r,rA,pyrue 3arparbl. B xpurnvecKrrx cl4ryaqHflx BoccraHoBleuue Hu$opMaqr{onrrbrx MaccI{BOBMox(er oKa3arbcfl ooo6lqe HeBo3MO'KHbIM.

llpo6rrerrla o6ecne.reHlra r{elocrHocrl{ n roroBHocrlr nuSopMaIIuv npra gKcnlyararlpru AC gaxaro.raercff B pa3rpaHllqel{r4l4 Aoclylla x I,IM rr rrporpaMMuo-TexHnrrecKnl{pecypcau (cu. u. 9.4), KoHTpoAenpaBI4AbHocru nHQopuaqnouHbrx Maccr{BoB,o6uapyxeHzra oruu6ox, pe3epBHpoBaHHu(4y6rulponaHaLr,apxlI Bl{poeauuu) LIBoccraHoeaeHuH LIM Bo Br{yrprrNraurusHoriuu$oprraquonnori 6ase no 3ape3epBIapoBaHHbIM 512

I,IM, r.e, B opraHld3alq'nvu npI4MeHeHI'rfiMep, o6ecue.rusarculux coxpaHHocrb uH$oPrnraqr'ruI l6]. Mero4sr rroBbuuegrrr coxpagHocrn unSopMaqull s AC e 3aBucr{MOCTT4 OT BlIAa HX peaAI43aqI4I4MO)KHOpa3Aei.r.rTb Ha OpraHH3arluoHHbre I4 arlnapaTHo-[porpaMMHble. OprannsaquoHnble MeroAbr rroBblrueullfi coxpaHgocrlr cocroflT B CO3AaHlrUr4 r{cuo^b3oBaHsI4 paIIfi OHa^bnofi Texnorror}rr4 gKcrr./\yararlura (xpaHeHuq u nprMenenux) I4M, upe4ycMaTpr{Baroqerl npo$raaaxTzarecKlre Mepbr uo cHn)KeHldro AoAr{ IacKat(eHurl tr{M ao o[peAeleHypoBHfl A UO O6ecUerIeHI' uOCBOeBpeMeHHOTO [peHOrOAOrryCTr,rMOrO AocraBleHr,ra Heo6xo4IaMblx ayreHTrurttx tr4M 4lrfl aBToMarr43HpoBaHHoro per[eHss f,aAdrrAC. OcHosHbIMH lI3 HIdx tBlflrorct: r yler I{ xpauenue rEnQopMaIIrloHHbD( MaccHBoa a 6asax 4pHHt'u
513

.

BOCCnQHOBUmeAbHOe

p$epBUpOBOHUe

-

CO3AaHUe I{ XpaI{eHI,Ie

AonolHnrelr'Hbrx pe3epBuorx (eoccraHoBnrelbHblx) r
TOAbKO A^5 BOCCTaHOBIeHHfl

pA3pyIUeHHbIX

pa-

6o.{ux xouuri IrIM; ' golroBpeMeHHoe(gouocpouaoe) pesepaupaBoHue- co3AaHHe, MrlTelbHoe xpaHeHze u o6cay>runauue apxllBoB opurr{HaloB, 4y6azxaros H pe3epBHbrxxounft I4M. flpu 3roM xpaHeHne apll{efi o co 6yro qeHH o cI'b, xfi sHori nuQoprnrarlr{r{, rrpeAcras.ir-rlrc oxpaHfleMoM uoAoAr(Ho 6rrrr opraHr43oBaHoB crre4HaJLbHoM Meu{eHHn Hir{ AilKe B ApyroM 3Aaunr{ ua cnyrair lo)Kapa nltr cruxurtnoro OeAcrsus. O4unm us :QQerrraBHr,rx neroAoB orreparr.rBHorope3epB]rpoBaH]ra flBtfler cfl.Konr{poBaHnenn$oprvraqur4Ha 3epKaarHr,rrl4ncx. 3epxa,'r.rHLrM Ha3r,rBaror )KecrKIi ri rr.rarnvrur,rtl Auc x orAelbHo ro r{aKon r{Telr, uHQop r{a KoropoM xpaHHTcfirEH$oprr,raqus, rro,tHocrbro rrAeHTr{r{Haa Maqprr4Ha pa6oveu AHCKe.3ro p,ocruraercfl 3a crrer napanle^bHoro BbrfrolueHr{fl Bcex ouepaqnfi sanr,rcrlna o6a Aucna. IIpu orxase pa6orrero HaKonr,rrelg ocyu{ecrBlrercfl aBToMaru.recxHri nepexoA Ha pa6ory c 3epKalbHbrMAr{cKoM B pe)Kr.rMepea btroro BpeMeHIa.I4HSopMaqr,rrrrrpu gToMcoxpaHrrercfl B noAHoM o6:t'elte. B Hacroaulee BpeMfl Mr noBbuueHr{fl coxpaHHoc'ra zu$opuaquu e 3BM Bce qau{e [pr{MeurrcT cucreMbr AracKoBbixMaccHBoBRAID -rplmnbr Arzcxon,pa6oraloulnx KaKeArrHoeycrporicreo xpaHeH?IflAaHHbrx, coorBercrByroulee rexr{olol'rarE RAID (Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Discs). B rexnorroriau RAID npeAycMorpeuo 6 ocrroeHErx ypoaHeri: c HoleBoro no 5-ri, oupeAelflrou{r{x nopfiAoK 3anrrcu Ha He3aBHcnMF,re AricKrl n nopsAoK BoccraHoBAeHr.rxunQopMalllrlr. Pasau.IHr{e ypoBHH RAID o6ecnerr}rBarorpa3lurrEroe 6ricrpo4eicrBne r.Ipa3r.rrJHyros$ sexraaHocrb BoccraHoB^eHr{quHsopuaqzu. Yposeur 0 npe4nolaraer lrooqepeAHoe uclrolb3oBaHI4e AncKoB AAr sanu cr4Qarlrror. !,y6anpoeaHne He v cnolb3yerca. llpezrryulecrno uop,o6Horo perueHrlfl 3aKlrorraercrr B yBeIL{rreHr{I4cKopocrrl flporropqr.roHaAbHoKoAHqec'rBy sa4eticraoBa HHblx BBoAa-Br,rBoAa B Maccr{Be Ar{cKoB.B ro :xe BpeMq raKoe pelreHrre He rlo3Bolser BoccraHoBr.rrr, ran$opvauuro rrpr,rBbrxoAe I43 crpofl oAHOro r{3 AI{cKOB

MACCIIBA.

R \lD ypoaan I npe4ycnarpuBaer 3epKalbnoe 4y6auponauue rrHSoprrraquu. Ha yponne 2 6urw zn$opruraqrlu nooqepeAHo pa3Meularorcff Ha AHcKax. f,auurre pa3Meulalorcs Ha AlrcKax c 4,y6,tlrpoBaHl{eM, 514

Hayponue 3 6alitsr AarIHbIx nooqepeAuo 3arlrlcblBarorcfl Ha Ar{cKH' flpu BIIXOAe }I3 CTpOf XaxOrO--,ul6O Arrr-ssoCCrauOBAeHI{fl IlHQOpua4rlu r43 Ar{CKOB I4CnO b3yeTCX Ue 4y6rrupoBaHl4e AaHHbIX' a KOHTpO bHat arrp,eaenHufi 4ucx' 3arrHcbleaeMar Ha crleqrlalbnrri uudropuaqru, 3arrrtcr Ha AI{cKH 6aoxauq Yponenu 4 upe4noaaraer [ooqepeAuyro IIAonycKaeT[apa^^e^bHoeBbIIIoAHeHI4e3anpocoBHaqTeHue'Ho3arrncb OCyqeCTBAfleTCfl noCAeAoBaTeAbHO, TaK KaK KOHTpOIluaa uu$opMarlr4fl 3anl{cblBaercfl Ha oAlllr BbIAeAexnurl 4ucr' uooqepeAHafl 3arrucb Ha AIaCKII KaK Ha ypoane 5 ocyulectalsercfl 3rot ypoBeHb uounQopuaquu. TaK H KonTponruoi 6aoxos AaHHbIxr rITeHutI T,KO Or:epaqnfi HeCKO oAHOBpeMeHHO ocyqecTB^-rrTb sBo^rreT rr^r{ 3artl{cu. Pearrrrrrre RAID cscteMbl rroMeprKltBaror HecKoAbKo yponHei, xoK BHeupe4lan^J{eMblx c r{eToM rpe6onauuri, Toprre srr5Hparorcfl AC. roHxpernoI1 ycrpolicrBaM 3auoMr{Hatoulnr'l trrHr4M pe 3epBI'IpoBaHHq rl Ao^roBpeMeHlroro .A,,ta aoc ctaHoBlrre^bHoro rrA6rUe HOCI4TSAH: MaIIII4HHbIe C6SMHLIe 11paBLlAO, KaK I4CnOAb3yIOTCt, MarHltTI4 MarHpITlIbIe C'beMHbIe lKecTKI,Ie AHCKI'I MarHuTHbIe AucKt4, gble AeHTLITa TaK)Ke OUTIltTIeCKfleMCKLI.

KoHrpoas, o6Hapyxenue Ir uc[paBlerrne oun6ox I4M peaansyIoTCfKaKBannapaTHoNlBap}laHTerTaKI.IBBxAenpoIpaMMI{bIxMoAy,reli. Han6oaee pac[p ocTpaHeFrHbrMn r43 H]Ix sB fl roTcfl CAeAyIOulu e [ 16 ] . HgKoHmpo\bHbrx cyMM. B Xa.recrse Aono^HllTe^bnofi lTotytenue I4cMo)Ke'r l{elocTHocTuVIM npoBepKl4 zv'fl. Hn$opruaqlr:gu. 6uto.rrroti uo^b3oBaTbcJ{ cyMMa BCex cL.tMBO On (XpanuMafl B KOHI{e I4M}, norr,ytr e IIHafl qLI K I{r{e cKr4M CAO)KeHI4eM II OCAe O6nOS.[eH I4r{' MOXter TaKtKe rrpr4MeHsTbc.a o6parnaa Be^-!Iqr{Fra Konrpo,l-rlloft cyMMr,Ir npI{ 3TOM CyMN.rascefi uucpopuaqur.r 6rroxa l4M u o6parHoli Be LIiII{HLI BceIAa paBHa r{o,uo. B crry.rae no a4efi c'rnnfl pa3rrl4qHblx p,ecta6nrrn3l'Ipyrcu{ux (orur'r6ox, c5oen, BI'IpycoB Ia 4p.) cur"raol s I4M Mot(er r{cSaxropon Ka3H.fbcfl'TorAacooTBeTCTByIoqagKoHTpoAbHaficyMMav3MeHI,ITcqu sror $arr aerxo o6riapy)Kr4Tcfl np!4 oqepeAuoft xoHrpoa.rt'loli npoBeprlepecralloBoK ct{MBo^ou a I'IM, upa rlpocrllx Ke.AAfl o6napyxtenHa npex$refi, HCIIOlb3yror 6oaee OCTaeTCfl cyMMa bHag KOTOpbrx KoHTpo cvMMLI, HallplaMep' KorrTpo^bHofi iloAcqeTa cAox{Hbre a^ropr4TMhr qe'r'blo cKpbITI4a KoHTc roro' Kporre clatMBola. lro3llrlr{re c freroM 3auIrrrHLINr pa3AvtIHbIM noABeprarbcq Mo)Ker po,l.ruofi cyMMbI oHa (cu. n. 9.4). npeo6pasonaHnflM IrI Cn otr s o a AHu e Ko ump oubll htx q u CeA. B Xa'Ie Ctee 4onOarrHrearnOfi Mo)KeT ug6r,rTo,rsoli rancloprrla\uu A fl npoBepKr,r qelocTHocTnvlM

515

vcrro;t.u3oBarrcaqu$pa (xpauuuax B KoHIle I4M), caxeaHHar c cr.rMBoaauu l4M HeKoropbrMcoorHorueHueu. HanpHMep, KonTpoa-uuoi quQpori uoxter 6rrrr ocratoK or AeAeHufl KoHTpoIbHoro quc,ra, eclr,I Hcrro,rrl3yercfl cxeMa cpaBHeHI{t uo MoAyAro (cu. n. 9,2). H cnoltsoganue us5HmotHbrx KogoBI rro3Bol-flrolql4x BbIflB^Jrrb u aBToMarnqecKr.rr{cupaBltrb ldMeroull{ecr B I4M oruu6xu (crvr.u. 7.3). llporpauunafl npoB epKe no qemnocmu, o6ecnerlltBaloulaq 6oaee KarrecrBeHHurl xoHrpoar rro cpaBHeHr{roco cxeunori nponeproft verHocrrr .a4r KaxAoro 6ura (crrona) sa cver BbItBAeHI4f ourr,r6ox B clf{ae rrernoro KoluqecrBa HeBepHbrx 6raros. Hanpnuep, uyreM npoBepKLI Ar,raro HalbHofi .rerHo crr4 - 6 ntu arerHocrr{ coorBercrBylor qeruocrr{, M. froAcrrHTbrBaelrlorirro BceM AHaroHa bHbrM JrriIHLIfl Kounp otr BepHo cmu Bxo g Hbtx H M. AttopHTMbI, pealr{3ylolque p,annuli MeroArAocrarorrHo npocrhr. Haupuuep, rtpoBepKy gHa.reuufi qaQpoaux AaHHbrx ocyu{ecrBl.flIor Ha ocHoBe KoHTpo.lr-flAorrycrlIMoro Ar{a[a3oHa u3MeHeHr{r HeKoroporo rroKa3arelt (BepoflTHocrb He Mox(er 6urr paana 1,5, cropocrb paclpocrpaHenl,It paAI,IocLrH€naHe Mox(er [peBbrrrrarb 3x108 u/c r.rr. A.). llpra yeeauuennr{ Macura6os r.r clo>r(Hoctn AC Bo3pacraer Ao,lrs pa3pyrrreHHr unQoprtraqar{ BcleAcrBue oura6or oueparopoB H HecaHKr{r{oHr/rpoBaHHbrx KoppeKTllpogox. oluu6xu oueparopoB Ha 3Tane BBoAa lr pa3Merl{eHul lacxoAHbrxAaHHbrx tB'lttrorct nau6orlee ouacHbIMH, [ocKolbKy sacro Hx o6uapyx<eHl4e craHoBlircg Bo3Mot(HhIM crrycrt 3Haqr4TelbHoeBpeMr noc.rrerlx notBleHna. Kpoue roro, oueparopbrr nMerorrlueAocryfl x unSoprvraq[onHhIM pecypcartrAC, Aa-sux HCKa)r(eHrrflrr./rnpa3pyrueHl,rfl MoryT I4cno^s3oBaTb crleql4ftabHble BpeAr4Te bCKr,renporpaMMbl-Bl{pycbI. Konrporrr BepHocru BxoAHbIx A,aHHbrxr{ 3aIIl[Ta or nupycon. OcHoBHbTMI{3aAatraMucr4creMbr KouTpo,r.fiu 3aIrIIlTbI uuQopuaquu or KOMlbroTepHbrx Br{pycoB fl BJl-rIroTc'I: . o6napyrreHr.re Br,rpycosg AC; . 6noxupoBaHr{e pa6oru rrporpaMM-Br.rpycoB; r ycrpaHeHr.renocrleAcrsufi aos4ericrnuq BI4pycoB. ucrrolb3ylorcfi cneIII4aAbHbIean'TLIBI{[4a peureuur AaHHbIx 3a,A,aq pycHbre cpeAcrBa. O6Hapyxenue BlrpycoB AoAJKHoocyu{ecrBlsrbcff Ha craAI4I,II{x BHeApeHlrfi nlr,r Ao Haqa.lr'aocyulecrB eHLIsAecrpyKTldBHbIx Syttxquli Br4pycoB. llpu eroi"r Heo6xo4raruoorMerrrrbr sro He cyqecrByer aHTr{Blrpycnbrx cpeAcrB, rapaHTllpynuqux o6Hapy)KeHr.IeBcex Bo3Mox(516

Hbrx Br,rpycos. OcHosxblMu

MeroAaMN o6HapyxteHus

BlapycoB flBl-fl-

rorcn [0]: I

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523

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CTEKO ; ycraHoBKa B BbIAeleHHbIx rloMeulenr4rx

-

Hapy)Kl4rerrei 4uxroSoHor ; c ucnorl-b3oBaHl{eM Ll}rAI4KarorroncK 3aK aAHbIx ycrpoficre poB no .'IrI{HTepce[TopoB, qacToToMepoB, cKaHepHblx [pI{eM-

-

.

crallrloHapHux

oArro I,I3rrepcrreKTr{BHhlxHaupaB4eHuti o6ecne'Ienna xoHQu4eHqlIlabHOCTI,Ixpauatqefi Cfl, vIILvIllepeAaBae MOri n nSOptvtaIII4It B KOM[bIOTepHbrx Cr{CTeMax3a crleT MacKI{pOBaH}Ig3aKpbITOftUu$Optvtaqull B OTKpbrrblx Oafi aax, rI pexAe Bce ro Mylbrllue4rafi urrx' Paepa6orxofi r,rero4oe upeo6pasoBaHras(urnQponanrna) unQopuaqnil c qe/\bro ee 3aulr4TbroT He3aKOHHbIXno^b3oSareaeli 3aHl{MaeTcfi -tafiHa u <rpa$eftn> - uucarr)' rpnurorpa$ran (or rpev. (Kpuuroc> Kpuutorpa$uuecxue MeroAbI u cuoco6ur npeo6paaoraHua nu$opt'larlr{r{ Ha3blBarot urnQPaIrlu.

o6-

KoMUAeKCOBKOHTpOIfl ; HI4KOBA UporpaMMHo-a[napaTHblx HAlr Ha BpeMfl npoopraHrr3alll'Ifl paAI'IoKoHTpols (noctorrrrro u uo6o'urux bHblx Meponpl4nrl'ti) BeAeHInfl xoH$u4enqua gAeKTpoMarHIlrHbIx TC nH' uaapeuufi

AKTUBHbIXCPEACTB: - crrelll4arr'bHafi [poBepKa BbIAeAeHHbIx noMeulenr'rfi c I4cnolblroKaropoB; 3oBaHI,IeM geasnetinux - cnellllra^bHat TClll4 u [poBepKa BbIAeAeHHbIx lloMelqeuutl, BC[OMOraTeAbHbIx TexHtrqecKHx cpeAcrB c I{cIIo^b3oBaHrleM peHTreHoBcKI{X KOMn^eKCOB.

9.4,2, KpurrrorpaQravec riatr 3autlr'ra ranQoprvrarytrur uepeAaqunnQopuaqul{ Mex< O6ecue'rurr xoH@u4eHrll4albHocrb 4y a6oneutauu a o6u1eMclfrae Mo)KHooAHItM I'I3rpex rrleto4oa [5] : 1. Co:4arr a6coanorno na4e:rurrft, HeAocrynHblfi 4aa p'pyrux xaHar' cBfl3n MexAy a6onenrauu. 2, Vlc\ottusoBarb o6u1e4oc'rynHuli xanaa cBs3H' Ho cKpbITb caM $arr uepe4avu unQoPuaquu. 3. I4cnorrrsoearr o6uleAocrynHrri KaHaI cBfl3nr Ho [epeAaBarb rro ueuy uH$opMaIIIdro n npeo6pasoBaHHoM BHAe' rlpnqeu upeo6paaoee Mor ro^bKo aApecar' Barb ee HqAoraKr 'rro6bl BoCCTaHOBltrb lleparrfi BapHaHTfl B/\flercfl npaKTHrrecKHHepeaAI'I3yeMbIMI{3-34 BbIcoKIIxMaTepI{itAbHbIx3aTpaTHaco3AaHIIeTaKoroKaHaAaMex(Ay yAaAeHHbIMua6onerrraur' BorrpocoBcKpbITHflQaxra nepeAasHIanQopuaqnn LlccrreAoaaur4eM 3aHr4MaeTcflcTeraHorpa$ur. B HacToflulee BpeMr oHa [peAcTaBAJ{eT

IlluQpozanue - rpoqecc npeo6paeoBaHlls ol'Kpbltoro coo6ulenun c uououlblo ouulrsprercr) e unQpoeaNnoe coo6uleHrae (rpuurorpauuy, r un@pe, peAeAeHHLIx rrpaBldl, coxepx(auluxca PacwuQpozanue - rpoqecc, o6parurrft uru(ppoBaurrro' Ilpaeurro saruraspoaaHr!fl He UO:xer 6urr fipott3BoJ\bHurrr. ono AOrrC IIOMOUIbIOfipaBlL\a pacruuo:xno 6rrrr raruM, vro6lr uo ruz$preKcTy BI{Tb OTKpbIToe coooule BoccTaHO poBaHr.rfl MOX(HO 6Hrro oAno eHarrHo a xaacrrne. o.4norurrHr,re [paBr{Aa aauruQponaHufi Mo)KHO O6le4xnnrr no 3HarIeHlIgM co6oi Mex(Ay pa3 r4qaroTcf cu. BHyrpz K acca npaBlrJla ou' ra6nraqeft u r'A. HeKOTOpOTo flapaMeTpa, KoTopoe Mo)KeT 6urtr.Irac o6rrrno napaMerpa raKoro 3HaqeHI'Ie KoHKperHoe B xpuutorpa$rau npaBl4KoHKpeTHoe roq au6upaet K r{a3brBaroT K/IrO:qtOM.llOCyru 4eaa, Bo-nepnogsolteT' 3to npaBn^, acca K tr3 AaHHOro .rro saruuspoBaHr{fl crrequa buux ycrpoftcrr Bbrx, npn HCnOAI3oBaHI{LI 44t urz$poaaurat qTo6oI SauruQponaHnoe yctpoft craa, ri3MeHsTb 3HarleHne napaMeTpoB pacuruQpoaarb Aa)Ke lrlrrlar HMero[IHe rotrHo coo6urenrae He cMor,lru 3HarleHltfl napaerr6pannoro 3Harou{I{e He HO TaKOe :re ycrpoficTBo, saurrasupaaraao MeHflTb cBoeBpeMeHHO fleT MeTpa, r.rBo-BTOpbrx, [o3BO poBaHI,I''TaKKaKMHoroKpaTHoeI4cno^s3oBaHHeoAIIoroI{Torox(enpaeuaa aauruQpoBaHzfl A -ffOTKpbrTbrx TeKCTOBCO3AaeTupeAnocbllKl4 Mt orKpblTblx coo6uleHnft uo uruQporaHHblM' rrolf{eHlrt Mox(Ho onu[oHflTr,re K rOqa, npoqecc :arunQpoaanufl I,lcnoalsya carb B BI4Ae CoorHoueHEfi:

f,(A) = B,

(e.6)

- ruuQpoBaHHoe coo6ulenne; fr4e A - orKpbrroe coo6ulenue; B KJ\IOq,ragsecrnnft OTnpaBI'Inu6pannuti npaBu^o urusponauvlfli aTe^ro r,IaApecaly.

s25 524

!,,'ra xax<4oro K rosa o ruu$pupeo6paaoeaHue { Aoa:r
8"(B) = A .

(e.7)

ConorlmHocrr npeo6pagosaHr.rftfo u Ha6op K.rr.roveri, KoropbrM oHrir COOTBeTCTByIOT, Ha3blBarcr ururppO,V. Cpear acex uruQpoB Mo)r(HoBbrAelr,rrbAsa6oll,urux K acca: rurd$pbr 3aMeubrn uru$psr repecrauoBxu [5]. IIIuQpauu 3eMeHHHa3brBarorcflTaKue ruzSpu, npeo6pasoeanur I,I3 KOTOphIxIpLIBOMT K 3aMeHeKilKAoro CI4MBOIaOrxprrroro cOo6uleHrrfl Ha Apyrue cr4MBolbr- uru$po6o3HaqeHLrr, rrpuqeM flopflAoK cleAoBaHr,rflurrEQpo6osHa.reHwicoB[aAaer c [oprAKoM cIeAoBaHHfl c o orB ercrByrou{r4x raMc raMBoAoB orKpbrroro c oo 6r4e nun. Ilpra rrlepov rrpocroro upeo6paaoeaHr,rr, Koropoe Mo)r(er coAeprKarbca a uru$pe 3aMeHbr, flB/\-'IeTCfl[paBr.r O, nO KOTOpOMyKa)I
COO6U4eUrne xoAa: IlepBbrfi - oupe4ear,mbK^toq u sa'relvrHaiTI.I UCXOAIIOe pacurra+poaaHl{eM;nropoil-rrafirul4cxoAHoecoo6uderrue6esoupe4eIlorryreuze orKpbrroro coo6qenr,rs no uruQponannorvry6ee *"a. i""* wv gewuQ3apaHeelr3BecrHoro Knloqa Ha3blBaercf BcKpblmueuwuQpa' u3BecreH' K roq KorAa B orLrrune ot pacruuQlpoBanl4t poBCrHUeM, lloa crofixocrrro uruQpa, KaK [paBrrlor [oHl4Maetcg cuoco6nocrr anaalse [porl4BocroflTb rro[bITKaM upoBecrl ero BcKpbITI4e' llpra rol,raHcQoptuyrulpoBaHHoro urra$pa o6arrrro ucxopT v 3 npnHllllua, rpl4 rpl{Hquuyr sroMy CorrracHo ArleruO. KepxroSscorvr (1835-1903). KpoBce' o uruQpe H3BecTtro BcKpbrr;4I,IKpl4nrorpaMMbl uporl{BHl4Ky Mo)KHoocyMe Hcrrorrb3yeMoroKArosa.Ilocronrxy BcKphITueurn$pa Ii3 rAaBo4noir xaro'rei' ero ulecrBl-fiTb uepe6oponr Bcex Bo3Mo)KHhIx HbIxxapaKTepuCTI4Kluusparaaaercflql4c^oefoBo3Mox(rrHxxaro.Iei. m I,Iuor.a,aB AlrTepaType cMe[IUBaIoTcf ABa IIOHflT]Iff:wuQponanue 3Harb HaAo Koroporo KogupoBaHue. B orara'Iue ot urra$poBaHlafl'M.a ceKperuournsp I4 ceKperHblri x/rto't, [pI4 Ko4r,tpoBarrLruHer Hurrero orr3apaHee Ha cAoB u"rt't 6yxn ro, ecrb rol-bKo onpeAeleHual 3aMeHa ro' Ha He Ha[paBAeHbI peAeIeHHbIe cnMBoAbI' MeroAr-r KoMpoBaHHff .rto6ur ero [peAcTaBI4Tb To, Ha a .rro6br cKpbrTboTKpbrTOeCOO6U.leHr.rer e6or\eey4o6HoruBI'rAeA^-flsepeAarrl4cI4c[oA-b3oBaHI{eMTexHl4qecK}Ix cpeAcTBcBq3HtM.'IyI{eHbIIIeHI4flAAI4HbIcoo6ulerrur'3alIIHTbIoTI.IcKaKoHeqHoN(e' Mo)KHopaccMar:<eHurl rat.4. B npunquue' KoAIapoBaHI4e' Bo3Mot(HbrxK roKoroporo praBarbrax ruH$p 3aMeHbIr44s 6yrea e aa6yxe (uanprar"rep, KJrrOqa .reu cocTor4TTOAbKoH3 OAHOTO ' cexperou)' flBrr.aercfl He 9To Lr Mopse BcerAa Koppyercfl 3HaKaMI{ vrcAC s zn$opr'raq,rau B nacrosu{ee BpeMfl 4,lfl 3au{IaTbI TuPoxo xaBa-xcrrofr crna' ycrpofi nols3yrorcfl sAeKTpoHHbIe uirn$poaaaruue pu^'"p".'"xorirarrxycrpoftcraflB^feTcqHeToAbKocrofrxocrspeaupoqecAr,r3yeMorouruspa, Ho It BblcoKaff cKopocrb ocyrqecrBleHl{s o6ecneareHl{fl ra coa4anrag con urnspoBalrl4g u pacuruQpoBaHr'Ifl' ,Arl-a rarori texHuKI,I upI,IMeHgIoTc'I AocTIIx(eHI4g rpauorHorl SKcIIAyaTaIIrarn Kpuflrorpa$uu, B ocHoBe roropofi Aexar MareMarl4Ka' ao"p"*"""ofi uusopuatuxa, Qra:uxa' 3 eKTpoHlIKa It Apyrne HayKLr' Coaperlrerrua'IKpr{rlTorpaQr,rx6lprropa3Bl4BaeTcg.Brrei[o'BAflIoT(orKpblTag Kpl{rrrorcfl HoBbIeHanpaB^eHllfl. Tax, c 1976 r' pa3BnBaercfl pa3Aeleuue uroqei clylr(rrr pa$na>. Ee oran'rurea-asofi oco6eHHocrbro saurn$poKlroq.a4s etou Ilpn aaa saruuQpoBanl4s u pacruu$poBaHlts' 6urs o6Mo)r(er oH roro' 6oaee uurt"t He tpe6yercr Ae-Aarba"*p"tttblt, rerre$oHnor'r e Harrpl4Mep' co4ep:rarbcfl u ' (ornpuruu) ,qugo""yrr"lrtl I4 aApecoM ero BAaAe bIIa' cnpaBoqHl4KeBMecre c $arnrrEaraert 527

Hara6orreepacupocrpaHeHHoli cr.rcreruroriruuQpoBaulrff c orKpbrrbrM K rorloM rBlrercfl RSA, HassaHHafl TaK no HaqalbHuu 6lntaau Sar'lu,iunfiee ueo6perareaeli: Rivest, Shamir z Adieman. B ocHose ee uocrpoeHr{a e)KrrTsynxqun, o6rra4arcrqaa c^eAyrouluMra csorlcrsaMn : l) cyqecrnyer AocrarovHo 6rrcrprrft arrropuru Bhrrrr{cleHr{r 3Hasetruir f(x); 2) cyulecmyer Aocrarovno 6ucrpuui a,rrroprru BbrrrncleHufl 3Hauelaufi, f 1(x); 3) $yHxrtur f(x/ o6la4aer HeKoropbrM (ceKperoMr, 3uaHr.reKoroporo no3Boarer 6ucrpo Bhrrrr{cl-rrb 3HaqeHHt f | (x) ; y uporr,rBHoM clyqae Bbrrrucleuue f t(x) craHoBr{Tcfl TpyAHo pa3perur4Mori s sbrqficar4TeAbHOMOTHOrUeHr.r?r Sa4aveli, rpe6yroqeri A^.'I cBoero perueHr,rf cTo^s Muoro BpeMeHH,qro uo ero flportrecraraz:aruuQpoBaHHat uH$oprvraqufl rrepecTaeT npeAcTaB^rrTb LrHTepecAAr r,rq, ncnoib3yrou4lrx oTo6paxreHue f s xa.recrse uruQpa. Paccl'rorpuu rpr.rMep nplrMeHenr.rr MeroAa RSA aa-sxpranrorpaQnrrecKoro 3aKpbrrufl coo6uleHuri. Aaropuru 4aunofi cr{creMbr ocHoBaH Ha Hc[o^bsotsaHr4rao[eparlur{ Bo3BeAeHrff B cre[eHb Mo4ytrlHoft apnQMeTr.rKH:noA pe3y^bTaToM onepaquu i modj uonauarcT ocTaToK oT LIeAorrHcIeHHoro.EieAeHI,Ia i Haj. Hro6u Hc[oLb3oBarb ir^ropnrM RSA, na4o cHaqa^a creHepr{poBarb orrpuruli r{ ceKperHbrri xarovu, Bhltro.irHtrBcleAyuqr4e luaru. 1. Bu6eperr,rABa orreHb 6oarurax upocrbrx rrucla p u q. llo4 npocmblM qucuoM rroHr4MarorraKoe qprclo, Koropoe Aellrrct rollro Ha I ra rra cauo ce6s. 2. Oupe4earaMn KaK pesy brar yMHo)KeHur p Ha q (n : p x g). 3, Bsr6epeu 6olruroe cayrariuoe yficlo d. 3ro .ruclo 4o.rr-lruro6urrr B3aHMHorrpocrhrM c pe3y braroM yrlrHo)r(eaun (p- ll x (q- 1). BaallrvrHO npocTbrMr.rqlIcAaMH Ha3hIBaIoT TaKI{e qnc^ar KoTopbre He }IMeIoT Hr.roAHoro o6ulero Ae.IrfiTeAJI,xpoue 1. 4, Onpe4eauM TaKoe trllclo e, Mfl Koroporo flB.rrtercn lircrrruHbrM c^eAyroqee coorHorrreHne /e x d/ mod ((p-l) x (q-l)) : 1. 5. HasoseM orrupbrrnbtM r(l^rotorvucta e u & a cer
s28

cerpernrul x.uo.r 9ro6rr pacrunQpoBarb 3TI{ AaHHbre, ucnolt3yt Bblrrucle Hu n: M ( i ) : (C ( i ) ) { d, n }, aeo6xoAr4Mo Bbrrro Hr{TbcleAyroque trucel pesyarrare nolfreHo MHo)KecrBo M(i), xoro6y4er mod n. B TeKcr. pbre upeAcraBlsror co6oli racxo4Hurti Paccuorpralr B KaqecrBe [pocroro npl4Mepa I4c[o,lrl3oBaHrrflMeroaa RSA 4a-a uruQpoBaulrfl coo6ulenHa (gBM)). .f4-a npocrorrr 6y4eu rrpr{MeHflTboqeHb MarleHbKr{errucla (Ha nparruxe r{cnols3ylorct HaMHoro 6oarurue qucla - or 200 u auure). : 3x 11: 33. 1 . B r r 6 e p e r v r p: 3 u q : 1 1 , O n p e 4 e a r , r M n : (q(pB Kaqecrse d sbll) 20. C,te4oeaterrrHor 2. Haft4er"r 1)x quclor B3arnMHo rrpocrblM c 20, naffBlterct Koropoe 6eperrraro6oe : rpnMep d 3. 3. Bu6eperrr qr,rclo e. B ra.rectBe raKoro rrl4cla Mox(er 6brrr sggro aro6oe quclo, M-rr Koroporo yAoBlerBopflercr coornourenne (e x 3) mod2O : 1,Hanpuuep 7. 4. llpe4cranu rrrur n Spyeuo e c oo6u{eul{e KaK rro cleAoBarelbuocrb rle,,rbrxrrucel B Ar4ana3one 1...32. llycrr' 6yxaa 3 zso6paxtaerct vncaou 30, 6yrra B - .rucaoM 3, a 6yraa M -.ruc.[orv 13. Tor4a l{cxoAHoe coo6utreHlre Mo)KHo npeAcraBI,ITb B BI,IAenocleAoBarelsHocrl,I trucen30 03 13. 5. 3aurnspyeu coo6u1eHl,Ie,ucnolb3yl x:ttou{7, 33}. 6. Cl : (307)mod 33 : 21870000000 mod 33: 24, C 2 : ( 3 ' ) m o d 3 3 : 2 1 8 7m o d 3 3 : 9 , 63 : (137)mod 33 : 62748517mod 33 : 7. Taxnu o6pasou, saruuSpoaaHHoe coo6uleHlre LIMeer sLIA{24 09 07}. Peuruu o6paruyro 3aAarry: pacurrl$pyeu coo6u{e:ane 124 09 07}, rrolfreHHoe B pe3ylbrare sauruSpoBaHlat rro H3BecrnoMy KAIotry,Ha ocHoBe ceKperuoro K roqa {3, 33}: P,11: (243)mod 33 : 13824 mod 33 : 30, M2 : (93)mod 33 : 739 mod 33 : 3, M3 : (73)mod 33: 343 mod 33 : 13. Taxuu o6pasou, B pe3ylbrare pacurnQpoBaHztt coo6uleHufl trolyrreHo rdcxoAnoe coo6ulenze <3BM>. a:rropI{TMa RSA ocnosblBaercfl Ha rrpe,a'flolo)KeKpuurocrorirocrr ltrI4r{,qro r{cK roqrrre^bHo rpyAHo oIIpeAe/rHTb cer(perHHri x.rrroq no u3BecruoMy, rrocKolbKy 44n 3Toro Heo6xo4IanIopelrruTb 3aAarryo cy3aaiaqa qs,rflercs NPulecrBoBaHlrr{ Ae r{TeAetZqerloro qlicla. .A,auHa-a norurori H, KaK cleAcrBrte eroro Saxra, He AonycKaer B Hacrorl4ee (noanrHorrlraa-uHoro)peureHras.Eoaee toro, cau BpeMrrs$sexruauoro Bo[poc cyulecrBoBanr.rr sQQercru BHbIx etlropl{rMoB peruennr NP-noa-

529

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530

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3rr'euerrrrrMaTpI4qbIycTaHoBAeHI,lfno^IIoMotII{fi(uatpuquAoc.ryKorona) uoryr coAepx(arb yKa3are LI Ha cneqlralbHble flpolleAypbl' pr,re AoArKHbr BblfiolHfllbcfl upl4 rax4oft rrorrblTKe Aocryua AaHHoro iy6rerra x o6texryra upI.HITMarbpelue'ue o Bo3Mox'ocrlrAocryfla' ocHoBbIBarouII{eecfl}la: . I{CTOpI4HAOcry[oB Apyrux o6uexroe; . AHHaMI4KecocrorHl4fl cl4creMbl (upaaa 4ocryua cy6lexra aanracflr or reKyrIII4x rpaB Apyrfix cy6lexroe); r3HaqeHI4I.IoupeAe^eHHbIxBHyIpI4cI{cTeMHbIxuepeMeHHbIx,Halpr'IMep guaqeHl'Ii BpeMeHIl r'IT' n' Brrau6oaeeBa)KHbIxaBToMaTH3IIpoBaHHbIxcllcTeMaxIle^ecooonpoq,eAyp' B KOTOpbIXpeilreHl{e llpu}Il'IMaercfi pa3Ho I,ICfIOAb3OBaHLre IIepeMeHHbIX(npeua Aocry"u o""o"" gna.renui BHyTpr4clrcTeMHbIX rrparra, HoMepa repMuna oe u t. 4,), TaK KaK sTlr upoqeAypbl cy)Karor Ba Aocryfl4. crlocoMarprlqrr 4ocryna pea l43ylorcx o6rl*ro 4pyMq ocHoBHbIMIl cnl{cKol |22|. ara6o uaH4aTHbIx 6auu - ara6o B BuAe .,,""^o'4ocTJma' I{AeHTt4Cnucox gocmyno uplarrlncblBaercfl xax4oruy o6'beKTyt I'I oH 3ToMy o6'rexry' veu cro.l6qy MarpI4ItbI Aocr)ma' coorBercrBFouleft Mangam' Cnracxn Aocryfla qacro pa3Meu{arorcff B cloBapxx Qafiaoa' paBHocI4AeH l4 oH nurt cnucox npl{rrlacblBaercfl Ka)KAornrycy6lexry' KorAa crpoKaM MarpHII Aocry[a' coorBercrByrorqeft sToMy cy6lexry' uapa To K o6lexry' cy6'lexr LrMeer rlpaBa Aocry[a rro orHoIueHI'IIo o6sexta' (o6'rexr - upaBa 4ocryua) Ha3blBaercr MaHAaroM HoBbIx Ha npaxruxe cnlrcKll Aocryrra upl4MeHflIorcg npt4 co3AaHI4I{ o6texroa

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537

c[r{cKn Bo3Mox(Hocrefi 6oaee y4o6nu 445 peaIIa3aI{HI,IMexaHH3Ma npeAocraBleHuff noluotrlo.ruli. H eroroprre o uepar{rdoHHble cr{creMbl [oMep)KI,IBaror KaK crl HcKrI Aocryna, TaK H MauAarHbre cnucKra. B Ha.rale pa6orsr, KorAa ttolb3oBaHaqHHaeTBbInO }IeHHe nporpaMMbl, I{CIIOA-bTe .bBXoALITB CI4CTeMyU/\I4 3yrorcfl To.,rrKo cnrrcKrr Aocry[a. Kor4a cy6renr rrbrraercfl rrolfruTb AocDm x o6rerry a nepnui pa3r c[ucoK Aocryra aHalr{3npyerct r{ [poBepflrorcfl flpaBa cy6rexra Ha Aocryfl x o6rexry. Ecau upaaa ecrbr To oHH lpurrr{cbrBarorcfl B MaHAarHbrrlcnracor cy6rexra u [paBa Aocryla fipoBepxofi sroro cnficKa. rrpoBepflrorcx n 4,a"rrsHerlrueM cur4cKoBcrrlrcoK Aocryna rracro flpu ucno;u3oBaHur{ o6oux Br,rAoB pa3Meulaercr B cloBape $arirror, a MaHAarHhui cnucon - B oleparr.rsHofi [aMflTlar KorAa cy6rerr aKTraBeH.C rlerrrrc noesuuenua sS$exrannocrz B TexHr{qecKoMo6ecue.reHr,u4Mo)Ker npr.IMeHtrrbcrlperHcrp MaHAaToB. Tperari cnoco6 peallr3aqura Marpurlbr Aocryua - TaK Ha3bIBaet'rwir uexanu3M 3aMKoBu K roqei, Kax<4or'rycy6rexry npr4rrHcblBaercfl rrapa (A, K), r4e A - onpeAeleHurrri rran Aocryua, a K - AocraTOqHO AAr,IHHaff IIOCIeAOBaTeIbHOCTb

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Kourpoar Aocryra AolJKeH 6rrrr npr'rueHl4MK KOr(AoMy o6lexry u I,I u rpyue paBHonpaBHblx I'IH4raau4oa). ra:r<4orrrycy6rerry (ran4HBI4Ay Mexauust"t, pealr43ytoqrafi 4r,rcxpequoHnsrfi rrpIaHIIHu KoHTpoAfl AOCryna, AoA)r(eH rrpeAycMaTpl{Barb Bo3Mo)KHocrI'I CaHKr{I'IOHHpoBaH qac(nPA), ToM B HOro rd3MeHeHr.rflnpaBLIAa pa3fpaH]r1^se!c.ufl Aocryna J'!eBO3MOX(HOCTbCaHKIIAOHHpOBaHHOIOI'I3MeHeHI{g CIII4CKaIIOJIS3OBallpaea I43MeHflTb flPA Rolx - zHrre 4eftcrBrrlflt B ToM rrl{cle c ucflolb3oBaHr{eM co6cteeHHbIx rrporpaMM pa6oru c ycrpoticroarvru. rA;acxpequoHubre fIP,A, aaaarorcfl KaK rrpaBLI o AouoAHeHIaeM MaHAarHux flP.At. .{4-a pe arr.ua ar;.uvr M oH g amH o r o n p u Hquno yrr paBAeHI4fl ,a'ocryu oM Lr KilKAoMy o6texry Ka)KAoMy cy6texry Ao x(HbI coflocraBl-arbcfl Mecro AaHHoro cy6lexta x,raccuQuxaqLIoHHbIe MerKu, orpoKaroulue 3rux MeroK llocpe4ctaoM I4epapxuu. (o6rexra) B coorBercrayroulerl xlaccuQuKaIII{oHHbIe Ha3Harrarbca ra o6rexran cy6'rexrau Aol)KHbI ypoBHLI (ypoaHu yq3BHMocrLIr Kareropl'lu ceKperHocru u r' u'), lna-aro ulr4e cfl rou6ranaqrafl MLI u epapxuqe c KkIx I4 He Ite papxlarr ec KI'IX Kare [pI{HMaHAarHoro yx(I4Tb ocnoaoli roputi. .A,aHnrre MerKI,t Ao.lrtr(Hbl c rlaua pa3rpaHllyeHr'Ifl Aocr)rua, flpn aao4e HoBbIx AaHHbIx B clrcreMy K acAoAJKHbT6rrtu uoayreubl or caHKIIHoHI4poBaHHoro rrolb3oBarelt 3acaHKIIIiIoHlIpoBaHHoM llpu cr,rsuxaqzoHHbre MerKI,I 3TVx AaHHbIx, ocylqecy6lexra Hosoro HeceHr,r[ B crrucoK uolb3oBarerr.efi Aolx(Ho Meror, Bneuruue crBlsTbct conocraBleHae eMy KlaccuSzxaquoHnblx o6lexroa) MeTKLI (cy6lexron, AoAx(HbI ToqHo x-raccuSuxaquoHHble KoHTupI'IHIlI4[ Mau4arnrrft MerKaM' BHyrpeHHI,IM coorBercrBoBarb BceM Ko npuMeHI{TeAbHO peaALI3oBbIBaTbCfl po^fl AoCTy[a AOAJKeH zs Lro6oro co cropoHbl flpri flBHoM I4 cKpbIToM Aocryne o6rertau

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539

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p'rrfl 3aAaHHr'rx xanol)^{lrrb ypaBpaKTepI4crl{rc AC eHa'reHLIe 44rlHbl rlapolf s' yAoBlerBopflloIqee 3aAasaqcr

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HeHlrlo 6egonacnocrra. KAaBI{aTypa KoMnEIoTe.A,,ir.rnaO4a napolfl O6H.IHO I4CnOAb3yeTCt ranoi cucHe4ocrarxou Hy)KeH' He c'IurblBarell pa r4 cueqplalbHnrl napoBhIflBAeHI4A Bo3MOX(HOCTb flBAfleTcfl TeMbr BBOAa Un$oprvraqnlt caHKIIHoHLIpoBaHHbIM na6opa ero rrpoqecca A.a rryreM na6aro4euur n r' 4' Kpoue rrolb3oBaTeleM, aHa,rLl3OM 3arpq3Henrafi na KlaBl4arype pac KpbI[peAoTBpalqeHl4fi e Ar^.'I TOrO r Mr4H HbIe napo^r.I r ne o6xo4raubl TI{'HapyIIIuTe^eM'IIAoxo3a[oMI4HaIoTc'IIIoAb3oBaTeAgMI,IuqacTo qTo Ae3anr4cbrBaloTct IIa 6yuare, a r4HorAa H [pflMo Ha K aBI'IaIype' napo3anoMI4HaHIde aer clrcreMy 3aulurbl 6ecuo.tegnor:r, 3arpy4uner rrefi u nx Yacras crrleHa [22] . ucIIoASc ueaHO noBbIlueH]If HaAe)KHocTI,I OUO3HaBanraa cy6sexta syror arpu 6yrra a Hrrfi r,r 6uorrerpu.I ( c r v tu. . 9 . 4 . 3 ) .

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Koxrponuxble BonPocbl 1 . 9'ro taroe 6egonacnocrt ruSopvraquu? 2 . 9'ro nonnuaercq rtoA yrposofi 6esonacHocrl4 uHsoprrlaqr'ru ?

flepevn crrrare 14oxapaKTepu syrtre crryrarlnrre yrpo 3bt' yrpo3' ,A,afrre o6ulyro xapaKTepxcruKy npeAuaMepeHHr'Ix yrpo3 6egouacpea 14 3alluq npl4Becrr{ Mo)r(er rrocle,a,crBlaflM 5 . K raxulr uocru raHsoPuaqzra? 6 . f,alire oflpeAeleHl{e rexHurrecKoro KaHa a yreqKLI uuQoptr'taqun' Bbr sHaere? Karze rexHlrqecKlte KaHaIbI yrerrKll unsopuaqun 8 . AarlTe olpeAeleHlde HecaHKIIlioHI4poBaHHoI'oAocr\rtfla x raH@opvaqun' 9 . r{'ro'raxoe BpeAITTelbcKrae nporpanuu ? rIpH oo1 0 . B qelr gaxlrorraercg npo6aerrla o6ecue'{eHng AocroBepHocrll pa6o'rre uu@oPnaqraran AC? n AC' 1 1 .flepeuncrr,rare MeroAbr floBbl[reHlaq AocroBepnocrl I'inQoprrraqnu noBblMeroAoB opraHl{3aulzoHHblx oco6eHHocrll t 2 . Oxapartepzsyli're rueHI4s AocroBepHocru nuQopnaqnu' cpaBHeHHfi rJncel rIo MoAy ro r l J . |,ar:rre o[peAeleHl4e onepaqlrll Jo Blr gnae're ( MoAy no KoHTpoA.fl 1 4 . KarcraeBLIAII 14roroBHo1 5 . B qeNl sa( Ioqaercq npo6aelra o6ecfleqeHt4flllelocrHocrrl s AC? crra uHQopuaIIHoHHbIx rrraccnsos u AC' 1 6 . Ilepevucrrrare MeroAr,InoBltlxeHllt coxpaHHocrl4 lrnsopuaqrlu gsaere ? r'r B 1 7 . K aK tae Br{AL'Ipe 3epBI'IpoBaHlaq Ian@opruaqrau 1 8 .!,aile xapaKTepl4crlrKy MeroAoB o6napyxteHus BnpycoB'

543

19. flepevuclr{Te ocHoBHbre HaflpaBlenr,rs o6ecne.reHraa roner,rAeHr{r,ra^bHocru r,ru@opltaqzu. 20. Oxapaxrepusyfire rr,reroAbrr{ cpe.ticrBa 3arr{rartr un@opuaqfir4 oryreqKI4 UO TCXHI'IIECKI4M

21. 2L 23. 24.

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9ro noHrMaercqrroAKpr,rflTorpa$nvecrofisaulurorl Nueopuaqlrr.r? Hro raroe uruQp? Kaxze rur.r@puBr,rsHaere? Kaxuuw csoftcrnarru o6rra4aer@ynKrIHs, exaqar B ocHoBe[ocrpo-

eulrfl Kpr4[Toc racTeMc oTKpbrThIMX-Lro.IoI{? 25. HasoBure ocHoBHhrepy6exn o6terr:a, Ha KoropoM [por43BopTcr pa6ora c ronSlrAeHrlua bHoli un@oprraqraerl. 26. Oxaparrepusyrire cocraBlrron{r4e cvcreMbr oxpaHhr o6rexra. 27. (Jro [oHr4Maercr no4 u4euru$Nxaqueri n ayreurrneraxaqr,rerl? 28. Kaxue cuoco6l,r rl4enruQuxaqlru flepcoHala AC Brr sHaere? 29. FIepevncAHTe ocnoBurre $ynxqnrl cucreMhr pa3rpaHrarreHnff Aocryrrd s AC. 30. Hr:o rpeAcraB^rer co6ori Marpr{qa Aocryna? 3l . Kaxue cnoco6r,r pealr43arlru Marpr4r,IbrAocry[a Br,r suaere ?

l. Atagrea 8.3., XynmIO.fl., Illuuaxoa M.A. OcHosbI uHSopruarurn: Y.re6noe noco6ue. 2-euzA,.,uepepa6. r4Aon. - M.: I,IHSopt.t; I,Is4at. 4ou , 1999. 2, AtQepoaa 3.8. Teopnfl a roplrrMos.- M.: Craructraxa, 1973. 3. Eawxon E A. AnnaparHoe I{ npofpaur'troe o6ecneqeHl4e3apy6e)KHbrx Mr{Kpo 3BM: yre6H. uoco6ue. - K.: Bucrua.arux., 1990. 4. Epyxwuplz<..1-. Bre4eHI,IeB KoMnbrorepHbleHayKI,I:I-lep. c aura. M,: I4ga.4ou <Buarauc>, 2001. 5. Bae4enue B Kpl4rlrorpa$uro / lIoA o6rqefi pea. B.B..flu1enro.CII6.: Ilurep,2001. 6. Bne4enue e uraxpo3BM/ C.A Mariopor, B.B. Kr,rpuaaon,A.A llpn6rry4a. - A.'MarrTr.rHocrpoeHlie, 1988. 7. fepacuuenxo B.A. Ocnogbl r.rHQopr"raquonnotirpaMorbl - M.: Sueprorouzs4ar, 1996. B. y',uumpues 8.14.llpurrra4ual reopnt unQopuaquu. - M.: Bucru. ux., 1989. 9 . Eu etwn o a f. A., III a apu,uan B. O. llepe4aua ArrcKperHoIi uuQopMaqr4n:Y.re6HEr 44-aBy3oB.- M.: Pa4uo fi csqsr, 1982. 10. 3aaropognurt 8.14.Kotuuaexcnafl 3alqxra uH@opuaqul,I B KoMnbrorepHbD( cr.rcreMax:Y.re6Hoe noco6ue. - M.: Aoroc; |IBOIOA H.A.Eropoa, 2001. ll. 3uua 8.M., Motgopna A.A.. Motgoann H.A. Eesonacuocrb flo6aalnsrx cereBblx rexnoaorzrl. - CfI6.: BXB-IIe'rep6ypr, 2000. 12. I4aanoaa f.C. Texsorrorl{tr [porpaMMl{poBauua: Yue6nux 4.tra By3oB.- M.: I4s4-ao MfTy nu, H.3.BayrvraHa,2002 r. pe4, C.B. CnMouosu'Ia. 13. l4uQoprnrarrlKa:Basoeblft xpc/Ilo4 CfI6.: nurep,20O2. 14. I,IH$opuaruKa: Y.re6Hnr. 3-e usA. nepepa6./IloA peA. H.B. Maxapoeori. - M.: Ounancrr 14crarldcrl,IKa,2000. MaruuHblH cl{cre15, Karau 6.M. 3.texrpoHHble BbIrIHclr,ITeAbHbIe rr.rrr:Y.re6. noco6ue Aa-rrBy3oB. 3-e us4,.,uepepa6. I4Aon. - M.: Sueprorolrna4ar, 1991. 16. Aoaqoa ,A,.A.KoHrpolr I4 3aull4ra r'ruQopuaquu a ACY. B 2 xs. M.: BA rau,O.3. }r:epKn. l. Bonpocbl reoprrl{ a rpI4MeHeH >xsncxoro, 1991.

545

1 7 .MorutreB A.8., ITaxH.I.L, Xeanep E.K. I4n$oprvraruxa: Yqe6. uoco-

- M.: 6r.re4na cryA. neA. By3oB / floa pe4. E'K.Xennepa. 2-e ngA. I,Is4. qeurp , 2000. -TexHlaqecxoti :au4rlrbl HH23, Top oxun A,A. OcHosbl I4HrKeHepHo - M.: I4sA-so aOct-89>, 1998. Qopuaqrar,r. 24. YrptouoaE.1L Illr$poBail cxeMorexul4Ka. - ClI6. : EXB-llerep6ypr,2002. 2 5 . @e4epaarnrtfi saxoH <06 raH$opMarII4Ir' unQopuaru3allul4 r{ 3aullrre ux$oprr.rarlura,1995. 26,Xopee A.A. Cuoco6st IdcpeAcrBa 3au{vrbl uHQoprr'raquu.- M': MO PO, 1998. 27. Illuattxo A.B. I-{uQponEIe ceru cBfl3Lr:ocHoBbIrllaHnpoBaHzfl r.rnocrpoeHufl. - M.: 3xo-Tpeu4s, 2001. 28, 3xonoNru.{ecxaa uusopMaruKa / lloape4. II.B'KoHroxoBcKoro H f,,H.KolecoBa. - ClI6: Ilrarep, 2001.

OIAABAEHI,lE f^asa /. I4u$opuawfl.vt unQopruarr.rKa...............

.............4

1 . 1 .I l o n s r n e n u $ o p u a q u r . . . . . . . . . . . . ........,.............4 1 . 2 .I 4 n Q o p M a r l n o u H b r er r p o q e c c b ru c r 4 c r e M b .r. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .8. . , . |4 1.3. I,In$opMarlrroHHbrepecypchl u rexuolornta ................. 1B ..,........... 1.4. I4HSopMarraKau ee upeAbrcropr,rr 1.5. Crpyrrypa au$opuaruxra rdee cBfl3bc ApyrLrMI,IHayKaMI,L....,.,...,,,...,,24 ,.........,,,..,,..,27 K o n m p o t l ' a b t eB o n p o c b r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . l t a a a 2 . K o a z . r e c r B o r l K a r { e c r a ou H Q o p t " t a q n u . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . , 2 9 2 . 1. Y p o a u z n p o 6 a e r ru e p e A a r { uz H $ o p r r r a q r a u , , , , , , . . . . , , . , .2,9, , , . ....................31 2 . 2 .M e p u u H $ o p r r r a q r a u . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . poaHr ...31 2.2.1. Mepu uHQoprrraqu[ ct4HTaKcltqecKoto 2.2.2. Meprl ltr@oprrraquu ceMaHTr{rrecKoroyporHr ... 38 2.2.3. Meprr un$oprrraqrau rparMarl,rqecKoro yponua ... 40 .....................42 2 , 3 . K a . r e c r n ou n Q o p u a r l r { H. . . . . . . . . . rpeAcraBlenua uuSopMaIIHH 2.4. Bu4ut u $oprrllr ................48 a u u Q o p u a q u o H H b r xc r 4 c r e M a x . . . . . . ...............,.53 B o n p o c b r . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . , . , Konmpottnbte luaaa 3. llpe4craeleHue un$opuaqun a quSpoablx aBToMarax..,,54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. .4. . 3 . 1 . C r . r c r : e r r bcrq l { c l e H l 4 f l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grzIIIdoHHbIe 56 clrcreMbl crrI4cAeHnfl ..................... 1 . I . IIo 3. 3.1.2, llepeBoA tII{ce u: o4uofi cacreMbl cqPlcleHnfl .......63 B Apyryro 3. 1.3.f,nouqHatr BocbMepuqHafl H uecrHaArlarepprqHat cl{creMbl carucleHufl ......70 cl,IcreMacqucleHv s......,.,..79 3. 1.4. !,eour{Ho-AecflTurrHafl 3.2. lIpe4craB eHI4Ie.rldcaoeoll unQopuaquu . . . , . . . . . . ,B. .l . e q a Q p o n r , r xa e T o M a r a x . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 3.2.l, BunoAHeHI{eapuQuetu.recKllx ouepaquli HaA qe brMHrrr.tclaMl,r.llpnuori, o6patHuti ........84 r.IAorrolHnTerrrHrrftKoAbL.,....... 3 . 2 . 2 .C r u e u r e n n r r rK i o A I , IK o Af p e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9. .4. . . . . 3.2.3. lIpe4craB eHVe BeIqecrBeHHbIxrrl4cel L BbInolnenue aplrSuerI,It{ecKux onepaquti . . . . . . . . . 9. .8. H a AH H M He 3 B M

547

3.2.4. IlorpeluHocrl4 rrpeAcraBleHufl qncloBot " . . . . . . ' . ' , ' . . . . " ' .1 . '0 2 r . r n $ o p r v r a l l uar a3 B M ."' 104 s 3BM 3.3, llpe4ctaBlenlle craMsolbHoli rlu$oprrlallvtn 1 3,4. llpe4craBleHl4e rpaQuuecxoli uH$opuaquz,......,..... l0 . " ' . . . ' . . . . ' . . .1.1. 4 K o n m p o t u n H eB o n p o c h .l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . ltaaa 4. Aorr.recx[e ocHoBbIuocrpoeHlafl qlaQpoarrx aBToMaroB...' 116 4.1. OcnosHhle 3aKoHbI14flocryAarbl a,Lre6purAorLtKI4..'.. I 18 " I 20 4.2. llpe4craBleHue Synrqrall alrre6prt Aorl,lKll..'.....'..... 4.3. Aorpr.recrari cunre3 rrepeKAIorIareAbHblx I , IB I I q I , I C A I T T e A I H s I X C X e M . . . . . . . . . . ,

.....'........'.125

4.3, l, CuHre3 nepeKlrorrarelbHblx cxeM ......".'. ..,,,'.'...125 .,,.,,,,,', " ". 129 cxeM .......... 4,3,2, C:auteg Bblqnc,ltllTe,lrbHblx quQpoBbIX aBToMatoe .'.. 136 4.4. Ocnosbl saeueuruofi 6asrr . ' . . . " , , . . . . . ' . . . .1. 3 .6 4 . 4 ,1 , A o r z . r e c K l { es e M e H T b I | 42 "',,,,', lorusecKux 3leMeHToB,... 4.4.2. Cxer,rorexHl4Ka 4 .4 . 3 . 3 a e r " r e H T IIId H T e r p a l b H b rcxx e M . , . . . . . . . . . ' . . . ' . . ' . . 'I. 6' .6. . . . . . . ' . ' . . . . . ' .1. '7 5 K o n m p o a r n b r eB o n p o c b t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cncreMbl,,",',' I77 ftana 5. llonsrr,re aAropI4TMaI{ aAropI4TMI,IqecKHe "..".' 179 5. 1. Ilonqrr,te aIropLITMa H ero csolicrsa ..'....'.186 5.2. PexypcI4BHbIe$yurquu . . . . . . . ' . . . . . .1 . .8. .9 r l r o p n H r a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 3 .M a u r r a n r T 5 .4 . H o p v a a n H b l ea l r o p u r u r r M a p r o B a . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. '9. .8. . 5.5. OueparopHble cl{creMbl alropl4TMlr3al{nu ......,.." ...",. 202 l an Xao ...'............',,.204 5 . 5 .1 . O u e p a r o p H b l ea ^ r o p r ' I r M b B 206 5.5.2.OneparopHble aAropHTMbIA.auynoea..'........'..... 5.5.3. Brr.ox-cxeunrrfi MeroA illropl,ITMrr3aqun ....."'.... 208 5.6. Mero4at oI{eHKLIa ropI{TMoB Hepa3peluuurre upo6ae ua ...",,,., 2 12 r.raAropLITMHqecKI'I .."',",...."...217 K o n m p o t r n b t e B o n p o c b r. . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . l , 4 . a a a6 . O 6 p a 6 o r x a a H Q o p u a I I I d L r . . . . . . . , . . . . .

' . . . . " ' . . . ' . , . . . .2. .1 9

6. 1. Kottrusrorepuaflo6pa6orxa raHQopuaquu " "'..,'..',,,,." 219 6. 1. 1, II oxoleHl4r gle KTpoHHbrx BblrrucAlITe bHblx ,,,,,.,,,,",",,,,,,225 MaruI,IH....... 6. 1.2. Kaaccu$uxaqur cpeAcrB o6pa6orxn .......'..,......".232 r a H s o p r n r a r l u, .u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. L3. Kaaccn$uxaqur nporpaMMHoro o6ecne'r esus ' ... 236 6.2. llpeo6pa3oBaHI,Ie anaaorogort uu$opuaqun '.,,'..'.....'.261 e quspoayro Sopr"ry 548

6,3. OyHxlruoHa bHal H crpyKTypHafl opraHll3allufl rpoqeccopHutx ycrpolicrn o6pa6orxn znQoplraquu ... 268 6.3. I . O6qat crpyKrypa rpoqeccopurrx ycrpotlcra o6pa6orrH r'ruQopuaqrn u TpITHIII'Iubl ...."....'..'...."..268 $ o n H e r h n r a H.a. . ' . . . . . . . . . ' 6.3.2. lzlcnoaHeHlaeKoMaHAlrporpaMMhl . . . . . . . . ' . . ' . ' . .2. 8 ' . 1. u p o q e c c o p o M. , . ' . . ' . . . . . . . ' . ......".....'...'.289 6 . 4 .O 6 q a s c r p y K r y p a 3 8 M . . . . ' . . ' . . ..."'..'...289 6 . 4 . 1 .C r p y K r y p H a r c x e M a I I S B M 6. 4.2. Ycrpofi crsa BBoAa-BbIBogar'rH$oprvraquu .'.,...'..29 4 6.4.3. CracreMHaflMarlrcrpalb LrIulrHbI 3BM..'...'.'...... 304 6.4.4. Oprauu3aIII'Ifl BBoAa-BbIBo4aHu$opmaqnn ,........313 e 3BM 320 ...'.......'. o6pa6orKu rrapallelbuori Cucter'lbl Aa]rHbIX 6.5. sAeMeHrbI I{ rpoqeccopuble llpoqeccopbl 6.6. BrIqI4C

I,ITEA.IHIIX CIICTEM

,,,"'324

6.6. 1. Muxpoupoqeccopbl c pacul{pensoft ". 324 I{ coKpalqeHHoftcncreuoti xouaH4 ..........,...'., xapaKTepucrl{Krd 6.6.2. OcuoBnbte Ml4KponpoqeccopoB,Hcnol!3yeMsrx s IISBM '...' 328 6.6,3. OcsoBHbIe rlrrbl MlaKporrpoqeccopoB' I4CIIOAb3yeMbIxB BLICOKOIIpOI43BOAI4TeIbHbIX cl4creMax'.." "'.,'........"..'........'332 BF,IrrI4clIlTeA-bHbIx pacrrpeAerreHnori 6.7. Cereeble rexHolorl'rl4 . . . . . ' . " "3 3 7 o6pa6orxu AaHHbIx...'.. ' . . ' . . ' . . . . ' . . "3" 4 3 K o n m p o t t u b . e B o n p o c b t. . , . . . ' . . , . . . . . . , . f u a a a 7 . X p a n e x z e r . t r $ o p r r l a q u u' . . . . . , . , . '

. ' . . ' . ' . " . . . " . . . . "3 " 46

7. 1. K,,raccurSnxaqrlx 3arloMrrualoulux yctpoi cts .'......." " 3 47 .......'."""""351 7 . 2 .O c n o s H a f ln a M f l r b ..'.. 35 1 yctpoficts 7.2.1. Xapanrepl{crl4Kr43anoMl4Haloulux ycrpofr cre 7 .2.2. Kou$I'Irypaql'Ifl 3arloMl'IHaroulux '."" 353 c rpflMbIM AocryroM 7.2.3. 3auoruuHarou{ue 3AeMeHTbI n o l y r r p o B o A H l l K o B b l3x y ' . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . "' .". ."." " 3 5 6 7.2.4. OcrroBHblervubl rraMflTl4coBpeMeuuux llK ""'362 7.3. Konrpolb rIpaBI4AbHocrIapa6oru """"' 366 3aloMuHaloulr'rxycrpoircrB......,"..,.' " " " " 37 I ycrpofi crna .......'....'.. 7.4. BHeurHEe3arroMl'IHaroull{e 7.4.1. HaxonI'ITeAr4rra rn6rux MarHurHblx AHcKax ""' 371

549

7.4.2. HaxourrrelJ4 Ha )KecrKHx MarHLrrHbrxArircK€rx....374 7.4.3.Crpyxrypa AaHHbrxHa MarHr4THoM Arrc4e...,,.....376 7.4.4. Haxour4Telr.rHa ourr4qecKux I4 MafHlrrootrrllrrecKux.a,I4cKax ..,..,.379 Koampotaabre B o n p o c b .r . . , . , . . . . , . . . . . . . ..,,........,.,...383 l t a n a B . l l e p e p , a v au H $ o p r n r a q u n. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..................385

8.1. O6utas cxeMa cr4creMbrlepeAarru unQoprtrar4rara .......385 8.2. Bn4u r4MoAe^r{cfirHa oB ......389 8.2,1. O6ufae cBeAeHr4so coo6uleHr.rsx lr curHalax .,. 389 8 . 2 . 2 .C u r n a t r a r c a 1 . . r auf iu r l u p o q e c c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 3 . .9. .6. 8.2.3. MareuarlrqecKue MoAe,rHcr4rHaloB r,ruorrex ...400 8.3. Kauaau rrepeAaqu AaHHbrxr4]rx xapaKTep]rcrnKrr .....402 8 . 3 . 1 .K a 6 e a r H b l el r a H L I Ic{ B f l 3 l r .........,.......408 8.3.2.EecnpoBoAHbrel'unvru cBq3r.r .,,,,.....,413 8 . 3 . 3 .A u u a p a r y p a n u u u i r c B f l 3 r { ................418 8 . 4 .I , I u S o p M a I { r r o H H bcI ee r l { . , . . . , , . . . . .................421 B.4. 1. KrracczQuxaqua Bbrqr4clurelbHbrxcereri,,...,,,.422 8.4.2. MeroAu [epeAarru AaHHbrxrro KaHirAaMcss.zu ...424 8 .4 . 3 .C u o c o 6 a rx o u u y r a q r a r {A a H H b r Xr.... . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . .4. 3 4 8.4.4. SraaouHarr MoAeAsasaauo4ericrBafl orKpbrrbrx crrcreM r,rnporoKolbr o6uena ,..,,,,,...444 8.4.5. MeroAbr Aocryrra K cpeAe uepeAar{u 4aHnrrx.,... 456 8 . 5 . K o n r p o l s f l e p e A a r r rraa H Q o p r r r a \ v v . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 4. .6. .1. . . . 8.5.1. MeroAbr rroBbrrueHr4fl Bepuocrr4 [epeAaqr4 uuQoprrraqw................. . . , . , . . , . . . . . . .4. 6. .1. un,,. 464 B.5.2. llpzuqrinbr noMexoycrorivranoro KoAr,rpoBaH 8 . 5 . 3 .I l u x " r r u q e c K r ,K r eo A b r. . . . . . . . . . ................470 .......,,..,,.,476 8 . 6 .C x a t n e a n Q o p r r r a q n u . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . K o n m p o t t n H e B o n p o c b .r . . , . . , . . , . . . , . . . . .,................484 fnaaa 9. KoHrpo.u r.r3arrIHTauHQoprvraquu B aBToMarr{3rrpoBaHHhrx cr{creMax

.......,......... 485

9. 1. Yrposu 6esouacHocrn nnQopnaquu B aBToMaru3LtpoBaHHbrx .......,..,485 crrcreMax 9 . 1 . 1 .H e u p e A H a M e p e H H b r e y r p o 3 h r .........,.486 . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.8. 9 9 . 1 . 2 .l l p e 4 u a M e p e H H b r yer p o 3 b r 9.2. 06ecueseHrre AocroBepuocru uuQopuaqur.r B aBToMarr43rrpoBaHHbrx cr4creMax ...........502 9.3. 06ecnerreHlle coxpagHocru raHQoprrlaqun B aBTOMarH3HpOBaHHbrX CnCTeMaX ,.,..,,,,,,512 550

9.4. O6ecneqeHI,Ie xoHSu4enql4illbuocrl4 cncreMax .."' 5I9 r.rnQopuaqnla B aBToMarH3I'IpoBaHHhIx yrerrKl4 9.4.1. 3aulura uHSopuaqI'IH or . . . . . , . . , . . . ."..'..... . . . . . . . ' .5. 2. 'I KaHaAaM uo TexHuqecKuM uu$opr'ra Wv .."' 524 3auII'ITa 9. 4.2. Kpwnrorpa$u're cKaq '...'..'....".530 o 6 ' r e x r a 9 . 4 . 3 .C n c r e M a o x p a H b l 9.4.4. PasrpaHldqeHI4eAocryra '.6 B a B T o M a r I34t { p o B a H H b l cx n c r e M a x . . ' . . ' . . . . ' . . . . ' . .5. 3 . ' . . . . ' . . ' . . . ' . . ..543 . , . . . . , , " ' . . ' . . . . B o n p o c b t KoampoataHe ............545 AI4TEpATypA .......,.....,

Yqe6nnx Arynoe Oner AnaroflbeBuq MegeegeaHnronail Bnxropoanr 14HOOPMATl4KA l-nasHsri peAaKrop h.B. Kongaxoa Pegaxrop lO.A. Cepoaa Koppexrop A.B. EeHeUKae Kounsrcrepxan BepcrKa M.B. Cexorpycoaofi flognucaxo B neqarb 25.03.04.Oopuar 60 x 90/16. Fle.{aruo$cerxan. Syuara o$cerxan. l-apxnrypa "Baltica". Fleq.n. 34,5. Tupax 3000 exs. 3axag A-2jO OOO "Ouera-I" 125298,Mocxea,yn. HapogxoroOnonvenun,A.40, K.2., o$. 108 Ten.,$axc (095) 290-80-6s http://www.omega-l.ru

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poeaHHoI u 3aulilrbr nH$opnaaquu. o6pa6orrr HayrHor 3aHHMaorcfl 06aaxrnsHo leflTeflby Huro,ran Bnnoposnra 6oree50 HapHocTbrc: - 6onee y OreraAuarorueefira 20. uurxpa6or, 1 n :6nrr v ir u .: v u v v , g

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uH$opcrpyKrypbr r o6qnxcsol4cre 0nHcaH14e nocrpoeMauHH. ,l31oxeHne o6quxnpnHuhnoB - y f f B b r t r ! 4 C I l L 4 r e l b H by lCXT p O 1 4 C I Bn ,p e A C T a B -

r ' r e H i lreh c r 0 B o i n H $ o p r u a q r na q n $ p o a u t x B xHlrrenpeflcTaBneHbr ocHoBHbte aBToMarax. il nepegagil chcreMblo6pa6orxu,xpaHeHtiR B0npocbrKoHTponR [ 3auhrbl r,rHSopNaquu; ct4creMax. nH$opuaqun B aBToMal4314p0BaHHbrx Knn'leB yve6HuxeAaHbreer(ue onpe,qeneHi4fl ssrx n0Hslr4ilr'rHQopuarnxuil K0HKperHbre n0 TeMaM Kypca. Bonpocbr

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