حاکمیت قانون: مفاهیم، مبانی و برادشت ها

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Author: احمد مرکز مالمیری

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1. Good Governance

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1. Common Law

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1. Dorsen, N and Gifford, P. (eds.), Democracy and the Rule of Law, (Washington: NewYork University School of Law, 2001), p. 174.

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1. Concept 2. Conception 3. Cotterrell, R. Law's Community, (London: Clarendon Press Oxford, 1994), p. 160.

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1. See Rodin, M. J. "Reconsidering the Rule of Law", BU Law Review, 69, 1989, p. 781; quoted in: Zywicki, T. J. "The Rule of Law, Freedom, and Prosperity", George Mason University School of Law and ICER, May 30, 2002; Available online at: http://www.icer.com. 2. Contested Concept

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2. See Ibid, p. 32; also see Dworkin, Law´s Empire, (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 70;

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in: Rose, J. "The Rule of Law in the Western World: An Overview", Journal of Social Philosophy, Vol. 35, No. 4, Winter 2004, p. 457. 1. Reasons 2. Legal 3. See Tremblay, op. cit., pp. 31-32. 4. Selznick, P. "Legal Culture and the Rule of Law", in Krygier, M and Czarnota, A. (eds.), The Rule of Law After Communism: Problems and Prospective in East-Centeral Europe, (Dartmouth: Ashgat, 1999), p. 24.

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1. Shakler, J. "Political Theory and the Rule of Law", in Huntchinson and Monanan (eds.), The Rule of Law: Ideal or Ideology, pp. 1-5; quoted in: Rose, op. cit., p. 457.

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1. Quoted in: Wade, E. C. S and Bradley, A.W. Constitutional and Administrative Law, (London: Longman, 1993), p. 99.

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1. Glorious Revolution 2. See Ibid., p. 93. 3. Bill of Rights

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1. Dicey, A.V. Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, (London: Macmillan, Published in 1885, 8th edn, 1927). 2. Tremblay, op. cit., p. 22. 3. Dicey, op. cit., pp. 183-184. 4. Ibid., p. 198. 5. Ibid.

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2. Ibid, p.199; also see Alder, op. cit., pp. 97-101.

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1. Constitutional Supremacy 2. Due Process of Law 3. Procedural Justice 4. See Levy, L.W. "Due Process of Law", in Levy, L.W and Karst, K. L. (eds.), Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, (New York: Macmillan, 2000), Vol. 2, pp. 828-829. 5. Constitutional Review

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1. Lawful state 2. The Law of Reason 3. See Pech, L. "Rule of Law in France", in Peerenboom, R. (ed.), Asian Discourse of Rule of Law, (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 104.

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Jm1 0 * + ] 0 += e \ + ]=0 X $I6 XMXM XV ") J + «X!7X » $ X! 1"VX S.;\ 8 ; 3JW6 ) M + X O! $ / e $I6 X& X P ; $?0$ ;* G?8 UX & x?' .7X e/ $?0$ X " F y O! $ ; * M + Q c " K $?0$ $Q XV ") !* $ $"I0 0 [" $Q ; !) N: ! Y. ! V0/ .X 1V U1 $ * ;11Q 3 0 1- X 0 ; F $ $T ; e "8 «X!0» X- 7! + $"67 e/ $Q ;! ! .X « ; X?y» $Q J M 0 8 X 0C $11 ____________________________________________________________ c Vn e 0 J M U -!0C $ F) "/ $3J ' U Dst | /M X?nQ .1 . - N"- 0 N/* U - :q . / "8 .k7 E!< + >?" X c u cH 6 UI6 & $ U .2 uw 7K _{ uwv T0i _s uwu \ " v X :+ 1 \V X ! :q. Dut`s X ut 0 uw \ uv Pech, op. cit., p. 105. 3. See Jennings, J. "From Imperial State to LEtat de Droit: Benjamine Kriegel and Reform of the French Constitution", in Bellamy, R and Castiglione, D. (eds.), Constitutionalism in Transformation: European and Theoretical Perspctives, (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1986), p. 78.

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2. Rule of Law 3. Rule by Law 4. See Carothers, T. "The Rule of Law Revival", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 2, 1998.

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1. See Peng, Y. "Democracy and Chinese Political Discourses", Modern China, vol. 24, no. 4, 1998, pp. 408-444; quoted in: Peerenboom, R. "Competing Conceptions of Rule of Law in China", in Peerenboom, (ed.), Asian Discourse of Rule of Law, p. 113.

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1. Rules of evidence 2. Selznick, op. cit., p. 24. 3. "Model of Rules" 4. Selznick, op. cit., p. 26. 5. See Goldsworthy, J. "Legislative Sovereignty and the Rule of Law", in Ewing, K. D and Tomkins, A. (eds.), Sceptical Essays on Human Rights, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 64.

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2. Interal morality of Law 3. Fuller, L. The Morality of Law, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969), pp. 33-94; quoted in: Rose, op. cit., p. 459.

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2. Raz, J. "The Rule of Law and Its Virtue", The Law Quarterly Review, Vol. 93, April 1977, p.198.

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1. See Craig, P. "Formal and Substantive Conceptions of the Rule of Law: An Analytical Framework", Public Law, Autumn 1997, p. 468. 2. See Wade and Bradley, op. cit., p. 103. 3. Raz, op. cit., p. 196.

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1. See Craig, op. cit., pp. 469-470.

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1. See Tremblay, op. cit., p. 31. 2. Macleod, I. Legal Metod, (Bristol: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. 56. 3. Selznick, op. cit., p. 26.

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1. See Finis, J. Natural Law and Natural Rights, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), p. 270 2. Normative 3. Norm 4. "Rule of the law"

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1. See Goldsworty, op. cit., pp. 64-65. 2. "Quod pricipi placuit legis habetvigorem" (The sovereigns will has the force of law) 3. See Wade, H. W. R and Forsyth, C. F. Administrative Law, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004), p. 20. 4. Wade and Bradley, op.cit., p. 106.

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1. Hayek, F.A. The Constitution of Liberty, (London: Roultledge, 1993), pp. 205-206.

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1. Dowrkin, op. cit., pp. 11-12. 2. Theory of law and adjudication;

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1. See Ibid.

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1. Accuracy 2. See Dworkin, op. cit., p. 12.

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1. Hebermas, J. "On the Internal Relation Between Rule of Law and Democracy", in Hayden, P. (ed.), Philosophical Perspectives on Law and Politics, (New York: Peterlang, 1999), pp. 327-328.

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3. Shakler, "Political Theory and the Rule of Law", p. 16; quoted in: Rose, op. cit., p. 461. 4. See ODonnell, G. "Why the Rule of Law Matters", Journal of Democracy, Vol. 15, Number 4, October 2004, pp. 42-45.

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1. See Kahn, P. The Reign of Law: Marbury v. Madison and The Constitution of America, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 27, 230-240. 2. See Neumann, op. cit., p. 13. 3. See Raz, op. cit., p. 204.

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1. Waldron, J. "The Rule of Law in Contemporary Liberal Theory", 2 Ratio Juris 70, 1989, pp. 84-85; quoted in: Tamanaha, B. Z. "Rule of Law in the United States", in Peerenboom,(ed.), Asian Discourse of Rule of Law, p. 71. 2. Shklar, "Political Theory and the Rule of Law, op. cit., quoted in: Loughlin, M. Public Law and Political Theory, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), pp. 149-150.

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1. See Ibid., p. 150.

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1. Private liberty 2. See Ibid., p. 59.

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1. "Freedom under the law" 2. "The science of liberty"; See Hayek, op. cit., p. 148. 3. Constant 4. "The System of Principle" l (The Road to Serfdom, 1944) «dR8 %» L6b A$» :+d «/'» h8U .5

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2. Natural Justice 3. Procedural Fairness 4. For instance see Donnely, J. "Human Rights, Democracy, and Development", Human Rights Quarterly, 1999, p.612;

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1. See Wade and Bradley, op. cit., p. 103. 2. "Nemo Judex in Lausa Sua"

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1. See Goldsworthy, op. cit., p. 76. 2. See Raz, op. cit., p. 201. 3. See Raz, J. Ethics in Public Domain: Essays in the Morality of Law and Politics, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), p. 357; quoted in: Brennan, H.S.G. "Principle and Indedendence: The Gurdians of Freedom, 2000); Available online at: http://www.newcastle.edu.au/ school/ law.

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Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, p. 210. 2. See Phlillips, O.H and Jackson, P. O. Hood Phillips Constitutional and Administrative Law, (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1987), p. 36.

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1. Rights

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"Near v. Minnesota", 283 U.S.697 (1931); "Board of Education v. Barnette", 319 U.S. 624 (1943); "Thomas v. Collins", 323 U.S. 516 (1945); "Dennis v. United States", 341 U.S. 494 (1951).

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2. Proportionality 3. Democratic constitutionalism 4. See Allan, T.R.S, "Rule of Law", in Newman, (ed.), The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, Vol. 3, (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 376-377.

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1. "European Convention for the Human Rights and Foundamental Freedoms" 2. Available at online: http://www.pfc. org.uk/ legal/ echrtext.htm. 3. See Clayton, R and Tomlinson, H. The Law of Human Rights, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 322;

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1. See Tolly, H.B. The International Commission of Jurists: Global Advocates for Human Rights, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994); quoted in: Bouloukos, A. C and Dakin, B. "Toward a Universal Declaration of the Rule of Law: Implication for Criminal Justice and Sustainable Development", International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 2001, Available online at: http://www.questia.com. 2. See Wade and Bradley, op. cit., pp. 107-108. 3. See Bouloukos and Dauin, Page 19 of 24.

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1. See Allan, op. cit., p. 375.

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1. Nomocratic 2. Teleocratic

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"Korematsu v. United State", 323 US 214 (1944); quoted in: Allan, op. cit., p. 376. 2. See Heuton, R. F. V. "The Rule of Law", in Essays in Constitutional Law, (London: Stevens, 1964), p. 48; quoted in: Allen, M and Thompson, B. (eds.), Cases and Material, Constitutional & Administrative Law, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 213-214.

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1. Allan, op. cit., p. 375. 2. See Ibid., p. 376.

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1. Private domination 2. See Unger, R. Knowledge and Politics, (New York: Free Press, 1975), p. 291; quoted in: Tamanaha, op. cit., pp. 65-66.

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1. Law 2. Unger, op. cit., p. 291. 3. See Ibid., p. 197.

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1. Ibid., p. 198.

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2. Particularistic 3. See Tamanaha, op. cit., p. 64. 4. Commands 5. See Allan, op. cit., p. 369.

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1. See Harvey, C and Morison, J and Shaw, J. "Voice, Spaces, and Processes in Constitutionalism", Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 27, Number 1, March 2000, pp.1-3. 2. Quoted in: Hayek, op. cit., p. 51.

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1. See Zywicki, op. cit., pp. 3-4. 2. See Jowell, J. "The Rule of Law Today", in Jowell, J and Oliver, D. (eds.), The Changing Constitution, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 57; #: !: # < 3 KJ[ D34 (Hager) « I» o Grojia, op. cit.

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1. Ten, C. L. "Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law", in Goodin, R. E and Pettit, P. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, (Combridge: Mass.: Blackwell, 1995), p. 394.

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1. See Ten, op. cit.

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2. See Kay, R. S. "American Constitutionalism", in Alexander, L. (ed.), Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 27. 3. See Barry, N. An Introduction to Political Theory, (London: Macmillan, 2000), p. 51. 4. Robert A. Dahl

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2. Constitutional democracy 3. Procedural democracy

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Rawls, J. A Theory of Justic, (Combridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 31, 172-176; Rawls, Political Liberalism, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp. 397-398.

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1. Barry, op. cit., p. 51.

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2. See Cook, J.D. "Legislative Guide to Separation of Powers", Legislative Service Bureau, December 2002; Available online at: http://www.legis.State.ia.us. 3. See Zywicki, op. cit., pp.16-17. 4. See "Separation of Powers in A Constitutional Democracy", A Conference in Blantyre, Malawi, 28-31 January, 2003; Available online at: http://www.ifes.org.

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2. See Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, p. 21. 3. "Checks and Balances" 4. See Alder, op. cit., p. 105.

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1. Mixed government 2. See Bellamy, R. "The Political Form of the Constitution: the Separation of Powers, Rights and Representative Democracy", in Bellamy and Castiglione, op. cit., pp. 34-35.

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1. Arbitrary power 2. Discretionary powers 3. Voluntas

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1. Ratio

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3. Reason of law 4. See Endicott, T. A. O. "The Impossibility of the Rule of Law", Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 19, Spring 1999, pp. 1-18. 5. Sultanistic regimes

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1. Constitutional order 2. See Pierson, C. The Modern State, (Routledge: London, 1996), p. 19. 3. See Reynolds, N. B. "Grounding the Rule of Law", 2 Ratio Juris, (1989), pp. 1-5; quoted in: Zywicki, op. cit., p. 5. 4. Subjective 5. See Raz, "The Rule of Law and Its Virtue", p. 203.

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1. See Alder, op. cit., pp. 95-96.

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1. See Hayek, op. cit., pp. 212-213.

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1. Alder, op. cit., p. 92.

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1. See Wade and Forsyth, op. cit., pp. 20-21.

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Davis, C. D. Discretionary Justice: A Preliminary Inquiry, (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1971).

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2. See Bielefeldt, H. "Carl Schmitts Critique of Liberalism", in Dyzenhaus, D. (ed.), Law as Politics, (London: Duke University Press, 1998), pp. 31- 32.

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1. See Street, H. A. A Treatise on the Doctrine of Ultra Vires, (1930);

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1. Packenham, R. "Legislatures and Political Development", in Kornberg, A and Musolf, L. D. (eds.), Legislature in Developmental Perspective, (Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1970); quoted in:

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1. See Goldsworthy, op. cit., pp. 70-71. 2 .See Walderon, J. "The Irrelevence of Moral Objectivity", in George, R. (ed.), Natural Law Theory: Contemporary Essays, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999); quoted in: Goldsworthy, op. cit., p. 70. 3. See Ibid.

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Kriegel, B. The State and the Rule of Law, Traslate by Lepain, A. C and Cohen, J. C, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), p. 31.

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1. For example see Komesar, C.K. Laws Limits: The Rule of Law and the Supply and Demand of Rights, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 156. 2. See Widner, J. A. Building the Rule of Law, (Michigan: University of Michigan, 2001), p. 28.

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1. Russell, P. H. "Toward a General Theory of Judicial Independence", in Russel, H. P and ÓBrien, M. D. (eds.), Judicial Independence in the Age of Democracy, (London: University Press of Virginia, 2001), p. 6.

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' () B '" 2 ()» = G 6) P&&> >(' G >. ' ? > /' ) MN& & '(( AK P? =) /' 6 ;G& E> !" # >?3 fd' f2:) Kd C? # > )_/' )B) ) Kd' 0)>I ) ) 0 H K ' V .«>' =/;O& '(() ' ; =36)

) ) 6) d) =) =) 6 ;3)K E" 2 () +,) 6) f>3 y? => 5 =3=)6< c GK E" () ): 'H "I) R 6) &F) '3RB 6) > 5' () ) ) 3) D < W.>5 O (( ( MN& 6) J(>

6) 'H E ? )> 5 >5 D < ^" 9G 6( '&, & .>5 ): '() ) ' N5 #RB & 'a ) ) =I fd m 'H '(( N5 _8' % & ) Q .> U ' < 6) =I R fd C? bJ? AL& >>& `. ) # H & () E, D < .:)8 >3): ))>C B .OQ )< >, 'H E

U 9I ) =3v3 ,) (C '" ) c .() )> 5 Kd' ?H ) IS) f>3 () #>5 +(& %d 6) #6 'H ) %K %& (( '0 y? f>3 'H _/6 AK B& = =36( 'J '0,) ./8 ,) >I) 5) G =B E" /) .5' ____________________________________________________________ .|| q U8 .1

2. See Heywood, A. Political Theory, (London: Macmillan, 1999), pp. 155-156.

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)I .>5 >3): +>C& )>C? ' )H B H ( a) Q>Q ) Ys{r & YsY[ =3( 0< '(( j ' 9G

_8 V«)6< c » PH )I 'CH P&&> .>5 +>C& ' ) =B ) 'C 'J ,) E" () K/ ) ' R3 m0!>) ,) 3 6) ) 'J ,) ) . ' ,& ' 2 I ,) ' )K q: =36) i («)U8» =3K ;?0(( (

'" ) 6 >$ ' = E):) =LI) // ) ' 9G E" 2 () 6) v ')B) ) '(( EO& e '" EO& 'a @ oaCd .:( EO& IS) B > 3#/) 0T N5 K/) W .>' T& 'H .() B& + '" 2 () +,) "& N& =) =>a ,) # 6) ) " ) k 3< b) 6) =)#?/ ed ,) ) ) 6) E" E.J$& E, '/>( < D3 TI # 9)>$() .3 .> E" 2 () =) 3< 3 \ /' ) #Q 2 () # ,) 6) '(K ) 3) 0 T > +J #R ; ? d ,) ) 6) ': @/ .() K/) _8 '" =)) 'J d '" 2 () "& ) ? k '" 2 () :>5> ,) ) .() 3) '(() #>5 N& 0 J( > ^" #R( 2 () .Y 5 > 'J:) ) R ____________________________________________________________

1. "Free law"

.Y}{jY}| YZ[ x, U8 :p . .2

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>>& J:)> > Kd^ > ^" #R( ^/>( # .r / E, %L Ea) w() 3 )) +!? 9& C? > ^" #R( ^/>( 2, .{ 5 I) ^" _8 E, 6vQ P( J:)> / t3 ^" >)K >C .| ' 'I =3#/) '3):) % 6) > R3 .z >5 ): > )#>5 7(N& ' =3 w() > 5 '/>( FI > =I .Z 6( ;3)K >)\ ^" 9G 7(N& ) ) 96F A > 0 .} >5 ): ^ > 3)6< c 6) > ^" #R( \\ .[ =36( R '., =3+HU& (8 > E" .s >5 )6< : 'O$5 =3f>3 =R8 ) 5 2I 0 )& ) K 0 > ^" #R( +Q5 )K) .Y~ R E, ^"aC& t3 E" >T/ >5 ?5 ^2:) ^R?U 6 # c ')>$() c #>\"& > .YY >5 E" 5 "& > E" ^J5 ) .Yr ^ )& > v( + ^I +)I w() > E" AK& .Y{ / E, v& t3 ^" ) #)) k ) > E" #> 8 )_/) .Y| >5 R x$5

>5 9)) > ^" #R( ) K )6) .Yz ^0 E)?: kC&) ^ > I K O 6) > E" .YZ >5 ): : q: ei I) O P( I) PC( > 5 ^/>( .O I( > E" JI L I E&) .Y}

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K ^ )& 9>I @ ^JF & oK, > E" TI %Ja& .Y[ _8 E, 3< b(& TI PB? %Cd > 5^ ^ \ %Ja& v \ ^G ) I .Ys 5 +OK+ d E) R 3 < > E) + ? b(& G >>v& + > \_ I #, 9) .r~ V .>5 'H =) R 6) '" 2 () D3 '" 2 () +,) mH.& ./ H @ W.>' 0F ) mH.& +,) J( EC&& IS) 9TJ? 'I =K =3=)6< c "& ;./ ) 6) '(( =)) ) mH.& +,) ) I () ) mH.& @ =)=

' 6 o,O: ' 5 '" 0)>I % & ' +I '" ) ) mH.& +,) 3) () 'H '(( E 6) =I Kd 6) 'H 6) o,O: !" # 2 () 3) .() B& + ? '() v mJ» > (( c .?JK m(2 )6)8 G =)< # := #> I .() K/ ) >\& «() )K) H0 =)6< E >5 bC& # !" # H @ 3< EO& P&&> K/ >3): ) (: '&" :) @/ >5 >3): `$&) ' ,) 8 3)$C0

____________________________________________________________

1. "Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary", Adopted by the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders held at Milan from 26 August to 6 September 1985 and endored by General Assembly resolusion 40/32 of 29 November 1985 and 40/146 of 13 December 1985; Available online at: http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/indjudiciary.htm. 2. See Kelly, F. B. W. "An Independent Judiciary: The Core of the Rule of Law", Available online at: http://www.icelr.law.ubc.

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9TJ E" ) > 5 f ,) ) 6) ))_R () H V .>?3 ,) ) I

. #" ! . v # EO I) # EO =a '" v ) 6) 'H ;O& O 0 ? @ ) .(3/) J( 'H =) =3HJI 3 O =/6( L ; =MN& 5 HJI EG ) B& + '&> 3#/) =) ) '(() EG E" 2, P&&> .>(5' ( v =) v ) ) E):) IS) 0)>I D3 '0,) ) IS) EO& L) 2, 6) '" 6( J( 3< >' EO& I) ) IS) .> 5' ): 'H =) ' Q =) 0N? # EO '" ) () #>5 K_8 =) v # =)#5) ./ ) =)>) ) .() -& >6 () TR ) U .>(' G >. '" > mH.& #>5 /#JB '(( j' =39G '.J$ =3> '" 'U&) > ) T > =R ('H< > ) TQ > () E" # 9I '2, 6) 3#/) '" 'H< > W.('8) )I .> ): '(() v =) I) L AB) E):) 6) #> EF) '0I ) `. 8 >&> H<

____________________________________________________________

1. Blackstone, W. Commentaries on the Laws of England, (London: Cadell & Davies; 15th edn, 1809, I, p. 269; quoted in: Allan,op. cit., pp. 369-370. 2. See Jackson, V. C and Tushnet, M. Comprative Constitutional Law, Part 2, (New York: New York Foundation Press, 1999), Ch. VI. 3. U. S. Supreme Court

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.>' E" '(() 'JJ0) E)>3a 08

____________________________________________________________

1. Constitutional review

6) '(() ,) I "& G = 7(N& U> ) ? )K '$& 0 .2 )I EN3 ) .() K/ ENU ? )K '2 ) (Sieyes) «7 '(» L:

v # I) =I ) L x$U& .i "Jurie Constitutionaire" =(» )I = +HU& P0 y2 ) ;U3 ( U8 ) .) #>I ) '(()

=I ) L x$U&» , 6& :6) K/ >( PO& «CR

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R@ > aB ' ;G >' 6Q< )( ) 4d ) : = IU ) =) )&' ) 'J,) B& ) G 6) .5' B& ;G m&) B& . j % B& =R m&) B& 'H ) .() ' +,) ECI '() #6< =C ' ></ =a ) ' ) «(» =3 U> ) U B&

V

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______________________________________________________ #RU ) :)&) ) >JB EF Iv :0)>I =( '/ , 6& : «'(() 'I)6 :p . '" eJ$ =3> AB) U a0L =) {~~ q (Y{}[ )& EF) ' 9G >N& '" ' C 9.» >) =0 T ?>

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1. See Loughlin, M. "Rights, Democracy and Law", in Campell, K. D and Ewing, K. D and Tomkins, A. (eds.), Sceptical Essays on Human Rights, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 41-60.

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'R$(8 =)_R m&) +H5 ) .>0h? J + .() R3 =) )BF)96F ) J( 9 #)) wHa ) #>"& .(3% 0 +(& > aB m ' ;G R B& ) )> 5 9. m&) B& D3 T ' ;G S j % =C .() TI L 'H 9G m 7(N& =) #><;3/ S) )6< c » 6) =) Iv 6) )> 5 H ) j % B& )

f>3 0 > 5 L) ;G& #>5 >N& > ): V«'aCd

=># +! #/> ) ))>Kd @/ .5' ? ) ' ;G

d 'H E" #C O>' c 3=)6< 6) )> 5 #>5 K/ =3#6< K/G ) > ) B& '(( aB f)>3) 'J ) ' ;G 'J d f>3 «pF» @ ' )6)8 G U> ) 6) ) .3< >> & 0 & > )' 3=)6< c IS) "& ?/ H > T « j %» > ) < )&' ' ;G B&

(J #)) 'J #)) ') ? «#))» O m&) > D3 w() 3 T H f)>3) () «' 2 I» 'C H =C HJ .5' Ca& T f)>3) < + =) M1 =)T) #>5 "& 6) 'H >' =/ v @ ./8 E & 6) «J/F» # G f2:) «H .?JK» 3E.& # #/> E.& ) &5 Ca& .() H ) U& EO L =) '" &% ECI !" < () ) 'J,) )1( ./' 6 v # EO& I) 08 c 6) K G '(() L 6) 08 EO /) () B& + =) '() ,) B& )> 5 ____________________________________________________________

1. Natural rights

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)&' ? ) 'I : & B ) ',: PO& )_R < L) 'C (#> EF) '0I ) E" > ) E" 6) '3/ ;O& 5\ )) V? ) U j () 'I #)) R j ) .;\ !)) ^5 ) > 3(8 EF)( ) \ ;3): ( ) . ) P$ /> J( =)_R '() ,) 6) 'H 6) 'H #)3 08 +,) T +0 3 .5' #5 9 =>B d =) 0N? ) .() #>5' y? '() '(() ,) +,) _8 K ) >5 4L H< '(() >& 9R3 h5 ) 3 '(() > ,) '(() =& ei < ="I) '$ ) B& ) # )&' R@ 'H ./ ) /) R ECI .:( '(() I >a I) =/6( D3 ) R C? '(() =& 9TJ? B& @ +(& () '(() # JB 6) 'H =) .>U$ % & ) #>) ) )&' =6( =)_R E):) IS) 08 > '(() =& HK '() H< '(() />>& 'C5: 6) K/ ENU

o,O: '(( j ' =39G R )6)8 G C? < =3J"K J) ) #)) bJ?& L: < 'J,) Q>Q . ? )K =HK 678 . 3=)6< c o m&) =3#6< +(& ( ; '56) )I =K =)6< ) =) Q>Q @ >N& W . «=)#& '()» .0$ &% d '() JB 6) 36) ____________________________________________________________

1. See Ibid., pp. 41-42. 2. Tamanaha, op. cit., p. 59.

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5)_/ 6 ) A =) ) =)_R ( /) ) 'J,) F>() > & =3a ,) 6) +HU '@@ ) ) E):) >' E):) +(& 08 /> ? @ :? > '(() =3=)6< c '(() ,) ) PO& : O PO& J( +,) P&&> > EC < > .5 +)6 0)>I =)6< ,) ) EF » «3?0)>K» #>5 =3#/> B& W

:> >N& «'() L:» 6) GK =) #>) H3) ( V«3?0)>K

; ? '() =B '/> 'C '() 6) =)>Kd .Y EJC& 6) 9 K/) MN& & y` E v3 5 MN& 3 =) 'CK 9)I 'C&) J?J( ei E):) mH.&) =I =) mH.& .r # ( ei E):) mH.&) ' K) =) mH.& (EF) )>K 0 ( !" v

/) «J3» J( 6( ) '" 6( '8 .{ :() #>5 e,& > '(() x$U -, =3> 6) 'H & ) 6) '3> +I ... () =)_R E):) > =)T) 5 "& 3#/) :) )T) %d 6) > )&' ____________________________________________________________ J( 5' ./ '&F Iv ("Federalist Papers") «3 ?0)>K EF » .1 «'B B» (Jame Madison) «?> TB» (Alexander Hamilton) «J3 > ?H0)» 2. See Ibid., p. 60.

.> >< & 5 '(() 6) (John Jay) .9@ $ 9 ./ :p . ) mH.& AB) .3

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E, ) Q .5 L) '(() I) 3 < w() 8 v ' '(() #>5 "& n =3) 3% 3 V . >3): '(() @/ #>5 4L =3K8 3#6< =C >, )T) ) ) >U '" =)#5) (Y}}Z yO) #> EF) =u ) W.>5 :5 ( '0I ) 6) #, =)< 6) 'H '(() k EI '/>( )>K !" # =& +,) I) =I ) E 92I) 2, 6) )>K =3#/) >5 '.J$ =3F>() .> >/ ): '(() '0)>K v # ')B) \ () #>5 !)) 3#/) 08 EO 2, ( =) =3=)6< c gK )I # ea >N& F>() J) c ) bJ?& # '3 Q>Q B& .() => 5 'H i HJ ) H =a b K '() ;5 ) => 5 =3=)6< ?/ c 9)) () #>5 #5 =/6( C0L G> .>3 ) : '3) +,) f>3 y@@ # E):) IS) EG '(() 08 EO +,) CI) 6) & ) .>5 ' J& ' ,) 6) #6) \ >5 ( >5' ? ) '() m.F TB 08 =U c ,) ) ) G > >>' =)_R '? ____________________________________________________________

1. Hamilton, A and Madison, J and Jay, J. The Federalist, (New York: Arligton House, 1966), no. 78, p. 466; quoted in: Tamanaha, op. cit. =I -& =) .5 ' J( Y[~{ ( "Marbury v. Madison" =I .2

' CL& c =>< #K ' =6() >) :p . 5 ' =u _ (Y{[Y )T U :)&) '., ? >( x$J& B& ,a c T 9G .r[Yjr[r x,

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08 ) ' +,) P&&> .() > a 70v #>5 v) =/6( c 9)) +,) ( #>5 'Jv '(() > =3#> y@@ > ,F)'JI #6) =)_R .> 6) ' & ) =/6( =) E" P( 0N? R B& + G 6) .() => 5 c 9)) '(() # EO m 6 '&> P, 3 I) EG =) '" ))>Kd 'H&)+ "& ) '&G j: '0 j: )&' () ' AB # .? ) &):) 32, 6) E> P, AB 6v& 6) a =) # ) I) =) #5 .? '? #>I ) 6) T fd' = )I 3#/) )@ (3#/) E" .i ) ( ) # EO E 9>I E # > ,) ) A& ="I) A) ': () H @/ .> =/;O& =U c ,) '(() O < E >& >@3 ) ' PO& # 'a @ .> PO& ) ' @ > )> = 96F (... 'Kd' 0)>I =)6<) G #>5 >N& =36) +>C& 08 PO& J( oK, j H =) '&)` '36) =3#/ AK N& E>#& =3(( `$&) JB 6) j > 5' 'J)I ./8 6) 3 '0 V.>< >>8 & a& j q: > 5' y? 'H I) IU )T '6) >?3 ,) &8 08 yO ) '(() ?.& E" .i => 5 =3=)6< c v _ a& () = () '5) w() ) 6) =? 3< =/;O& p2 @/ R

____________________________________________________________

1. See Bix, B. Jurisprudence: Theory and Context, (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1999), p. 143.

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B& E" #>5 4d EH K/ G .> ) 08 yO ) 6) "& B ) '(() ,) > )&' ?.& K 9JI '!5< > ?.& =3=)6< c &) 'I a. U @3 f2: E):) IS) G 3#.()( 3Ca&( H) P&&> .>3 3 +)> ) '(() =3'/n E)T0) +0 08 /> >(' G R =( 6) : EO L: .i #>I 6) 'R?5 > )&' E$ ) >)K 6 +0 E) 6) ': 08 /> P&&> .>< ) R '0,)Q ^a) `$&) ? @ '/> )) =) )> 5 =u PJB =3=)6< c '(() @/ > < = >?89)I d >@3 />3=u 6) =)>a& #> N& ) >5 => 5 B =) O ? @ )I .() y` = ' =) 5 PO& E> #& d )> 5 =O) a. N& v) =) U> ) =3=)_R(( ( B '(() A& )&' v) .>5 5) E =)_/ ( =) P( 6 '(() 9)T0) A. ) : )K />3=u 08 5) ) ) EO '" 6( Ca& )&' HJ >3 ( 6) 'T 9G E" D3 . '6) '(() =C Kd'

P( ; +)I 6) 'H T 'T =3(( 3< =)K ="I) J( '(() 'H =) EO& EO L mJ? /3 6) ) i 2 () 2, ) .5' y? # # 2 () K +0 >CJd' '3/ 'B E Ja& 'T < G (3< 'Kd' D3 E" !" .() #>5 #5 yJL 3#/) '0 ) IS) =)_/)

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) >? ' '" B +F «J3» H @ IS) # 9 b() =3 )I 3#/) () '0 a '".& E):) y@@ ) # JB 6) 'H =) E):) )I '(() 6) : (.& B& E" .> "& # a& ) 08 yO ) D3 ) . a )I ) '(() ) E /3 >< B E, '(() » P&&> >3' -B& 08 O & V

.«() ; U /> (): 9 (): 'a I )

>& G =3 .01 6) 'H )I '" )I W.() # C& ) : #RB '(( j ' =39G R 5) =)#5) ? )K ' 9G 0 ) '(5 >(' G P( «> 0» 'a =? )K ( '/n .;5 G >>v& (Etat Légal) «' 0» 9. ? (Etat de droit) ____________________________________________________________ =3(8 AB) U a0L =) D3 |Yzj|YZ x, U8 'JS :6) + .1

F>() '" .0$ F>() ('H< #5 ) '" ))>Kd .Y[~jY[z x, U8 =0 T 'I)6 :p . '" m&)Q ) ,a )H. 6) 'H #R 6) '() kC&) O$ -& >5 .2

)6 6) E. =) )6 6) ) kC&) ) M< 6) 'H «w3» .>5 >. ? kC&) >' >N& H ) ) 9/ .>' -U& C& 9/ ( 6)8' #>) ) -& 9 9/ .5' '5 «>» 9. 6) '() #:F >' _:) R 'aC 6) HJ & 6) ) : IU I ) 3 =) ) =)=$: L() > 6)8' H ) 45 9( 9/ + d 'I =K =$: %d> >' IU () #>5 "& )> 5 :p . #/> ) a0L =) >' K ) R>3 Habermas, op. cit.

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E):) IS) '3> _8 08 +,) 6) 0) 5) .() 08 6) + ? = J( < EO D3 # ) «(» =3 U> ) 6) K/ S=? )K ( +0 P&&>

V

6) K/ ENU 08 /> yO O& +Q ) U> ) ) .5 92I) CaQ 'aB b(& > ) «'I #))» G w() #>3+HU& =)_R 08 > E> 6) ECI 'C '() + _8 )) ) ) . «' 0» #)_R ' '(() =& +,) :5 ( =) ) 'B '/>

>@ m =) '(() :) :5 ( R =( 6) . 6) 78 ) 6) K/ '$& Ev& .>5' .0$ #)3 q:

=) EO :) = C? '> ) v) ? )K y2 ) )I H @ .C MN&' '(() L 0 6) 'H ) L) =) ( #>5 LI) :) «' hJ8 '(() » ( =)T) ( )@ #>5 ')d '(( f)>3) B oK, '(() 'H =3 R 0 bJ?& ?/ =) =d)) +>C& : > EG '(() . =)B) ) = P&&> 'C y2 ) 6 6) ? )K '(( '/n . #>5 JL E> IS) )T) 6) 'H >5: v& 6) D3 '" E):) IS) E" i( 3#/) ) .>5' '5 (> fa W«08» ) 'LJ( =3#/)

9v ) ; 'a HJ > ' 0: 'LJ( #6 k ) & '(( ( 6 < 6) .> 5' y? =)_R > >@3 E2,) ____________________________________________________________ .'&> $ 9( ./ :p . D3 .1

2. "Parlement"

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d 9G ) ) B W.>/ )() V«E" H» =? )K

0» G =/+H5 >5 & $( ? )K ;? EF &

( #>/ & $( E" !" # U8 R «> .>5 ea& '(( ' eJ$ =39G &:)H '&, =( PC? ? )K '(( j ' 9G & & 0) .>/ eJ$ =3( U ':)H ;v8 =B '(() '(() =)5 )I = i JB 6) 'H =) =) =6( ) +HU& . (Ysz[) >5 ')d U&):) 6) < 6v& '(() 6) a =) 08 =& ')/'(() +,) 08 +,) P&&> .K/ ) '(5 ? )K ' 9G b(& T '(() 6(5 ( ;O& K/ +H5 ) & )) A) 9 & «Av =)6<» fa " Ys}Y ( '(() =)5 =» ) < ? )K '(() c ;O& ) #a0)cK MN& 0 ':

U ) 6) '(() =)5 ;O& ) .> )#> « ? )KS ?> JI ____________________________________________________________

1. "governement des juges" 2. See Pech, op. cit., pp. 85-87.

qO:) '(() =)5 k E) ? )K Ysz[ '(() Z{ & zZ ,) .3 )B) U 5 92I) '(() =)# » #>5 -O& Zr +,) .)

.{[} q U8 E0) :6) + «/'

4. Liberté dAssociation, C.C, July 16, 1971, no. 71-44 DC, Rec. 29; quoted in: Ibid., pp. 91-92.

EF) '" =C () #> EF) «?> JI =» =I G .5 :() K/ E, +` EO$U =M) ? ) 5' y? H< #>

George D. Haimbaugh, Jr. "Was It Frances Marbury v. Madison?", Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 35, 1974, p. 910; quoted in: Ibid.

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;O& ) a ? )' '(() ) < ' +0 ) 08 O L) 0 I '(() =)5 9. #>5 ( ) '(() E .>5 // 08 ? )K '(() =)5 ;O& () qO: ) R ; H

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1. See Ibid., p. 92. 2. See Wade and Bradly, op. cit., p. 104.

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1. Quoted in: Ibid. 2. See Ball, A. R and Peters, B. G. Modern Politics and Government, (London: Palgrave, 2000), p. 216.

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Shapiro, M. "Judicial Review in Development Democracies", in Gloppen, S and Gargarella, R and Skaar, E. (eds.) Democratization and the Judiciary, (London: Frand Cass, 2004), pp. 21-23.

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1. See Hewko, J. "Foreign Direct Investment in Transitional Economices: Does the Rule of Law Matter?, Fall 2002/ winter 2003, East Eropean Constitutional Review, pp. 71-79; Available online at: http://www.law.nyn.edu/ eecr/ vol 11-12 num 4-1/ special/ hewko.pdf.

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