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37
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ou,eHH
03HaqaeT, ~o 6oJIbIIIOe KO
~eCTBO TOBapa 6hIJIO npOH3Be..ueHOH BOWJIO B COCTaB 3anaCOB MaTepHaJIbHhIX 060POTHhIX
cpe..uCTB. 3TO He 06J13aTeJlbHO 3HaqHT, ~O ll>HPMhI npo..uaJIH 60JIbWOe KOJI~eCTBO TOBapa.
rn.l.
4.
M.Kp03KOHOMlflfeClCMe nOK.3.TenIf•••
75
Ha CaMOM ,IleJIe cymecTByeT BepmITHOCTb TOro, 'ITO ,IlWKe npH BblCOKOM ypOBHe BBI1 3KOHOMHKa MoxeT HaxOMTbCH B COCTOHHHH, 6JIH3KOM K Jq>H3HCHOMy, no CKOJIbKY 3anaCbI MaTepHaJIbHblX 060POTHbIX Cpe,llCTB HaKa,llJIHBlUOTCH, H BCKope MeHe.n:xepbI 6y.llYT cOKpamaTb npOH3BO,IlCTBO, qTQ6bI BepHYTb OO1.eM MarepHaJIbHblX 3anaCOB Ha I\eJIeBoli ypOBeHb. Crre,llOBaTeJIbHO, 3KOHOMHCTbI, KOTOpbIe CTapalOTCH COCTaBHTb nporH03 3KOHOM~ecKoroKypca, y,lleJIHlOT HaMHOro GoJIbWc;l BHHMaHHH ypoBHIO MaTepHaJIbHblX JanaCOB, qeM ,IlllHHbIM 0 BBI1 Ja nOCJIe,ll,HllH KBapTaJI.
XOpOWO, nnoxo MCKBepHO: BCe BnMHeT Ha yaenM'IeHMe BBn B 06meM, 60JIee BbICOKHH YP0BeHb BBll nyqwe, qeM 60JIee HH3KHli, nOTOMyqTO 60JIbWee
KOJI~eCTBO npOH3Be,lleHHbIX TOBapOB 03HaqaeT nOTeHI\HaJIbHO 60JIee BbICOKHA XH3HeHHbIH ypOBeHb, a 3TO 3HaqHT H GoJIee BbICOKHli ypOBeHb npe,llOCTaBJIeHHH Me,llHl\HHCKHX ycJIYr H 60JIbwee KOJI~eCTBO ,IleHer
AJlH nOMOIIUI HYJIC,lllUOllJ;HMCH.
Ho 60JIee BbICOKHli ypOBeHb BBll He rapaHTHpyeT, qTQ B03paCTeT YP0BeHb
y,llOBJIeTBope~
\HHH, noTOMy ~O BBI1 qaCTO nO,llHHMaeTCH, KOr,lla B XH3HH 06mecTBa npOHCXO,llHT 'ITO-TO llJIOxoe. HanpHMep, eCJIH CJIyqHTCH yparaH, KOTOpblli pa3pYWHT 60JIbWOH paliOH ropO,lla, BBI1 nO,ll,HHMeTCH H3-3a TOro, ~o HYXHO 6Y,lleT peKOHCTpYHpoBaTb YH~TOXeHHbIe 3)1,aHHH H BbIIIyCTHTb MHOro TOBapoB, He06xo,llHMblX
AJlH BOCC03,llaHHH pa3pyweHHoro. Ho He nyqwe JIH
6blJIO 6bI, ~06bI HHKaKOro yparaHa He 6bIJIO?
AHaJIO~HO, 60JIee BblCOKHA BBI1 B03MoxeH B CHTYaI\HHX, KOr)l,a Bbl rOTOBbI COrJIaCHTb CH Ha YBeJI~eHHe 3arpH3HeHHH oKpyxalOmeli Cpe,llbI HJIH yCHJIeHHe HepaBeHCTBa ,Il0XO,llOB. CTpaHbI nepeXHBaIOT 6ypHoe 3KOHoM~ecKoepa3BHTHe H yCKOpeHHblMH TeMllaMH nOBbIwaIOT
ypoBeHb XH3HH, 3aqacTYIO eme GoJIbWe 3arpH3HHH oKpyxalOmyIO cpe.llY H C03,llaBaH 60JIbWe COI\HaJIbHbIX 6ecnOpH,llKOB, nOTOMy qTQ HeKOTOpbIe JIIOM CTaHOBHTCH 'GoraTbIMH 3HaqHTeJIbHO 6bICTpee, HeXeJIH ,IlpyrHe. I1oKa3aTeJIb BBll He OTpaxaeT 3TH HeraTHBHbIe CTOpoHbl. BBll TaKXe He yqHTbIBaeT CTOHMOCTb Coo6o,llHOro BpeMeHH.
Y MeIDl 6bIJIa Macca BpeMeHH,
KOTOpoe H npO:lKHJI, He npoH3BO)I,H H He nOTpe6JIHH H~ero, qTQ MOrJIO 6bI 6bITb nO)l,C~TaHO B BBI1, -
CH)I,eJI Ha 6epery MOpH, nO)I,HHMaJICH B roPbI, ryJIHJI no napKY, 06maJICH C ,IlPY3bHMH.
DOJIee TOro, POCT BBll qaCTO npoHCXO)l,HT H3-Ja TOro, qTQ MbI npHHOCHM B xePTBY Haw ,Il0cyr, a no 3Ha~, qTQ eCJIH Bbl Ha6JIIO,IlaeTe pOCT BBI1, TO npH 3TOM He 06HJaTeJIbHO ynyqwaIOTcH BCe06mee 6JIarococTOHHHe HJIH cqaCTbe. OrclO,Ila CJIe.llYeT, 'ITO XOTH
KYPC
Ha nOBblweHHe BBI1 B OCHQBHOM nlZHHOCHT nOJIb3Y )I,JIH
06meCTBa, paCXO,llbI, 3aTpaqeHHble Ha nOBbIWeHHe npoH3BO,IlHTeJIbHOCm, ,Il0JIXHbl 6bITb Bce r,lla ,IlOCKOHaJIbHO H3yqeHbI.
,llo HacTOHmero BpeMeHH MbI TOJIbKO
npeiJ6apUmeJlbHO 3HaKOMHJIHCb C BBI1. Tenepb npH
IIIJIO BpeMH)I,JIH BaC n0.llPYXHTbCH C BBI1, qTQ6bI Bbl MOrJIH nOHHTb Bce MaJIeHbKHe ceKpeTbI 3TOro nOKaJaTeJIH -
B qaCTHocm, ero COCTaBJIHIOllJ;He qacm H TO, KaK OHH pa6oTaIOT. AHaJIH3,
npe,llCTaBJIeH~B 3TOM pa3,lleJIe, HHTepeCeH H caM no ce6e, HO OH B,llBoitHe nOJIe3eH, nOTOMy
qTQ ,IleJIaeT CTaH,llapTH)'IO KeliHCHaHCKYIO MO,lleJIb MaJq>03KOHOMHKH (0 KOTOPOH H paCCKa3bI HalO B rJIaDe
6)
nOIDITRee, K TOMy xe BbI HayqHTeCb C Heli npaBHJIbHO 06pamaTbCH.
KeHHCHaHCKaH MO,lleJIb 6bma pa3pa60TaHa B
1936
ro,lly 3KOHOMHCTOM H3 KeM6pH.llXa
)lxOHOM MeHHap)l,OM KeHHcoM, KOTOPYIO OH npe,llCTaBHJI B CBOeli KHHre
mocmu, npol{eHma u oeHet!. 3Ta KHHI'a HMeJIa OrpoMHoe BJIHHHHe -
06w,Q.H meopUR 3aHR
HaCTOJIbKO orpoMHoe, ~O
c.n:eJIaJIa MaKp03KOHOMHKY OT,IleJIbHOA 06JIaCTblO HCCJIe,llOBaHHH.
76
&facrb
II.
MalCp03KOHOMMK8 - H8yK8
06 3KOHOMM'I8CKOM pocre M CTa6MRbHOCTJt
KHHra Ket%.Hca 6h1JIa peaKI.J;Het%. Ha BenHKyIO ,nenpeCCHIO 1930-x rO,nOB. llOCKOJIbKY OH qyBCTBOBaJI, 'ITO nOJIHTHKa npaBHTeJIbCTBa, HanpaBJIeHHlUI Ha npeO,nOJIeHHe noro 3KOHOMH '1ecKOro cna.n;a, ,nOJDKHa 6hITb HaueJIeHa Ha YBeJIH'leHHe paCXO,nOB Ha TOBaP~ H YCJIYfH. Ket%.Hc Ha'IaJI C03,lJ;aBaTb CBOIO MO,neJIb, HCnOJIMYJI ypaBHeHHe, KOTOpOe n03BOJUlJIO paCC'IHTaTb BBll nyreM CJIOXeHIDl paCXO,nOB. B pa3,lJ;eJIe "qTO yqHTbIBaeTCH B BBll" BbIllie B 3TOt%. maBe, H 06'bHCHHIO, 'ITO BbI MOXe re paCC'IHTaTb BBll KaK nyTeM CJIOXeHHH BCeX paCXO,nOB, nOTPa'IeHHbIX »a npH06pereHHe TOBapOB H
ycnyr,
YaK H CJIOXeHHeM BCeX ,nOXO,nOB, KOTOpble nOJIyqaIOTCH B pe3YJIbTare npO
H3BO,nCTBa TOBapoB H ycnyr. 06a pe3YJIbTaYa ,nOJIXHbI 6bITb paBHbIMH. TaKHM 06paJOM, 3TO nepeKJIIO'IeHHe Ha MeTO,n no,nC'IeTa paCXO,nOB ,ZJ;JIH BbI'IHCJIeHHH BBll nOJIHOCTbIO onpaB,ZJ;aHo.
(3To
TaKXe OTJIH'lHlUI B03MOXHOCTb,ll)lH BaC nOHHTb 3KOHOMHKY C n03HUHt%. TOro, KTO TPaTHT
,neHbrH, a He TOro, KTO HX 3apa6aTbIBaeT.) QT06bI nocTpoHTb ypaBHeHHe BBll C TO'IKH 3peHHH paCXO,nOB, He06xo,nHMO CJIOXHTb '1e Tblpe TPa.n;HUHOHHbIe rpynnbI pacxo,nOB HbIe pacxo,nbI
(G)
noopeMeHHe
H 'IHCTbItt 06'beM 3KcnOPTa
(NX) -
(C),
HHBeCTHIJ;HH
(1),
rocy,napCTBeH
H npHpaBHHTb nOJIyqeHHYIO CYMMY K
CTOHMOCm(B TOH BaJIIOre, KOTOplUl,neHCTByeT B onpe,neJIeHHOH CTPaHe) BCex TOBapoB H Ore'leCTBeHHoro npoH3Bo,nCTBa B ,naHHbIH nepHO,n, HJIH BBll
(Y).
ycnyr
B aJIre6paH'leCKOt%. lPopMe
paBeHCTBO BbIrJIH,ZJ;HT CJIe.nyIOIIJ;HM 06PaJOM;
Y=C+I+G+NX XOTH CJIe.nyIOIIJ;He pa3,neJIbI co,nepxaT 60JIee ,neTaJIbHOe onHcaHHe, H npe,nOCTaBJIlO BaM B03MOXHOCTb KOpoTKO 03HaKOMHTbCH C 'IeTbIpbMH BH,naMH pacxo,nOB, KOTOpble CYMMHpyIOTCH BBBn.
./ C
OlBa..aeT pacxo~ Ba narpeC)JleHHe, npOH3Be,neHHbIe ,nOMOx03HHCTBaMH Ha
TOaapbI H
./ I
YCJIYI'H KaK ore'leCTBeHHoro,
T~ H~Py6eXHOronpoH3BO,LlCTBa•
Olaa..aeT IIIIBeC'I'ImHOllIlhle pacxo~, c,nenaHHbIe qmpMaMH C IJ;eJIbIO npH06
pereHHH HOBbIX 06'beKTOB KanH1'aJIa, BKJIIO'IlUI nOCTpoHKH, 3aBO,nbI H 060py ,nOBaHHe.
I
TaIOKe BKJIIO'IaeT H3MeHeHHe 3anaCOB MaTepHaJIbHhIX 060POTHbIX
cpe,nCTB, nOCKOJlbKY BCHKHH npoH3Be,neHHbIH, HO He npo,naHHbIt%. B re'IeHHe onpe,neneHHoro BpeMeHH TOBap ,nOJDKeH BOHTH B COCTaB MarepHaJIbHbIX JaIIa COB lPHpM H C'IHTaTbCH BJIOXeHHeM KanHTaJIa B 3anaCbI MarepHaJIbHbIX 060 poTHbIX cpe,nCTB. \
./ G 03B.".eT I'OC)'AllpcTBellllWe 3axynn TOBapoB H ycJIYI'• ./ NX OlHaUeT 'IIICTYit OOLeM 3K:CnopTa,
KOTOPblt%. onpe,neneH KaK Bce BH.LlI>I TO
(EX) MHHYC Bce ToaapbI, KOTOpbIe 1M. EX - 3TO CTOHMOCTb OTe'Ie HHOCTPaHIJ;aMH. 1M - 3TO CTOHMOCTb HHO
aapOB, nOCbIJIaeMbIX Ha 3KCnOPT CTPaHot%. OHa HMnopmpyeT "(1M), HJIH
NX
CTBeHHbIX TOBapOB, KYIIDeHHbIX
= EX -
CTPaHHbIX TOBapOB, KYIIJIeHHbIX BHYTPH CTPaHbI.
3TH
'IeTbIpe BH,na pacxo,nOB COCTaBJIHIOT BBn, nOTOMY'ITO Bce BMecre OHH OruIa'lHBaIOT
BCe -,no nOCJIe,nHero KYCO'IKa! -
npoH3Be,neHHble B ,naHHOt%. CTPaHe TOBapbI 3a onpe,LleJIeH
HbIt%. nepHO,n BpeMeHH.
C-
nOTpe6MTenbCKMe paCXOAbi
PaCXO,LlbI Ha nOTPe6JIeHHe ,n0r-tOX03Ht%.CTB COCTaBJIHIOT npHMepHO 70% OT 06meH CYMMbI BBn -
HaMHoro 60JIbllle, 'IeM OCTaBlllHeCH TPH COCTaBJIHIOIIJ;He, B3HTbIe BMecre. MHorHe
rnasa 4. MaKP03KOHo.....,eclCtfe nOlCu8Ten.....
77
¢laKTOphl BJIIDIIOT Ha TO, KaKYIO 'IaCTb CBOHX .rlOXO,D;OB ,D;OMOX03JIitCTBa peWalOT nOTpaTHTb Ha nOTpe6JIeHHe H CKOJIbKO OHH peWaT COXPaHHTb Ha 6Y.lJYIIl:ee. CneU;HaJIHCThI no MHKp03KOHOMHKe npOBOMT Maccy BpeMeHH, }J3yqasI pa3Ho06pa3Hhle ¢laKTOphl, BJIIDIlOwHe Ha nO,D;06Hhle peweHIDI. Cpe,nH TaKHX ¢laKTOpOB eCTb, HanpHMep, OXCH ,D;aHIDI OTHOCHTeJIbHO 6Y.lJYIIl:ero COCTOHHIDI 3KOHOMHKH HJIH HOpMhI ,D;OXO.rlHciCTH c6epexeHHit
III
(CM. tIaCTb
,D;aHHoit KHHrH, TaM BhI H~eTe Bce, 'ITO HYXHO 3HaTb 0 MHKp03KOHOMHKe).
C ,D;pyroit CTOpOHhI, 3KOHOMHCThI, CneU;HaJIH3»pYlOWJJeCH Ha MaIqJ03KOHOMHKe, "OTCTYITaIOT" OT 3THX ¢laKTOpOB, noTOMY 'ITO npH H3yqeHHH 3KOHOMHKH B u;eJIOM HMeeT 3HatIeHHe 06wasI CYMMa nOTpe6JIeHIDI, a He OTBeT Ha Bonpoc, nO'IeMY .rlOMOx03HitCTBa Bhl6paJIH HMeHHO 3TOT ypOBeHb. CneU;HaJIHCThI no MaKp03KOHOMHKe npe.rlCTaBJIHIOT nOTpe6JIeHHe O'IeHb npOCTO, KaK ¢lYHKijHIO pacnOJIaraeMoro (HMelOwerOCH B pacnopHXeHHH nOCJIe ynJIaThl HaJIOroB) ,D;OXO.rla. BhI MoxeTe paCC'IHTaTb pacnOJIaraeMhlit ,D;OXO,D; C nOMOWblO aJIre6paH'IeCKHX BhI'IHCJIeHHit, n0JIb3YHCb CJIe.rlYlOwHM Y.rl06HbIM TpeXCTYITeH'IaThlM cnoc060M.
@j IlT
l.HaQHHTe C
Y,
06~ero ,D;OXOAA B 3KOBOMHe. B ypaBHeHHH KeitHca
Y paBHH~TCH
CYMMe paCXO.rlOB, HO nOCKOJIbKY .rlOXO,D;hI paBHhI paCXO.rlaM, BhI MoxeTe HCnOJIbJO BaTb ero H .nIDI .rlOXO.rlOB. IIoMHHTe, 'ITO Bce ,D;eHbrH, KOTophle nOTpatIeHhI BaMH, HBJIHIOTCH ,D;OXO,D;OM .nIDI KorO-TO ,D;pyroro.
2. BIII'IHCJlHTe,
CKOJIbKO H8JlOroB ,D;OJDKIIW 3aIlJlaTHTb JIIO,IUI.
nOJIOXCHM, tITO e,D;HHCTBeHHhlH cyw:ecTBYIOInHit HaJIOr -
no nO,D;OXO.rlHhlH H 'ITO
t = 0,25, tITO 3Ha'IHT: 25% OT BCei%: CYMMbI ,D;OXO.rlOB. CJIe,D;OBareJIbHO, 06W;asI CYMMa ynJIa'IeHHbIX HaJIOroB, T, 6y,D;eT npe,D;CTaBJIeHa KaK T = t '" Y. 3. BlII'ITHTe HaJIOra (1), ynJIaQeHHWe rp~8MH, H3 ax ,D;OXOJl,OB (l') ,lI,IUI BbI'IIICJIeBBJI ax pacOOJIaraeMOro Jl,OXOAA. 3KOHOMHCThI 0603HatIalOT pacnoAazaeMblU ooxoi) B aJI CTaBKa nO.rlOXO,D;HOrO fIaJIOra BhlpaxeHa 'Iepe3
t.
,n;m ynpoweHHH npe,D;
Hl).IIpHMep,
CTaBKa HaJIOra cocTawrneT
re6paHtIeCKOH ¢l0PMYJIe
YD'
BbPIHTaHHe HaJIOroB H3 ,D;OXO,D;OB BhITJIH,D;HT TaK:
YD = Y - T= Y - t"'Y= (1 - t)"'Y. nOCJIe ~ro KaK nOJIyqHJIH pacnOJIaraeMhlH ,D;OXO.rl, BbI HCnOJIb3yere O'IeHb npocTYIO MO,D;eJIb )J,IDI BbI'IHCJIeHIDI nOTPe6HTeJIbCKHX paCXO.rlOB ,D;OMOX03Hi%:CTB. MO,D;eJIb nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO nOTpe6
JIeHHe,
C, -
no ¢lYHKUIDI pacnOJIaraeMoro ,D;OXO,D;a H naphl ,lJ;pyrHX nepeMeHHbIX,
Co H
c:
C =Co + c"'YD , r.rle c -
3TO
npeOeJlbHaR CK./lOHHOCmb" nompe6.lleHulO, HJIH MPC (marginal ptopensity to consume).
OHa BCer,D;a paBHHeTcH 'IHCJIY, HaxoMweMYCH MeX<,lly
0 H 1,
H OTPaxaeT npou;eHT ,D;oxp,D;a, KO
TOPbIH BhI C06paJIHCb nOTpaTHTb, a He coxpaHHTb. HanpHMep, eCJIH c =
0,9,
3TO 3Ha'IHT, 'ITO
H3 Kax.nO~ .rlOJIJIapa 'IHCTOro ,D;OXO,D;a, KOTOPblit y Bac OCTaeTCH nOCJIe ynJIaThI HaJIOrOB, BbI TpaTHTe
90 IIeHTOB.
(OCTaJIbHhle ,D;eCHTb IIeHTOB BhI OTKJIa,llhlBaeTe Ha 6Y.lJYIIl:ee.)
.neitcTBHTeJIbHasI BeJIH'IHHa npe.rleJIbHOH CKJIOHHOCTH K nOTpe6JIeHHIO, c, onpe,D;eJIHeTCH HH,[l}JBJJ,D;yaJIbHO, y pa3HbIX JIIO,D;eH OHa pa3HasI, H HaxO,D;HTCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT TOro, CKOJIbKO 'IHCTOro ,D;OXO,D;a HM HPaBHTCH OTKJIa,llbIBaTb Ha 6Y.lJYIIl:ee. Ho 'ITO 03Ha'iaeT
Co? 3To
roBOpHT 0
TOM, CKOJIbKO JIIO,D;H nOTpe6JIHIOT, ,D;axe eCJIH B 3TOM ro,D;y OHH HMelOT HYJIeBOH pacnOJIarae
~ ,D;OXO.ll. (ECJIH BhI npe,D;nOJIOXHTe, tITO CTBO COKpawaeTCH.110
C = Co.)
YD = 0 B
ypaBHeHHH
C = Co + c"'YD ,
TO 3TO paBeH
Ho oTKY,D;a nocTYIUJT .lleHbrH.nIDI TOro, 'lT06bI ITJIaTHTb 3a
Co>
eCJIH y Bac HYJIeBoi%: pacnOJIaraeMbIit .llOXO.ll? OHH nocTYITHT H3 BawHX JIHtIHbIX c6epexeHHit, KOTophle BhI C06»paJIH B TeqeHHe npe,D;bI,D;yw:HX JIeT.
78
'ISCT" II•. MsKposKoHoMHKs -
HSyKS
06 SKOHOMHtfeCICOM poeTe H CTs6HR"HOCTH
~
/I \
.
+
C = Co C*YD 03HaqaeT, 'ITO o6maH CYMMa BaUIHX paCXO,IIOB B 3KOHOMHKe 6Y,lIeT 03HaqaTb BaW xpHmecJOdt ypOBeHb norpe6JIeHHH CO(COOTBeT
B :QeJIOM paBeHCTBO
cTByIDmHA HYJIeBOMy ,lIOXO,IIy) nJIIOC qaCTb BaWerO qHCTOrO ,IIOXO,IIa, BbIpaxeHHYJO B BH,lIe C*YD.
+
B OCTaBWeAcR qaCTH 3ToA KHHrH $I npe,IInOJIaraIO, 'ITO paBeHCTBO C = Co C*YD - ,lIOC TaTOqHO XOpOWaH MO,IIeJJb TOro, KaK B 3KOHOMlfKe Onpe,IIeJIRIOTCH paCXO,IIbI Ha norpe6JIeHHe• .OHa He TO~O OTPaJKaeT ,lIeACTBHTeJIbHOCTb, HO nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO nOTPe6JIeHHe coxpamaeTCH H3-3a BbICOIOfX HaJIOrOBbIX CTaBOK H H3-3a TOro, 'ITO JIIO,lIH npHHHMaIOT pa3HbIe peweHHH 0 TOM, CKOJIbKO pacnOJIaraeMOro ,lIOXO,IIa COXpaHHTb HJIH nOTPaTHTb. 31'0 paBeHCTBO n03BOJIR eT MHe aHaJIH3HpOBaTb pe3YJIbTaTbI nOJIHTHKH, MeHHIOmeA HaJIOrOBbIe CTaBIOf, H pe3YJIbTa TbI ,lIpyrHX nOJIHTHK, noompHIOmHX JIIO,lIeA TPaTlfTb 60JIbWyIO HJIH MeHbWYIO qaCTb CBOHX ,lIOXO,IIOB.
1- MHBeCTMI.4MM B OCHOBHOM KanMTan I1HBecTH:QHH XH3HeHHO He06xo,IIHMbI, nOTOMY 'ITO cnoc06HOCTb 3KOHOMHKH npOH3BO ,lIHTb 3aBHCHT OT TOro, KaKHM KanHTaJIOM pacnOJIaraIOT npOMbIWJIeHHHKH ,IIJIR TOro, qT06bI npOH3BeCTH npO.IIYKUHIO. 3anac KanHTaJIa YBeJIlfqHBaeTCH, Kor,IIa
3T0 nOTOK,
KOTOP~ YBeJIHqHBaeT
OCHOBHOH Ka
nHTaJI 3KOHOMHKH. Ho, 6e3YCJIOBHO, Cpe,IICTBa npOH3BO,IICTBa H3HaWHBaIOTCH BO BpeMR HCnOJIb30BaHHH. qaCTb HX nopTHTCH. qacTb JIOMaeTCH. qacTb BbI6paCbIBaeTCH 3a HeHa,lI06HOCTbIO, nOCKOJIbKY HeH3 6e)KH0 yCTapeBaeT. Bce 3TH npO:QeCCbI, KOTopble YMeHbwaIOT OCHOBHOit KanlITaJI, 3KOHOMH CTbI Ha3b1BaIOT U3HOCOM OCH06HOZO KanUmaAa. ECTeCTBeHHO,
~
.
ITOTOK HHBecTH:QHit, H3pacx<5,IIOBaHHbIx B onpe,IIeJIeHHbIH npOMe:lKYTOK BpeMe- . HH, 3aBHCHT OT COnOCTaBJIeHHH, KOTopoe
IToqeMy npOueHTHaH CTaBKa TaK MHoro 3HaqHT? ECTeCTBeHHO, eCJIH q>HpMa Hy:lKLlaeTCH B cCY,IIe ,IIJIR npH06peTeHHH KanHTaJIa, 60JIee BblCOKHe np0:QeHTHble CTaBKH ,lIeJIaIOT npouecc 33 HMCTBOBaHHH ,lIeHer MeHee npHBJIeKaTeJIbHblM, nOToMy 'ITO BbIllJIaTbI no cCy,IIe 6y.IIYT O'leHb BbICOKHMH. TeM He MeHee, ,lIaJKe eCJIH
,IIJIR ,lIaHHbIX BJIO:lKeHHil: KanHTaJIa HJIH HeT. (eM. rnaBy
2,
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QHlO, H3Mep~ B03BpaT KpeLlHTOB B nepecqe-re Ha e,nHHHQhI BhI,ll;aHHhIX B BHLle 3aH Ma nPOLlYKTOB H e,nHHHUhI B038paUleHHhIX npo.nyKTOB. 31'0 pa3JIH'lHe OqeHb BaxHO, nOTOMY qrO HMeHHO peaJIbHaJI ITpoQeHTHllll CTaBKa C03,naeT Y JllOLleH XeJIaHHe HaKa llJIHBaTb LleHbrH H COBepIIIaTb KanHTaJIOBJIOXeHIDl. BeLlb qTO B ,neACTBHTeJIbHOCTH 3a6OTHT Kpe,nHTopoB? He TO, CKOJIbKO ,neHe~OH MaCChI OHH nOJIyqaT 06paTHO, a TO, CKOJIbKO TOBapOB OHH CMOryr npH06pecTH Ha 3TH LleHbrH. TIpeLlnOJIOXHM, qTO BhI o,nOJDKRJlll 1000 ,nOJIJI., no06eUlaB qepe3 roLl BhIllJIaTHTb KpeLlH ropy 1100 ,nOJIJI. BaIIIa HOMHHaJIbHa~ npOQeHTHllll CTaBKa COCTaBIDleT 10%, nOTOMY qTO BhI c06HPaeTecb BePHYTb Ha 100 LlOJlJI. 60JIbIIIe, HJIH Ha 10% 6oJIbIIIe, qeM BhI 3aHHMaJIH. Ho eCJIH npOH30H,neT'HHlPIDIUIDI, KO~eCTBO TOBapa, KOTopoe BbIM\lXeTe KYITHTb Ha 100 ,nOJIJI.,C Te qeHHeM BpeMeHH
YMeHbIIIHTC~.
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Ka3hIBaeTC~ OT 10 3THX OqeHb XOpOIIIHX 06e,noB (1000 LlOJIJI., pa3LleJIeHHhIX Ha 100 LlOJIJI. 3a OLlHH 06eLl), ,ll;IDI TOroqr06hI BhI.llaTb BaM Kpe,nHT. B cne.nyIOUleM roLlY, KorLla Oli nOJIyqHT Ha3a,D; 1100 LlOJIJI., OH MoxeT KYnHTb 10,47 06e,noB no ueHe 105,noJIJI. OH OTKa3hIBaeTC~ OT
10
06e,nOB ceAtIac B nepecqere Ha 10,47 06eLloB Ha
CJIe.nyIOUlHA ro,n, qTO 03HaqaeT: peaJIbHllll npOQeHTHllll CTaBKa no KpeLlHTY COCTaB~ IDIeT 4,7%. H3-3a HH~UHH peaJIbHllll npoueHTHllll CTaBKa no KpeLlHTY OCHOBa TeJIbHO MeHbIIIe CTaBKH HOMHHaJIbHOH. Kor,na 3aHMOLlaBQhI H 3aeMmHKH ,noroBapHBalOTC~0 HOMHHaJIbHO-H npOQeHTHOH CTaBKe no Kpe,nwry, OHH CTapaIOTC~ onpe,neJIHTb, Ka~ ITpoQeHTHllll CTaBKa HH~HH 6y,neT no HC TeqeHHH cpoKa 3aHMa. 3TOT OJICUOaeMblu meMn
104
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06 3KOHOMHifeCKOM pOCTe H cTs6HnbHOCTH
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n.
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(He nepenyra:iITe OXH.llaeMYIO HHcPJUUJ.HIO,
nepBasI -
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JIIO.n;H npe.n;nOJIaraIOT, 'ITO npoH30tt.D;eT C TetIeHHeM BpeMeHH, Tor.n;a KaK
TO, tITO npOHcxo.n;HT B .n;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH.) CJIe.nyIOID;He no.n;pa3.n;eJIbI noIGUKyr
BaM, KaK B~HCJIHTb H HCnOJIb30BaTb 3TOT nOKa3aTeJIb.
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0603HatIeHHH peaJIbHOH npoueHTHOH CTaBKH:
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= r + ne•
(5.3)
nOKa3bIBaeT, tITO HOMHHaJIbHasI npoueHTHasI CTaBKa -
3T0 peaJIbHasI
npo
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.n;OCTHtIb ,KOHKpeTHOH peaJIbHOH npoueHTHOH
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AJrn TOro tIT06bl YBH.lI:eTb cPoPMYJIY 3aeMID;HK .n;OroBOpHJIHCb, tITO
6% -
(5.3)
B .n;eHCTBHH, npe.n;nOJIOJlGfM, 'ITO 3aHMo.n;aBeu H
3TO npHeMJIeMasI peaJIbHasI npOueHTHasI CTaBKa. H OHH
TalOKe .n;oroBOpHJIHCb, 'ITO 'Iepe3 ro.n; HHcPJUlUHH, CKopee Bcero, 6y.n;eT HeHHe
9,3%
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KaK OXH.llaeTCg -
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9,3% 60JIbille .n;eHer, 6% 60JIbille noKY
TOJIbKO Ha
naTeJIbCKoii: cnoC06HOCTH, He)KeJIH 3aHHTble, npH .n;aHHOM OXH.llaeMOM YBeJIHtIeHlfil ueH.
HeTOliHOCTb npOrH030B Pe3YJIbTaTbI neperoBopoB Me)K)l;y Kpe.n;HTOpOM H 3aeMID;HKOM BO MHOroM 3aBHCHT OT oueH
1m O)KH)l;aeMoro ypOBHH HHcPJIgUHH,
ne ,
H eCTb MHoro 3KOHOMHCTOB, tIbJI pa60Ta· COCTOHT B
nOnbITKax npe.n;CKa3aTb 6y.ny:m:HH ypOBeHb HHcPJUlUHH. I1x nporn03bI IlIHpOKO OCBeID;aIOTCJI B .n;eJIOBOH npecce, HO Ka)K)l;bIH tIeJIOBeK HMeeT c06cTBeHHbIe npe.n;nOJIO)KeHHH HaCtIeT HHcPJUI UHH H HCnOJIb3yeT )]..JUl 3TOro pa3Hble MeTO.n;bI. HeKOTopbIe npe.n;nOtIHTalOT npHCJIYIlIHBaTbCJI K MHeHHIO CneUHaJIHCTOB, TOr.n;a KaK .n;pyrHe COCTaBJIJlIOT nporn03bI, OCHOBaHHble Ha Co6cTBeH HOM JlGf3HeHHOM OnbITe. O.n;HaKO H~O no.n;qepKHyrb, 'ITO nOCKOJIbKY npe.n;nOJIO)KeHHg He MOryr 6bITb TOtIHbIMH Ha
100%,
HloIKTO He MO)KeT CKa3aTb C YBepeHHOCTblO, KaKOH HMeHHO 6y.n;eT peanbHasI npo
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9,3%,
KaK
B npe.n;bmymeM npHMepe, 3HatIHT, peaJIbHbIH ypOBeHb npOueHTHOH craBKH B03BpamaeMoro Kpe.n;HTa 6y.n;eT paBeH
O.
Kpe.n;HTOp nonyqHT Ha
C .n;pyroH C1'OpOHbI, eCJIH YPOBeHb HHcPJUlUHH COCTaBHT
9,3%
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9,3%
0%,
3HaqHT,
60JIbille TOBapOB, 'ITO
3HatIHT: peaJIbHasI npOueHTHasI CTaBKa B03BpaID;aeMoro Kpe.n;HTa COCTaBHT
9,3%.
(CM. pa3.n;eJI
"BJIHHHHe 3aeMID;HKOB: HHcPJIJIIJ;HOHHasI nOJIHTHKa", B HeM .n;aeTCJI o6'bgCHeHHe, nOtIeMY 3aeM IIJ.HKaM HpaBHTCJI HHcPJUlUHH, a IqJe.n;HTOpaM CxeMa, H306p~eHHasI Ha pHC.
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rnSB8 5. HHtI'nflqMfI: nOlfeMY ",Horo AeHer He BcerAS XOpOWO
105
OCHOBe eXeMeCWiHbIX nOKa3aTeJIetl:
lUlU"
a mrrn,ll,aeMble TeMnblnOJIy'leHbl B pe3YJIbTaTe on
poca nOTPe6HTeJIetl:, npOBoLlHMOro KaJICLlbltl: MeCHU CneUHaJIHCTaMH MHqHraHcKoro YHHBep
Bbl Mo.lKtIT BHL\eTh, 'ITO q,aKTIl'iecKaH HHlPJIHUIDI MeJKL\Y HHBapeM 1980 rOLla H HHBapeM 13%. I101pe6HTeJIH, KOTOpbIX onpawHBaJIH B HHBape 1980 rOLla no nOBOLlY HX HHq,JIHUHOHHbIX OJKHL\aHHif Ha 6JIHJKatl:uIHe 12 MeCHueB, CKa3aJIH HCCJIeLlOBaTe MM, 'ITO OHH 0JKHLlaIOT POCT ueH npHMepHO Ha 10% 3a roLl. B 3TOM OTLleJIbHOM npHMepe q,aK CHTeTa.
1981
roLla COCTaBJIHJIa OKOJIO
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3%.
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1980 rOLla LlBe JIHHHH Ha rpaq,HKe
6blJIH nOpa3HTeJIbHO
6JlH3KH, 'ITO 3HaqHT: OJKHLlaHHH JIIOLletl: no nOBOLlY HHq,JIHUHH 3a npoIIIeLlIIIHe LlBa .ueCHTHJIe THH 06b1'IHO OTJIHqaJIHCb OT q,a~ecKHX He 6oJIee, qeM Ha OLl OTHOCHTCH K TOMY nepHOLlY B HCTOpHH 3KOHOMHKH
1%. KOHelfHo, YKaJaHHbltl: nepH CIlIA, KOma roCYLlapcTBY YLlaJIOCb CHH
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C LlPYIT1if
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106
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rl1aBa 6 nO'IeMy npOMCXOART pe~eCCMM B aJlit)u ~ ...
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70%
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40%,
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40%
pa60'IHx. O,nHaKo BCHKHit
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A
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OHH no.rryqaIOT npH em npo,naxe, 6y,neT IIpeBhlIIlaTb 3aTPaTbI Ha npoH3BO,ncTBO ~H e,nHHHIlhI. B nepHO,n peueCCHH 60JIee HH3KHit COBOKynHbIit cnpoc 03Ha'iaeT, qro IPHPMbI COKPamaIOT npOH3BO,nCTBO H npo,nalOT MeHbIIlee KOJI~eCTBO TOBapa. KaK JI 06'bHcHSIIO BbIIIIe, 3apa60THaH llJIaTa -
70%
3TO caMM 60JIbIIlaH 'IaCTb 3aTPaT 60JIbIIlHHCTBa IPHPM (IPaKTH'IeCKH OHa COCTaBJIHeT
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rnasa 6. nOlfel/lY npOHCXQ,qRT peqeccHH
119
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~
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06pa30M CTHMYJIHpOBaTh COBOKynHbIH cnpoc? lITO, CCJIH 3KOHOMHKa HaxOJJ;HTCR B TOqKe
B
H
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CaMbiA BblCOKMM ypoBeHb 6e3pa6oTMI.IbI
M3MeHeHMR DpeanbHoM BBn (%)
ABrycr 1929
Mapr 1933
43
24,9
-28,8
Anpenb 1960
C1>eBpanb 1961
10
6,7
2,3
AeK86pb 1969
Hml6pb 1970
11
5,9
0,1
H01l6pb 1973
Mapr 1975
16
8,5
1,1
~HBaPb 1980
I1101lb 1980
6
7,6
-0,3
I1IOHb 1981
H01l6pb 1982
16
9,7
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I1IOHb 1990
Mapr 1991
J
8
7,5
-0,9
Mapr 2001
H01l6pb 2001
8
6,0
0,5
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121
'ITO ,qenSeT peqeccHIO peqeCcHej
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122
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A renepb -
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4
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4. A ce1t'lac
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PE =Co +c(1- t)Y+ jP +G + NX
(6.4)
ECJIH BbI BHHMaTeJIbHO nOCMOTPHTe, TO YBH,llHTe, 'ITO 3TO ypaBHeHHe nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO 06lUaH CYMMa 3anJIaHHpOBaHHhIX paCXO,llOB Ha TOBaPbI H ycJIyrH B 3KOHOMHKe OT 06mero ,nOXO,lla B 3KOHOMHKe
(PE)
3aBHCHT
(n. qeM BhIwe ypoBeHb o6w;ero ,lloxo,lla, TeM 60JIbWe ,lleHer
JIIO.llH nJIaHHPYIOT nOTPaTHTb. XopoWHA cnoc06 ynpOCTHTb 3TO ypaBHeHHe -
3TO C03.llaTb nepeMeHHyK)
A
H on
pe,neJIHTb ee CJIe.llYIOW;HM 06p83oM:
A =Co+IP+G+NX
126
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II.
MSIqJ08ICOHOMMICS - HSylCS
06 HOHOMlfCfeCICOM POCM H Crs6MRbHOcnr
ECJIH Bb! c,n;eJIaeTe 3TO, paBeHCTBO
(6.4)
6y,neT BbIrJIH,lJ;eTb HeMHoro rrpIDITHee:
PE=A+cO-t)Y. IlepeMeHHaJI
A
03HaqaeT
(6.5)
aBmOHOMHble pacxoobl, rro,n KOTOPbIMH 3KOHOMHCTbI rrOHHMaIOT
qaCTb 3aIIJIaHHpOBaHHbIX pacxo,noB, KOTOpbIe He 3aBHCHT OT ,nOXO,nOB BaHHbIx pacxo,nOB, KOTopbIe 3aBHCHT OT ,n;OXO,nOB, C (1
- t) Y,
(Y).
qacTb 3aIIJIaJIHpo
H3BeCTHa KaK
UHOy14UpOBaHHble
paCXOObl.
,LlJuI
rrOHHMaHIDI HH,DyUHpOBaHHbIX pacxo,noB rrpe,nCTllBbTe ce6e, qTO eCJIH
rro,noXO,ZJ;Horo HaJIOra, 3HaqHT, yruIaTbI HaJIOroB.
11
(1 - t) Y-
6.6
3TO YPOBeHb
H3 3TOH CYMMbI qaCTb C TPaTHTCH Ha rrOTpe6JIeHHe, TaK qTO C (1
06UlHT BaM, KaKJIe pacxo,nbI "HH,ZJ;yIUfpoBaHbI" ,nOXO,nOM B pa3Mepe Ha pHC.
t-
CYMMa, KOTOPaJI ,nQIDKHa OCTaTbCH Ha pacJ(o,nbI rrOCJIe
3llBHCHMOCTb
(6.5)
- t) Y co
Y.
H306plUKeHa rpa
1CpUBOU 3aTUlaHupOBaHHbIX
pacxoOoB. 3annaHMpOBaHH~epacxOA~
PE 3annaHMpOBaHHbie paCXQ,II,b1 PE = A + c( 1- t)Y
AOXOA, PKC.
,LlJuI TOro 1ff06hI HaRTH
6.6.
B~nycK,
Y
KPK8SR 3snnSHKp08SHHblX PSCXO~08
KOHKpeTHoe PllBHOBeCHe B KeHHCHaHCKOH Mo,neJIH, 3arrOMHHTe, ~O
see B03MO:lKHbIe BapHaHTbI pllBHOBeCHbIX COCTOHHHH BbIplUKeHbI CJIe,nYJOUlHM paBeHCTBOM:
PE= Y. 3To
(6.6)
ypaBHeHHe MoxeT 6bITb rrpoqHTaHO KaK "3aIIJIaHHpOBaHHbIe pacxo,nbI PllBHbI
qeCKHM pacxo,naM. (IloMHHTe, 1ffO B 3KOHOMHKe
Y PllBHO
KaK o6UleMY ,noxo.ny, TaK H 06UlHM
pacxo,naM, rroTOMY ~o Bee pacXO,nbI ecTb qbHMH-TO ,nOXO,naMH.)
~
BCHKaJI CH'rya~IDI, Kor,na
PE = Y,
3KOHOMHKa ,nOCTHfaeT TOqKH, r,ne
eCTb paBHOBeCHe. IloqeMY? IloToMY, qTO eCJIH
PE = Y,
3HaqHT, HHKTO He HMeeT HHKaKOH rrpH
qHHbI H3MeIDITb CBoe rrOBe,neHHe. IloTPe6HTeJIH rrOTPe6AAIOT CTOJIbKO, CKOJIbKO OHH 3aIIJIaHHpOBaJIH rrpHo6pecTH
(G).
(C).
focy,naPCTBO rrOKYIIaeT CToJIbKO rrpO.nyKTa, CKOJIbKO XOqeT
3apy6e:lKHl>Ie rroTpe6HTeJIH rrOKYIIaIOT CTOJIbKO TOBapOB, CKOJIbKO
rn8186.nO~8MynpoMcx~Tp8q8CCMM
127
OHH HaMepeBaJIHCb IIpH06peCTH
(NX). H,
'ITO CaMOe BaJKHOe, c!>HpMbI TpanlT Ha
HHBeCTHUHH poBHO CTOJIbKO, CKOJIbKO OHH IIJIaHHpOBaJIH -
OTCIO,lla CJIe,llYeT, qTO
MarepHaJIbHble 3arraCbI He H3MeIDIIOTCg HeO)(OfJl;aHHO. ECJIH 3arirraHHpoBaHHhle paCXO,!lbI paBHhl c!>aKTH'IeCKHM pacxo~. Bhl .neHCTBHTeJIbHO IIO ~aere paBHOBeCHe, IIOTOMY qTQ Ka.)({,lU>IH IIOJlY'laeT XeJIaeMoe. H HH Y KOro HeT CTHMYJIa .llJljJ:
H3MeHeHHjJ: CBOero IIOBe,lleHUjI.
Gf)
!:
.,
Bhl Moxere orrpe.neJIHTb paBHOBeCHoe 3HaqeHHe lIpO.ayKTa, KOTOPhlR g CJ>6l1paIOCb Ha3BaTh
Y, IIo.nCTaBHB ypaBHeHHe (6.5) B ypaBHeHHe (6.6). ECJIH BLI c.neJIaere 3TO,
y Bac IIOJIyqHTCg CJIe.ZJ;yIOmee:
Y
I
= - - - - A.. I - c(l - t)
(6.7)
Onpe,qenfleAf pSSHOSeCJfe rpacPJflfeCKJf (6.7)
EcJIH paBeHCTBO
qepecqyp rryraeT Bac, rrpo.nOJIXaHre qHTaTh .naJIbllJe. HaMHoro JIer
qe OIIpe.neJIHTb paBHOBeCHe B MO,lleJIH KeHHca rpac!>WIecKH. ~ TOro 'IT06hl c.neJIaTh 3TO, Bhl IIOMemaeTe rpac1>HK paBeHCTBa
PE
=
A + C (1 - t) Y,
PE
=
Y Ha TOT xe rpac!>HK, r.ne HaxO.ZJ;HTCg rpac!>HK paBeHCTBa 6.7. ToqKa, r.ne ,llBe JIHHHH IIepeCeKaIOTCg, 6y.neT
KaK IIOKa3aHO Ha pHC.
TOqKOH paBHOBeCUjI. B 3TOH TOqKe 3aIIJIaHHpOBaHHLIe paCXO,!lbI TOqHO paBHhl c!>aKTWIeCKHM paCXO,ZJ;aM B 3KOHOMHKe. 3TO paBHOBeCHe
Cma6UJ1bHO (ycmou14u8o);
IIO.n 3THM IIO.ZJ;pa3YMeBaeTCg, qTO eCJIH 3KOHO
Y• OHa BCKope B03BpamaeTCg Y,- 3T0 H3MeHeHHg 3aIIaCOB MaTepHaJIbHhlX
MHKa HaquHaeTCg Ha JII060M ypOBHe .nOXO,llOB, OTJIWIHOM OT
KY. To, qTO 3aCTaBJUleT ee B03BpamaTbCg
K
o6oPOTHhlX cpe.nCTB.
3annaHHpOBaHHble paCXO,!lbl
ll>aKTH'leCKHe pacxoJl,bl
PE=Y
PE
3annaHHpOBaHHble paCXO,!lbl
PE=A+c(1-t)Y
45°
y PHC.
128
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II.
6.7.
lloxOA, BblnycK, Y
PSSHOS8CH8 S MO/J.8I1H K8HHC8
MaKP03ICOHOMIIICa -
HaylCa
06 3ICOHOMII"eCICOM poere II cTB6ItnllHocllf
QT06bI y6e.n;HTbCj( B 3TOM, nOCMOTPHTe H8 pHC. HLlA reOMeTPHtleclOf1t lplOK C JIHHHeA
PE = Y,
6.8,
H8 KOTOPOM HCnOJIb30BaH npeBOCXO.n;
nOKa3hlBaIOUlHA, KaK 3KOHOMHKa Be.n;eT ce6j(,
Kor.n;8 06'beM ee BhIIIYCKa He COOTBeTCTByeT paBHOBeCHOMY YPOBHIO,
Y.
3annaHIIlpOBaHHble
paCXOAbI
PE Cl>aKTM'leCKlIle paCXOAbi
Y, .--------------------------------------3annaHIIlpoBaHHble paCXOAbl
PEl .,
, ,,
PE2
I
OKPalll~HMe aanaCOB npMBO~1T K yaenM'leHMIO BblnyCKa
Y2
I I I I I I I
,, , , I I I
Y2 Pt1C.
6.8.
Y
KSK t13MeHeHt1R 38nSCOB MSTept18J1bHblX 060poTHbiX CPeACTB BcerAB
B03Bpa~IOTBblnycK K,
.
Aox(),[\. BblnycK, Y
Y,
OI{YC, KOTOPbIA JlHHIDI
Y
PE = Y nOKa3bIBaeT H8 rpa4lHKe
B BH.n;e ym8 B
45 0 ,
'IaeTCj( B TOM, 'ITO ee MOlKHO HCnOJIb30BaTb ,lJ,IUl Ha'lePTSHHj( KBa.nP8TOB -
3aKJIIO reOMeT
pHtlecKHX
Y H8
BePTJfK8JIbH)'lO OCb.
c.n;eJl8Tb 3TO, B03bMHTe npOH3BOJlbHOe 3H8'1eHHe nepece'leHHj( C JlHHHeA, 06p83Y1OUleA yroJl
MY,
45 0 ,
Y,
,ll;rn
Toro 'lT06bI
no.n;HHMHTeCb BBePX, .n;o TO'IKH
8 38TeM HanpaBIDlHreCb B CTOPO
.n;o TO'IKH nepeCe'leHHj( C BepTHKaJIbHOH OCblO. TO'lKa, KOTOPYlO BbI nOJIY'lHTe,
npe.n;CTaBJIj(eT KOJIH'IeCTBO .n;0JIJI8poB (H8 BepTHKaJlbHOH OCH), KOTOpoe npe.n;CTaBJUI eT
Y (H8 roPH30HTaJIbHOA).
6.8, Ha'lHHTe H8 roPH30HTaJIbHOH OCH C YPOBIDl BbI Yz, KOTOPhIH HaxO.n;HTCH HHXe paBHOBeCHOro ypOBHH Y.EcJIH BbI no.n;HHMereCb no aep 0 THKaJIH .n;o JIHHHH, 06p83Y1OUleH yrOJI 45 , 8 3areM, nOBepHeTe HaJIeBO, BbI Moxere H8HeCTH ypOBeHb BbInyCKa Yz Ha BePTHKaJIbH)'lO OCb. nO'leMY 3TO TaK nOJle3HO (3Ha'lHMO)? nOTOMY 'ITO YzMO)((HO 6y.n;eT CPaBHHTb C ypoBHeM 3aIIJIaHHpoBaHHbIX p8CXO.n;OB, PEz, KOTOphIit BbI no JIY'IHJlH, Ha'IHHaH C ypoBHH BblJIYCKa Yz, pacnOJIOXeHHoro Ha roPH30HTaJIbHOH OCH. KaK BbI Moxere BH.n;eTb, PEz > Yz; 3TO 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO 3aIIJIaHHpOBaHHbIe pacxo.n;bI npeBbI HanpHMep, eCJIH paCCM8lpHBaTb pHC.
nycKa
m810T 06'beM BbIIIYCKa B 3KOHOMHKe. 3To 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO MaTepHaJIbHbIe 3anaCbI 6y.n;yT HeO)((H
rnsss 6. nOlfeMY npotfCXo,qRT peqeCCtftf
129
,naHHO YMeHhlUaThCR, KOr,na cPHpMhI npo,n1\llYT '1aCTh CBOHX 3aIIaCOB Jl}Dl peWeHHR B03HHKIlleit npo6n:eMhI, nOCKOJIhKY JIIO,ZJ;H nOKYI!aJOT 60JIhWe TOBapOB, '1eM cPHPMhI npoH3BO,lUlT B ,naHHhIit MOMeHT. 3TO CHIDKeHHe ypOBHR 3aIIaCOB BepHeT 3KOHOMHKY B COCTORHHe paBHOBeCHR. nOCKOJIhKY o6'beM MaTepHaJIhHhIX 3anaCOB CHIDKaeTCR HeO)KH,.ll;aHHO, cPHpMhI YBeJIH'IHBa lOT 06heMhI npOH3BO,nCTBa.
B pe3YJIhTaTe
BaThCR ,nO rex nop, nOKa He ,nOCTHrHeT
B03paCTaeT
Y.
DoJIee TOro, OH npo,n0JDK8.eT YBeJIHtIH
Y ,nOTOMY 'ITO npH BCRKOM 3Ha'leHHH Y < Y ,KaK BhI
Moxere BH.neTh H3 rpacPHKa, 3anJIaHHpOBaHHhIe pacxo,nhI 6y,nYT cnoc06CTBOBaTh HapalllHBa HHIO o6heMa BhInyCKa. KOppeKTHpoBaHHe MarepHaJIhHhIX 3arraCOB TaIOKe B03BpalllaeT 3KOHOMHKY K paBHOBeCHIO, eenH OHO HBtIHHaeTCR HB ypOBHe npO.lJYK.Ta pHC.
Yj,
KOTOPhIit 60JIhwe
6.8, eenH HCnOJIh3yeTe JIHHHIO, 06pa3YlOlllYlO yroJI45°,
waeT 3aMaHHpOBaHHhIe pacxo,nhI,
PEl'
Y.KaK BhI Moxere BH.neTh H3
<paKTH'IecKHit BhIrrycK,
Yj,
npeBhI
,ZJ;pymMH CJIOBaMH, JIIO,nH nOKYI!alOT MeHhwe
'1eM B ,naHHhIil MOMeHT npOH3BO,ZJ;RT cPHpMhI
(Y/),
(PE/),
noSTOMY 3arraChI MaTepHaJIhHhIX 060POTHhIX
cpe,nCTB Ha'lHHaIOT YBeJIH'lHBaThCR. HPMhI OTBe"IaIOT Ha YBenH'IeHHe 3arraCOB coxpallleHHeM 06'heMOB npOH3Bo,nCTBa. OHH YBOJIhHRIOT pa60'lHx. nOKa ,nocrnrneT
B pe3YJIhTaTe Y CHIDKaeTCH.
OH npo,nOJDKaeT CHIDKaThCR ,no Tex nop,
Y ,nOTOMY 'ITO,nnR KaX,noro 3HaqeHHH Y> Y ,KaK BhI MoxeTe BH.neTh H3 rpa
PaCT BBn M MOAenb KeMHca KeilHC H306peJI 3TY MO,neJIb He TOJIbKO Jl}Dl 06'hRCHeHHR TOro, KaK 3KOHOMHKa C xeCTKH MH ueHaMH ,nOCTHraeT cTa6unbHoro paBHOBeCHR.
B ero ,neitCTBHTeJIhHhIe HaMepeHHR
Bxo,nuna
,neMOHCTpauHR TOro, 'ITO HMeHHO MoxeT cJJ:eJIaTh rocy,napCTBO Jl}Dl ynyqweHHH CHTYaUHH BO BpeMR peueCCHH. ,ZJ;aBa:ttTe OIIRTh BepHeMCR K pHC.
6.8.
npeJJ:nOJIOXHM, 'ITO KOppeKTHpoBKa MaTepHaJIbHhIX
3anaCOB npHBeJIa 3KOHOMHKY K YPOBHIO paBHOBeCHoro ,noxo,na, YPOBeHb npoJJ:YKTa, npOH3Be,neHHoro npH nOJIHoit 3aHJJTOCTH,
Y,
HO 3TO
Y
MeHhwe, qeM
r. 'liTO B STOil CHTYBUHH, cnpa
wHBaeT KeitHC, JJ:OJIXHO ,nenaTh rocy,napCTBo?
.'
€~. '" o
focy,napCTBO MoxeT HH'lerO He MeHRTh. Co BpeMeHeM, nOToMyqTO
Y < r, ueHhI
CHH3JJTCH H 3KOHOMHKa BepHeTCH K YPOBHIO npOJJ:yxTa, npOH3Be,neHHoro npH nOJI Hoil 3aHRTOCTH (STO ,l1BIDKeHHe nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 6.5: H3 TOqKH
B
B TOqKY
C). Ho
KeitHc JJ:OKa3aJI, 'ITO rocy,napCTBO ,nOJDKHO YCKOpHTh BOCCTaHOBHreJIhHhIit npouecc, nOBhIWaR ypoBeHb 3anJIaHHpOBaHHhIX pacxo,nOB.
K npHMepy, npe.nrrOJIOXHM, 'ITO rocy,napCTBO peWHnO }'BeJIH'lHTh G, rocYJJ:apCTBeHHhIe pac XOJJ:hI Ha TOBaphI H ycnyrH. BenH:no npoH30it,neT, 3HaqHT, YBeJIHtIHBaThCR. nOCKOJIbKY ;rnqeHHe
A
G-
PE B ypaBHeHHH (6.4) RBHO HaqHeT (A), }'BeJIHtIeHHe G 3HaqHT YBe
qaCTh aBTOHOMHhIX pacxo,nOB
B ypaBHeHHH (6.5). fpa
A
3HaqHT, 'ITO JIHHHR 3aMB
PE/,no PEl, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 6.9. 'ITO JIHHHH <paKTH'lecKHX pacxo,nOB (PE = Y) He H3MeHHJ18Cb, BepniKaJIh
HHpOBaHHhIX pacxo,nOB nepe,nBHHeTCR BepniKaJIbHO OT YqHThIBaft TOT <paKT,
Hhdl: no,n'heM JIHHHH 3aIIJIaHHPOBaHHhIX pacxo,nOB npHBe,neT K YBeJIHtIeHmO paBHOBecHoro BhI nycKa OT
~
,no
Y2 •
KeitHc npe,nnaran, 'lT06hI nOJIHTHKa rocy,napCTBa 6hIJIa HarrpaBJIeHa Ha YBe;rnqeHHe 3anna HHpOBaHHhIx pacxo,nOB ,no He06xo,nHMoro ypOBHR Jl}Dl YBeJIHqeHHH paBHOBeCHoro 3HaqeHHR BhInyCKa B xpaTKOCpO'IHOM nepHo,ne, xapaKTepH3YJQllleMcH xeCTKHMH ueHaMH, BhIIIYCKa, npOH3Bo,nHMOro npH nOJIHoit 3aHJJTOCTH,
130
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60JIee ,lleTBJIbHO H 06'W1CRjleTCR. nOlleMY
Ha npaKTHKe OHa He BCer,lla XOpOwo pa60TlleT. cPaKTM'leCKMe paCXO,Il,bI
3annaHMpoBSHHble pSCXO,Il,b1
PE 3annaHMpOBaHHble paCXOAbl nocne yBBnM'leHMII G, PE2
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3annaHMpOBaHHble pacxOAbl, PEl
Yl PHC.
6.9.
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AOXOA, BblnycK, Y
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KaJIbHO~ rrOJIHTHK.
3To ,lI,OCTHXeHHe qpe3BbI'I~HO BaXHO,
rrOTOMy ~o OHO ,lI,aeT rocy,ll,apcTBy
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6.
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(9.1).
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nOlfeAfY npe,qenbHBfI none3HOCTb Ha ,qonnap ,qOnJICHa 6",Tb O,QMHaKOBOii nOlteMY npe.n;eJIhHllil nOJIe3HOCTh Ha .n;OJIJIap B¥ XOTH'1,'eMflKCIfMJf3HPQBlSTb n~3HOC11t npHpacxo.a~a·
B 3TOM pa3.n;eJIe H npo.n;eMOHCTpHpyro BaM, .n;OJDKHa 6LlTh OJlHlW(OBOft. ecMf· HHH orpaHH'lemmro
6x>ne-ra. ECJIH ypa3HhIX TOBaPOBnpe.nem.HIUl none3HOCTh Ha .n;O.Map 'He
O.n;HHaKOBa, BhI 6y.n;eTe XOTeTh nepepacnpe.n;eJIHTh CBOH nOKYllKH .n;o rex nop, nOKa He .n;OCTHr HeTe paBeHCTBa. llpHMephI, npHBe.n;eHHhIe B 3TOM paJ.n;eJIe, noKWKYT BaM, noqeMY. Bo-nepBhIX, npe.n;CTaBhre, ~O H BbI6paJI .n;pyroe KOJIHlieCTBO Ka)l{)];oro BH.n;a TOBapa, TaK qTO
.lI:JIH nOCJIe.n;He~ e.n;HHHUbI
XH
nOCJIe.n;HeH e.n;HHHQbI
Y,
KOTopbIe H KYllHJI, CnpaBe.n;JIHBO CJIe
)JJlJOIUee HepaBeHCTBO:
(9.2)
~,.~
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X,
Y. 113
a nHBO -
Ta6JI. 9.2 H 9.3 BbI MoxeTe .BH
.n;eTh, qro eCJIH npH06pereHHe qeThIPex nHHT nHBa H .n;Byx
~
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(npe.n;eJIhHllil nOJIe3HOCTh) Ha .n;OJIJIap.ll:JIH qeTBePTo~ llHHThI nHBa COCTaBHT
•
7,
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MU Ha .n;OJIJIap BTOpOro KyCOqKa nHQUhI COCTaBHT 16. HCHo, qro MU Ha .n;OJIJIap y nHQQbI HaMHOro 6oJIhllIe, HeXeJIH MU Ha .n;OJIJIap y nHBa, eCJIH H TaKHM 06paJOM KaK
H3pacxo)JJlJO CBOH orpaHH'IeHHhIe cpe.n;CTBa. Ho 3TOT cnoc06 pacXO.n;OBaHHH cpe.n;CTB He HBJUleTCH OmHMaJIhHhIM. llpwn{Ho~ 3TOro HB I
JIHeTCH TOT q,aKT, qTO Ha .n;eHhfH, KOTOpbIe H Tpaqy Ha reKYIUHH nOCJIe.n;HHH KyCOqeK
X (nHQ-
UbI), MOXHO KYllHTh 60JIhwe npe.n;eJIhHO~ nOJIe3HOCTH, qeM Ha .n;eHhfH, KOTOpbIe H Tpaqy Ha nOCJIe.n;HHH KyCOqeK Ha
X,
Y (nHoo).
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qeM Kor.n;a nOTPaqy ero Ha
reM, qro6hI nOTpaTHTh HX Ha
X.
Y,
g .n;OJI)KeH H3'bHTh .n;eHhfHH3 npe,nHaJHaqeHHhIX.niuI
YC
1'I.n;0 Tex nop, nOKa HepaBeHCTBO (9.2) 6y.n;eT cnpaBe.n;JIHBhIM,
H 6y.n;y npo.n;OJI)KaTh H3bIMaTh .n;eHhfH OT npe.n;Ha3HaqeHHhIX .llJIH npH06pereHHH Y.llJIH TOro, qro6hI YBeJIH1IHTh TpaThI Ha
X.
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10 .n;OJIJI.
H nOTpaTHJI Ha
noKYllKy IDITH nHHT nHBa. 1'13 Tll6JI. 9.3 BbI Moxere BH.n;eTh, qTO npe.n;eJIhHllil UOJIe3HOCTh Ha .n;OJIJIap nOCJIe,nHero nOTPaqeHHoro .n;OJIJIapa Ha nHBO COCTaBJUleT Bcero 6 e,nHHHQ. HanpOTHB, eCJIH g B03hMY 3TOT .n;OJIJIap H3 .n;eHer, npe.n;HaJHaqeHHhIX Ha llHBO, H HCnOJIh3yro HX Ha noKYll Ky nepBOro KyCOqKa nHQQbI, TO 3Ta llHQQa npHHeceT MHe 20 e.n;HHHQ (CM. Ta6JI. 9.2). HCHo, qro MHe HYXHO COKPaTHTh JaKYIIKy llHBa .lI:JIH TOro, qro6bI YBeJIH'lHTh JaKYllKy llHQQbI.
51
npo.n;OJI)KaJI 6hI nOKYllaTh MeHhwe nHBa H 60JIhllIe nHQQhI .n;o rex nop, nOKa He noJIY
qHJI 6hI KOM6HHaQHIO H3 qeThIpex KyCOqKOB nHQQbI H TPex nHHT nHBa. 3T0 3HaqHT, qTO MHe
196
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MtfJCP03KOHOMtfK8 -
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~OJIJIap KaK
y nHBa, TaK H Y ITHI.J;IJ,hI He CTaJIa 6bI O.!UlHaKOBOIt:, KaK B ypaoHeHHH
To :lICe npaBHJIO npHMeHHMO H B cnyqae,
(9.1).
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nHI.J;I.J;Y. EcnH SI KYITJIIO ,lleCJITh KyCOqKOB nHI.J;I.J;bI, TO H3 Ta6n. ,llenhHaSl nOne3HOCTh ,lleCSlTOrO KyCOqKa COCTaBJIHeT
-4
9.2 BbI
MO:llCeTe BH,lleTh, 'ITO npe
e,llHHHI.J;hI, TOr,lla KaK npe,lleJIhHIDI IIO
ne3HOCTh Ha nepBbIlt:nOTpaqeHHbIH Ha IIHBO ,llOJIJIap COCTaBJIHeT
10 e,llHHHI.J;.
IlOHJITHO, 'ITO 51
,llon::KeH 3a6paTh ,lleHhrH OT nHI.J;UhI H HCnOnh30BaTh HX ,!VIS[ yoenH'IeHHH MoeH 3aKyIIKH nHBa.
npHMeHeHHe
@j
t/JOpMynw A/lfl pa3HOo6pa3HWX TOBapOB H ycnyr
BaM lfY}KH0 3aIIOMHHTh npaBHJIO, npe,llCTaBneHHOe B ypaoHeHHH
(9.1).
OHO ,ll0
BOJIhHO npoCToe: .llJIJI Toro, 'IT06bI MaKCHMH3HpOBaTh COBOKyIIHYIO nOJIe3HOCTh, BaM lfY}KH0 BHeCTH KOppeKTHBbI B CBOH 3aKyIIKH TaKHM 06paJOM, 'lT06bI .llJIH no cne,llHeH e,llHHHI.J;bI Ka::K,lloro BH,lla TOBapa npe,llenhHIDI IIOJIe3HOCTh Ha ,llOJIJIap 6b1JIa O,llHHaKOBoit EcnH 3TOHe TaK, O,llHH BH,ll TOBapa IIpeMaraeT BaM 60JIhmee KOJIHqe CTBO y,llOBneTBopeHHJI Ha Ka::K,llbIH IIOTpaqeHHhIH ,llOJIJIap; 3TO 3HaqHT, 'ITO BbI XOTH re BHeCTH KOppeKTHBbI B 3aKYITKH, IIOTpaTHB 60nhme .neHer Ha 3TOT TOMp. TOJIhKO KOr,lla paoeHcTBO
(9.1)
cIIpaoeMHBO, BbI He 6Y,llere 60JIhme BHOCHTh KOppeKTHBbI,
IIocKonhKy HH O.nHH H3 TOBapOB He IIpeMO::KHT BaM 60nhme y.nOBneTBopeHHJI Ha .nOJIJIap, qeM .npyroH. TaK::Ke HY::KHO IIOHJITb, 'ITO ypaoHeHHe
(9.1)
MO:llCeT 6bITh HCIIOJIh30BaHO .llJIH MHOfHX TO
BapOB. HanpHMep, B cnyqae C TpeMJI PaJHbIMH TOBapaMH BaM HY::KHO opraHH30BaTh CBOH 3a KyIIKH TaKHM 06paJOM, 'lT06bI IIocne.llHJlJl e.nHHHI.J;a Ka::K,llOro BH,lla TOBapa
X, Y H Z
IIpHHOCHJIa
o.nHHaKOByIO IIone3HOCTh Ha .nOJIJIap:
MUx
MUy
MUz
Px
Py
Pz
EcnH O.nHH H3 1pex BH,llOB TOBapa HMeeT
(9.3)
60nee BLICOKyIO IIpe.nenhHyIO IIone3HOCTh Ha
.nOJIJIap, qeM ,llpyrHe, BLI 6y.nere BHOCHTh KOppeKTHBLI B CBOH 3aKYIIKH C reM, 'IT06LI KyIIHTh MeHLmee ICOJIHtIeCTBO,llpyrHX TOBapoB H 60JIhlIlee rnpOBKy .no rex IIOp, IIOKa paBeHCTBO
(9.3)
3TOro.
If BbI 6y.nere
IIpo.nOJDKaTh KoppeK
He CTaHeT cIIpaoeMHBbIM.
K;uJbte cltftOca It 'IJl.eH.blMeltlle Itjte'lUbJUJU JtO.,U!3JUJclJill I~l
i
YMeHhmeHHe IIpe.nenhHoH IIone3Hocrn -
3T0 o.nHa H3 npHtIHH, IIO KOTOPOH KpH
BLIe CIIpoca HanpaB1IeHhI BHH3. IlOCMOTPHTe Ha pHC.
9.2,
r.ne BLI YBH,llHTe, 'ITO
npe
.nenLHIDI IIone3HOCTh, KOTOpIDI IIOCTYIIaeT OT Ka::K,llOro .nOIIOnHHTenLHoro KyCOqKa nHI.J;IJ,hI, YMeHhlIlaeTCJI. EcnH BalIla I.J;enh 3aKJIIOqeHa B HCIIOnh30BaHHH .neHer MH npH06pereHHJI KaK MO::KHO 60nLmero KOnHqeCTBa nOnh3bI .llJIH TOrn, 'IT06bI MaK CHMaJIhHO y.nOBneTBOPHTh CBOH IIOTpe6Hocrn, BLI 3axOTHTe nnaTHTL Bee MeHbme H MeHhme 3a
Ka::K.llhIH .nOIIOJIHHTenhHbIH KyCOqeK IIHI.J;I.J;LI, IIOCKOJIhKy Ka::K):lbIH .nOIIOJI
HHTeJILHhIH KyCOqeK IIHI.J;I.J;bI IIpHHeceT MeHLlIle IIone3Hocrn, 'IeM IIpe,ll,hJ.llYIIUfH.
rnasa 9. 3HaKOM"TeC": nOTP66trren", MaKCHMH3HPYJ014HH none3Hocr"
197
TeM He MeHee ICpHB8Jl, H306proKeHH8Jl Ha pHC.
9.2,
He HBJUleTCH KPHBO:A CIIpoca IIO ,n;BYM
IIpH'IHHaM. ./ OHa He IIpHHHMaeT B paC'IeT BJIHHHHe ueH Ha BeJIH'lHHY crrpoca• ./ OHa BbIrJIJl.ZJ;HT OTJIH'IHO JIHIIIb B a6CTPaKTHOM paCC}')IC,f(eHHH, Tor,n;a KaK Be JIH'IHHa CIIpoca Ha TOBap OIIpe,n;eJIJleTCH B pe3YJIhTaTe peIIIeHHH 60JIee BaXO:Io:A IIpo6JIeMbI paCIIpe,n;eJIeHHH orpaHH'IeHHOrO 6IO,lCKeTa Mex.n;y BceMHcymecT BYIOmHMH TOBapaMH ,lJ,1UI TOro, 'lT06bI MaKCHMH3HpOBaTb COBOKYIIHYJO IIOJIe3 HOCTb• .n;pyrHMH CJIOBaMH, BbI He MO)KeTe paCCMaTPHBaTb TOBapbI IIO OT,n;eJIbHOCTH. CKOJIhKO Ka , )I(,lI,oro BH.n;a TOBapa BbI 3axOTHTe KYIIHTb, 6y,n;eT 3aBHCeTb He TOJIhKO OT ero ueHbI, HO H OT ueH Ha Bce OCTaJIbHbIe TOBapbI.
K
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HO:A IIOJIe3HOCTH, 3aBHCHme:A OT TOro, 60JIbIIIee HJlH MeHbIIIee KOJIH'IeCTBO TOBapa BbI XOTHTe rrpHo6peCTH.
'
KaK M3MeHeHMe ,-,eHbI BnMSleT Ha BenM'IMHy cnpoca B IIpHMepe, HCIIOJIb3yeMoM B 3TO:A maBe, H ,n;OJI)KeH 6bIJI peIIIHTb, KaK JIyqIIIe IIO TPaTHTb MOH
10 ,n;OJIJI.,
eCJIH ,n;BYMH BapHaHTaMH TOBapa HBJUlIOTCH KYCO'IKH mru;IJ;bI
H IIHHTbI IIHBa. XO'IY BHeCTH O,n;HO H3MeHeHHe B 3TOT IIpHMep: ,n;aBa:ATe CKroKeM, 'ITO IIHuua reIIepb CTOHT
2 ,n;OJIJI.
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1 ,n;OJIJI. H
xoqy IIpo,n;eMOH-
CTPHpOBaTb BaM, KaK 3TO H3MeHeHHe ueHbI IIOBJIHHeT Ha H3MeHeHHe BeJIH'lHHbI crrpoca KaK Ha IIHU;Uy, TaK H Ha IIHBO. IbMeHeHHe BeJIH'IHHbI CIIpoca IIpOHCXO,n;HT B pe3YJIbTaTe TOro, 'ITO HOB8Jl, 60JIee BbI COK8Jl, ueHa Ha IIHUuY COKpamaeT IIpe,n;eJIbHYIO IIOJIe3HOCTb IIHUUbI B paC'IeTe Ha ,n;OJIJIap. nOBbIIIIeHHe ueHbI Ha IIHUUY B,n;Boe 03Ha'iaeT, 'ITO IIpe,n;eJIbH8Jl IIOJIe3HOCTb Ha ,n;oJIJIap; IIO TPa'IeHHbI:A Ha Ka)I(,lI,bI:A KYCO'IeK IIHUUbI, paBHa IIOJIOBHHe TOR, KOTOP8Jl 6bma ,n;o IIOBbIIIIe HHH. BbI MO)KeTe Ha6JIIO,n;aTb 3TO, cpaBHHB ,n;aHHbIe 'IeTBepTO:A H IIJITO:A KOJIOHOK Ta6JI.
9.2.
nOCKOJIbKY YBeJIH'leHHe ueHbI CHH)K8eT IIpe,n;eJIbHYJO IIOJIe3HOCTb, IIpH06peTaeMYJO 3a Ka)K.ZJ;bI:A IIOTPa'IeHHbI:A Ha IIHU;UY ,n;OJIJIap, 3TO ecreCTBeHHbIM 06pa30M 6y,n;eT BJIHHTbHa TO, KaK H pac XO.n;yIO CBO:A orpaHH'IeHHbI:A 6IO.ZJ;)KeT B
10 ,n;OJIJI.
KaK MO)KHO O)KH.ZJ;aTb, 60JIee BbICOIGUi ueHa Ha IIHUuY IIpHBe,n;eT MeHH K TOMy, 'ITO H 6y,n;y eCTb MeHbIIIe ,IIHUUbI H IIHTb 60JIbIIIe IIHBa. BbI MO)Kere y6e,n;HTbCH B 3TOM, nOTPaTHB C 3TO:A UeJIbIO KroK.ZJ;bI:A H3 MOHX ,n;OJIJIapOB TaKHM 06pa30M, 'ITO H IIpH06peTY TOT TOBap, KOTOPbI:A HMeeT 60JIee BbICOKYIO IIpe,n;eJIbHYJO IIOJIe3HOCTb. (Pa3,n;eJI "Pacrrpe,n;eJIeHHe ,n;eHer Mex.n;y ,n;By MJI BH.n;aMH TOBapa ,lJ,1UI MaKCHMH38UHH COBOKYIIHO:A IIOJIe3HOCTH", paHee B 3TO:A maBe, 3Ha KOMHT BaC C 3THM npoueCCOM.)Pe3YJIbTaTbI 3THX ,n;e:ACTBH:A nOKa3aHbI B Ta6.n:. CpaBHHB8Jl,n;aHHbIe Ta6JI. ueHbI Ha IIHUuY OT
9.5
1 ,n;o 2 ,n;0JIJI.
C ,n;aHHbIMH Ta6.n:.
9.4,
9.5.
BbI MO)KeTe YBH.n;eTb, 'ITO IIOBbIIIIeHHe
nOBJIHJlJIO He TOJIbKO Ha BeJIH'!HHY Moero cnpoca Ha IIHUuY,
HO H Ha BeJIH'lHHY crrpoca Ha nHBO.l1.JuI: mfUUbI: BeJIH'IHHa cnpoca yn~ OT 'IeTblpex KYCO'I KOB ,n;o
.n;ayx. l1.JuI: nHBa: BeJIH'IHHa Moero CIIpoca B03pOCJIa OT TPex nHHT ,n;o 'IeTbIPex. K
TOMy )Ke, yaeJIH'IeHHe ueHbI Ha IIHIJ;Uy c,n;en:aJIO MeHH 6e.ZJ;HbIM B e.ZJ;HHCTBeHHOM OT
HOIIIeHHH, HMeIOmeM 3Ha'IeHHe: H nOJIyqHJl MeHbIIIe y,n;OBOJIbCTBHH. Ib-3a 3TOro
yae
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10 ,n;0JlJI., CHH3HJ1OCb co 112,n;o 86. HecMOTPH H8 nepeCTaHOBKY B rrpH06peTeHHOM
KOJIH'IecTBe IIHBa H IIHImbI.ZJ;JIJI TOro, 'lTo6bI H3BJIelfb MaKCHMYM II0JIb3bI H3 HOBO:A CH
TYauHH,
19B
yaeJlH'IeHHe ueHbI B 06meM H UeJIOM rrpo,n;OJI)K8eT rrpH'lHHHTb MHe Bpe,n;.
"IacTb III. MHKP03KOHOMIfKa - HaYlea 0 nose,qeHHH norpe6lfTf1Jfeii If npeJUJPlfflTtfii
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5
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86
rpacl>M'4eCKOe M306pa)l(eHMe M3MeHeHMR l.4eHbI M KOnM'4eCTBa - KpMBaR cnpoca 51
MOry HCnOJIb30BaTb HH¢OPMaIJ,HIO 0 TOM, IGlK BeJIlflIHHa Moero cnpoca H3MeIDIeTCH npH
nOBbIweHHH IJ,eHbI Ha nHlJ,uY, ,!I)UI TOro, lJT06bI paJMeCTHTb .nBe TOqKH Ha KpHBOH Moero cnpo ca: qeTbIpe KYCOqKa npH IJ,eHe l.nOJIJI. H.naa KYCOqIGl npH IJ,eHe
2 )J,OJIJI.
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(~
KpHBbIe cnpoca Ha HH.lJ,HBH.lJ,YaJIbHbIe TOBapbI He C03.naIOTCH B H30JIHlJ,HH. Ee3YC JIOBHO, Me)l{,!ly IJ,eHoit Ha TOBap 1'1 BeJIHqHHoit cnpoca cyw.ecTByeT CBH3b. TeM He MeHee, Kor.na npOHCXO.lJ,HT H3MeHeHHe IJ,eHbI Ha TOBap, 3TO H3MeHeHHe OKa3bIBa eT BJIHHHHe Ha TeKYIIJ.ee pacnpe.neJIeHHe 61O)J,)KeTa -
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3TO JIHWb qaCTb 06w.e:A neperpynnHpoBKH TPaT, KO
Topoe HanpaBJIeHO Ha MaKCHMH3alJ,HIO COBOKynHO:A nOJIe3HOCTH npH .naHHOit HO aoit IJ,eHe. )l;aaa:Are npoaHaJIH3HpyeM, IGlK yaeJIlflIeHHe IJ,eHbI Ha nHlJ,uY nOBJIHHeT Ha KpHBYlO cnpoca Ha nHBO. BeJIHql-lHa Moero cnpoca Ha nHBO B03pOCJIa OT TPex nHHT .nO qeTbIpeX, Kor.na IJ,eHa Ha nHlJ,uY yaeJIlflIHJIaCb OT
1 .nOJIJI• .no 2.
Ho IJ,eHa Ha nHBO OCTaJIaCb HeH3MeHHo:A.
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199
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PHC. 9.3. KpHsafl Moero cnpoca Ha KYCO'lKH nH~~b1 $I npOHIDIIOc1pHPYJO :no CMemeHHe Ha pHC.
A'
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9.4.
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A Ha KpHBOif
cnpoca
D
CMemaeT
Ha KpHBOH cIIpoca!Y. nO,llo(iHoe c06hITHe, KOr,lla H3MeHeHHe
ueHhI Ha TOBap OKa3hJ:BaeT BJIHHHHe Ha BeJIH'lHHY CIIpoca Ha ,llpyroif TOBap, Ha3bIBlleTCSl C6J1
3QHHblM 14eH06btM 3rjxjJelCmOM. Kor,lla H3MeHeHHe ueHhI Ha O,llHH TOBap BJIHHeT Ha IIpHHa,llJIe :lKarn;yIO eMY BeJIH'IHHY CIIpOCa, TO II0JIY'!aeTCSl c06cm8eHHblu 14eH080U 3rjxjJelCm. nO:lKaJIyitCTa, JaMeTbTe, '!TO CBSl3aHHhIe ueHOBhIe 3ClJcPeKThI BbI3hIBllIOT CMemeHHe KpHBhIX CIIpoca, a Co6cT BeHHhIe ueHOBhIe 3
fI
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MH, KaK roBOpn 3KOHOMHCTbl, OHH 3aMe/44a10m O,llHH TOBllP ,llPY
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3a 6yTbIJIKY. IIpe,neJIbHaH Ce6eCTOHMOCTb 6yTbIJIKH,
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= (H3MeHeHHe Te) /
MC,
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10.1,
TO MO)l(eTe
BH,neTb, qTO rrpe,neJIbHbIe H3,nepJKKH BHaqaJIe CHH)I(aIOTCH, a BrrOCJIe,nCTBHH pac1)T. 3TO eme
LemonAid ,neMoHcTPH
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MC, AVC M ATC
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(MC), 3Ta KpHBaH rre (AVC), TaK H KpHByIO cpe,n
BbI rrocTpoHTe rpa
(ATe)
B HX MHHHMaJIbHbIX TOqKax, pa3MeCTHBIIIHXCH B
HIDKHeH qaCTH COOTBeTCTBYIOmHX HM U-06pa3HbIX KpHBbIX. (tITO?! BbI CqHTaeTe, 1)T HeqeMY pa,nOBaTbCH? IIpo,noJI)l(aHre qreHHe, B03MO)I(H0, H CMOry rrOBbICHTb CTe rreHb Barnero y,nOBJIeTBOpeHHH.) IIoCMOTPHTe Ha pHC.
10.2,
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B pe3YJIbTaTe pacrrpe,neJIeHHH Ha rpa
10.1.
KOTopbIe rrOJIY'!HJIHCb
KPHBaH
MC rrpOXO,nHT CKB03b
AVC HAn:::.
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AVC H An:::.
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1,50 1,00
0,50
O,OO+---,--,----,--,----r--.,---r--.,-----.-----, o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 &yrwnKM
. PHC. 10.2. KpHBble AVC, ATC H MC Kopnopal.lHH LemonAid
llpe,ZJ;CTaBbTe KOMHaTY, B KOTOPOH HaxO,ZJ;HTCR ,ZJ;eCRTb qeJIOBeK. llpe,ZJ;nOJIO)l(}lM, Bb! onpe,ZJ;eJIHJIH, qTO cpe,ZJ;HHH pOCT JIIO,ZJ;eit, HaxoAAmHxcR B KOMHaTe, COCTaBJIR eT 5lPyrOB
6 ,ZJ;IOHMOB.
Tenepb npe,ZJ;CTaBbTe, 'lTO npoH30H,ZJ;eT co cpe,ZJ;HHM pOCTOM,
eCJIH B KOMHa'I)' BOH,ZJ;eT eme o,znrn qeJIOBeK• ./
ECJIH poCT O,ZJ;HHHa,uuaTOro qeJIOBeKa 6Y,ZJ;eT npeBbIIlIaTb npe,ZJ;b!,ZJ;Ymee cpe,ZJ;Hee 3HaqeHHe, TO cpe,ZJ;Hee B03paCTeT•
./
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./
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6
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cpe,ZJ;Hee OCTaHeTCH npe:llCHHM. To )fCe caMoe MO:llCHO CKa3aTb 0 npe,ZJ;eJIbHbIX H cpe,ZJ;HHX H3,ZJ;epXKaX.
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,ZJ;yKTa Bb! MO)fCeTe BbNHCJIHTb BeJIH'lHHy ,ZJ;eCHTH qerrOBeK. CHMOCTH OT
MC CJIe,ZJ;yIOmeit e,ZJ;HHHUb! npo,ZJ;YKTa,
TO'IHO TaK xe, KaK H cpe,ZJ;HIDi: poCT JIIO,ZJ;eii,
HaxOAAmHXCH B KOMHaTe, YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH, YMeHblDaeTCH HJIH OCTaeTCR HeH3MeHHblM B 3aBH CHMOCTH OT pacTa qeJIOBeKa, BxoAAIllero B KOMHaTY O,ZJ;HHHll,!J,UaTblM. BOT 'ITO 3TO 3HaqHT• ./
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paBHO npe,ZJ;bI,ZJ;YIllHM cpeJiHHM H3,ZJ;epnaM, cpe,ZJ;Hee OCTaHeTCjI
npe:llCHHM.
10.2. 140 6YTb1J10K. Ha 3TOM ypoBHe npo)]yKTa MC MeHbwe, qeM An:' H AVC, a 3TO 3Ha'IHT - An:' H AVC
Bi.I MO)fCeTe YBH,ZJ;eTb Bee 3TH 3lPlPeKTb! B BH,ZJ;e rpalPHKoB, eCJIH nOCMQTPHTe Ha pHC. Bo-nepBbIX, rorJIHHHTe Ha ypOBeHb npo)]yKTa B npoH3Be,ZJ;eHHoit CJIe,ZJ;yIOIlleit 6yrblJIKH
HaqHyr CHH)K3TbCjI, eCJIH 06'beM npoH3BO,ZJ;HMoro npo)]yKTa B03pa~TeT Ha O,ZJ;Hy ,ZJ;onOJIHHTeJIb
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216
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III. MIIICp03KOHOUIIKS - HSYKS 0 noae,qeHIIII rro-rpe6l1T811ej II npe,qnpllflTjfj
3aTeM )J,aBaiITe rrOCMOTpHM Ha ypoBem rrpo)J,yKTa B
440
6yrhUIOK. Bbi MO)KeTe BH)J,eTb, lfTO
MC Ha 3TOM ypoBHe npo.ll,yKTli BbIlIIe ATe HAn::'. CJIe)J,OBaTeJIbHO,
AVC, TaK HATe )J,OJDKHhI AVC HATe. KpHBble rrO,ll,HHMalOTCR BBepX, rrOfOMY 'ITO BbiCOKoe 3HaqeHHe MC "TOJIKaeT" HX Ha 3TO. Terrepb )J,aBa~Te C06epeM qaCTH B e)J,HHoe ueJIoe. 3aMeTbTe, qTO KpHBaR MC BblHyx)J,aeT rrO,ll,HHMaTheR.
KpHBYJO
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KaK
OTpa)KeHO B reoMe'Il>ll'leCKOM BH)J,e rrO,ll,HHMaIOIIJ.HMHCR Baepx KPHBbIMH
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MC MeHbUIe
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cpe)J,HHX KpHBbIX, 03HaqaeT, 'ITO cpe)J,HHe KpHBbIe CHH)K3
crrpaBa, TOT <PaKT, qTO
MC 60JIbUIe cpe)J,HHX KpHBbIX,
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HHe KpHBble rrO)J,HHMalOTCR. I1TaK, BbI rro.rryqaeTe COBepUIeHHOe rro)J,TBep)l{)J,eHHe TOro <paKTa, 'ITO KpHBaR rrepece'lb )],Be Cpe)J,HHX KpHBbIX B COOTBeTCTBYJOIUHX MHHHMaJIbHbIX TOqKax -
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crrpaBa cpe)J,Hee )J,OJI)KHO rrO)J,HH
cpe)J,Hero. Ho B TO~e nepeCe'leHHH KpHBbIX Cpe)J,HHR KpHBasI
He nO)J,HHMaeTCR H He onycKaeTCR, rrOfOMY 'ITO
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6 )J,lOilMOB,
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5
5
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JIHUIb OTp3)KeHHe TOro BJIHRHHH, KOfOpoe YBeJIHqHBaIOIUaRCH a 33TeM YMeHb
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MC H
Cpe.n;HHX H3)J,ep)KeK rrOCJIe.n;HHe )J,OCTHraIOT CBOero MHHHMYMa.
C/ta6'Jte1lJ,U! npe'leJ,bIUJZO '1OJe0'lQ c npe'lUbllbUlJ,l, U3'1e/tJltl&QJI,U B rrpe)J,hI)J,yUleM p33)J,eJIe R 06'bSICHHJI, KaK rrpe.n;eJIbHble H3.n;epX
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BCer)J,a rro.rryqaTb rrpH6"mb. 3To rrpoHCXO)J,HT rro rrpH'IHHe TOro, qyO B cymecT
BYJOII.I,HX B orrpe)J,eJIeHHO~ OTPaCJIH yCJIOBHRX H)J,eanbHOil KOHJCYpeHUHH
6e30THOCHTeJIbHO TOro, KaKoe KOJIH'IeCTBO TOBapa 6bIJIO elO npOH3
Be.n;eHO. Kor)J,a TaKoe c.rryqaeTCH, TO .rryqUIee, qTO MoX<eT C)J,eJIaTb
rnasa 10. OcHOsa KanwraRM3Ma: npe,lUJpttflTJfe, MaKCMMM3MPYlO~ee nptt6wnb
217
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KOr,D;a PhIHOqHlUI ueHa ,D;OCTaTOtIHO BhICOKa, .'lTO
KaK
6hI
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MoxeT 3HaqHTb', a MoxeT H He 3HaqHTb, 'ITO
Bonwe6HaSi cl>opMyna: KorAa MR = Me B THnHtIHOM
cJIytIae, KOr,D;a PbIHOqHlUI ueHa ,D;OCTaTO'lHO BhICOKa AJUI TOro, qT06bI
XOTeJIa rrpoH3OO,D;HTb orrpe,D;eJIeHHOe KOJIHtIeCTBO npO)lyKTa, AJUI onpe,D;eJIeHIDI OmHMaJIbHoro KOJIH'IeCTBa rrpo)lyKTa,
" I
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= Me).
= MG, rr03BOJIHeT rroJIytIHTb CJIe,nyIOIUHe ,D;Ba pe3YJlbTIlTIl.
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KOit npo,D;aJKHoit ueHbI Ha cooit npo)lyKT.
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6JIaro,D;apH TOMY, 'ITO rrpo,D;aJKHlUI ueHa ,D;OCTIlTOqHO BhlCOKa.
H,n;eH, 3aKJIIOqeHHlUI B paseHCTBe
MR H MG,
OqeHb npoCTa.
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LemonAid MoxeT npo,D;aTb Ka::K.nyIO
6YTbIJ1KY JIHMOHa,D;a, KOTOPYIO OHa npoH3BO,D;HT, 3a 2,D;oJIJI.
3KOHoMHcTaM HpaBHTCH roBOpHTb, 'ITO
npeOeAbHblU iJoxoiJ
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BaM
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MOCTb Ha KOTOPYIO 06paIUaIOT BHHMaHHe MeHe,lOKepbI, - 3T0 rrpe,D;eJIbHlUI CTOH 1 , MOCTb Ka::K,D;oit OT,D;eJIbHoit 6YTh1J1Kl1, MG.' 3TO nOTOM)'; 'ITO eCJIH OHH peWaIOT rrpo H3BO,D;HTb HMeHHO 3TY 6yrhmKY, TO Hy::KH0 paccMaTpHBaTb CTOHMOCTb npoH3BO,D;CTBa 3Toit 6YTbIJ1Kl1 OT,D;eJIbHO OT CTOHMOCTH npoH3BO,D;CTBa BCex rrpOH3Be,D;eHHbIX paHee 6YTbIJ10K MH TOro, qT06h1 cpaBHHTb ee C ,D;OXO,D;OM, KOTOPbIit 6YTbIJlKa rrpHHeceT, ecJIH ee npOH3Be.nYT H npo.na.nyr. TOJIbKO
MG OT,D;eJIbHOIt
6YTbIJ1Kl1 HMeeT 3Ha'leHHe;
Bce 6YTbIJIKH, rrpOH3Be,D;eHHhle paHee, OCTaIOTCJI 6e3 BHHMaHIDI"a MeHe,!l;::KepbI Ha ueJIeHbI Ha orrpe,D;eJIeHHe CTOHMOCTH npOH3BO,D;CTBa CJIe,nyIOIUeit. ECJIH
MG
3TOit 6YTbIJlKH MeHbwe 2,D;oJIJI., TO JICHO, 'ITO eCTb CMbICJI ee npOH3BO,D;HTb; B
3TOM CJIY'Iae MeHe.n:x<:epbI npHMYT peweHHe ee rrpOH3BO,nHTb.
C ,D;pyroit
CTOPOHbI, eCJIH
Me
6Y,D;eT rrpeBbIwaTb 2,D;OJIJI., rrpOH3OO,D;CTBO 6YTbIJ1Kl1 npHBe,D;eT K rroJIytl:eHHIO y6bITKa; B TaKOM CJIytIae MeHe,D;::KepbI npHMYT pe.weHHe He rrpOH3BO,!l;HTb ee.
218
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H T.,D;.) H cpaBHHBaH ee C npe,lleJIbHhIM ,D;OXO,D;OM, KOTOPLlA MOlKeT nOJIy'IHTb l1>HpMa OT ee npo ,D;alKH, MeHe,ll)KepLl MOryr TO'IHO Onpe,D;eJIHTb, CI{OJILKO 6yrLIJIOK HyXHO npOH3BO.llHTb HX npe,ll npHHTHIO. He06xo,llHMLle CpaBHeHHH MOryr 6LlTb ripOBe,D;eHLl C nOMOIllLIO Ta6JIHULl paCXO,D;OB,
10.1, HO eIlle npoIlle 6y,D;eT 3TO C,D;eJIaTb C nOMOIllbIO rpal1>HKa. 10.3 H Ha'leJ)THJI KPHBLle npe,D;eJIbHLlX H3,lI;ep)l{eK (MG), Cpe,llHHX nepeMeHHLlX H3 ,nep)l{eK (AVC) H Cpe,D;HHX COBOKYJIHbIX H3,lI;ep)l{eK (A1C) KopnopaUHH LemonAid. EIlle H npoBeJI TaKoA, KaK Ta6JI. Ha pHC.
roPH30HTaJIbHYIO JIHHHIO, Ha'IHHaIOmyIOCH Ha OTMeTKe
"2 ,ll0JIJI.", -
TaKOB npe,lleJILHLl1t ,llOXO,ll
51
OT npo,D;WKH I
P
~eHa 6yrLIJIKH COCTaBJUleT r
€~ '; .
0603Ha
= MR = 2 ,llOJIJI• .MH nO,llTBep:lK,lleHHH Toto l1>aKTa, 'ITO np0,llIDKHaH 2 ,D;OJIJI., .fro COBna,n:aeT C npe,D;eJILHLlM ,llOXO,D;OM.
B3rJIHHHTe Ha KOJIH'lecTBO TaJILHOA JIHHHH
P = MR
q',
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= 2 ,D;OJIJI.
H KPHBOA
MC.
q' = 440
KaK BLI BH"llHTe,
6y
TbIJIOK. 31'0 ypoBeHL npo.uyKTa, KOTOPLl1t BLl6epeT l1>HpMa.MH no.n:yqeHHH MaKCH MaJILH01t npH6LlJIH.
.
4,00
3,50
3,00
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2,50
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2,00 I
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1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00 I
, 100
o
, 200
, 300
i '
&'fT1oInKM
PHC. 10.3. OnTHManbHblH yposeHb npO,lfyKT8 qmpMbI s
i
500
400 q' =440 TO 'IKe
nepeCe'leHHR Me H MR
,[(ml TOro 'lT06Ll nOHHTb, nO'leMY npHBH3Ka K MR = MC MaKcHMH3HpyeT npH6bIJIL, ,D;aBa1t 10.1, npHBe,lleHHo1t paHee B 3T01t rJIaBe, H paCCMOTPHM Ka:lK)lyIO e,llHHHUY q, M{I KOTOP01t CnpaBeMHBO HepaBeHCTBO q < 440.,[(ml BCex 3THX e,llHHHU npe
re BepHeMCH K Ta6JI. npO.uyKUHH,
lleJILHLl1t ,llOXO,D; 6y,lleT 60JIbWe npe,D;eJIbHo1t ce6eCTOHMOCTH
(MR > MG),
'ITO 3HaqHT: ,llOXO.llLl
OT npo,llWKH Ka)I{.l101t H3 3THX 6yrLlJIOK npeBLlCHT 3aTPaTbl Ha HX npOH3BO,llCTBO. HanpHMep,
aaaa1tre B03bMeM 6YTLlJIKY no,D; HOMepOM 140. Be npe,lleJILHlUI ce6ecTOHMocTb COCTaBJIHeT BCe ro 0,89 ,llOJIJI., HO ee MO)I{HO np0,D;aTb 3a 2,00 ,D;OJIJI. IIoHHTHo, 'ITO BaM HYXHO npOH3BeCTH 3TY 6YTblJ1Ky,
nOCKOJIbKY OT ee npO,D;WKH BLl nOJIy'IHTe 60JIbWe ,lleHer, 'IeM 6LlJIO 3aTPa'leHO Ha ee
npOH3BO,D;CTBO. 3TO yrBep:lK,lleHHe cnpaBeMHBO .MH BCex OCTaJIbHLlX 6yrLlJIOK, r,D;e
q < 440;
BaM HyXHO npOH3BO,ZlHTb HX, nOTOMY 'ITO BCe OHH npHHecyr BaM npH6LlJIb.
npo~a q' (q
crrpaBeMHBO 06paTHoe: npe,neJIbHLl1t ,llOXO,D; MeHbwe npe,lleJIbHo1t ce6ecTOHMOCTH
> 440), (MR < MG).
rnaB. 10. OcHOB. K8nWT8Dtf3M.: npe,qnpJlflTMe, M.KCHMIf3HPYIOucee npH6wnb
.
C ,llpyro1t
CTOpOHLl, .MH Bcex e,llHHHU, npeBLlwaIOIllHX ypOBeHb
219
I
BLI nOTepReTe ,neHbrll, eCJIII BLI npOll3Be,neTe II npO,nll,lJ,IITe 3TII 6yrhUIKH. HanpIIMep, Ha
MC
ypOBHe npo,nyKTIl B 470 6yrhUIOK,
COCTaBIIT 2,67,noJIJI., TOr,na KaK
MR
COCTaBJIHeT Bcero
2,00,noJIJI. ECJIH BLI npOll3BeJIII npo,nYKT Ha 3TOM ypOBHe, TO Ha 6yn,mKe no,n HOMepoM 470 BLI norepHere 67 ueHTOB. .S!CHO, qTO BaM He 3axOqeTCR B 3TOM yqaCTBOBaTb. CpaaHIIBaR npe,neJIbHblit .lI.OXO.ll. II npe,neJIbHLIe 113.l1,epxarn Ha BCex ypOBHRX npO,n}'KTa, BLI MoX<:ere BH.lI,eTb, qTO MeHe)l)KepLI Kopnopau;1I11 e,nHHllU -
LemonAid XOTHT
TO KOJIuqeCTBO e.ll.HHIIU, npll KOTOpoM JIIIHIIII
MR
II
npoll3BO.ll.HTb TOqHO
MC
q' = 440
nepeceKaIOTCR.
KaK R ynOMIIHaJI BO BBe.ll.eHIIII K 3TOM}' pa3.ll,eJIY, npOIl3BO.lI.CTBO, r.ll.e
MR = MC,
He
rapaHTllpyeT BaM npll6hUIII, HO OHO XOTR 6LI rapaHTllpyeT, ~O BLI npOll3BO.ll.llre 6yrhUIKH, npIIHOCHIu;lIe 60JIbIIle .lI.eHer, qeM 6bIJIO nOTPaqeHO Ha HX npo"3BO.lI.CT BO. IIpllqllHa, no KOTopoa na lPoPMYJIa caMa no ce6e He MoX<:eT rapaHTllpOBaTb npll6hIJIb, 3aKJIIOqeHa B TOM, 'ITO OHa He npllHHMaeT B paCqeT cPIIKCllpoBaHHble 113 .lI.epxarn, KOTopLIe BaM HYX<:HO nJIaTHTb 6e30THOCHTeJIbHO ypOBHR npo.ll.YKTa, KOTO PLIH RbI np01l3BO.lI.HTe. ):J;aX<:e eCJIH BbI npoll3BO.lI.HTe 6yrbIJIKH, qeH npe.ll.eJIbHblH .lI.O xo,n no KpaHHeH Mepe paBeH npe.ll.eJIbHOH ce6ecTOIIMOCTH, BLI Bce eIu;e MOX<:eTe He nOJIyqIlTb .lI.OCTaTO~O BblPyqKH AIDl OIIJIaTbl BamHX cPIIKCIlP0BaHHhIX 113.l1,epX<:eK.
BM3yanM3aL,MSI npMt)blnM H3 npe.ll.bU\Ylllero pa3.ll,eJIa MhI y3HaJIII CJIe.ll.YlOIu;ee • ./
MR
q',
IIC
= MC.
./ IIPOl13BO,nCTBO Ha ypOBHe
q'
He rapaHTllpyeT npll6hUIb -
BMeCTO 3Toro OHO
rapaHTllpyeT, qTO BbI nonyqllre MaKCIIMaJIbHO B03MO:JKHyIO npll6hUIb (eCJIII B03MOX<:H0 nQnyqIlTb npll6bIJIb) HJIII MIIHIIMaJIbHO B03MOX<:Hble y6bITKH (eCJIH ueHbI 6y.nYI HaCTOJIbKO HH3KHMII, 'ITO HeB03MOX<:H0 nOJIyqHTb npll6hUIb npll .lI.aHHOH CTPYKTYPe 113.l1,epx<:eK).
A ceAqacR C06HpaIOCb BaM npo.ll.eMOHCTpHpoBaTb 6LICTPbIH II JIeI1CHH cnoc06 IIcnOJIbJOBa HUH KPIIBhIX JaTPaT AIDl onpe.ll.eJIeHUH TOro, nOJIyqaeT cPHpMa npll6bIJIb HJIII HeCeT y6bITKH.
(TR)
~bI OC03HaTb, 'ITO .lI.Be COCTaBJIRIOm;HX npll6hUIII, CO
II COBOKynHble 113.l1,epxarn
(m,
MOryI' 6bITb npe,nCTaBJIeHhI
npRMOyroJIbHllKaMII, ITJIOIu;ll,lJ,1I KOTOpbIX 6y.nYI paBHbI COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ;HM BeJIHqll .HaM. B pe3YJIbTare BbI MOX<:eTe CPa3Y X<:e CKaJaTb, nOJIOX<:HTeJIbHaR HJIII 0TP"uaTeJIbHaR y Bac npll6bIJIb, eCJIII nOCMOTPHTe, 6y;IleT JIll npIDWyrOJIbHIIK I
MoyroJIbHIIKa
TC,
TC.
ECJIII npRMOyrOJIbHHK
npll6bIJIb nOJIOlKIlTeJIbHaR.
HIIKa
TC,
A
TR
eCJIII npRMOyroJIbHIIK
npll6bIJIb OTPllUareJIbHaR -
TR
npe.ll.eJIbHbIX 113.l1.epX<:eK
(MC),
MeHhme npRMoyroJIb
cPllpMa repnHT y6bITKH.
):J;JIR TOro ~06bI yBH,neTb, KaK no pa6OTaeT, B3rJIRHHTe Ha pIIC. KpllBLIe Cpe.ll.HIIX COBOKynHhIX 113.l1,epX<:eK
TR 60JIbIIle npR- ..
npeBblIIlaeT pa3Mep npRMoyroJIbHllKa
(Am,
10.4,
r,ne R HapllCOBaJI
Cpe.ll.HHX nepeMeHHbIx 113.l1,epX<:eK
a TaKX<:e rop"30HTaJIbHYIO JIIIHIlIO, 0603HaqeHHYIO
(Ave)
P
II
= MR,
YKa3LIBaIOmyIO Ha paBeHcTBO ueHbI II npe.ll.eJIbHoro .lI.OX0.ll.a )lJUI 3TOH cPllpMbI, pa6oTaIom;eH B yCJIOBIIRX KOHKypeHIJ;lIl1. (3.l1.eCb 11306paX<:eH THnllqHbIH BH.lI, 3THX KP"BblX; MbI 60JIbme He IIcnOJIbJyeM KOHKPeTHble KPlIBbIe, KOTOpbIe nQnyqHJIIICb y Hac B pe3YJIbTa're IICCJIe,nOBaHIIH 3aTPaT Kopnopau;HII
.220 .
LemonAid.)
Me
,
..
p
p=MR
A
!
q* KonW'leCTBO
Puc. 10.4. C;PupMa, nOR}"IalOUjafl npU6b1Rb ~,.
~
~ ,.' ~ :
nOMHMO Toro, qTO COBOKYJIHblH .o;oxo.o; MoxeT 6b1Tb Jf306paxeH B BH,D,e npfl:MO yrOJIbHHKa, BaM HyxHO 3anOMHHTb,
~O
COBOKYnHblH .o;oxo.o; lPHPMbI, Kor.o;a ee
npOH3Bo.o;HTeJIbHOCTb HaxO.D;HTCSI Ha ypOBHe npo.o;yKTa MH3HpOBaTb npH6b1JIb, npo.D;yKTa, HJIH
TR
q',
n03BOJISlIOllI,eM MaKCH
3TO npOCTO ueHa, YMHoxeHHaSi Ha KOJIHqeCTBO e.o;HHHU
= p*q'.
To~o TaK xe, KaK MbI onpe.o;eJISleM TIJIOlll,a.D;b npfl:MO
yrOJIbHOH KOMHaTbl, YMHOXafl: ee .D;JIHHY Ha lliHpHHY, BeJIH~Ha COBOKYJIHoro .o;OXO .o;a onpe,lleJIHeTCSI KaK npoH3Be,lleHHe ueHbI Ha KOJI~eCTBO. Ha pHC. npSlMoyrOJIbHHK C BblCOroH p H lliHpHHOH
q".
10.4 TR -
TeMbI Koop,llHHaT, roqKOH p Ha BepnlKaJIbHOH OCH"TO'IKOH, r,lle JIHHIDl peceKaeT KPHBYIO
Me,
H ro~OH
3ro
Ero yrJIbI 0603HaqeHbI HaqaJIOM CHC
q" Ha roPH30HTaJIbHOH
P = MR ne
OCH.
TOqHO TaK xe MbI MoxeM HCnOJIb30BaTb npHMoyrOJIbHHK .D;JlfI: npe,llCTaBJIeHHfI: COBOKYJI HblX H3,llepXeK, KOTopble OJIJIaqHBaeT lPHpMa, KOr,lla npOH3BO.D;HT
q" e,llHHHU
npO,llYKTa.
):lJIsI
TOro qro6b1 noc'l'pOHTb 3TOT npHMoyrOJIbHHK, HY:JKHO npOBeCTH HeKOTopble MaTeMa~eCKHe BblqHCJIeHHSI .D;JIfI: npeo6pa30BaHHSI HHlPoPMau;HH, npe,llOCTaBJIeHHOH KPHBOH Cpe,llHHX COBO KYJIHbIX H3,llepxeK ,llep:llCKH
(A1C),
B ro, ~o Mbi XOTHM H306pa3HTb rpalP~eCKH, T.e. COBOKYJIHble H3
(1C).
Qro6b1 pa306paTbCfI: B 3THX MaTeMa~ecKHXBwqHCJIeHHfI:X, BHaqaJIe nOCMO'I'pHTe Ha roqKY
B Ha pHC. 10.4. npoiJyK14UU,
OHa nOKa3b1BaeT cpe,ll,HHe COBOKYJIHble H3,llep:llCKH
KOr,lla lPHpMa npoH3BO,llHT YP0BeHb npo.D;yKTa
qbSl lliHpHHa paBHa
q',
q".
(A1C)
B paCqeTe
Ha eaUHU~
Mbi BH,D,HM, qro npfl:MOyrOJIbHHK,
AIr Ha ypoBHe npo.D;yKTa q', ,lleHCTBHTeJIbHO o'l'pa 3To 3HaqHT, ~ I r paBeH TIJIOlll,a.D;H npfl:MoyroJIbHHKa, HaqaJIe Koop,llHHaT, roqKe A Ha BepTHKaJIbHOH OCH, roqKe B"
a BblCOTa 3a.D;aHa
)I{aeT cOBoKYJIHble H3,llepXKH lPHPMbI. qbH qeTbIpe yrJIa pacnOJIOXeHbI B H roqKe
q' Ha roPH30HTaJIbHOH OCH.
rnasa 10. OCHOsa anHranH3Ma: npe.qnpHJlTHe, MBKCHMH3HPYIOU4e6 npH6wnb
221
fJIaBHoe, q1'O H}')KHO nOIDlTb H3 BCero BblmeCKaJaHHOrO, -
q',
KOr)l;a lPHpMa npOH3BO
A1t:' = 1t:'/q'. ECJIH BbI )'MHOXHTe 06e CTOpOHbI 31'Oro ypaa HeHIDl Ha q', TO 06HapyxHTe, ~O A1t:' X q', = 1t:'. 31'0 ypaBHeHHe roBOpHT BaM, q1'O 1t:' )l;eHCTBHTeJIbHO paBHbI npOH3Be)l;eHHIO A1t:' H q', HJIH DJIOIU;8)I;H npHMoyrOJIbHHKa C BblCOTOH A1t:' H. mHpHHoit q' .
)l;HT Ha ypOBHe
TO
Tenepb, KOr)l;a BbI nOHHJIH, KaK C nOMOIU;bIO DJIOIU;8)I;H npJlMoyrOJIbHHKOB, KOTopbIe CBH 3aHbl C KPHBbIMH paCXO)l;OB lPHpMbI, MOryr 6blTb npe)l;CTIlBJIeHbI
TR
H
1t:',
Bac He )l;OJDKeH
y)I;HBJUITb TOT lPaKT, qTO npH6bIDb lPHPMbI, KOTOPaH no onpe)l;eJIeHHIO paBHa
TR - 1t:',
TaK
:lICe MO:llCeT 6bITb npe)l;CTaBJIeHa DJIOIU;8)I;bIO KOHxpeTHOrO npHMoyroJIbHHKa. Ha C8MOM )l;eJIe npH6bIJIb paBHa DJIOIU;8)I;H 3aillTpHXOBaHHOrO npJlMoyroJIbHHKa Ha pHC. npH6b1JIb HHK
TR
3TO npOCTO pa3HHua Me)K)l;y
60JIbme npHMOyroJIbHHKa
1t:',
TR
H
1t:'.
lOA. 31'0 no1'OMY,
qTO
IIocKOJIbKY B HameM cnyqae npHMoyrOJIb
lPHpMa nOJIY'!aeT npH6b1JIb, qeA pa3Mep 3KBHBaJIeHTeH
DJIOIU;8)I;H 3amTPHXoBaHHofo npJlMoyroJIbHHKa, KOTOpaH onpe)l;eJIHeTCH CJIe)l;yIOIU;HM 06Pa30M: DJIOIU;8)I;b 60JIbmerO npJlMoyroJIbHHKa
TR
MHHYC DJIOIU;8)I;b MeHbmefO npHMoyrOJIbHHKa
1t:'.
OqeHb nOJIe3HO 6Y)l;eT npOBeCTH MblCJIeHHblA 3KcnepHMeHT, HCnOJIb3yH pHC. IIpe)l;cTaBbTe, qTO npoH30ii)l;eT, eCJIH ueHa Te: OnTHMaJIbHOe KOJIHqeCTBO, fOPH30HTaJIbHOit JIHHHH
q',
P = MR
lOA.
p yaeJIHqHTcJI. Bo-nepBblx, 3aMeTb
yBeJIHqHTCJI, nOCKOJIbKY TOqKa nepeCeqeHH.JI
MC
H KpHBOA
nepeMeCTHTCH BBepx H BnpaBO.
O)I;HOBpeMeHHo npJlMoyrOJIbHHK COBOKYDHOro )l;Oxo)l;a yaeJI~HTCH B pa3Mepax, KaK H npHMoyroJIbHHK COBOKYDHbIX H3)I;epxeK. Ho KaKOit H3 HHX yaeJI~HTCH B pa3Me pax 6blCTPee? IIpH6b1JIb B03paCTeT HJIIl cOKpaTHTCH? C nOMOlltbIO rpalPHKa Mbl MoxeM nO;uBep)I;HTb,
'11'0 npH6bIJlb B03paCTeT -
C YBeJIHqeHHeM
u.eHbl JaWTPHXOBaHHbIit npJlMoyrOJIbHHK npH6blJIH yaeJI~HTCH B pa3Mepax. TaKHM 06pa30M, nOBblweHHe u.eHbI yaeJIHqHBaeT npH6blJIb lPHPMbl. B CJIe)l;yIOIU;eM pa3)1;eJIe o6'bHcIDIeTCH, KaK npH6bIDb MO)l(eT CTaTb OTPHuaTeJIbHOA, eCJIH ueHa CTaHeT HHXe onpe)l;eJIeHHoro ypOBHH.
BM3yanM3aL,MA yfiblTKOB CpaBHHTe cHTYau.HIO, onHCaHHYIO B npe.llbl.IlYlUeM pa3)l;eJIe, C npOHJIJIIOCTPHPQBaHHoA Ha pHe.
~0.5, r)l;e
KPHBble 3aTPaT TIlKHe xe, KaK H Ha pHC.
10.4,
HO ueHa (H, KaK CJIe)l;CTBHe, npe
MR), no K01'OPOit lPHpMa MoxeT npO)l;aTb cBoA npo.nyKT, HaMHoro HHXe. CJIe)I;)'R npaBHJIY MR = MC MH Bbl60pa OnTHM8JIbHoro ypOBHH npo.nyKTa, lPHpMa npHMeT pemeHHe npOH3BO)l;HTb KOJI~eCTBO q'z, f)l;e HOBaH, HaxO)l;HIU;aHCJI HHXe, JIHHH.Jlp = MR nepe CeKaeT xpHBYIO MC. Ho H3-Ja HH3KOit IIeHbI, no KOTOpoA lPHpMa BbIH}')K,lI;eHa np0)l;aTb cBoA
)l;eJIbHblA )l;OXO)l;
npo.nyKT, OHa He 6y)l;eT HMeTb B03MOlKHOCTH nOJIY'IHTb npH6bIJIb. (Ha pHC. OnTHMaJIbHhl1t ypOBeHb npOH3BO)l;CTBa lPHPMbI
q'2' MH
10.5
H 0603HaqHJl
TOro, ~06bI CTaJIO OqeBH)I;HO: OnTH
MaJIbHbIH ypoBeHb npO.nyKTa B TOM CJIY'!ae, KOf)l;a ueHa HHXe, OTJI~aeTCH OT OnTHMaJIbHOrO YPOBHH npo)I;yKTa
q' Ha pHC. 10.4,
f)l;e ueHa 6bIJla Bblme.)
TR H 1t:', KOTopbIe nOJIyqa TR = p x q'2, COBOKYfiHbIH )l;OXO)l; paBeH DJIOIII8)I;H npJlMO yroJIbHHKa BblCOTOA P H mHPHHOif q'2- CJIe)l;OBaTeJIbHO, TR paBeH DJIOIII8)I;H npHMoyroJIbHHKa, qbH qeTbIpe yrJIa JIeXaT B HaqaJIe KOOp)l;HHaT, TOql{e p Ha BepmKaJIbHOH OCH , TOqKe C H TOqKe q* 2 Ha roPH30HTaJIbHOH OCH. OH MeHbwe, qeM npHMOyroJIbHHK 1t:', onpe)l;eJIeHHbIif HaqaJIOM KOOp)l;HHaT, TOqKaMH A, B H q'2' IIoCKOJIbKY DJIOIII8)I;b npHMoyroJIbHHKa COBOKYDHbIX H3)1;ep BbI MO)l(eTe oueHHTb y6bITKH, cpaBHHBaH npHMoyrOJIbHHKH
IOTCH B 3Toif CHTYaIIHH. IIOCKOJIbKY
)l(eK npeBbImaeT DJIOIU;Mb npHMoyroJIbHHKa COBOKYDHOfO )l;OXO)l;a, lPHpMa TepnHT y6bITKH, 3KBHBaJl:eHTHbIe pa3Mepy 3aWTPHXOBaHHOH DJIOIII8)I;H Ha pHC.
222
'IBCrlt
III.
10.5.
MHlCp03lCOHOMMICB - HByrca 0 no88,lfeHMM norpe6tiTeneii H npe,qnpMflTMR
Y5b1TKIo1
ATC A
AVC
p
o ~
~
q*2
KOnlo1'l8CT80 PHC.
CHTYaQHJI, 0TPIDKeHHaJI Ha pHC.
10.5.
4>HpM8 TepnHT y6b1TKH
10.5, roBOpHT 0
Cg npOH3Bo,a;HTh ypOBeHh npo.nyKTa npH
MR
TOM, 'ITO XOTg MeHe,lJ;)Kep Bcer,a;a CTPeMHT
= MC,
3TO He 06g3aTeJIhHO rapaHTHpyeT npH
6h1JIh. flp06JIeMa 3aKJIIO'IaeTCg B TOM, 'ITO MeWaIOT
1000 ,a;0JIJI. MeCSI'IHojt peHThI. EcJm MecJlU
yxe Ha'l8JICJI H peHTa yxe ynJIa'leHa, BM 6y)J;eTe npOH3Bo,a;HTh npo)J;yKT, ,ll;JlSI KOTOPOro
MC. 3m npHBe,a;eT BaC flpe,a;nOJIOXGIM, 'ITO JISleT
1 ,a;OJIJI.
K YPOBHIO npo,a;YKTll
q'2 ==
MR
>
q"2 HR pHC. 10.5.
600, H QeHa. no KOTOPOjt BhI MOX.eTe npo,a;aTh npo,DyKT. COCTaB
3a e,a;HHHUY TOBapa. 3T0 npHHeCeT BaM 600,a;oJIJI. COBOKYIlHOro ,a;oxo,a;a. Ho npH
1000 ,a;OJIJI. peHThI BM 6y,a;eTe npo,a;OJIx.aTh TepneTh y6hlTKH B Te'leHHe MeCJlQa. ,a;IDKe eCJIH npe ,a;eJIhHhIjt ,a;oxo,a; npeBhICHT npe,a;eJIhHhIe H3,ll;ep:xcKH Ha IWK,llyIO H3 600 e,ll;HHHQ TOBapa. cI>OICYC B TOM, 'ITO TOr,a;a KaK npe,a;eJIhHhIe H3,llep:xcKH He npHHHMalOT B paC'IeT
(~ j[ noBIOpJIIO CHona: npoH3BOACTBO lGl ypoRHe, me MR ~ Me, npl<6h1J1H He rnpaH THPyeT. Ho OHO rapaHTHpyeT, 'ITO eCJIH BbI ,a;OJDKHbI TepneTh y6bITKH, OHH 6y,!J;YT HaCTOJIbKO M8JIeHbKHMH, HaCKOJIbKO B03MOx.H0. TaK KaK BbI He MOx.eTe Henocpe,a; CTBe}{HO HH'lerO no,a;eJIaTh C BaWHMH
masa 10. OcHosa KBIJIfTIIRtf3Ma: npe,qn"",m,e, MaICCMMtfSIfPYrDU,fee npH6wnb
223
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Jt/Wua80'1ltlhb
BaC MOXeT B03HHKHYTb BOnpoc: nOqeMY lPHpMa OCTaeTCSI B 6H3HeCe, eCJIH OHa TepllHT
y6bITKH BMecTO TOro, qT06bI noJIytIaTb npH6bIJIb. 06J:dqHbID OTBeT: nOTOMy, ~o Ha.n;eeTCSI Ha CKopbIe H3MeHeHHSI. DHa MoxeT OXH,lJ.aTb, qTO u;eHa, no KOTOpOH OHa CMoxeT npo,n;aBaTb CBOIO npO)JJ'KIJ;HIO, B03pacreT, HJIH
qTQ
OHa CMoxeT KaKHM-HH6y.D;b 06pa30M COKpaTHTb CBOH
3aTPaTbI Ha npOH3Bo,n;CTBO. LJ:axe eCJIH 3TH OXH,lJ.aHHSI HMeIOT no,n; co60D npOqHbIe OCHOBaHHSI, .D;JISI lPHPMbI MOXeT OKaJaTbCSI JIyqIlle nOJIHOCTbIO npeKpaTHTb npOH3Bo,n;CTBO, qeM npoH3Bo,n;HTb HeKOTopoe KO JIHqeCTBO npo,n;YKTa. Dnpe,n;eJISlIOlllHM lPaKTOpOM 3,n;eCb cHoBa BbICTYJIalOT lPHKcHpoBaHHbIe H3.D;ep)KKH.
YcnOBMH Kp8TKOCpOliHOrO 38KPblTMH npeAnpMHTMH: nepeMeHHble M3AeplKKM npeBblW810T cOBOKynHblM AOXOA llpe,n;nOJIOXHM, ~o BbI Hecere OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Ja'lPHPMY,
Y KOTOpoD
eXeMeCSfqHaSI peH
Ta COCTaBJISleT 1000,n;oJIJI. ECJIH BbIHHqero He npOH3Bo,n;HTe, 10 TepnHTe y6bITOK B pa3Mepe 1000 ,n;OJIJI. Ho 310 He 3HaqHT,
qTQ
BbI
onpeiJeAeHHo Haquere npoH3BO.D;HTb .1OBap .D;JISI lOro, qTO
6bI nOCTapaTbCSI BepHYTb ce6e XOTb HeMHOfO 3THX ,n;eHer. CKopee, BbI XOTHTe npOH3Bo,n;HTb TOJIbKO Tor,n;a, KOf,n;a 3TO 6y,n;eT JIY'lllle.D;JISI BaC, qeM eCJIH 6bI BbI H~ero He ,n;eJIaJIH. ~O 3Ha qHT, qTO BaM H)')KHO BbI6paTb npOH3Bo,n;CTBO, eCJIH 3TO ,n;eDCTBHe npHBe,n;eT HJIH K HeMe.D;JIeH HOH npH6bIJIH, HJIH K y6bITKaM B CYMMe MeHbille 1000,n;OJIJI., KOTopbIe BbI nOTepSieTe, eCJIH
H~ero He 6y,n;eTe npOH3Bo,n;HTb. KaK SI 06'bSiCHSIJI BaM, B HHbIX C.JIyqaSIX JIytIIlle Bcero H~ero He npOH3BO.D;HTb. PaCCMOTPHM pHC. 10.6, r,n;e ueHa, no KOTOpoil lPHpMa MoxeT npo,n;aTb CBOH npo.n;yKT, Ha
(p = MR) H KpHBaSl npe,n;eJIbHbIX H3.D;epXeK (MC) nepeceKaIOTCSI B TOqKe, Haxo.D;SlmeifcSI HUJlCe KPHBOH Cpe,n;HHX nepeMeHHbIX H3,n;epxeK (AVC). qTO 3TO 3HaqHT? llonpocTY fOBOpSl, COBOKYllHbIH ,n;oxo,n; B 3TOM C.JIyqae B ,n;eDCTBHTellb
ClOJIbKO HH3KaS1, QlO JIHHHSI npe,n;eJIbHoro ,n;OXO.n;a
HOCTH HH)Ke ypoBHSI nepeMeHHbIX H3.D;epxeK. (COBOKYllHbIH ,n;oxo,n; npe,n;CTaBJIeH npSlMoyroJIb HHKOM, era qeTblpe yrJIa HaxO.D;SITCSI B HaqaJIe KOOp.D;HHaT,
lOqJGlXp, B
H
q-3'
r,n;e
q-3
npe,n;CTaB
JUleT OllTHMaJIbHbIit ypOBeHb npo.D;yKTa npH 3TOH ueHe. IIepeMeHHbIe H3.D;epXKH npe,n;CTaBJIeHbI npSlMOyroJIbHHKOM, qbH qeTbIpe yrJIa pacnOJIOXeHbI B uaqaJIe KOOp.D;HHaT, lOqJGlX
~o 3HaqHT,
qTQ
npH npOH3Bo,n;CTBe
q·3 e.D;HHHU
C, D H q-3')
lPHPMa He npHHOCHT ,n;OCTalOQHO ,n;oxo,n;a
,n;axe .D;JISI TOro, qro6bI nOKpbITb nepeMeHHbIe H3.D;epXKH, CBSl3aHHbIe C npoH3BO,n;CTBOM TaKora
K~eCTBa lOBapa.
q-3.
'JIOfHqeCKHBePHbIMnOCTYJIKOMB,n;aHHOilCHTYauHH6y,n;eT OTCYTCTBHe BCSlKOro
@)
npOH3Bo,n;CTBa. IIpH npOH3Bo,n;CTBe HOAA e,n;HHHU BbI repSlere TOJIbKO BaIIIH lPHK CHpoBaHHbIe JaTPaTbI. IIpH npOH3Bo,n;CTBe
q·3 BbI
repSleTe eme 60JIbille ,n;eHer, no
CKOJIbKY BbI He Moxere ,n;axe nOKphITb CBOH nepeMeHHbIe 3aTPaTbI. llpe,n;nOJIOXHM, ~o lPHKCHpOBaHHbIe 3aTPaTbI COCTaBJISIlOT 1000 ,n;OJIJI., H npH npoH3BO,n; CTBe
q-3 e,n;HHHU
lPHpMa nOJIytIaeT COBOKYllHbID ,n;OXo,n; B 400,n;0JIJI. H HeceT nepeMeHHbIe H3
,n;ep)KKH B pa3Mepe 500,n;oJIJI. TIOCKOJIbKY COBOKYllHbID ,n;oxo,n; nOKpbIBaeT TOJIbKO 400,n;0JIJI. H3 500,n;oJIJI. nepeMeHHbIX H3.D;epXeK, npH npOH3BO,n;CTBe lPHPMa repSleT 100 ,n;OJIJI. 3a CqeT nepe MeHHbIX H3.D;epxeK.
224
lIaCTb III. MHIqJ03KOHOMHKB - Hayrca 0 nose.qeHIIH nOTpe6MTeneM H npe,lUlpHflTHM
ATe
,
~
Kon.....ecTBO
q*3
PHC. 10.6. 4>HPM8 repnHT TaKUe orpoMHble y6b1TKH, ~ro OHa
He MOJKer JiS)Ke nOKpblTb CBOH nepeMeHHble H3,l1,epJKKH
,ll;06aBbTe K 3TOMY 1000,ll.OJIJl. q,HKcHpoBaHHLIx paCXO,ll.OB, KOTopble OHa 6Y,ll.eT HeCTH 6e3OTHOCHTeJIbHO KOJIH'IeCTBa rrpoH3Be,ll.eHHoro ToMpa, H q,HpMa rrOTepReT B 06:w;eH CYMMe 1l00,ll.OJIJI. rrpH rrpoH3BO,lI.CTBe q*Je.u.uHHU IIpo.zJ.YKTa. B rrpOTHBHOM c.rryqae, eCJIH q,HpMa 3a KpoeTCR H He 6Y1\;eT HH'Iero rrpoH3BO,ZUITb, OHa rrOTepReT JIHIIIb 1000,ll.OJIJI. q,HKcHpoBaHHbIX 3aTpaT. jlCHO, 'ITO B TaKOH cKryalUlH q,HpMa ,lI.OJDKHa 3aKPbITbCR.
.
3KOHOMHCTbI Ha3LIB8IOT TaKYJO cHTYaUHIO YCII08UeM KpamKocpoifHOZO 3aKpblmUR. £eJIH
COBOKyII~ ,lI.oxo,ll. q,HpMhI rrpil q*J MeHbIIIe, qeM rrepeMeHHhIe H3,l1.epJKKH, nyqIIIe B006:w;e 3aKPblTb q,HPMY. fPacPJIlIecKH 3m rrpoHcXO,ll.HT
p
IGOK.lU>IH
pa3, KOma roPH30HTaJIbHaR JIHHHR
= MR rrepeceKaeT KPHBYIO MC B TO~e, HaxoMlIleHcR HIDKe U-06Pa3HOH KPHBOH AJIC. Bo
BCex rro,ll.06HbIX CHTYauHRX COBOKyIIHhIit ,lI.OXO,ll. 6Y,ll.eT MeHbIIIe, qeM rrepeMeHHble H3,lI.ep)I{KH, 'ITO 3HaqHT: JIY'lIIIe q,HPMY 3aKPhITb, qeM 3aHHMaTbCR rrpoH3BO,ll.CTBOM.
YcnOBMe AonrOCpOliHOrO 38KpblTMR: cOBoKynHble M3AeplKKM npeBblW810T cOBoKynHblM AOXOA tIT06b1 paccMOTpeTb
.zJ.PYfYIO
CKryauHIO, BepHeMCR K pHC. 10.5. B 3mM c.rryqae q,HpMa 60
JIee qeM rroKPblBaeT COOH rrepeMeHHhIe H3,lI.epXKH, rrOCKOJIbKY COOOKYIIHhIH ,lI.OXO,ll. (rrpe,ll.CTIlB JIeHHhIit rrpRMOyroJIbHHKOM, ero qeTLIpe yrJIa pacrrOJIOXeHbI B HaqaJIe KOOp,ll.HHaT H TO'IKax
P, C
q*]) rrpeBLlIIIaeT rrepeMeHHble H3,lI.epXKH (rrpe,ll.cTaBJIeHHhIe rrpRMoyrOJIbHHKOM, em D, B H q*]). XOTR 3Ta q,HpMa Te pReT ,lI.eHbrH, eH Bce xe JIY'lIIIe rrpoH3OO,ZUITb q*], 'IeM q = 0, rrOCKOJIbKY COBOKYIIHhIit ,lI.OXO,ll. H
'IeTblpe yrJta pacrrOJIOXeHLI B Ha'laJIe KOOp.u.HHaT H TO'lKaX
IIpeBbIllIaeT rrepeMeHHbIe H3,l1.epXKH. OHa MoxeT HCrrOJIb30BaTb ,lI.eHbrH, OCTaBIIIHeCR rrOCJIe IIOKPbITHR rrepeMeHHhIX H3,l1.epXeK, ,lI.JIR OIIJIaTbI qaCTH q,HKCHPOBaHHhIX paCXO,ll.OB.
rna.. 10. OcHOlUllCBnlfT8Jlll3lla: npe,qtlpllfl7Jfe, ·IIIIKCJf"Jf3JfPYIOiQee npJf6wn"
225
HanpHMep, npe,llnOJIO:lKHM, 'ITO ee «pHKCHpOBaHHhIe paCXO,llhI COCTaBJUlIOT 1000,ll0JIJI. H 'ITO KOf,lla ypOBeHb npOH3BO,llCTBa npo,llyKTa paBeH
q"2'
OHa HMeeT COBOKYJIHhIit ,llOXO,ll B pa3
Mepe 800,llOM. H nepeMeHHhIe H3,llepJICKH B pll3Mepe 700,llOM. TIepBhIe 700 H3
800 ,ll0JIJI.
co
BOKYJIHOro .n;OXO,lla MOryI' yATH Ha OnJIaTY nepeMeHHhIX H3,llepJKeK, OCTaBWHeCJl: 100.n;0JIJI. no KPOIOT '1aCTb H3 1000.n;0JIJI.
,.
~
Ii ; \}
B pe3YJIbTare
06IUHit y6hITOK COCTaBHT
BMecTO 1000, eCJIH
«I>HpMa, KOTOPaJI HaxO.!UfI'CR B CHTYauHH pHC. 10.5, npo.n;OJIJKaeT CBOIO .n;eRTeJIbHOCTb B KPaTKOCpO'lHOM nepHo.n;e, nOCKOJIbKY 3TO JIytlIUe, >reM
HeMe~eHHoe
npeKPame
HHe .n;eRTeJIbHOCTH. Ho OHa npo,llOJIJKaeT repJITb .n;eHbrH. TaK 'ITO, TOf,lla KaK ,llJlR Hee JIYtlIIIe npOH3BO.n;HTb npo,llyKT B KpaTKOcpo'IHOM nepHo.n;e, OHa CO BpeMeHeM 3axo 'leT npeKPaTHTb npOllecc nOTepH ,lleHef, npHIDIB peIIIeHHe 0 npeKPameHHH CBoeit .n;eRreJIbHOCTH. OHa 3aKpoeTCR IIOCJIe HCre'leHIUI CpOKOB .n;eitCTBIUI KOHTpaKTOB no
3aBMCMMOCTb OT PbIHO'tHbiX ~eH TIOCKOJIbKY
01' ECJlH lleHa .n;OCTaTO'lHO BhICOKasI,
MC B TO'IKe,
p = MR
nepe
paCnOJIOJKeHHoit Ha.n; U-06PIl3HOit KPHBOit
A1C,
KaK nOKll3IlHO Ha pHC. 10.4.
01' ECJIH roPH30HTaJIbHaJI JIHHIUI p
= MR nepeceKaeT KPHBYIO MC B TO'IKe, pac
nOJIOJKeHHoit HHJKe U-06PIl3HOit KPHBOit HyxHO .n;eJIaTb B
nO,ll06HO~
ATe,
CHTYallHH, 6Y,lleT 3aBHceTb OT TOro, HacKOnbKo
HH3KOit 6Y,lleT lleHa, H, CJIe.n;OBaTeJIbHO, HaCKOJIbKO 60JIbIIIHMH 6y.n;yr y6hITKH. CymeCTByeT ,llBa ycJIOBHR, 0 KOTOPhIX roBOpHJIOCb B npe,lJ;hI,lly1IlHX pa3,llenax.
• YCil06ue "pam"ocpoilHOlO 3a"plMmUR HMeeT MecTO TOf,lla, KOf.ll& COBOKYJIHhIit ,llOXO,ll cPHPMhI MCHbIUC, lICM
cc
ncpeMcHHhIe H3,llCPJKKH. rpacPH'ICCKH: 3TO
p = MR nepeccneT KPHBYIO MC B TO'IKe, HaxolUIUleitcR HlOKe HmKHeit TO'IKH U -06Pa3Hoit KPHBOit A~, npOHCXO,llHT, KOf,lla roPH30HTaJIbHaJI JIHHHJI
KaK nOKll3aHO Ha pHC. 10.6.
B TaKOit CHTYllUHl! cPHpMe JIY'Ulle HeMe~eHHO 38XphITbCJI H norepJITb TOJIb KO CBOH
• YCiloBue iJoAZOCPOIIH020 3a"pblmUR CJIytlaeTCJI TOf.n;a, KOf.n;a COBOKYJIHhIit .n;o XO,ll
p = MR
MC,
nepeCeKaeTCR C KPHBoit
MC B JIIO
KOTOPhIit JIeJKHT MeJK,lly HmKHeit TO'IKOit
U-06p1l3Hoit KPHBOit A~ H HmKHeit TO'IKOit U-06pa3Hoit KPHBoit ATe, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha pHC. 10.5.
226
'1SCTIt
W. MMIqJ03KOHO","ICS -
HSyD 0 lJOIJeIIeH"" norpe6tmureif "
npe.qnPlfflTJfii
B TaKoA
CHT)'aUHH
ICY
C .IlPyr
CTOpOHhI, eCJIH OHa 3aKPoeTCR H HH'lero He npOH3Be
,IleT, OHa norepReT Bce CBOH
Kax
BhI Moxere BH,IleTb,
XO.n;HTCR B HeKOTOpoM CMhICJIe B nOJIHoA 3aBHCHMOCTH OT PhIHO'lHOA ueHhI. ECJIH ueHa BhICO KWl,
If
ee nOCJle.nyIOIUee
peweHHe 0 HeMeD,JIeHHOM 3aKPhITHH HJlH np0,IlOJl)KeHHH .n;emeJIbHOCTH B y6hITOK .n;o rex nop, nOKa OHa H36aBHTCR OT CBOHX 06H3areJlbCTB no
B cJle.nyIOl:QeA fJIaBe R
paccKaX}' BaM 0
H 0 TOM, KaK OHH KOHTPOJIHpyKlT phIHOtIHhIe ueHhI. KaK BhI yxce MOfJIH nOHHTb H3 CHTYa:QHH C 3aBHCHMOCTbIO OT PblHO'lHOA ueHhI
m'8' 10. OCH08' nnJfT8JfH3Af': npe.qnplffITJfe, Af'KClfAflf3lfPYJOIl.Iee npJf6wnb
227
rllaBa 11 nOl.leMY 3KOHOMMCTbi n106S1T cBo6oAHbie PblHKM M KOHKYpeHlJ,MIO B .JJ1io1i uak... ~ 1013MepeHMe co~anbHO~ BbiroAbi Pa3HblX YPOBHe~
npoM3BOACTBa npOAYKTa
~ AeMOHCTpaU,MSI TOro
MaKCMMM3MPYJOT COBOKYnHblH M3flMweK
~ CoKpaU4eHMe COBOKYnHOrO H3nMWKa 3a C"IeT HanorOB H
KOHTPOflSl HaA u,eHaMH
~ npOH3BOACTBO npM caMbIX HH3KHX B03MO)l(HbiX M3Aep)l(KaX
AnSI o6U4eCTBa
~ PeaK~SI Ha H3MeHeHHSI npeAnO)l(eHMSI H cnpoca
~ -:7
KOHOMHCThI JIlO6HT KOHK}'PeHTHbIe cBo6o,llHhle phIHKH -
MHoro~cneHHhlMH KOH
pbIHKH, Ha KOTOPhIX MHO
roqHCneHHhle nOK.)'IIaTeJIH CB060,llHO BJaHMO,D;eitCTBYIOT C
KYPHPYIOllJ,HMH nocTaBlIUIIGlMH. ,lJ;eitCTBHTenbHO, 3KOHOMHCTbI TBep,D;O yaepeHhl, 'ITO npH nOBHH H8MeJKamero lPYHKIJ,HOHHPOBaHIDI KOHK}'PeHTHhle cB06o,D;Hhle phIHKH cnoc06 npe06pa30BaTh OrpaH~eHHhlepeCYPChl o6mecTBa B TOBaphl H
ycnym,
yc
3TO nyqWHH
KOTOphle
moM
xenaIOT npH06peCTH. lloqeMY
3KOHO~IHCThI B03JlaraIOT TaKHe
60nbwHe H8,ZleJlOlh[ Ha KOHKYPeImlhle cB06o,D;Hhle
phlHKH? llOTOMY 'ITO B3aHMO,D;eitCTBHe cnpoca H npe,LJ)lOXeHIDI (KOTOpoe 06cyx,naeTCH B ma
De
8)
Be,D;eT K TaKOMY nonoxeHHIO Bemeit, npH KOTOPOM KIDK,D;aH e,D;HHHu;a BhlnymeHHoD npo
.o;yKUHH OTBeqaeT ,llB¥M 3aMeqarenbHhlM ycnOBHHM.
./
OHa npoH3ae,D;eHa npH caMhIX HH3KHX B03MOXHhIX H3,D;epXKaX,' a.3TO 3Ha'IHT,
qro He 6bIJIO ,D;onyIIJ;eHo HH paCTOqHTenbCTBa, HH He3'«p«peKTHBHOCTH• ./
1
lloJIb3a, nonyqeHHaHOT Hee, npeBhlDlaeT H3,D;epXKH Ha ee npoH3BO,D;CTBO. 3Ha'IHT, 'ITO npoH3BO,D;HTCH TOnbKO re npo.nyKThl, KOTOphle ,D;enaIOT
3To
MHP nyqwe.
3KOHOMHCTaM MpaBHTCR KOHKYlleHTHhle cB060,D;Hhle phlHKH eme H nOTOMY, tITO OHH npe,D; CTaBJUIIOT co6oit 301IOTOit C'f8.JI,D;aPT, cpaaHHBaTh C KOTOPhIM MOXHO ace ,D;pyrne 3KOHOMH'IecKHe
yqpeXOl:eHIDl. lOT C
B ,D;eitCTBHTenbHOCTH MHome
3KOHoM~ecKHenpo6JIeMhI SKOHOMHCThI CBJl3h1Ba
HecosepUleHCmSaMU pblHKa (marketfailures),
IIOTOMY qro ecnH 6h1 B 3THX CJIy'iaHX phlHKH
MOrnH lPYHKIJ,HoHHpoBaTh ,D;OnXHhIM 06paJoM, TO npo6neMhl 6h1cTpo Pa3peWHnHCb 6h1.
B 3TOit maae R
noKWKY BaM, 'ITO KomcypelITHhle cB060,D;Hhle PhlHKH rapaHTHpYJOT, qro BbI
ro,D;hl 6y.nyr npeBblWaTh JatpaThl Ha npoH3BO,D;CTBO ,D;nJI acex BH,D;OB npo.nyKTa. J[ TaKXe IIOIGUKY
BaM, qro KomcypeHTHhle cB060,D;Hhle phIHKH npOH3BO,D;HT C014Ull.IIbJiO OnmUMll.IIbHOe KOAUlfecmso
npo,nyKTa -
ypo:aeHb, MaKCHMH3HPYIOIUHit nOJIh3y, KOTOPYIO 06w;ecTBO MOXeT H3RJIe'lb H3 orpa
HH'leHHoro llpe,u.nOXeHIDI peCypcoB. HaKOHeu, H nOKaJKY BaM, KaK KOHKypeHTHble OTpaCJIH npH cnOCa6mmaIoTcH K H3MeHeHIDlM B npe,LlJIOXeHHH H cnpoce ,LlJIH TOro, 'IT06b1 rapa.HTHPOBaTh, 'ITO ace, 'ITO 6b1JIo npoH3:ae,neHO, 6bIJIO IipoH3:ae,neHO npH caMhIX HH3KHX 3llTpaTllX,LlJIH 06w;ecma•
.T...ta8ltoe 1t.jte/iJ/.'IlIfi!cllilo ItOItlt'lf'eJU1iJtbtJe dotf0'lltbtJe/tbtltlto8: za/taJUiitul, 'tJIio 8btz0'lbt Itjte8btIMQJOIft 3aJ1iftalGbt qeJIO:aeqeCTBO HMeeT B CBOeM paCnOpHJKeHHH Orp8.HH'leHHble pecypCht 3eMJIH, TPy,noBble peCypCbI H KanHTaJI. CJIe,nOBaTeJIbHO, Ka)I{,lI;Oe rocy,napcTBO ,nOJDKHO OqeHb Tw;aTeJIbHO HCKaTh HaHJIY'IWHit nyTh npe06pa30BaHHH HMelOW;HXCH OrpaHH'leHlDdX peCypcOB B TOaapbl H YCJIYI'H, B KOTOpbIX 60JIbWe Bcero Hyx,naIOTCH JIIO,D;H.
~.... r
~
3KOHOMHCTaM HPaBHTCH KOHKYPeHTHble CB060.,nHble pblHKH, nOTOMY 'ITO eCJIH OHM
/( " , .
~ ;
ODTHMaJIbHO.
B qaCTIlOCTH,
TaKHe PbIHKH raPaHTHPYIOT, 'ITO peCypcbl HanpaBJIeHbl Ha
npoH3BO,nCTBO TOJIbKO rex npo.n;yIcrOB, ,nOXO,nbl OT KOTOPbIX npeBblWalOT pacXO,nbl.
3TO yrnepx.neHHe MOXeT 6b1Tb JIerKO npO,neMOHCTPHpoBaHO C nOMOIUblO rpa
8).
Ho nepe,n TeM, KaK 11
nOKaJKy BaM, KaK 3TO MOXHO c,nenaTh, n03BOJIbre MHe 06'bHCHHTh yCJIOBHH, npH KOTOPbIX KOH KYPeHTHble cBo6o,nHble pblHKH MOryT
B
3TOM cnyqae H CTapaIOCb MaKCHMH3HpoaaTb nOJIb3Y
OT CBOHX orpaHH'leHHbIX pecypCOB, COKpaIUaH CJIOBa.)
npeAnOCblnKM AnR~YHK4MOHMpOBaHMRCBo6oAHbiX PblHKOB CB060,nHble pblHKH rapaHTHpylOT OnTHMaJIbHble pe3YJIbTaTbI TOJIbKO npH BblnOJIHeHHH CJIe.nyIOW;HX yCJIOBHit.
tr::;l' \ \.~ ~r
. ./
KaK nOlcynaTeJIH,
TaK H npO,naBUbI HMelOT ,nOCTYD K o,nHHaKoBoA nOJIHoA HH
<popMaUHH 06 onpe,neJIeHHbIX TOBapax HJIH YCJIYfax. ./ IIpaBa c06cTBeHHocTH yCTaHOBJIeHbI TaImM 06pa30M, 'ITO e,nHHCTBeHHblil cnoc06, nocpe,nCTBOM KOTOPOro nOlcynareJIH MOryT nonyqHTh onpe,neJIeHHblil TOBap HJIH yCJIyry, -
3TO 3llDJIaTHTh npo,naBuaM 3ll Hero.
./ KpHBble npe,LlJIOXeHHH OXBaTblBalOT Bce 3aTPaTbI q,HPM Ha npOH3BO,nCTBO on pe,neJIeHHoro TOBapa HJIH yCJIYI'H • ./ KpHBble cnpoca OXBaThlBaIOT Bce Bblro,nbl, KOTOPble JIIO,nH noJIY'llllOT OT onpe ,neJIeHHoro TOBapa HJIH
YCJIYfH.
./ CyrueCTByeT MHOXeCTBO nOlcynaTeJIeit H MHoxeCTBO npo,naaUOB, TaKqTO HH KTO He HMeeT TaKOro 'IHCJIeHHoro npeHMY!UeCTBa, qT06b1 OKa3b1BaTb RJIHHHHe Ha PblHO'lHYJO ueHY.
3m 'IaCTO Ha3b1Bae~H npeOnOJlOJICeHUeM 0 c02llacuu c 14e
HaMU (price-taking assumption),
nOCKOJIbKY Ka)I{,lI;brlt ,nOJI)l(eH npHHHMaTh ueHbI
TaKHMH, KaKHe OHH eCTb.
230
'I'CT. III. MlflCp03ICOHOMIfIC. - H'ylC' 0 no.8,48HIfIf norpe6lfnureR If npeAnplffITlfR
I '"
PhIHOqHasI lleHa cBo6o,llHo KOppelcrHpyeTCJI, 'IT06b1 BbiPOBIDITl> npe,llJIOXCeHHe H Cnpoc Ha orrpe,lleJIeHHblA TOBap HJIH
'" I
yc.rryry.
IIpe~e BCero, 3TH IIIeCTb YCJIOBHA eJIYX<:aT peIIIeHHIO ,llBYX OCHOBHbIX 3a,llaq. OHH rapaHTHPYIOT, 'ITO JIIO,lI;H 38XOTJIT rroKYIIaTb H rrpO,llaBan Ha pblHKe. OHH rapaHTHpYIOT, ~ pblHKH rrpHMYT B paCqeT BCe <3aTPaTbI H BCe Bblro,llbl OT
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KlOK.UYIO
KOPOBY.
3a nepBYIO KOpOBy JIIO,ll.H XOTRT IIJIaTHTb 900 ,ll.OJIJI. TIOCKOJIbKY PhIHO'lHaH ueHa O,ll.HOH KO POBhI Bcero 500 ,ll.OJIJI., 3TH IlOKYIlaTeJIH OCTaHYTCR B BhIHrphIIIIe, nOCKOJIbKYOHH CIloc06HhI npH06pecTH KOpoBy Ha 400 ,ll.0JIJI. ,ll.eIIIeBJIe, 'IeM OHH roTOBhI JaIIJIaTHTb. HrrH, KaK JII06RT 1'0 BOPHTb 3KOHOMHCThI,
U3IluweIC nompe6ume.tlJl 3a nepBYIO
KOpoBy COCTaBJIReT 400 ,ll.OJIJI.
3aTeM' Ilepeit.D.eM KO BTOPOH KOpoBe. JIIO,ll.H XOTRT IIJIaTHTb 3a Hee 800 ,ll.OJIJI., HO IlOCKOJIbKY PhIHO'lHaH ueHa COCTaBJIReT Bcero 500, 3a
3TY KOpOBy OHH
IlOJIY'laT H3JlHilieK n0'fPe6HTeJIR B
pa3Mepe 300 ,ll.0JIJI.
900 Aonn.
800 700 ~
~
600 lleHa =500 Aonn.
500 400 300 200 100 3
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
HOMep KOpOBbi
P/lfc. 11.2. CryneH'IarafJ Kp/lfSafJ cnpoca Ha Wry'lHbI,;f rosap TO'lHO TaX )({e IlpoHCXO,ll.HT H B cJIY'lae C TPeTbeH KOPOBOH: JIIO,ll.H nOJIY'laIOT H3JlHilieK IlO TPe6HTeAA B paJr-t:epe 200 ,ll.OJIJI., IlOCKOJIbKY OHH I'OTOBbI 3aIlJIaTHTb 3a 31)' KOpoBy 700 ,ll.0JIJI., HO HM H)')({HO 3aIIJIaTHTb TOJIbKO PbIHO'lHYIO ueHy, COCTaBJIRIOIllYIO 500 ,ll.OJIJI. 3a IlepBhIe 'IeThIpe KOpOBhI Il0JIY'laeTCR IlOJIO)({HTeJIbHbIH H3JlHilieK nOTPe6HTeAA, TOr,ll.a Kax,..Ha-IIRTOH KOpOBe 3Ta uenO'lKa 06phIBaeTCR, IlOCKOJIbKY IlOTpe6HTeJIH roTOBhI 3aIIJIaTHTb 500 ,ll.OJIJI., H KopOBa CTOHT 500 ,ll.OJIJI.
3To 3HatIHT, 'ITO JIIO,ll.H JaXOTRT KYIlHTb TOJIbKO IlRTb Ilep
BbIX KOpOB. (3KOHOMHCThI BCer,ll.a C'IHTaIOT, 'ITO KOr,ll.a "P0,ll.axHaH ueHa paBHa TOH, KOTOPYIO I'OTOBhI 3aIIJIaTHTb nOTpe6HTeJIH, TO Bce H;J;yT H IlOKYIlaIOT.)
.nmr Toro 'IT06hI BhI'lHCJIHTb H3JlHilieK IloTPe6HTeAA 3a IIITY'IHhIH TOBap THIla KOpoB, HaM
H}')KHO 061.e,ll.HHHTb Bce H3JIHIIIKH, KOTophIe JIIO,ll.H n0JIY'laIOT 3a Ka)({.lJ.YJO e,ll.HHHUY TOBapa, KOTOpYJO OHH peIIIaIOT KYIlHTb.
B
3TOM CJIY'lae CYMMa COCTaBHT 1 ThIC. ,ll.OJIJI. (400 ,ll.OJIJI. 3a
nepBYJO KOpOBy, IlJIIOC 300 ,ll.OJIJI. 3a BTOPYJO KOpoBY, IIJIIOC 200 ,ll.OJIJI. 3a TPeTbIO KOpoBy, IlJIIOC 100 ,ll.OJIJI. 3a 'IeTBePTYIO KOpoBy, IIJIIOC 0,ll.0JIJI. 3a
JI
nOKa3hIBaIO
3TY
JIRTYIO KOpoBY).
1 ThIC. ,ll.0JIJI. H3JIHiliKa IloTpe6HTeAA Ha rpacPHKe 11.3 3aIIITPHXOBaHHOH
06JIaCTbIO no,ll. Ka)({.lJ.OH CTYIIeHbKOH, paCIlOJIO)({eHHOH Ha.D. rOpH30HTaJIbHOH JIHHHeH ueHhI B 500,ll.0JIJI. TIJIOIlla.D.b 3aIIITPHXOBaHHOH CTYIleHlJaTOH cPHryphI paBHa 1 ThIC. ,ll.OJIJI.
rn.s. 11. nOIf.MY SICOHOIIMCTW n106.T CS06o.qHW. pWHICM M ICOHlCYP8HLtMIO
235
9OOAMJI.
800 700 "'600
!
--- _. ------- -------- l..leHa =500 AOJlJl.
500 400
300 200 100 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
HOMep KOpOBbl
PHC. 11.3. U3J1HWeK norpe(jHTenSl, nOJl}"leHHblH OT He,o.enHMoro TOBSPS
H3AfepeHJle Jl3nJlWKB nOrpe6J1Tenfl AenJlAfOro TOBspa H3JIHmeK n0'lJ}e6HTeJ1S1 MOXeT 6bITh paCcqHTaH H,lI,IDI
goods),
iJeJzUMblX m06Qp06 u ycnyz (continuous
HanpHMep, 3eMJIH HJIH paCTHTeJIbHoI'O MaCJIa, HJIH qaCOB MY3b1KaJIbHbIX 3aIDITHH, KO
TOpble He 06H3aTeJIbHO npo,n;aIOTCSI B BH.D;e u.eJIbIX e.D;HHHIJ..
,npyrHMH CJIOBaMH, BbI MOXeTe KY
nHTh ,n;ecsl'rylO (COTYIO H T.,n;.) qacTb e,n;HHHu. ,n;eJIHMoro TOBapa, HanpHMep 78,5 axpOB 3eMJIH HJIH
6,33 raJIJIOHOB paCTHTeJIbHoro MaCJIa,
HJIH 2,5 qaca M}'3hIKaJIbHbIX 3aIDlTHit.
KpHBble cnpoca .D;JISI ,n;eJIHMblX TOBapOB BblrJUl,lUlT HaMHoro JIY'lIIIe, qeM cTYTIeH'laTaSI IPYHKI.J.HSI, KOTOPYIO BbI n0JIY'lHJIH ,lI,IDI IUTy'IHbIX TOBapOB. B CaMOM ,n;eJIe KPHBble cnpoca .D;JISI ,n;eJIHMbIX TOBapOB -
3TO TIJIaBHble CHHJKaIOIIUlecSl JIHHHH, KOTopble BbI yxe BH.D;eJIH paHbme
(K npHMepy, B maBe 8). H3-3a TIJIaBHOCTH 3THX KPHBbIX cnpoca npH nOCTpoeHHH rpalPHKa H3JIHIIIKa n0'lJ}e6HTeJISI
.D;JISI ,n;eJIHMbIX TOBapoB y BaC n0JIY'laeTCSI o6JIacTb B BH.D;e TpeyroJIbHHKa, KOTOPaSI pacnOJIa raeTCSI no,n; KPHBOH cnpoca H Ha,D; PbIHOqHOH u.eHoH. 13bI MoxeTe YBH.D;CTb 3TOT "KJIHH" Ha pHC.
11.4,
A'!!!I'f.
r,n;e H306paxeH PbIHOK MaCJIa ,lI,IDI xapKH. Ha pHC.
11.4
u.eHa Ha MaCJIO ,lI,IDI xapKH COCTaBJDleT 5 ,n;OM. 3a raJIJIOH. ITo noit
u.eHe JIIO.D;H XOTSIT npH06peCTH ~ •
1 TblC.
raJIJIOHOB MaCJIa .D;JISI JKapKH. KPHBaSI cnpoca
paCnOJIO)KeHa Ha,D; roPH30HTaJIbHOit JIHHHeit u.eHbl B 5 ,n;0JUl. -
3TO 3Ha'lHT, 'ITO no
KyTIaTeJIH I'OTOBbl3aTIJIaTHTb 6om.me, qeM 5,n;0JUl. 3a raJIJIOH, H n0JIY'l8.lOT H3JIHIIIeK 1I0'lJ}e6HTeJISI OT noJCYIIKH 3TOit
Ami TOro
1 TblC.
raJIJIOHOB.
'IT06b1 BbI'IIICJIHTb H3JIHIIIeK nmpe6HTeJUI 3a ,n;eJIHMbIit TOBap, BbI CYM
MHpyeTe Bce H3JIHmKH, KOTOpbIe nOJIY'laIOT JIIO,ZUI, Kor,n;a nOKYTIaIOT 3a MeHbmee KOJIH'leCTBO ,n;eHer, qeM OHM XOTIIT TIJIaTHTb, -
TaK xe, KaK H B CJIY'lae He,n;eJIHMO
ro TOBapa. Ho nOCKOJIbKY ceWiac MbI HMeeM ,n;eJIO C TpeyroJIbHMKOM, .D;JISI nOJIY qeHHSI HYJICHoro pe3YJIbTaTa Tpe6yeTCSI HeMHoro reOMeTpHH. He BOJIH}'itTeCb, 3TO OqeHb npOCTO. BaM BCero JlHIIIb HYJICHo 6y,n;eT HCnOJIb30BaTb l1>oPMYJIY .D;JISI HaxO
~eHHSI TIJIOma,D;H TpeyroJIl>HHKa (nOJIOBHHa npoH3Be,n;eHHSI OCHOBbI Ha BblCOTY), .D;JISI TOro qr06bI HaitTH COBOKYTIHbIH H3JIHmeK.
0,5
236
x 1 TbIC. ,n;0JUl. x 5 = 2,5 TblC. ,n;0JUl.
.a
HameM cJIY'lae BbI YMHOXaeTe
10 AOl1l1.
9 8 7
! 6 =r 5 II)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - UeHa =5 A01111.
4
3 2
o
1 1000 ran110HOB
MaClla AIlA lKllpKH
PHC. 11.4. M3JlHWeK nOTpe6HTenSl, nOny<4eHHblH OT p,enHMoro TOBapa
H3MepeHlfe 1f3JJIfWK8 npOlf380,RIfTenfl H3IIUlUeK np0U3800Ume.n.R H3MepHeT BbIro.uy, KOTOPYIO «pHPMbl noJIY'IlllOT, KOr,LJ;a OHH MOJYf
ITpO,LJ;aTh CBOA npo.uyJIT Ja 6oJlI>wyIO cyMMy, qeM MHHHMaJII>HaH u;eHa, KOTOPYIO 6bl OHH fOTOBbl 6bIJIH npHHHTh. Bbl MOJKeTe paccqHTaTh H3JlHWeK npoH3BO,zurreJlH H MH He,LJ;eJIHMblX TOBapoB, H MH ,LJ;eJIHMblX TOBapoB -
TO~O TaK JKe, KaK Bbl MOrJIH paccqHTaTh H3JlHWeK nQTPe6HTeJUI
MH KaJK)J;oro H3 3THX BH)J;OB ToBaPOB. B 3TOM pa3,LJ;eJIe H npeMaraIO BaWeMYBHHMaHHIO npH Mep paCqeTa H3JlHWKa npOH3BO,LJ;HTeJUl MH ,LJ;eJIHMblX TOBapOB. BbI MOJKeTe nOJIyqHTb XOPOWHH hpHMep Bbl'IHCJIeHHH H3JlHWKa npOH3BO,LJ;wreJUl, eCJIH
11.5, Ha KOTOpOM H306paJKeHa Iq)HBaH npeMOJKeHHH S MH MaCJIa MH 3Ta Iq)HBaH npeMOJKeHHH qpe3BbNaAHO BaJKHa MH onpe,LJ;eJIeHHH H3JlHWKa llpOH3BO
nocMoTPHTe Ha pHC. JKapKH.
,LJ;HTeJUl, nOCKOJIbKY Ka)K)J;aH TOqKa Ha Iq)HBOH npeMOJKeHIDI roBOpHT BaM 0 MHHHMYMe, KOTO PblH BaM HYJKHO 3anJIaTHTb nOCTaBIIJ;HKaM MH TOro, qro6bl OHH npe,LJ;OCTaBHJIH BaM COOTBeT CTBYIOlIJ;ee KOJIH'lecTBO npO.uyJITa. CpaBHHBaH KaJK)J;oe MHHHMaJII>HOe 3HaqeHHe C 60JIee Bbl COKOH PbIHOqHOH u;eHoit, KOTOPYIO npoH3BO,LJ;HTeJIII ,LJ;eHCTBHTeJIbHO nOJl}"IHJIH, npO,LJ;aB CBOit npo.uyJIT, Bbl MOJKeTe paCCqHTaTh H3JlHWeK npoH3BO,LJ;HTeJUl. (RaJIee nO,LJ;p06HaH HH«PoPMau:HH o Iq)HBbIX npeMOJKeHHH H 06 HX HHTepnpeTaU;HH HaxO)J;HTCH B rJIaDe
8.)
5 ,LJ;OJUI. Ja raJlJIOH. Ii rpa«pHK nOKa3bl qro npoH3BO,lUfTeJIH c06MpaIOTCH nOCTaBHTh TOqHO 1 TbIC. raJlJIOHOB MaCJIa MH JKapKH no
ll,eHa Ja MaCJIO .MJi-npKH OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHOH BaeT,
3TOH u;eHe. OHH XOTHT nOCTaDHTh 3TO KOJIHqeCTBO, nOCKOJIbKY Ja qaH nocne)J;HIOIO H3 MeHbwe, qeM
1 TbIC.
5 ,LJ;OJUI.
~ KaIlJIl() MaCJIa, BKJIIO
raJlJIOHOB, JaTPaTbI Ha npoH3BQlICTBO ,LJ;aHHOit Iq)HBOit npeMOlKeHHH
Ja raJIJIOH, KOTOpble npoH3BOAHTeJIH nOJl}"IaIOT npH npo)J;a)Ke MaCJIa.
Ho, H 3TO OqeHb BaJKHO, npOH3BO,LJ;HTeJIH rOTOBbl npOH3BeCTH nOqTH Bce 3TO MaCJIO 3a MeHblUYIO
cyMMy, 'teM
PbIHOqHaH u;eHa B
5 ,LJ;OJIJI.
3a raJIJIOH. Bbl MOJKeTe nOHHTh 3TO H3 TOro,
qro Iq)HBaH npeMOJKeHHH paCnOJIaraeTCH no,LJ; roPH30HTaJIbHOit JIHHHeH u;eHbl ,LJ;O nocJIe,LJ;Heit KaITJIH H3
1 TbIC.
raJIJIOHOB. TOT «paJcr, qro OHH no.rryqaT no
5 ,LJ;OJIJI. Ja raJIJIOH MaCJIa HeCMOTPH
Ha TO, qTO roTOBbI npoH3BO,lIHTb ero Ja MeHblIIyIo CTOHMOCTh, C.JIYXGIT HCTOqHHKOM H3JlHWKa npOH3BO,LJ;HTeJIH, KOTOPblit npe,LJ;CTaBJIeH ITJIOIIJ;a)J;bIO JaW1pHXoBaHi:lOro TpeyroJIbHHKa.
~.~.,_._-
rnasa
11. n04lellYHoHOII"CTIJI RI06Ar C806QRHWe pWHIOf H ICOHICYP8HlCHIO
237
10 Aonn.
9
8
5
7
I
6 5 4
__._,c._ - -- --- - -_. -- - -- - -- --- UeHa = 5 AOIlIl.
3 2 1
1000 rannOHOB MaClla AJ1R J1(apKI4
PHC.
11.5. M3flHweK npOH3SOAHTeflR, nOflY'feHHbla 38 lteflHMblH Tosap
BOCnOJIb30BaBWHCb !l>OpMyJIOjt nJIOmMH TPeyrOJIbHHKa
(0,5
YMHO:lKHTb Ha OCHO
By YMHO:lKHTb Ha BblCOTy), Bbl MOXeTe BbltIHCJIHTb, 'ITO H3JIHWeK npOH3BO,llHTeJUI B 3TOM npHMepe COCTaBJUleT cYMMe
2 ThIC. ,llOM., npo,llaB
2 TblC. ,llOM.
flPOH3BO,llHTeJIH nOJIy'lHJIH BblHrpblW B
1 TblC. raJIJlOHOB MaCJIa, nOCKOJIbKy KOJIH'leCTBO ,lleHer,
noJIYtIeHHoe 3a 1 TbIC. raJIJIOHOB MaCJIa, Ha
2 TblC. ,llOM.
npeBblwaeT MHHHMaJIbHoe
KOJIHtIeCTBO, KOTOpoe OHH roTOBbl 6blJIH npHIDITb.
H3MepeHJfe COBOIC)'llHOrO Jf3JlJfWK8 C060KynHblu U3IIUWeK, KOTOpbljt o6mecTBo nOJIy'laeT OT npOH3BO,llCTBa COUHaJIbHO onrn
MaJIbHOro ypOBIDI TIpo.uyKTa COOTBeTCTBYJOmero 1'OBapa HJIH yCJIyrH, -
31'0 npOCTO cYMMa H3
JIHWKa nOTPe6HTeJUI H H3JIHWKa npOH3BO,llHTeJUl, nOJIYtIeHHbIX Ha 3TOM ypOBHe np0.uyKTa. Ha pHC.
lL6
Bbl MoxeTe BH,lleTh COBOKYTIHbIjt H3JIHWeK,llJUI pblHKa, Ha KOTOpOM PaBHO
BeCHasI ueHa H paBHOBeCHoe KOJIHtIeCTBO COCTaBJUIIOT, COOTBeTCTBeHHO,
p' == 5 ,llOM.
H
q" = 4.
(ECJIH 3TOT rpa!l>HK KaXeTCH BaM 3HaKOMblM, no nOTO¥y, 'ITO OH noxo}l{ Ha pHC. 11.1.)
11 H306paJHJI COBOKYTIHblA H3JIHWeK TaK, 'lT06bI 6blJIO HCHO BH,llHO,
'ITO OH COCTOHT H3 H3
JIHWKa nOTPe6HTeJUI H H3JIHWKa npOH3BO,llHTeJUl. OHH paJ,lleJIeHbl roPH30HTaJIbHOjt JIHHHejt, OTMetIaIOmeA ypoBeHb PblHOqHOA paBHoBecHoA ueHbl
(5
,llOM.). TpeyrOJIbHHK H3JIHWKa no
-rpe6HTeJUI 3aWTPHXOBaH BePTHKaJIbHblMH JIHHHHMH, 1'Or.ua KaK -rpeyrOJIbHHK H3JIHWKa npoH3 BO,llHTeJIH JaWTPHXOBaH .,llHarOHaJIbHblMH JIHHHRMH. CHoBa HCnOJIb30BaB !l>OpMyJIy ,llJUI Haxo}l{,lleFiHH nJIOma,llH TpeyroJIbHHKa, Mbl YMHoxaeM
0,5
x
4 x 8 ,llJUI
TOro, tITo6bl onpe,lleJIHTh, 'ITO ,llJUI 3TOro rpa!l>HKa COBOKYTIHblA H3JIHWeK co
CTaBJUleT 16,ll0JIJI. 06masI BbIrO,lla o6mecTBa npH npoH3Bo,llCTBe Ha 31'OM ypOBHe npo.uyKTa COCTaBJIHeT 16 ,llOM.
238
"BeTh ",. MMKp03KOHOMHK8 - HByrcB 0 n08eReHMIf norpe6tn'eneR If npeAnplfllTlfR
10 Aonn.
COBOKYnHblA HsmlW8K = H3nHW8K nOTpeOMT9nR
9
B
!
+
H3nHW9K npOH3BQAHT9nR
' ./
S
7
e 5 4
3
o
2
1 2
3
4
5
e
7
Konw49CTBo
PHC. 11.6. COsoK}'nHbI~ H3J1HW9K - 3TO CyMMa H3J1HWKa norpe6HrenR (seprHKMbHo 38wrpH XOBSHHaR nno~) H H3J1HWKS npoH3so,QHrenR (,QHSroHMbHO 38wrpHxos8HH8R nnO~8,Qb)
AHBn.,3 COBOKYnHOrO .,3JJ.,WKB COBOKYJIHhl.tl: H3JIHWeK OqeHb BroKeH, rrOCKOJlbKY OH rr03BOmIer Ou;eHHTb Bhlro.uy, KOTOPYIO rrpHHOCJIT rrpOH3BO,llCTBO H roproBIDl. cI»HPMhl H3rOTaBJIHBaIOT TOBaphl H YCJIYrH
.llmI rrOJIY'Ie
HIDI rrpH6hlJ1H. JIIO,llH TPanlT ,lleHbrH Ha 3TH roBaphl H ycJIYrH, rrOCKOJlbKY rrorpe6J1eHHe 3THX BemeD ,lleJIaeT HX CqaCTJIHBhlMH (y,lloBJIeTBOpSleT HX rrOTPe6Hocrn).
A
COBOKYJIHhl.tl: H3JIHWeK
roBOpHT BaM, HaCKOJlbKO 60raqe CT8JlH rrorpe6HTeJIH H rrpoH3BO,llHTeJIH rrOCJle "B3aHMO,lle.tl:CT BWI" ,llpyr C ,llpyroM.
~
Ii :" ~
.
7'
llOMHMO H3MepeHWI BI>IfO,llbI, rrOJIY'IeHHo.tl: B pe3YJIbTaTe B3aHMO,lle.tl:CTBWI rrorpe6H TeJIe.tl: H rrpoH3BO,llHTeJIe.tl:, COBOKYJIHhl.tl: H3JIHWeK rrpe,llOCTaBIDleT
KP,
HTepHD, C rro
MombIO KOropOro 3KOHOMHCThl MOryT H3MepHTb ymep6, rrOHeceHHhl.tl: B<;JIe,llCTBHe rrpOBe,lleHIDI orrpe,lleJIeHHoD rrOJIHTHKH rocy,llapCTBa, BMeWaBWerOCSI B ,lleJla PhlHKa.
O,llHO
,lleJIO -
CKa3aTb, HarrpHMep, 'ITO u;eHOBbIe Cy6CH,llHH Bpe,llSlT rrOl'pe6HTemIM.
Ha/'>fHoro Ba)l(J{ee 'ITO, MO)I{HO roqHO orrpe,lleJIHTb, KaKOe KOJI~eCTBO ,llOJIJIapoB no TPe6HTeJIH norepSIJIH B pe3YJIbTaTe BMeWaTeJIbCTBa rocy,llapCTBa: I1MeHHo 06 3TOM ceDqac H rro.tl:.lleT pe%.
Koz'Iadooo'lJtbte jtbtHJtU JJiejtJUtJlhcA'OJ() cA'OOO'l't: JteotfJtalliuJtbte /l,oJJiejtu KaK SI OTMeq8Jl paHee B
3roD maBe, 3KOHOMHCTaM HpaBSlTCSI cBo60,llHbIe pbIHKH, rrOCKOJIb
KY cB060,llHhle PhlHKH npoH3BO,llJlT He TOJIbKO Te e,llHHHI.J;bI,
.llmI KOTOpbIX rrpH6bIJlb rrpeBhlwaer
3aTPaTbI. )lp~ ,CJlOBaMH, PbIHOqHoe paBHOBeCHe rapaHrnpyeT, qro COBOKYJIHbID H3JlHWeK BeJIHK HaCTOJIbKO, HaCKOJIbKO 3m B03MO)I{H0 B ,llaHHO.tl: CHlYaU;HH.
rn... 11. nOlfeMY SICOHOMHCTW nlO6Jlr c.o6o,qHwe PWHICH H ICOHqpeHl.llf1O
239
Bce TO, 'ITO MeWaeT cnoc06HocTH phIHKa ,nOCTH'ib PhIHO'IHOro paBHOBeCIDI H npo H3BeCTH PhIHO'IHOe KOJI~eCTBO, COJq>~aeT COBOKYJIHbIit H3JIHWeK. 3KOHOMHCThI HaJhIBalOT KOJIH'IeCTBO, Ha KOTOpoe COKPamaeTCR COBOKYJIHbIit H3JIHWeK, nOJIb3Y SlCb Jq>aCO'IHhIM repMHHOM
He06pamUMble nomepu (deadweight loss).
B CJIe.nyIOmeM paJ.neJIe SI npe,nocTaBmO BaIUeMY BHHMaHHIO no.np06Ho COCTaBJIeHHhIe npH MephI Heo6paTHMhIX norepb, BhI3BaHHhIX HaJIOraMH HJIH YCTaHOB1leHHeM nOTOJIKOB ueH.
3TH
BH,D;hI BMeWaTeJIbCTBa B ,neRTeJIbHOCTb PhIHKOB HaxO,D;JITCSI no,n KOHTpoJIeM rocy,napcTBa, HO Bill He ,nOJDKHhI .nyMaTb, 'ITO He06paTHMhIe norepH MOryr 6hITh BhI3BaHh1
mOJlblCO rocy,napcTBeHHoit
nOJIHTHKoit. Bce, 'ITO cOJq>aw,aeT npo.nyKT, ,neJIaJI ero MeHbWe PhIHO'IHOro KOJI~eCTBa, npH BO,D;HT K Heo6paTHMhIM norepJIM.
K
TaKoit CHTYauHH MOryr npHBeCTH MOHOnOJIHH H OJIHronO
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KaK JI 06'LJlCIDIIO B pll3,lJ.eJIe "He06paTHMhle nOrepH: H3MepeHHe Bpe,n;a, npH1J:HHeHHoro MOHOnOJIHJlMH" (CM. BbIIlIe), ,ll;JUI COIlHYMa Bhlro,n;HO npOH3Bo,n;HTb KIDIQ:(yIO e,n;HHHllY npo,n;yKTa ,n;o (BKJII01J:aJI) q"'c. 3'1'0 CnpaBe,lJ)lHBO nOTOMY, qro,D;JIJI KIDK,ZlOit e,D;HHHI.lhl npO,llyKTa CYMMa~ KO TOPYIO JIIO,D;H roTOBhl ITJIaTHTL C lleJIhIO ee nOTPe6JIeHHJI (3a,n;aHHaJI BepmKaJIhHhlM 0TPe3KOM OT rOpH30lITaJIhHoit OCH ,n;o KpHBOit cnpoca), npeBhlwaeT npe,n;eJIhHhle 3aTPa1hl Ha ee npOH3 BO,n;CTBO (3a,n;aHHhle BepmKaJIhHhlM OTpe3KOM 01' roPH30lITaJIhHOit OCH,n;O KpHBOit B pe3YJIhTare peryJIJlTOpHhlit opraH yCTaHOBHT lleHY Ha ypOBHe BaJI cnpoca roBOpHT HaM, ~O nOTpe6HTeJIH JaXOTJlT npH06pecTH
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q"'c COBOKYITHhle H3,D;epXKH «pHpMhl npeBhlCJlT ee COBOKYITHhlit ,n;OXo,n;. 9TY npo6JIeMY B paC'iere Ha e,n;HHHIlY npo,n;yKTa, 3aMe'iaJI, 'ITO cpe,n;HHe H3,D;ep*l{H Ha e,n;HHHllY npo,n;yKTa npH ypOBHe npo,n;yKTa q"'c (3a,n;aHHhle BepTH
Ha yPOBHe npo,n;yKTa
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llOCKOJIhKY cpe,n;HHe CYMMapHhle
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If
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rn,., 12. MOHonontftf...
271
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•....
;'
JIeHa B TOqKe nepeCeqeHIDI KPHBOH
nOCKOJIbKY
npe~eJIbHaR ueHa, r,
npe~eJIbHbIX H3~epJKeK H
yCTaHoB
KPHBOH cnpoca. Ho
nOCKOJIbKY TaKOH MeTO~ MO:lKeT npHBeCTH MOHOnOJIHIO K nOTepe ~eHer, 60JIee pac npoCTPaHeHHOH aJIbrepHaTHBOH 6y~eT
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Z(eHo06pa30BaHue Ha OCH06e cpeiJHux U3iJep
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(Am
C KPHBOH cnpoca.
OTpa:lKeHa CHTyaUIDI, Kor~a peryIDlTopflblH opraH, HCnOJIb3YB
Hue Ha OCHoee CpeiJHUX u3iJep:JICeK,
yCTaHoBHT ueHY B TOqKe
pu.
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PaCCMOTpeB KPHBYIO cnpoca,
BblYB~HTe, qTO npH 3TOH ueHe nOTPe6HTeJIbCIGIH cnpoc COCTaBHT ~ MHHHU npo~a. MOHOnOJIIDI C pa,nOCTbIO npe~OCTaBHT 3TOT YPOBeHb npo~a, nOCKOJIbKY MR ~OH OT
~eJIbHOH e~HHHUbl ~O ~ BKJIIOqHTeJIbHO npe~eJIbHblH ~OXO~ (peryJIHpoBaHHaR ueHa Ha eM HHUY,
poC)
6y~eT npeBblmaTh npe~eJIbHble H3~epJKKH, a 3TO 3HaqHT, qro MOHOnOJIHR nO~HT
$HHaHCOBYIO Bblro~ OT npOH3BO~CTBa KlDIQJ,OH H3 3THX e~HHHU. fJIaBHaR nOJIb3a OT TaKOH CHCTeMbI JaKJIIOqaeTCR B TOM, qro BaM He HY:lKH0 nepe:lKHBaTh 0 B03MO:lKHOM 6aHKPOTCTBe Mj)HonOJIHH (HJIH OTKY~a B3RTh ~eHbm Ha cy6c~HpoBaHHeMOHO nOJIHH, KOTOpaR Moma 6b1 OKa3aTbCR 6aHKPOTOM B pe3YJIbTare ueHoo6p83oBaHIDI Ha OCHOBe
npe~eJIbHbIX H3~ep:lKeK). lJ,eHoo6paJOBaHHe Ha OCHOBe cpe~HHX H3~ep:lKeK rapaHTHpyeT, qro $HpMa He 6Y~eT y6bITO~OH. BbI MO:lKeTe B~eTb 3TOT $aKT, CpaBHHBaR cpe~HHe COBOKYDHble H3~epJKIGI Ha e~HHHUY npo.nyKTa npH ypOBHe npo,nyKTa
q"c
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cpe~HHe COBOK)'Dflble H3~epJKKH Ha e~HHHUY paBHbI peryJIHpoBaHHOH ueHe Ha e~HUY, TaK
qro 3KOHOMmeCKaR npH6b1JIb $HPMbI paBHa HYJIIO. 06paTHaR CTopOHa
Z(eHoo6pa30eaHUR Ha oCl/oee cpeiJHux u3iJepJICeK
MR 3TOH MOHOnOJIHH
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qmc, He npoH3BO~TCR. C
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Z(eHoo6pti3oeaHUR Ha OCH06e npeiJenbHbIX U3iJep:JICeK, - 3TO cy6c~HpOBaTh MOHOnOJIHIO. HCn0JIb30BaHHe Z(eHo 06pQ306aHUR Ha OCHoee cpeiJHux U3iJep:JlCeK HHBem\pyeT Bce CJIOXHOCTH, CBR3aHHble C npe~oc B 6H3Hece C reM, qTo6b1 OHa Moma npoH3BO,llHTh 3TH eMHHUbl, il yCJIOBIDIX
TaBJIemfeM Cy6c~HH. B qaCTHOCTH, BaM He HY:lKH0 nepe:lKHBaTh HH 0 KaKOM nOreHUHaJIbHOM yrn,ep6e, KOTOPblH BbI MO:lKere npJl1IHHHTh 06IlleCTBy, nO~HHMaR HaJIOrOBYIO CTaBKY, BJIIDIIO
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JIeHHR ee Ha MHO:lKeCTBO KOHKYPHPYIOIllHX $HpM. B Coe~HHeHHbIX IIlTaTax caMblM H3BeCT HblM ~aeM no~o6Horo pemeHIDI 6b1JIO pa3~eJIeHHe B HOH H TeJIerpa
1984
ro~ AMepHKaHCKOH reJIe
(American Telephone and Telegraph Corporation; AT& 1)
rpynny MeHbmHX KOHKYPHPYIOIllHX
Ha
.IJ:o
1984
ro.na
AT&T 6hVIa
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6blJIO II03BOHHTb Ky.na-JIH60 B Coe.nHHeHHbIX IIITllTax, BbI IIOJIb30BaJIHCb YCJIYTIlMH
AT&T,
IIOCKOJIbKy OHa 6hVIa e,IJ;HHCTBeHHOH TeJIe
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1984
ro.ny perneHHeM cy.na 6blJIO IIpe.nIIHcaHO paJ6HTb KOMIIaHHIO
Ha MHO~ecTBO JIOKaJIbHbIX
A
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rH. IIo.no6HaH 3.nOpOBaH KOHKypeHUIDI COKPaIllaeT npo6JIeMbI, CBH3aHHble C MOHOIIOJIIDIMH, H rapaHTHpyeT, ~o c~6a TeJIeKOMMYHHKaUHH 6y.neT ~BaTb KJIHeHTOB IIO HH3KOH ce6e CTOHMOCTH, HO Ha BblCOKOM ypoBHe: C03,UaHHe KOHKypeHUHH OqeHb y.n06Ho C TOqKH 3peHIDI B3aHMo.neHcTBIDI C MOHOIIOJIHeH, IIOCKOJIbKy no aHHYJIHpyeT JaTPaTbI, CBH3aHHbIe C 06H3aTeJIbHbIM HIDI 3a peryJIHpyeMoH MOHOIIOJIHeH.
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6IOpoKpa~ecKoroaIIIIapaTa H BBe.neHHe B .neijCTBHe 3aKOHOB H HHCTPYKUHJt.
rnass 12. MOHononlflf.•.
273
rJlasa 13 OnMrononMSI M MOHOnOnMCTM'IeCKaR KOHKYpeH,-,MSI B .!J1Iio1i uale...
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pa60TaTb B OllHrOnOllHH?
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3Ta peKllaM~ nOMOrna nOTpe6111TellRM Cbe.QIIIHeHHblX WTaTOB OC03HaTb, 'fTO npo
3aTeM Bce Ta lKe lKeHllllIIHa CHOBa cnycKaeTCR no TponlllHKe - Bce B TOH lKe Helll3MeHHOH
.QYKTbI. npOlll3Be.QeHHble Wendy, OT11I11'fallIllCb OT Tex, 'fTO npoIll3BO.QRT IIIX rnaBHble conep-
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rna.a 13. Omrronontffl tf MOHOnontfCTMlfeCKafl KOHKYpeHl.&tffl
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(1842-1924)
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CMelqeHUe Iq)HBhIX cIlpoca H IIpe.D;JIoxeHHR OT .D;BH)KeHHR 600/lb KpHBbIX
Hrrpe.D;JIoxeHHR. Ero HaxO.D;Ka pacIq)bIJIa OIIIH60'IHOCTb ymepxmeHHH, KOTOpble cyII.J;e
CTBOBaJIH.D;Be TbICflH JleT.
K
TOMY xe OH Cq,oPMYJlHPOBaJI rrO-HaCTO~eMYpeBOJIIOI.J;HOHHYIO
H.D;eIO 0 TOM, qro PblHO'IHWI I.I,eHl,l HaxO.D;HTCR B TOqKe rrepeceqeHHR KpHBhIX crrpoca H IIpe.D;JIO XeHHR. 3aTeM MapIIIaJIJI rrOIIIeJl ,D;aJIbIIIe H orrpe,D;eJIHJI" qro IIpH cpaBHeHHH TOqeK, pacrrOJlOXeH HhIX Ha KpHBhIX crrpoca H rrpe.D;JIOXeHHR, C PbIHOqHOH I.I,eHoH BhI Moxere KOJI~eCT8eHHOorr pe,D;eJlHTb BbIro.ny, KOTOpYIO rroope6HTeJIH H npOH3BO.D;HTC.nH H3BJ1eKyT H3 PbIHOqHhIX TPaHCaK
lUDt.
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rrpoH3BO,D;HTeJIR, a BMecre OHH COCTaBJISIIOT COBOKYIIHhIH 3KOHOM~eCKHHH3JIHIIIeK. B HaIIIH .lUfH Bee ew;e HCrrOJlb3yeTCR 3TOT MeTO,D; Ko~eCTBeHHoro OIIpe.lleJIeHHR BbIro.D;bI OT rrpoH3BO,D;CTBa H rrQTPe6JIeHHR; OH
meopuu 6JZazococmoRHUR (welfare economics), KOTOPWI H3yqaeT 3aTPaTbI H BbIro.D;bI OT 3KOHOM~eCKOH ,D;eRTeJlbHOCTH.
3ToT MeTO,D; TalOKe MO:lKHO Hcrrc)Jlb30BaTb .D;JIR TOro, qT06bI Ha OqeHb rrpOCTOM rpacPHKe rrpo ,D;eMOHCTPHpOBaTb CYTb "HeBH.D;HMOH PYKH" MaMa CMHTa. PaBHOBeCHe cBo60.D;Horo pblHKa, 06HapyxeHHoe B TO~e rrepeceqeHHR crrpoca H rrpe.D;JIOXeHHR, 6y,D;eT TaKHM xe, KOTOpoe BbI 6epeT HRCTPoeHlIbllt Ha COI.l,HyM IIJIllHHpOBUJ;HK, CTaPWlCb MaKCHMH3HPOBaTb 6J1arococTOSlHHe 06w;ecTBa C rrOMOlllbIO MaKCHMH3auHH COBOKYIIHOro 3KOHOMHqeCKoro H3JlHIIIKa. ):WyrHMH CJIOBaMH, CBo6o,D;HbIH PbIHOK ,D;e:A:CTBHTeJIbHO cPYHKI.I,HOHHPyeT TaK, "KaK eCJIH 6bI HM PYKOBO .D;HJIa HeBH.D;HMWI PYKR", pa6oTaIOlUWI Ha 6J1aro 06lUecTBa.
2).J/tOIt·
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(1883-1946)
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3KOHOM~ecKoroCTHMYJlHpOBaHHR
co CTOpoHbI rocy,D;apCTBa .D;JIR rrpeO,D;OJle
HHR 3KOHOM~ecKorocrra.D;a. 3Ha~eJlbHWI qaCTb MaKpo3KOHOMHKH
XX BeKa
6bIJ1a cepHeil:
OTKJIHKOB Ha ero rrpO.D;yKTHBHhIe H.D;eH.
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.ny MOHeTapHoit rrOJIHTHKH, c.neJIaJI BhIBO.n 0 TOM, qTO e,llHHCTBeHHhIM OCTaBIIIHMCH cpe.nCTBOM cnaceHIDI MOXHO Ha3BaTh
qTQ
,llJIH
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,
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H
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o rrpHqHHax BeJIHKoit .nerrpeCCHH H nyqIIIeit rrOJIHTHKH ,llJIH rrpeKPameHIDI KPH3HCOB 60JIhIIIe HHr.ne He HCrrOJIh3YIOTCH, OCHOBHaH H,neH 0 TOM, qTO HMeHHO rocy.napcTBO OTBeTCTBeHHO 3a rrpaBHJIhHOCTh 3KOHOMuqeCKoro lUIKJIa, cero.nHH OCTaeTCH C HaMH.
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qTQ
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50-x ro.nax rrpOUIJIoro BeKa OHO CJIy)KHT,llJIH .nOKa3aTeJIhCTBa OIIIH60q}JoCTH YTBepx.neHHit TO TaJIHTapHCTOB H KOMMYHHCTOB 0 TOM, qTO :u;eHTPaJIH30BaHHaH 3KOHOMHKa 60JIee rrpO.nyKTHBHa HJIH 60JIee 3
J,{lUJiioJt t'Pjtu9JtaJt MHJITOH pH,nMaH (po.n. 1912) y6e.nHJI 3KOHOMHCTOB B TOM, qTO KOJIuqeCTBeHHaH TeOpIDI .neHer Ha CaMOM .neJIe BepH~: rrOCTOHHHhIe HH
yBeJIHqeHIDI TPaT rocy.napCTBOM -
rrOTepHJIa 6OJIhIIIYIO qaCTh BJIHHHHH, KQTOpoe
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330
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3TY TOqKY 3peHHR Ha POJIb rocy,llapCTBa B
3KOHOMHKe.
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1924)
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B ,llOnOJIHeHHe
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3KOHOM~eCKHM pOCTOM,
-
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B qaCTHOCTH,
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1930) -
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Ha
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(P0,ll,.
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B 'laCTHOCTH,
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